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DETERMINANTS
DETERMINANTS
2.1
Basic Concepts
The eliminant of the variables from the equations
(i)
is
a1 b1
a2 b 2 = a1b2 a2b1 = D
(ii)
a1 b1 c1
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0, a2 b2 c 2 = D
a3 b3 c 3
a1
b2 c 2
b1 c1
b1 c1
b3 c 3 a2 b3 c 3 + a3 b2 c 2 = a1 (b2c3 b3c2) a2 (b1c3 b3c1) + a3 (b1c2 b2c1)
If you compare term by term you will observe that the two expansions are same.
2.2
Properties Of Determinant
1.
The value of determinant is not altered by changing rows into columns and columns into rows.
2.
If any two adjacent rows or two adjacent columns of a determinate are interchanged, the determinant retains its absolute value but changes its sign.
3.
If any line of a determinant D be passed over p parallel lines the resultant determinate is (1)p D.
4.
If any two rows or two columns of a determinant are identical, then the determinant vanishes.
5.
If each constituent in any row or in any column be multiplied by the same factor then the determinant
is multiplied by that factor.
6.
If each constituent in any row or column consists of r terms then the determinant can be expressed
as the sum of r determinants.
7.
If to or from each constituent of a row (or column) of a determinant are added or subtracted the equimultiples of the corresponding constituent of any other row (or column) the determinant remains unaltered.
(a)
The value of a determinant is obtained by multiplying the elements of any row (or column) with the
corresponding cofactors and adding the resulting products.
(b)
If we multiply the elements of any row (or column) with the corresponding cofactors of any other row
(or column) and add them, then the result is zero.
(c)
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2
2.3
DETERMINANTS
Special Determinants :
(1)
Symmetric determinant.
a h g
h b f = abc + 2fgh af 2 bg2 ch2
g f c
In this the elements aij = aji or the elements situated at equal distance from the diagonal are equal
both in magnitude and sign.
(2)
0
b -c
a = 0.
-b 0
c -a 0
All the diagonal elements are zero and aij = aji or the elements situated at equal distance from the
diagonal are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Its value is zero.
(3)
Circulant
a b c
b c a = (a3 + b3 + c3 3abc)
c a b
The three rows or columns are the cyclic arrangement of the letters a, b, c, i.e. a, b, c ; b, c, a
and c, a, b respectively.
(4)
(i)
1 1 1
a b c = (a b) (b c) (c a)
a2 b2 c 2
1 1 1
(ii) a b c =(a b) (b c) (c a) (a + b + c)
a3 b3 c 3
1 1 1
(iii) a2 b2 c 2 = (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca)
a3 b3 c 3
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DETERMINANTS
SOLVED PROBLESM
Ex.1
x
sin cos
1
is independent of q.
Prove that the determinant -sin -x
cos
1
x
Sol.
Thus,
sin q
cos q
sin q
sin q
sin q
cos q
cos q
Ex.2
Evaluate :
1
x
y
y
(i) 1 x + y
1
x
x+y
Sol.
(i)
Let
x
y
x+y
(ii)
y
x+y
x
x+y
x
y
1 x
y
y
D = 1 x+y
1 x
x+y
D=1
= x + y + xy x y = xy
(ii)
Let
x
y
x+y
y
x+y
x
x+y
x
y
D=
=x
x+y x
y
x
y
x+y
x
y y x + y y + (x + y) x + y
x
2
= x y + xy x y + x y + xy + x y x xy 2x y + xy x y y 2xy
3
= 2x 2y = 2 (x + y )
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DETERMINANTS
Ex.3
Sol.
Let
D=
x+
x
x
x
x+
x
= 0, (a 0).
x
x
x+
x+a
x
x
x
x+a
x
x
x
x+a
x+a
x
x
x
x x+a
x
x+a x x x+a + x x
x
= (x + a)
= (x + a) [(x + a) x ] x [x (x + a) x ] + x [x x (x + a)]
3
= (x + a) x (x + a) ax ax
2
= (x + a) x 3ax
3
= x + 3ax + 3a x + a x 3ax
2
= 3a x + a
3a x + a = 0
Ex.4
x=
a
3
Sol.
