WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel

Internal
WCDMA Radio Interface

Physical Layer
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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The physical layer offers data transport services

to higher layers.
The access to these services is through the use
of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer.
The physical layer is expected to perform the
following functions in order to provide the data
transport service, for example Modulation and
spreading/demodulation and despreading, Inner loop power control etc.
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Page 1
References
l
TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and

Reception
TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description
TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of

transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)
TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)
TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2
TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Acces (HSDPA) Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects
TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed

Downlink Packet Access
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l Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
[ Outline radio interface protocol
Architecture
[ Describe UMTS physical channel
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Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview

Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology
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UTRAN Protocol Structure

Core Network
Iu
Iu
RNS
RNS
Iur
RNC
Iub
NodeB
RNC
Iub
Iub
NodeB
NodeB
All rights reserved
Iub
NodeB
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UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network.

The UTRAN consists of a set of Radio Network Subsystems connected
to the Core Network through the Iu interface.
A RNS consists of a Radio Network Controller and one or more NodeBs.
A NodeB is connected to the RNC through the Iub interface.
Inside the UTRAN, the RNCs of the RNS can be interconnected
together through the Iur. Iu(s) and Iur are logical interfaces. Iur can be
conveyed over direct physical connection between RNCs or virtual
networks using any suitable transport network.
Radio Interface Protocol Structure

GC
Nt
DC
Duplication avoidance
Nt
GC
DC
C-plane signaling
U-plane information
control
L3
control
control
control
control
RRC
UuS boundary
Radio
Bearers
PDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
PDCP
L2/PDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC
L2/MAC
PHY
Transport
Channels
L1
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The radio interface (Uu) is layered into three protocol layers:

lthe
physical layer (L1)
lthe
data link layer (L2)
lthe
network layer (L3).
The layer 1 supports all functions required for the transmission of bit streams on the physical
medium. It is also in charge of measurements function consisting in indicating to higher layers,
for example, Frame Error Rate (FER), Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR), interference
power, transmit power, It is basically composed of a layer 1 management entity, a
transport channel entity, and a physical channel entity.
The layer 2 protocol is responsible for providing functions such as mapping, ciphering,
retransmission and segmentation. It is made of four sublayers: MAC (Medium Access
Control), RLC (Radio Link Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) and BMC
(Broadcast/Multicast Control).
The layer 3 is split into 2 parts: the access stratum and the non access stratum. The access
stratum part is made of RRC (Radio Resource Control) entity and duplication avoidance
entity. The non access stratum part is made of CC, MM parts.
Not shown on the figure are connections between RRC and all the other protocol layers (RLC,
MAC, PDCP, BMC and L1), which provide local inter-layer control services.
The protocol layers are located in the UE and the peer entities are in the node B or the RNC.
Spreading Technology
l Spreading consists of 2 steps
[ Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips. Thus

increasing the bandwidth of the signal, The number of chips per data
symbol is called the Spreading FactorSF.The operation is done by
multiplying with OVSF code.
[ Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal .
Chips after
spreading
Data bit
Scrambling
code
OVSF
code
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Spreading is applied to the physical channels. It consists of two operations.

The first is the channelization operation, which transforms every data symbol
into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The
number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF). The
second operation is the scrambling operation, where a scrambling code is
applied to the spread signal.
10
Channelization Code
l
OVSF code is used as channelization code
The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the

spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1.
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,-1)
C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
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The channelization codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes. They
are used to preserve orthogonality between different physical channels. They also increase the
clock rate to 3.84 Mcps. The OVSF codes are defined using a code tree.
In the code tree, the channelization codes are individually described by Cch,SF,k, where SF is
the Spreading Factor of the code and k the code number, 0 k SF-1.
A channelization sequence modulates one users bit. Because the chip rate is constant, the
different lengths of codes enable to have different user data rates. Low SFs are reserved for
high rate services while high SFs are for low rate services.
The length of an OVSF code is an even number of chips and the number of codes (for one SF)
is equal to the number of chips and to the SF value.
The generated codes within the same layer constitute a set of orthogonal codes. Furthermore,
any two codes of different layers are orthogonal except when one of the two codes is a mother
code of the other. For example C4,3 is not orthogonal with C1,0 and C2,1, but is orthogonal with
C2,0.
Each Sector of each Base Station transmits W-CDMA Downlink Traffic Channels with up to
512 code channels.
Code tree repacking may be used to optimize the number of available codes in downlink.
Exercise: Find code Cch,8,3 and code Cch,16,15
OVSF shortage
Scrambling enables neighboring cells to use the same channelization codes. This allows the
system to use a maximum of 512 OVSF codes in each cell. Notice that the use of an OVSF
code forbids the use of the other codes in its branch. This reduces considerably the number of
available codes especially for high rate services. This may lead to an OVSF shortage. In such a
case, secondary scrambling codes may be allocated to the cells and enable the reuse of the
same OVSF in the same cell.
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Scrambling Code
l Scrambling code: Gold sequence.
l Scrambling code period: 10ms (38400 chips).
l The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of
either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink
scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher
layers.
l For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling
codes can be generated.

