61.

Verb + Ing-Form
Formula :
1.

Simple present tense

S + Verb 1 + s/es + Ing-Form

Ex :
a. We go to fishing at the river every week
b. She tries helping her mother
2.

Simple Past Tense

S + Verb 2 + Ing-Form + Object

Ex :
a.

We try cleaning this window

b.

He have to helped withdrawing this grass

3.

Simple Future Tense

S + shall/will + infinive +ing-form

Ex :
a.

Shell try helping her mother

b.

I shall go fishing at the river

62. Verb + to-infinitive or Verb + ing-form?

1. Verb + to Infinitive
Ex :
a. She try to prepare our task
b. They decided not to go to Bali next week
2. Verb + ing-form

Ex :
a.

We must always practice speaking English from now

b.

I quit smoking

63. Like, Start, etc

A to infinitive or an ing-form, The meaning is the same.
Ex :
a.

To infinitive : Tono will begin to work tomorrow

Ing-form : Tono will begin working tomorrow

b.

To infinitive : I stop to smoke

Ing-Form : I stop smoking

c.

To infinitive : When will you start to save your money

Ing-form : When will you start saving your money

64. Remember
1. Remember and forget
We use remember/forget to do for necessary actions. The remembering is before the
action.
Ex :
a.

I must remember to make this homework

b.

The clothses are still dirty because I forgot to switch on the machine
We use remember/forget doing for memories of the past. The action is before the

remembering.
Ex :
a.

I can remember to making this homework

b.

Ill never forget flying over the grand Canyon.

2. Regret
Regret to do something means to be sorry for something you are doing.
Ex : We regret to inform you that we are not taking on any new staff at present.
Regret doing something means to be sorry because of something that happened in the past
Ex : I regret spending all that money.

3.Try
Try to do something means to attempt something, to do your best
Ex : Im trying to run this computer program
Try doing something means to do something which might solve a problem
Ex : I tried clicking on the box, but it doesnt work
4.Stop
Stop to do something means to stop so that you can do it
Ex : An old woman walking along the road stopped to talk to us
Stop doing something means to end an action, to finish doing it
Ex : Theres too much noise can you all stop talking, please?
5.Mean
Mean to do something is the same as to intend to do it
Ex : I think Robbert mean to break that glass, it didnt look like an accident
Means doing something expresses the idea of one thing resulting in another
Ex : Im applying for a visa it means filling in this form
6. Go on
Go on to do something means to do something else, to do the next thing
Ex: The teacher introduced herself and went on to explain about the course
Go on doing something means to continue doing it
Ex : The teacher told everyone to be quiet, but they just went on talking
7. Need
This means that I must clean my shoes, I have to clean them
Ex : I need to clean my shoes
This means that my shoes need to be cleaned
Ex : My shoes need cleaning.
65. Verb + Object + to-infinitive or ing-form
1. Verb + Object + to-infinitive
Ex :
a.

Take this box away

b.

I expected Amy to meet me

c.

We were asked not to smoke

2. Verb + Object + ing-form

Ex :

a.

I hear someone is knocking the front door

b.

He observed the mechanic is repairing his car

c.

Will you watch me playing badminton?

66. Question Word + to-infinitive

Ex :
1.

Who used to delivery lunch to the rice field when your family still live in the village

2.

We mustnt postpone what we have plan

3.

The suspect didnt deny what he must do

4.

The director has appointed who will be the branch manager at his company

67. adjective + to-infinitive

An adjective + to-infinitive often comes in this structure with it + be.
Formula :
S + be + Adjective + to-infinitive
Ex :
1.

It was good to see you again

2.

It felt strange to be working at night

3.

Im happy to answer the question

68. For with the to-infinitive

Formula :
.For + Object + to-infinitive
Ex :
1.

Its important for her to train regularly if she wants to compete

2.

Its absolutely dishraceful for a newspaper to publish such lies

3.

Weve arranged for plants to be drawn

4.

It was kind of you to help me

69. The infinitive with and without to

a. The to-infinitive
We use a to-infinitive

After an Adjective
Ex :
1.

The streets arent safe enough to walk along at night

2.

The party is sure to be a success

After a noun
Ex :
1.

I managed to reach the top of the hill

2.

Help me open the window

With be able to, about to, be allowed to, have to, ought to and used to
Ex :
1.

We arent allowed to park here

2.

Were going to buy a cameorder

After some verbs

Ex :
1.

I decided to walk to the hotel

2.

I suggested walking to the hotel

After some verbs + object

Ex :
1.