Here,
2 (a + b + c ) c + a a + b
D = 2 (a + b + c ) a + b b + c
2 (a + b + c ) b + c c + a
(C1 C1 + C2 + C3)
1 c +a a+b
= 2 (a + b + c) 1 a + b b + c
1 b+c c+a
1 c+a a+b
= 2 (a + b + c) 0 b - c c - a
0 b-a c -b
b-c c -a
= 2 (a + b + c) 1 b - a c - b
= 2 (a + b + c) [(b c) (c b) (b a) (c a)]
2
= 2 (a + b + c) [bc c b + bc bc + ac + ab a ]
2
= 2 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca a b c )
Equating D to zero, we have
2
2 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca a b c ) = 0
2
Either a + b + c = 0 or ab + bc + ca = a + b + c
Either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c
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Ex.5
Sol.
DETERMINANTS
2 +
Show that 2 + = (b g) (g a) (a b ) (a + b + g)
2 +
Let
a - b a 2 - b2 b - a
a a2 b + g
2
2
2
g - b (R R R ; R R R )
D = b b g +a = b-g b -g
1
1
2
2
2
3
2
2
g
g
a
+b
g g
a+b
a + b -1
1 a + b -1
0
= (a b) (b g) 1 b + g - 1 = (a b) (b g)
b + g - 1 (C1 C1 + C3)
0
2
g g
a+b
a + b + g g2 a + b
= (a b) (b g) (a + b + g)
a + b -1
b + g -1
= (a b) (b g) (a + b + g) (a b + b + g) = (a b) (b g) (g a) (a + b + g)
Ex.6
3a
-a + b -a + c
3b
-b + c = 3 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
Show that -b + a
-c + a -c + b
3c
Sol.
= (a + b + c) 1.
a + 2b a - b
a - c a + 2c = (a + b + c) [(a + 2b) (a + 2c) (a b) (a c)]
Ex.7
1 1+ p
1+ p + q
Prove that 2 3 + 2p 4 + 3p + 2q = 1
3 6 + 3p 10 + 6p + 3q
Sol.
Let
1 1+ p 1 + p + q
1 1+ p
1+ p + q
2 + p (R2 R2 R1; R3 R3 R1)
D = 2 3 + 2p 4 + 3p + 2q = 0 1
0 3
7 + 3p
3 6 + 3p 10 + 6p + 3q
1 2+p
= 3 7 + 3p = (7 + 3p) 3(2 + P) = 1
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DETERMINANTS
Ex.8
x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
If a, b, c are in AP, prove that : x + 3 x + 4 x + 2b = 0
x + 4 x + 5 x + 2c
Sol.
Let
x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
D = x + 3 x + 4 x + 2b
x + 4 x + 5 x + 2c
x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
1
1
2(b - a)
2
2
2(c - a)
x+2 x+3
x + 2a
1
1
2(b - a)
0
0
2(c - a) - 4(b - a)
= [2 (c a) 4 (b a)]
(R3 R3 2r2)
x+2 x+3
1
1
= [2c 2a 4b + 4a] (x + 2 x 3)
= [2c + 2a 4b] (1) = (4b 2a 2c)
(....1)
4b = 2a + 2c
Hence by (1), D = 0
Ex.9
(b + c)2
a2
a2
3
2
2
Prove that
b
(c + a)
b2
= 2abc (a + b + c)
c2
c2
(a + b)2
Sol.
D = (a + b + c)
Replacing C2 by C3 +
2bc
- 2c
- 2b
b2 c + a - b
0
c2
0
a+b-c
1
1
C and C3 by C3 +
C , we have
b 1
c 1
2bc
2
D = (a + b + c)
0
c+a
c2
b
c2
0
b2
c
a+b
= 2bc (a + b + c) (a + ab + bc bc)
3
= 2abc (a + b + c)
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DETERMINANTS
Ex.10
Find the values of h if area of a triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are (i) (k, 0) (4, 0) (0, 2)
Sol.
(i)
1 k 0 1
4 0 1
2 0 2 1
1
[k (0 2) 0(4 0) + 1(8 0)]
2
1
(2k + 8) = (4 k) sq units
2
k=0
k=8
Hence, the possible values of k are 0 and 8.