Only scrambling codes 0, 1, , 8191 are being used.
Note: RNP engineer should allocate the scrambling codes for each cell.
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Uplink scrambling code

All the physical channels in the uplink are scrambled. In uplink, the
scrambling code can be described as either long or short, depending on the
way it was constructed. The scrambling code is always applied to one 10 ms
frame. Different scrambling codes will be allocated to different mobiles.
In UMTS, Gold codes were chosen for their very low peak cross-correlation.
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Scrambling Code (SC)

scrambling code 0
scrambling code 1
Set 1
Scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Set 0
Set 511
scrambling code 15
scrambling code
51116
scrambling code
51116
8192 scrambling
codes
512 sets
scrambling code
5111615
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are

included in a set.
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Downlink link scrambling code

The scrambling codes used in downlink are constructed like the long uplink
scrambling codes. They are created with two 18-cell shift registers.
218-1 = 262,143 different scrambling codes can be formed using this method.
However, not all of them are used. The downlink scrambling codes are divided
into 512 sets, of one primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling
codes each.
The primary scrambling codes are scrambling codes n=16*i where i=0511.
The 15 secondary scrambling codes associated to one primary scrambling code
are n=16*i + k, where k=115. For now 8192 scrambling codes have been
defined.
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Primary Scrambling Code Group

PSC 0
Group 0
PSC 1
Group 1
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Group 63
PSC 7
PSC 63*8
PSC 63*8+1
PSC 63*87
512 primary
scrambling codes
64 primary scrambling
code groups
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Each group consists of 8

primary scrambling codes
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There is a total of 512 primary codes. They are further divided into 64
primary scrambling code groups of 8 primary scrambling codes each. Each
cell is allocated one and only one primary scrambling code. The group of the
primary scrambling code is found by the mobiles of the cell using the SCH,
while the specific primary scrambling code used is given by the CPICH. The
primary CCPCH and the primary CPICH channels are always scrambled with
the primary scrambling code of the cell, while other channels can be
scrambled by either the primary or the secondary scrambling code.
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Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview

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15
Page 15

Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Section 2 Channel Mapping
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WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels

l In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three
channels: Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.

l Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types
of the carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and
service channel.
l Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and
physical layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the
physical layer. According to whether the information transported is
dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it
is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
l Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of
information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of

channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code
and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a
dedicated channel.
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In UMTS, there are 3 types of channels:

lLogical channels: each logical channel type is defined by <what type of
information > is transferred.
lTransport
channels: each transport channel is described by <how > and with

<what characteristics > data is transmitted over the radio interface.
lPhysical channels: provide the real transmission resource, being in charge of the
association between bits and physical symbols (electrical signals). It corresponds, in
UMTS, to a frequency , a specific set of codes and phase.
As a conclusion:
Physical Channel = information container
Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission
Logical Channel = specification of the information global content
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Logical Channel
Dedicated traffic channel
(DTCH)
Common traffic channel
(CTCH)
Broadcast control channel
(BCCH)
Paging control channel
(PCCH)
Dedicate control channel
(DCCH)
Common control channel
(CCCH)
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Traffic channel
Control channel
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As in GSM, UMTS uses the concept of logical channels. A logical channel is characterized by the type of information
that is transferred. For example, some channels are used to transfer dedicated information, some for transfer of general
control information, etc.. As in GSM, logical channels can be divided into two groups: control channels for control
plane information and traffic channel for user plane information.
The traffic channels are:
lDedicated
Traffic CHannel (DTCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel, that transmits dedicated

user information between a UE and the network. That information can be speech, circuit switched data or
packet switched data. The payload bits on this channel come from a higher layer application (the AMR
codec for example). Control bits can be added by the RLC (protocol information) in case of a non
transparent transfer. The MAC sublayer will also add a header to the RLC PDU.
lCommon
Traffic CHannel (CTCH): a point-to-multipoint downlink channel for transfer of dedicated

