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I i I ;,-:

Ke,v success factors

.
.
.

constructing an argumen[
sLrstaining yollr case uith eramples
shoir'ing tl.rat yor-r haye cor-isidered the

opposing vierlpoir.rt

ANALYSING A MODEL TEXT

\bu hare been asked to n rite the tbllolr,ing


Tourisnt

aht'rL1,s

brings

cL

essLy;

Pklce more harnt than .qood

Dlscnss the question lr,ith a partuer. Do ,,,.o1


thir-rk that the effect of tourism on a corintrl,
citr-, or region is in general more Lrositi\-e or
more negatir.e? \\h1,?

Topic sentences
hr r r,r-ell-rritten essa\., the tirst senter-ICe ol a
paraglaph establishes u,hat the paragrapl-r is
going to be about. This is sor.ietin'res called
t1-re

'topic sentencel

Read the topic sentences beloi,,, one bv one

and, in pairs, imagine horv the paragraph lvill


continue. Do yolr think the essa)r u'i11 be in
f-avonr of or agarnst tourism?

A
B

The inflastructure of an aea is also oiier-r


imploved as a result of tourisrn.
It is oflen clairned tl-rart popr-rlar tourist
clestir-rations are spoilt as a reslilt

of

or.erdevelopn-rent.

C Tourism

remains one of the rrorldt great


grou-th industries.
Badh-behaved tourists can oilen be a source
of annovance tbr t1're 1oca1 popr-rlation.
Another point in i-ar,'our oi tourisr.n is that
governrner-its are becoming au.'are of the need
to protect tourist areas in order to attract
r.,is itors.
The n'iain positive etlect of tourism is on 1oca1
economies and emplot ment.

Norr- read the model essa): and li11 the gaps


rvith a lopic sentence. There is one sentence
,l,ou don't neecl.

Tourism always brings a place


more harm than good
I

People today are travelling further and further, no

longer just in the summer but throughout the year. Although


some people argue that mass tourism has a negative effect on
destinations, in my view its influences are generally positive.

need places to stay and thngs to do and


this creates a wide range of skilled and unskilled jobs for local
people. Holidaymakers also spend a great deal of money, which
stimulates the economy of the region as well as benefiting the
-Tourists
country as a whole.

For example, when tourlsts start visiting an area,


roads and public transport tend to improve, or an airport may
be built, all of which benefit Iocal people as well as tourists.

Not only is this leading to better conservation of


4
historic buildings and monuments in towns and cities, but also of
areas of natural beauty and endangered habitats in country areas.

For instance, many people argue that tourist


development just leads to a proliferation of ugly hotels and
apartment blocks. This may have been true in the past, but
nowadays there are far more restrictions placed on both
planners and builders to ensure that the character and
architectural harmony of the place is maintained.
5

To sum up, I believe that tourism has, on the whole, a positive


infiuence provided its development is properly planned and
controlled. In my opinion, it is possible for both tourists and

local people to benefit, and for popular tourist destinations


to have a sustainable future.

[[ffi}MultiRoM

lr-\fr) t I
Read each paragraph again, including
the correct topic sentence. Anslver the

questions with a partner.

lVhere does the ,vriter state his opinion

about tourism?
arguments are gi-',en to
support his vielv?
-3 lVhat is the purpose of paragraph 5?

2 Hor,v many

LIsing synonyms and richer vocabulary


When vou are lvriting an essay, remember
to l,-ary and enrich your vocabular,v bv
using synonyms rr'here appropriate.

Find synonyms in the essay for the


follor,ving lvords and expressions
:

tourists

2 effects
3 for erample
4 to profit from

PLANNING WHAT TO WRITE


Brainstorm the content

Read the essay titles belorv. For each one, decide r.vhich side
of the argument you are going to take, and think of three or

four reasons.
Drivers should be charged t'or using motor,,vays and roads linking
major to,,vns and cities.
lvlnrrying someone from a dfferent country will altays be more
problematic than rnarrying sorneone Jiom yolLr own coLLntry.
Compare lvith a partner. Decide rvhich you think are the three
most important reasons. Decide if there are anv pica1 opposing
arguments lrich you could refute.
Choose lvhich of the essa,vs you are going to r,vrite. \\rrite topic
sentences for the main paragraphs. Shor,v your topic sentences
to a partner and see if you can improve each othert sentences.
TlFS for

a discursive essav lvhere r.ou.take one side ol an

Organize yolir essay into paragraphs, u'ith a clear inttoduction

and conclusion (see page 64).

Begin each paragraph r','ith a clear topic sentence and then


develop the idea.

.
.

Use s,vnonvms to avoid repeating yourself.

Complete the missing rvords in the


expressions. Some (but not all) are in

the model

lvriting

argument

USEFUL LANGUAGE

essal-.

Use a variet,y of phlases for giving,vour opinion, or introducing


an opposing argument and retuting it.

Giving personal opinions

1If

that...

2 I b-l In mv v

that...

WR ITIN G
Ybu are going to r,vrite one of the essays above. It should be

approximately

the influences of

tourism are generall positive.

4lnmvo
5P

i,,:1F? your essay in four para.{raphs:

,Ithinkthat...