(ii)
1 -2 0 1
0 4 1
2 0 k 1
1
[2 (4 k) 0 (0 0) + 1 (0 0)]
2
= (k 4) sq units
According to the question,
k4=4
or
k 4 = 4
k=8
k=0
Hence, the possible values of k are 8 and 0.
Ex.11
Sol.
1 1 2 1
3 6 1 =0
2 x y 1
1
[1 (6 y) 2(3 x) + 1(3y 6x)] = 0
2
6 y 6 + 2x + 3y 6x = 0
y = 2x
Hence, the equation of the line AB is y = 2x.
(ii)
1 3 1 1
9 3 1 =0
2 x y 1
1
[3 (3 y) 1(9 x) + 1(9y 3x)] = 0
2
9 3y 9 + x + 9y 3x = 0
2x = 6y
x = 3y
Hence, the equation of the line AB is x = 3y.
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DETERMINANTS
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
EXERCISE I
Q.1
4 - 3
2 5
If A = 2 1 and B = 2 5 , verify that |AB| = |A| |B|
Q.2
b2c 2 bc b + c
Without expanding evaluate the determinant c 2a2 ca c + a
a2b2 ab a + b
Q.3
1 a a2 - bc
2
Without expanding evaluate the determinant 1 b b - ac
1 c c 2 - ab
Q.4
(a x - a - x )2 (a x - a - x )2 1
(a y + a - y )2 (a y - a - y )2 1
Without expanding evaluate the determinant
(a2 + a - z )2 (a z - a -z )2 1
Q.5
Q.6
Prove that
1+ a
1
1
1 1 1
1 1+ b
1 = abc 1 1 + + + = abc + ab + bc + ca
1
1 1+ c
a b c
Q.7
Prove that
a + b + 2c
a
b
c
b + c + 2a
b
= 2(a + b + c)3
c
a
c + a + 2b
Q.8
(b + c )2 a2 bc
Prove that (c + a)2 b 2 ca = (a2 + b2 + c2) (a + b + c) (b c) (c a) (a b)
(a + b)2 c 2 ab
Q.9
1 + a2 - b 2
2ab
- 2ab
2ab
1 - a2 + b2
2a
= (1 + a2 + b2)2
Show that
2
2
2b
1- a - b
- 2a
Q.10
Solve :
Q.11
x x 2 1 + x3
2
3
If x y z and y y 1 + y = 0, then prove that 1 + xyz = 0
z z2 1 + z3
Q.12
log a p 1
If a, b, c are all positive and are pth, qth and rth terms respectively of a G.P. then prove that log b q 1 = 0
log c r 1
Q.13
Q.14
Find the value of l so that the points given below are collinear (l, 2 2l), (l + 1, 2l) and (4, l, 6 2l)
Q.15
Using determinants, find the area of the triangle, whose vertices are (2, 4), (2, 6) and (5, 4). Are the given
points collinear ?
3x - 8
3
3
=0
3
3x - 8
3
3
3
3x - 8
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DETERMINANTS
BOARD PROBLES
EXERCISE II
Q.1
1 x x3
Prove 1 y y 3 = (x y) (y z) (z x) (x + y + z).
1 z z3
[C.B.S.E. 2000]
Q.2
b2c 2 bc b + c
Prove using properties of determinants c 2a2 ca c + a = 0.
a2b2 ab a + b
[C.B.S.E. 2001]
Q.3
[C.B.S.E. 2002]
(a)
Q.4
(b)
x+y
x x
5 x + 4y 4 x 2x = x3.
10 x + 8 y 8x 3 x
(a)
Q.5
1 x + y x2 + y2
1 y + z y 2 + z2 = (x y) (y z) (z x).
1 z + x z2 + x 2
[C.B.S.E. 2002]
43 3 6
35 21 4 = 0.