user information for all or a group of specified UEs. This channel is used to broadcast BMC messages.
These messages can either be cell broadcast data from higher layers or schedule messages for support of
Discontinuous Reception (DRX) of cell broadcast data at the UE. Cell broadcast messages are services
offered by the operator, like indication of weather, traffic, location or rate information.
The control channels are:
lBroadcast
Control CHannel (BCCH): a downlink channel that broadcasts all system information types
(except type 14 that is only used in TDD). For example, system information type 3 gives the cell identity.
UEs decode system information on the BCH except when in Cell_DCH mode. In that case, they can
decode system information type 10 on the FACH and other important signaling is sent on a DCCH.
lPaging Control CHannel (PCCH): a downlink channel that transfers paging information. It is used to
reach a UE (or several UEs) in idle mode or in connected mode (Cell_PCH or URA_PCH state). The
paging type 1 message is sent on the PCCH. When a UE receives a page on the PCCH in connected mode,
it shall enter Cell_FACH state and make a cell update procedure.
lDedicated
Control CHannel (DCCH): a point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated

control information between a UE and the network. This channel is used for dedicated signaling after a
RRC connection has been done. For example, it is used for inter-frequency handover procedure, for
dedicated paging, for the active set update procedure and for the control and report of measurements.
lCommon
Control CHannel (CCCH): a bi-directional channel for transmitting control information

between network and UEs. It is used to send messages related to RRC connection, cell update and URA
update. This channel is a bit like the DCCH, but will be used when the UE has not yet been identified by
the network (or by the new cell). For example, it is used to send the RRC connection request message,
which is the first message sent by the UE to get into connected mode. The network will respond on the
same channel, and will send him its temporary identities (cell and UTRAN identities). After these initial
messages, the DCCH will be used.
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Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel
(DCH)
-DCH is an uplink or downlink channel
Broadcast channel
(BCH)
Forward access channel
(FACH)
Paging channel
(PCH)
Random access channel
(RACH)
Dedicated transport
channel
Common transport
channel
High-speed downlink shared channel

(HS-DSCH)
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In order to carry logical channels, several transport channels are defined. They
are:
lBroadcast
CHannel (BCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of system

information into the entire cell.
lPaging
CHannel (PCH): a downlink channel used for broadcast of control

information into the entire cell, such as paging.
lRandom
Access CHannel (RACH): a contention based uplink channel used for

initial access or for transmission of relatively small amounts of data (non real-time
dedicated control or traffic data).
lForward
Access CHannel (FACH): a common downlink channel used for

dedicated signaling (answer to a RACH typically), or for transmission of relatively
small amounts of data.
lDedicated
CHannel (DCH): a channel dedicated to one UE used in uplink or
downlink.
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Physical Channel
l A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.

l In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.

l Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.

l Two types of physical channel:UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
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Now we will begin to discuss the physical channel. Physical channel is

the most important and complex channel, and a physical channel is
defined by a specific carrier frequency, code and relative phase. In
CDMA system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading code)
can distinguish the channel. Most channels consist of radio frames and
time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots. There are two
types of physical channel: UL and DL. Lets look at the uplink physical
channel first.
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Downlink Physical Channel

l
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
[(Downlink DPCH)
l
Downlink Common Physical Channel
[Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)

[Synchronization Channel
(SCH)
[Paging Indicator Channel
(PICH)
[Acquisition Indicator Channel
(AICH)
Downlink
Physical Channel
[Common Pilot Channel

(CPICH)
[High-Speed Packet Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-PDSCH)
[High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HSSCCH)
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The different physical channels are:

lSynchronization
CHannel (SCH): used for cell search procedure. There is the

primary and the secondary SCHs. Downlink.
lCommon
Control Physical CHannel (CCPCH): used to carry common control

information such as the scrambling code used in DL (there is a primary CCPCH and
additional secondary CCPCH). Downlink.
lCommon
Pilot CHannels (P-CPICH and S-CPICH): used for coherent detection of

common channels. They indicate the phase reference. Downlink.
lDedicated
Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data coming

from layer 2 and above (coming from DCH). Uplink and Downlink.
lDedicated
Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated control

information generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits). Uplink and
Downlink.
lPage Indicator CHannel (PICH): carries indication to inform the UE that paging
information is available on the S-CCPCH. Downlink.
lAcquisition
Indicator CHannel (AICH): it is used to inform a UE that the network

has received its access request. Downlink.
lHigh
Speed Packet Downlink Shared

CHannel (HS-PDSCH): it is used to carry
subscribers BE service data (mapping on HSDPA) coming from layer 2. Downlink.
lHigh
Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH): it is used to carry control

message to HS-PDSCH such as modulation scheme, UE ID etc. Downlink.
21
Uplink Physical Channel

l Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
[ Uplink Dedicated Physical Data

Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
[ Uplink Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
[ High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel
(HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Physical
Channel
l Uplink Common Physical Channel
[ Physical Random Access Channel