.
.

Expressing opposite arguments

Some people ar
7 It is often cl

There are

th

an introductor)r paragraph r,vhere ,vou iniroduce the topic ancl


statc your opinion
three or four paragraphs giving your reasons.
if relevant, a paragraph stating a common counter argument(s)
and refr-rting it (them).
a conclusion, stating rvhat ,vour arguments have shor,vn.

5*1T the essar', making sure your arguments link together and
making sure it is the right length.

that popular

destinations are spoilt by tourism.

25 0 r,vords.

i:::I{i'. the essa,v for mistakes in grammar, spelling, punctuation,

rvho sar'...

and reglster.

Refuting them

lr
been
This r
true in the past, but norvadays...

10 There are a number of

argument.

fl-

in this

11 This is simply not the

c-.

ri:i:l:i:{,:':.:=

i-
C Complete the sentences with nouns formed from the

DrvrLoP$lG wRtrruG
An essay

- expresslng

adjectives in the box.

personaiopinron

Read the task in the box and then the essay, ignoring
the gaps, lVhich is the best summary of the 'riter's

able

belrevabe

corrparatiiie

deiermrneC

deveioping

f-D

n,,ra:trrJ

resentful

opinion?

a P;rticrl-..atioir ln sclroor sort siculd be I'rratter of


pe:'sorralchcice.
Lr Sport i,r ar: esse nttlpart of a siudents ecl 'cat on.
li a rrvrcier l::rge c slcrts riere aval al-r e, mc.e stiiients
,,vo,-ric p; r tici paie.

ihat the:e
Contl'ary tc ihis vler,v. there is a corrnlon
iypes of hoooies ai-e onlv for chi dren.
There is a growrng tendenc,v amcngst ath etes to boast aboi.rt
their

..... . . and achrerrements.

o'"vn

in and enjoymen'r of boarc games is whai

OL-lr

counts, not wheiher Ive win them cr not

to the pi-evious generaircn, the

'lt snouid be compitlsory for all students to have a


da ly sporls lesson.' What do yott tlrink?

spo'tsrre: -coor, eei^ m..:h i,1l.r il'l'cs


to succeed and
Atnletes need great
.

sia, h;gh

6
y pari oi the scirool cL-rrrlcirirtm iii most
countr es
'retlrer rorrng people shouid
strli be fci'cecl to oraciise physical exerctse as pair of
tle scirooi ,,a7631^i 9r whether ilretr pan:cipato. n spc!-.ls
si.rculcl be oiltcnai.

Sporl is

cal ecllrca.tron is vlta :


Firsi oi ai there rs an ino-easrng tendency notvada,vs for
siirclenis rc eai a secleiriar./ ifesty e r
fewei zcr-rirg peci:le are eqag r-rg n ph'vsica aclti'rt;,.
.. , sccri creaies a slrcr-rg sense of ieat.
soiiii. Ti'e ri^errbe;-s o wii'r.rng ieanis can taxe pricle rn
iier.nseives ancl tile r isiit-riion. rh cl is gcccl for their
pei-sorai aicl soc al clevelccl'ent.

f/y beliei is ihat

pi-l\,,s

.
ancl

rrsLra.

Ly

not

conr

to

-r7 rise

if people feel that life is a I aboiri work

piay,.

- )_..,FSfOt.n ir,L ci-^:r.l


8

r,vl i need

mitied

nrenta ly as
we ias ph;,s callri
tc have fLrn can make iher
Alcurrr-g people the
rrrore Drcductrve at schcol and r,vork.
_:

D Match the opinions (1-8) in exetcise C with statements a and b

...

, siuCents ,.,,,1o have er'r acuie cisii<e c

silcrls or lave liiiie

i'ar,-rrai

ab tj/ \r,/i iinC lliile ber:i,t

rr

corr-rpulsol,, l-osscns lf the;; are orced to attenci, iher,,


rl ght gtro,r; reseniill ancl unirap:i; li wor,r cl be ar Deiier
fcr them ic ocus cn ihe cier'eioon'reni o skl ls and
kircwleciEe rn surb ect areas ihet, are oassionate abort
vrrouid sa,' inai rr-lak ng scorls essorls
ccrQriiso.r, is beef cal or scne str-tCer.is bit noi al.
l,- n-y cp nion. s:hcois shcrld iaxe a flex ble appr.aaf
c.oriclrng recriiai- spoi'is lesscr:s cr,tl rnaking tllen-t

a -n,S

se\e.)Lh -.;insrc,''

cptrona:.

Complete the essay rith the phrases in the box.

w,ords rn sLr.nmary
nroreo\./eT cir tire cther hard
in cther

Language

in i,,ri c respecls
ihe q:rest;on is

note abstract nouns

Using abstract nouns rather than adjectives can


sometimes he p to reinforce yo u r opin ion in a more
formal essay. For example, they take pride in ...
sounds stronger and rnore authoritati'e than
t ' i a te p,oL,j of ...

68

0UTaO^nE5

b
E

Playing games is a wasie of

me

Choose one of the statements in exercise D' Write an essay

(180-220 words) saying wheiher yau agree or not ith the


statement.

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