17 9 2
(b)
9 9 12
1 3 -4
1 9 12
(a)
[C.B.S.E. 2003]
a+x
y
z
x
a+y
z
= a2(a + x + y + z).
x
y
a+z
(b)
0 ab 2 ac 2
a2b 0 bc 2 .
a2c cb2 0
y+z
z
y
z
z+x
x
= 4xyz
y
x
x+y
Q.6
Q.7
[C.B.S.E. 2005]
Q.8
x +1 x + 2 x + a
Show that x + 2 x + 3 x + b = 0 where a, b and c are in A.P..
x+3 x+4 x+c
[C.B.S.E. 2005]
Q.9
[C.B.S.E. 2005]
(a)
1 1 1
a b c = (a b) (b c) (c a) (a + b + c)
a3 b3 c 3
(b)
x
y
z
2
2
x
y
z2 = (x y) (y z) (z x) (x + y + z).
y+z z+x x+y
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[C.B.S.E. 2004]
10
DETERMINANTS
Q.10
x +1 x + 2 x + a
If a, b and c are in A.P., show that x + 2 x + 3 x + b = 0
x+3 x+4 x+c
[C.B.S.E. 2006]
Q.11
[C.B.S.E. 2006]
(a)
Q.12
a b c
b+c c+a a+b
q+r r +p p+q = 2 p q r
x y z
y+z z+x x+y
(b)
3a - a + b - a + c
a-b
3b
c - b = 3(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
a-c b-c
3c
(a)
1 bc bc(b + c )
1 ca ca(c + a) = 0.
1 ab ab(a + b)
[C.B.S.E. 2007]
(b)
x x2 yz
y y2 zx = (x y) (y z) (z x) (xy + yz + zx)
z z2 xy
Q.13
x x 2 1 + x3
If x, y, z are different and y y 2 1 + y 3 = 0, show that xyz = 1.
z z2 1 + z3
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
Q.14
a b c
If a, b and c are all positive and distinct, show that D = b c a has a negative value.
c a b
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
Q.15
Solve for x :
Q.16
3x - 8
3
3
= 0.
3
3x - 8
3
3
3
3x - 8
(a)
x x 2 1 + ax 3
y y 2 1 + ay 3 = (1 + axyz) (x y) (y z) (z x)
z z 2 1 + az 3
(b)
1 + a2 - b 2
2ab
- 2b
2ab
1 - a2 + b2
2a
= (1 + a2 + b2)3
2
2
2b
1- a - b
- 2a
(c)
1 x x2
x 2 1 x = (1 x3)2
x x2 1
(d)
1 a2 + bc a3
1 b2 + ca b3 = (a b) (b c) (c a) (a2 + b2 + c2).
1 c 2 + ab c 3
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[C.B.S.E. 2008]
[C.B.S.E. 2008]
11
Q.17
Q.18
Q.19
DETERMINANTS
Using properties of determinants, prove the following :
(a)
1 + a2 - b2
2ab
- 2b
2ab
1 - a2 + b2
2a
= (1 + a2 + b2)3
2b
1 - a2 - b2
- 2a
(b)
a2 + 1 ab
ac
ba b2 + 1 bc
= 1 + a2 + b2 + c2
2
ca
cb c + 1
(c)
1 1+ p
1+ p + q
2 3 + 2p 1 + 3p + 2q = 1
3 6 + 3p 1 + 6p + 3q
(d)
a
b
c
a - b b - c c - a = a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
b+c c +a a+b
[C.B.S.E. 2009]
[C.B.S.E. 2010]
(a)
(b + c )2
ab
ca
2
ab
(a + c )
bc
= 2abc (a + b + c)3
2
ac
bc
(a + b)
(b)
a + b + 2c
a
b
c
b + c + 2a
b
= 2 (a + b + c)3
c
a
c + a + 2b
[C.B.S.E. 2010]
[C.B.S.E. 2011]
x-2
x-4
2x - 3
2x - 9
3x - 4
3 x - 16
x - 8 2x - 27 3x - 64
=0
Q.20
b+c
a
a
+
b
c
a
b
Using properties of determinants, show that
c
c
a+b
Q.21
[C.B.S.E. 2012]
[C.B.S.E. 2013]
x
x+y
x + 2y
x + 2y
x+y
x+y
x + 2y
= y2(x + y)
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12
DETERMINANTS
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE 1 (UNSOLVED PROBLEMS)
2. 0
10. x =
11 11 2
,
,
3
3 3
3. 0
4. 0
14. l =
5. 0
1
, 1
2
3 3 3
5. (b) 2a b c
7. 0 or 3a
15.
2
11
or
3
3
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