(PRACH)
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Page 22
The different physical channels are:

lDedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH): used to carry dedicated data
coming from layer 2 and above (coming from DCH). Uplink and Downlink.
lDedicated Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH): used to carry dedicated
control information generated in layer 1 (such as pilot, TPC and TFCI bits).
Uplink and Downlink.
lPhysical
Random Access CHannel (PRACH): used to carry random

access information when a UE wants to access the network. Uplink.
lHigh
Speed Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (HS-DPCCH): it is

used to carry feedback message to HS-PDSCH such CQI,ACK/NACK.
Uplink.
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Function of physical channel

Cell broadcast channels
P-CPICH-Primary
P-CPICH-Primary Common
Common Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel
S-CPICH-Secondary
S-CPICH-Secondary Common
Common Pilot
Pilot Channel
Channel
P-CCPCH-Primary
P-CCPCH-Primary Common
Common Control
Control Physical
Physical Channel
Channel
SCHSCH- Synchronisation
Synchronisation Channel
Channel (Including
(Including P-SCH
P-SCH and
and S-SCH
S-SCH Channel)
Channel)
Paging channels
S-CCPCH-Secondary
S-CCPCH-Secondary Common
Common Control
Control Physical
Physical Channel
Channel
PICH-Paging
PICH-Paging Indicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
Random access channels

PRACH-Physical
PRACH-Physical Random
RandomAccess
Access Channel
Channel
Node B
UE
AICH-Acquisition
AICH-AcquisitionIndicator
Indicator Channel
Channel
Dedicated channels
DPDCH-Dedicated
DPDCH-Dedicated Physical
Physical Data
Data Channel
Channel
DPCCH-Dedicated
DPCCH-Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel
High speed downlink share channels

HS-SCCH-High
HS-SCCH-High Speed
Speed Share
Share Control
Control Channel
Channel
HS-PDSCH-High
HS-PDSCH-High Speed
Speed Physical
Physical Downlink
Downlink Share
Share Channel
Channel
HS-DPCCH-High
HS-DPCCH-High Speed
Speed Dedicated
Dedicated Physical
Physical Control
Control Channel
Channel
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23
Page 23
Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)

l
Used for cell search

l SSC specifies the scrambling code
groups of the cell.
Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH.
l SSC is chosen from a set of 16
l SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips
different codes of length 256, there
of every time slot.
are altogether 64 primary scrambling
code groups.
l PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each
time slot.
l
Slot #0
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
ac
ac si,0
Slot #1
Slot #14
ac p
ac p
acsi,14
ac si,1
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
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Page 24
When a UE is turned on, the first thing it does is to scan the UMTS spectrum and find a UMTS
cell. After that, it has to find the primary scrambling code used by that cell in order to be able
to decode the BCCH (for system information). This is done with the help of the
Synchronization Channel.
The SCH is a pure downlink physical channel broadcasted over the entire cell. It is
transmitted unscrambled during the first 256 chips of each time slot, in time multiplex with the
P-CCPCH. It is the only channel that is not spread over the entire radio frame. The SCH
provides the primary scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups), as well as the radio frame
and time slot synchronization.
The SCH consists of two sub-channels, the primary and secondary SCH. These sub-channels
are sent in parallel using code division during the first 256 chips of each time slot.
The P-SCH, which is repeated at the beginning of each time slot. The same code is used by all
the cells and enables the mobiles to detect the existence of the UMTS cell and to synchronize
itself on the time slot boundaries. This is normally done with a single matched filter or any
similar device. The slot timing of the cell is obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter
output.
This is the first step of the cell search procedure. The second step is done using the secondary
synchronization channel.
Each cell of a node B has its own SCH timing, so that there is no overlapping.
24
Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)

Scrambling
Code Group
Group 0
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 61
Group 62
Group 63
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
slot number
#6 #7 #8
#9
#10 #11 #12 #13 #14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
5
1
3
16
8
16
15
1
6
9
7
5
8
6
10
3
5
6
11
15
14
12
5
15
8
16
16
2
5
10
3
6
5
12
16
10
11
8
1
2
5
2
4
15
7
12
16
4
12
15
14
11
6
16
7
12
15
3
11
16
10
12
7
2
9
9
9
10
11
12
13
12
10
10
15
15
11
12
13
15
9
14
15
13
9
9
13
14
16
11
15
12
14
11
14
10
11
13
16
13
16
15
12
14
14
16
11
16
10
Slot # ?
Slot #?
Slot #?
P-SCH
acp
acp
acp
S-SCH
16
11
l..
Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
256 chips
2560 chips
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Page 25
The S-SCH also consists of a code, the Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC) that indicates
which of the 64 scrambling code groups the cells downlink scrambling code belongs to. 16
different SSCs are defined. Each SSC is a 256 chip long sequence.
There is one specific SSC transmitted in each time slot, giving us a sequence of 15 SSCs.
There is a total of 64 different sequences of 15 SSCs, corresponding to the 64 primary
scrambling code groups. These 64 sequences are constructed so that one sequence is different
from any other one, and different from any rotated version of any sequence. The UE correlates
the received signal with the 16 SSCs and identifies the maximum correlation value.
The S-SCH provides the information required to find the frame boundaries and the downlink
scrambling code group (one out of 64 groups). The scrambling code (one out of 8) can be
determined afterwards by decoding the P-CPICH. The mobile will then be able to decode the
BCH.
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Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

l Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
l Carries pre-defined sequence.
l Fixed rate 30Kbps SF=256
l Primary CPICH
[ Uses the fixed channel code -- Cch, 256, 0

[ Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
[ Only one CPICH per cell
[ Broadcast over the entire cell
[ The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH.
By default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
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Page 26
The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is a pure physical control channel broadcasted over
the entire cell. It is not linked to any transport channel. It consists of a sequence of known
bits that are transmitted in parallel with the primary and secondary CCPCH.
The CPICH is used by the mobile to determine which of the 8 possible primary scrambling
codes is used by the cell, and to provide the phase reference for common channels.
Finding the primary scrambling code is done during the cell search procedure through a
symbol-by-symbol correlation with all the codes within the code group. After the primary
scrambling code has been identified, the UE can decode system information on the P-CCPCH.
There are two types of common pilot channels, the primary and secondary CPICH. The use of
the S-CPICH is optional.
The P-CPICH is the phase reference for the SCH, P-CCPCH, AICH and PICH. It is
broadcasted over the entire cell. The channelization code used to spread the P-CPICH is
always Cch,256,0 (all ones). Thus, the P-CPICH is a fixed rate channel. Also, it is always
scrambled with the primary scrambling code of the cell.
If it is used, the S-CPICH provides the phase reference for the secondary CCPCH and the
downlink DPCH. It is transmitted over the entire cell or only over a part of the cell. It is
spread by an arbitrary channelization code of SF=256, and scrambled with the primary or with
a secondary scrambling code.
26
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)

l Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code30kbpsCch,256,1
l Carry BCH transport channel
l The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot.
l Only data part
l STTD transmit diversity may be used
256 chips
PCCPCH Data
SCH
18 bits
T
Slot #0
Slot #1
slot
= 2560 chips,20 bits
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
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Page 27
The Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) is a fixed rate

(SF=256) downlink physical channel used to carry the BCH transport channel.
It is broadcasted continuously over the entire cell like the P-CPICH.
The figure above shows the frame structure of the P-CCPCH. The frame
structure is special because it does not contain any layer 1 control bits. The PCCPCH only has one fix predefined transport format combination, and the
only bits transmitted are data bits from the BCH transport channel. It is
important to note that the P-CCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256
chips of the slot. In fact, another physical channel (SCH) is transmitted during
that period of time. Thus, the SCH and the P-CCPCH are time multiplexed on
every time slot.
Channelization code Cch,256,1 is always used to spread the P-CCPCH. Also,
it is always scrambled by the primary scrambling code of the cell.
27
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

l PICH is a fixed-rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI).
l Frame structure of PICH: one frame of length 10ms consists of 300 bits of which 288 bits
are used to carry paging indicators and the remaining 12 bits are not defined.
l N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
l If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with
this paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.
288 bits for paging indication

b0 b1
12 bits (undefined)
b 287 b 288
b 299
One radio frame (10 ms)
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Page 28
The Page Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (30kbps, SF=256) physical channel used
by the NodeB to inform a UE (or a group of UEs) that a paging information will soon be
transmitted on the PCH. Thus, the mobile only decodes the S-CCPCH when it is informed to
do so by the PICH. This enables to do other processing and to save the mobiles battery.
The PICH carries Paging Indicators (PI), which are user specific and calculated by higher
layers. It is always associated with the S-CCPCH to which the PCH is mapped.
The frame structure of the PICH is illustrated above. It is 10 ms long, and always contains 300
bits (SF=256). 288 of these bits are used to carry paging indicators, while the remaining 12 are
not formally part of the PICH and shall not be transmitted. That part of the frame (last 12 bits)
is reserved for possible future use.
In order not to waste radio resources, several PIs are multiplexed in time on the PICH.
Depending on the configuration of the cell, 18, 36, 72 or 144 paging indicators can be
multiplexed on one PICH radio frame. Thus, the number of bits reserved for each PI depends
of the number of PIs per radio frame. For example, if there is 72 PIs in one radio frame, there
will be 4 (288/72) consecutive bits for each PI. These bits are all identical. If the PI in a
certain frame is 1, it is an indication that the UE associated with that PI should read the
corresponding frame of the S-CCPCH.
28
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)

l
Carry FACH and PCH.
Two kinds of SCCPCH: with or without

TFCI. UTRAN decides if a TFCI should
be transmitted, UE must support TFCI.
Possible rates are the same as that of

downlink DPCH
FACH and PCH can be mapped to the

same or separate SCCPCHs. If
mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they
can be mapped to the same fame.
Data
N Data bits
TFCI
N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips,
Slot #0
SF =256 - 4.
Slot #1
Pilot
N Pilot bits
20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
All rights reserved
Page 29
The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) is used to carry the FACH
and PCH transport channels. Unlike the P-CCPCH, it is not broadcasted continuously. It is
only transmitted when there is a PCH or FACH information to transmit. At the mobile side, the
mobile only decodes the S-CCPCH when it expects a useful message on the PCH or FACH.
A UE will expect a message on the PCH after indication from the PICH (page indicator
channel), and it will expect a message on the FACH after it has transmitted something on the
RACH.
The FACH and the PCH can be mapped on the same or on separate S-CCPCHs. If they are
mapped on the same S-CCPCH, TFCI bits have to be sent to support multiple transport
formats
The figure above shows the frame structure of the S-CCPCH. There are 18 different slot
formats determining the exact number of data, pilot and TFCI bits. The data bits correspond to
the PCH and/or FACH bits coming from the transport sublayer. Pilot bit are typically used
when beamforming techniques are used.
The SF ranges from 4 to 256. The channelization code is assigned by the RRC layer as is the
scrambling code, and they are fixed during the communication. They are sent on the BCCH so
that every UE can decode the channel.
As said before, FACH can be used to carry user data. The difference with the dedicated
channel is that it cannot use fast power control, nor softhandover. The advantage is that it is a
fast access channel.
29
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

l The random-access transmission data consists of two parts:
[ One or several preambleseach preamble is of length 4096chips and consists

of 256 repetitions of a signature whose length is 16 chips16 available
signatures totally
[ 10 or 20ms message part
[ Which signature is available and the length of message part are determined by
higher layer
Preamble
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Preamble
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble
Preamble
4096 chips
Message part
20 ms (two radio frames)
All rights reserved
Page 30
The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is used by the UE to access the network and
to carry small data packets. It carries the RACH transport channel. The PRACH is an open loop
power control channel, with contention resolution mechanisms (ALOHA approach) to enable a
random access from several users.
The PRACH is composed of two different parts: the preamble part and
the message part that carries the RACH message. The preamble is an
identifier which consists of 256 repetitions of a 16 chip long signature
(total of 4096 chips). There are 16 possible signatures which correspond
to the 16 OVSF codes of SF=16. Basically, the UE randomly selects one
of the 16 possible preambles and transmits it at increasing power until it
gets a response from the network (on the AICH). That preamble is
scrambled before being sent. That is a sign that the power level is high
enough and that the UE is authorized to transmit, which it will do after
acknowledgment from the network. If the UE doesnt get a response
from the network, it has to select a new signature to transmit. The
message part is 10 or 20 ms long (split into 15 or 30 time slots) and is
made of the RACH data and the layer 1 control information.
30
PRACH Message Structure

Data
N data bits
Data
Pilot
N Pilot bits
Control
TFCI
N TFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
Slot # 0
Slot # 1
Slot # i
Slot # 14
Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms
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Page 31
The data and control bits of the message part are processed in parallel. The SF
of the data part can be 32, 64, 128 or 256 while the SF of the control part is
always 256. The control part consists of 8 pilot bits for channel estimation and
2 TFCI bits to indicate the transport format of the RACH (transport channel),
for a total of 10 bits per slot.
The OVSF codes to use (one for RACH data and one for control) depend on
the signature that was used fo the preamble (for signatures s=0 to s=15:
OVSFcontrol= Cch,256,m, where m=16s + 15; OVSFdata= Cch,SF,m, where
m=SF*s/16.
31
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

l Frame structure of AICHtwo frames, 20 ms consists of a repeated
sequence of 15 consecutive AS, each of length 20 symbols(5120 chips).

Each time slot consists of two partsan Acquisition-Indicator(AI) and a
part of duration 1024chips with no transmission.
l Acquisition-Indicator AI have 16 kinds of Signature.
l CPICH is the phase reference of AICH.
AI part
a0 a1 a2
AS #14
AS #0
AS #1
Unused part
a30 a 31 a32 a33
a38 a39
AS #i
AS #14
AS #0
20 ms
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Page 32
The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is a common downlink channel used to control the
uplink random accesses. It carries the Acquisition Indicators (AI), each corresponding to a
signature on the PRACH (uplink). When the node B receives the random access from a
mobile, it sends back the signature of the mobile to grant its access. If the node B receives
multiple signatures, it can sent all these signatures back by adding the together. At reception,
the UE can apply its signature to check if the node B sent an acknowledgement (taking
advantage of the orthogonality of the signatures).
The AICH consists of a burst of data transmitted regularly every access slot frame. One
access slot frame is formed of 15 access slots, and lasts 2 radio frames (20 ms). Each access
slot consists of two parts, an acquisition indicator part of 32 real-valued symbols and a long
part during which nothing is transmitted to avoid overlapping due to propagation delays.
s (with values 0, +1 and -1, corresponding to the answer from the network to a specific user)
and the 32 chip long sequence <bs,j> is given by a predefined table. There are 16 sequences
<bs,j>, each corresponding to one PRACH signatures. A maximum of 16 AIs can be sent in
each access slot. The user can multiply the received multi-level signal by the signature it used
to know if its access was granted.
The SF used is always 256 and the OVSF code used by the cell is indicated in system
information type 5.
32
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)

l DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed within each radio frame
l DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
l DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
l Each frame is 10ms and consists of 15 time slots, each time slot
consists of 2560 chips

l The spreading factor of DPDCH is from 4 to 256
l The spreading factor of DPDCH and DPCCH can be different in the
same Layer 1 connection

l Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCIFBITPC
All rights reserved
Page 33
Now look at the feature of uplink dedicated physical channel.

Pilot is used to help demodulate
TFCI: transport format combination indicator
FBI:used for the FBTD. (feedback TX diversity)
TPC: used to transport power control command.
Dedicated channels are established between one UE and the network to carry user
dedicated data and control.
There are two kinds of uplink dedicated physical channels, the Dedicated Physical
Data Channel (DPDCH) and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH).
The DPDCH is used to carry the DCH transport channel. The DPCCH is used to carry
the physical sublayer control bits.
There can be up to 6 uplink DPDCHs, but only one DPCCH is associated to these
DPDCHs on each radio link. More than one DPDCH is used for data rates above
960 ksps (maximum capacity of one DPDCH). Thus, the maximum channel bit rate
for one UE is 960 * 6 = 5.76 Msps in uplink, which can correspond to a user bit rate of
2.048 Mbps.
33
Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Data
N databits
DPDCH
Pilot
Npilot bits
DPCCH
TFCI
NTFCI bits
FBI
NFBI bits
TPC
NTPC bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 k *2 bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
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Page 34
One the figure above, we can see the DPDCH and DPCCH time slot
constitution. The parameter k determines the number of symbols per
slot. It is related to the spreading factor (SF) of the DPDCH by this
simple equation: SF=256/2k. The DPDCH SF ranges from 4 to 256. The
SF for the uplink DPCCH is always 256, which gives us 10 bits per slot.
The exact number of pilot, TFCI, TPC and FBI bits is configured by
higher layers. This configuration is chosen from 12 possible slot
formats. It is important to note that symbols are transmitted during all
slots for the DPDCH
The different slot formats of the DPDCH and the DPCCH are given in
TS 25.211.
The SF of the DPDCH is determined by higher layers.
34
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)

l DCH consists of dedicated data and control information.
l Control information includesPilotTPCTFCI(optional).
l The spreading factor of DCH can be from 512 to 4,and can be
changed during connection

l DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed.
All rights reserved
Page 35
Downlink physical channels are used to carry user specific information like
speech, data or signaling, as well as layer 1 control bits. Like it was
mentioned before, the payload from the DPDCH and the control bits from the
DPCCH are time multiplexed on every time slot. The figure above shows how
these two channels are multiplexed. There is only one DPCCH in downlink.
35
Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH
DPCCH
DPDCH
Data1
Ndata1 bits
TPC
NTPC bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
DPDCH
DPCCH
Data2
Ndata2 bits
Pilot
Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #14
One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
All rights reserved
Page 36
We have known that the uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed. But the
downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed. This is main difference. The chips
of one slot is also 2560. Because the SF of downlink DPCH can be 512, so the k can be
7.
Downlink physical channels are used to carry user specific information like speech,
data or signaling, as well as layer 1 control bits. Like it was mentioned before, the
payload from the DPDCH and the control bits from the DPCCH are time multiplexed
on every time slot. The figure above shows how these two channels are multiplexed.
There is only one DPCCH in downlink.
Basically, there are two types of downlink DPCH. They are distinguished by the use or
non use of the TFCI field. TFCI bits are not used for fixed rate services or when the
TFC doesnt change.
The parameter k in the figure above determines the total number of bits per time slot.
It is related to the SF, which ranges from 4 to 512.
36
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

l Bear service data and layer2 overhead bits mapped from the transport
channel
l SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Data
N Data 1bits
T slot = 2560 chips, M*10*2k bits (k=4)
Slot #0
Slot#1
Slot #2
1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms
All rights reserved
Page 37
HS-PDSCH is a downlink physical channel that carries user data and layer2
overhead bits mapped from the transport channel: HS-DSCH.
The user data and layer2 overhead bits from HS-DSCH is mapped onto one or
several HS-PDSCH and transferred in 2 ms subframe using one or several
channelization code with fixed SF=16
37
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

l Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation
scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport Block size

(6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new
data indicator (1bit), Ue identity (16bit)
l HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Data
N Data 1bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits
Slot #0
Slot#1
Slot #2
1 subframe: T f = 2 ms
All rights reserved
Page 38
HS-SCCH uses a SF=128 and has q time structure based on a sub-frame of length 2 ms,i.e. the same length as the HSDSCH TTI. The timing of HS-SCCH starts two slot prior to the start of the HS-PDSCH subframe.
The following information is carried on the HS-SCCH (7 items)
1.Modulation scheme(1bit) QPSK or 16QAM
2.Channelization Code Set (7bits)
3.Transport Size ( 6bits)
4.HARQ process number (3bits)
5.Redundancy version (3bits)
6.New Data Indicator (1bit)
7.UE identity (16 bits)
In each 2 ms interval corresponding to one HS-DSCH TTI , one HS-SCCH carries physical-layer signalling to a single
UE. As there should be a possibility for HS-DSCH transmission to multiple users in parallel (code multiplex),
multiplex HS-SCCH may be needed in a cell. The specification allows for up to four HS-SCCHs as seen from a
UE point of view .i.e. UE must be able to decode four HS-SCCH.
1.
The HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel used to carry downlink signalling
related to HS-DSCH transmission
2.
XueUE IDHS-SCCHUE
XccsHS-PDSCH
XmsQPSK16QAM
Xrv16QAM
Xtbs
XhapHARQ
Xnd
38
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH )

l HS-DPCCH carries information to acknowledge downlink transport
blocks and feedback information to the system for scheduling and link
adaptation of transport block
[ CQI and ACK/NACK
l Physical Channel ,Uplink, SF=256,power control
T
s lo t
2T
= 2 5 6 0 c h ip s
s lo t
H A R Q -A C K
= 5 1 2 0 c h ip s
CQI
O n e H S -D P C C H s u b fra m e (2 m s )
S u b fra m e # 0
S u b fra m e # i
O n e ra d io fra m e T
S u b fra m e # 4
= 10 m s
All rights reserved
Page 39
The uplink HS-DSCH related physical layer signalling consists of:

1.Acknowledgements for HARQ
2.Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
As the HS-SCCH uses SF=256, there are a total of 30 channel bits per 2 ms sub frame
(3 time slot). The HS-DPCCH information is divided in such a way that the HARQ
acknowledgement is transmitted in the first slot of the subframe while the channel
quality indication is transmitted in the rest slot.
39

Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions
Section 2 Channel Mapping
All rights reserved
40
Page 40
Mapping Between Channels

Logical channels
Transport channels
BCCH
Physical channels
BCH
P-CCPCH
FACH
S-CCPCH
PCCH
PCH
S-CCPCH
CCCH
RACH
PRACH
FACH
S-CCPCH
FACH
S-CCPCH
DCH
DPDCH
HS-DSCH
HS-PDSCH
CTCH
DCCH, DTCH
RACH, FACH
All rights reserved
PRACH, S-CCPCH
Page 41
This page indicates how the mapping can be done between logical, transport and physical
channels. Not all physical channels are represented because not all physical channels
correspond to a transport channel.
The mapping between logical channels and transport channels is done by the MAC sublayer.
Different connections can be made between logical and transport channels:
l
BCCH is connected to BCH and may also be connected to FACH;
DTCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to DCH and DSCH, to a
DCH or a CPCH;
CTCH is connected to FACH;
DCCH can be connected to either RACH and FACH, to RACH and DSCH, to DCH and DSCH, to a
DCH or a CPCH;
PCCH is connected to PCH;
CCCH is connected to RACH and FACH.
These connections depend on the type of information on the logical channels.
41
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WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel

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WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel

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WCDMA Radio Interface

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The physical layer offers data transport services

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TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and

TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description

TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of

TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)

TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)

TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)

TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access

TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed

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l Upon completion of this course, you will be

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Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview

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UTRAN Protocol Structure

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UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network.

Radio Interface Protocol Structure

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The radio interface (Uu) is layered into three protocol layers:

physical layer (L1)

data link layer (L2)

network layer (L3).

[ Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips. Thus

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Spreading is applied to the physical channels. It consists of two operations.

OVSF code is used as channelization code

The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the

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codes can be generated.

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Uplink scrambling code

Scrambling Code (SC)

A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are

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Downlink link scrambling code

Primary Scrambling Code Group

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Each group consists of 8

Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview

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Chapter 2 Physical Layer Key Technology

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WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels

channels: Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel.

information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of