Simon wants you to ring him

2.

The doctor told Julie to stay in bed

After for + Object

Ex :
1.

Its absolutely dishraceful for a newspaper to publish such lies

2.

Weve arranged for plants to be drawn

After a question word

Ex :
1.

We mustnt postpone what we have plan

2.

The suspect didnt deny what he must do

To say why
Ex :
1.

Hanna was hurrying to catch her bus

2.

Most people work to earn money

3.

Rang to find out the train times

b.The infinitive without to

After can, could, may, might, must, neednt, shall, should, will, and would.
Ex :
1.

Nicola will try to play chess

2.

Were you able to get work?

After had better and would rather

Ex :
1.

Its cold, Id better wear a coat

After make + object and let + object

Ex :
1.

That programme was funny it realy made me laugh

2.

Trevor will be here at five. His boss is going to let him leave work early

After see or hear + an object

1.

I saw the light come on

2.

We all heard the bomb go off

70. Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form

a. Verb + Preposition +ing-Form
Ex :
1.

Paul insists on getting there early

2.

They apologize for making a mess

3.

Michael insisted on telling us all about football

4.

Ive sucses to getting hold of the CD

b.Verb + Object + Preposition + ing form

Ex :
1.

A man saved the child from drowning

2.

Santi accused Vera of not caring about her.

3.

Higher prices will discourage customers from buying

c.Adjective + Preposition + ing-form

Ex :
1.

Im nervous of saying the wrong thing

2.

Mike is good at skating

3.

She afraid to flying

71. Afraid to do or Afraid of doing

Ex :
1.

David is a afraid to climb the ladder (Afraid to do)

= He doesnt want to climb the ladder because he is afraid

2.

Davis is afraid of falling (Afraid of doing)

= He is afraid because he might fall

72. Used to do and be used to doing
a. Used to do
Used + to infinitive means that something happened regularly or went on for a time in the past.
Ex:
1.

We used to play that game when we wre younger

2.

Nick used to smoke but he gave it up

3.

I used to like fish but I never eat it now

b.Be used to doing

Be used to + ing-form means that something is familiar and is no longer strange.
Ex :
1.

Were used to getting up early

2.

Sarah is used to working late at the office

3.

I wasnt used to wearing glasses

73. Preposition or lingking word + ing-form

a. Preposition + ing-form
We can use these preposition before an ing-form : against, as a result of, as well as,
besides, by, despite, for, from, how about, etc
Ex :
1.

Insttead of landing at Heathrow, we had to go to Manchester

2.

Please turn off the light before leaving

3.

Far from being the end of the story, it was only the beginning

4.

The drug was finally approved for sale after being tested

b.Linking Word + ing-form

We can use these linking words before an ing-form: after, although, before, since,
when, while. A linking word + ing-form can sometimes be a little formal.
Ex :
1.

You should always lock the door when leaving your room

2.

Tom was listening to the car radio while sitting in a traffic ja.

74. see it happen or see it happening

a. See it happen
After some verbs we can use an object + an infinitive without to
Ex :
1.

Nina saw Edmund fall down the steps

2.

Vicky heard someone close the door

3.

Lets watch the parade go past

b.See it Happening
We can also use an ing-form after the object
Ex :
1.

Rachel saw belle walking with a stick

2.

Can you hear someone playing the guitar?

3.

We found steve exercising in the gym

75. Some structure with the ing-form

a. Two actions at the same time

When to things are happening at the same time, we can use a main verb and an ing-form.
Ex :
1.

We had to stand in a queue waiting for the bank to open

2.

When you telephoned me I was taking about

b.One action after another

Ex :
1.

Opening the bottle, Mike poured the drinks

2.

Having repairing the car. Tom took it out for a road test

76. Ship and Water : countable and uncoutablr nouns

a. Countable nouns
Countable nouns can be singular or plural.We can use countable noun for separate,
individuals things we can count: a boat, three days, some problems, etc. Many countable
nouns are concrete : cars, shops, etc. But some are abstract : ideas, situation, etc
Ex :
1.

I have a rabbit

2.

Tina has some problems and she cannt to finished

3.

The boat leaves at ten oclock

b.uncoutable nouns
Uncountable nouns are neither singular nor plural. We use uncountable nouns for
things that do not naturally divide into separate units. Many uncountable nouns are abstract :
happiness, security, etc. But some are concrete : water, sand, etc
Ex :
1.

Please make me a coffee

2.

I got much money

77. Agreemen
Agreement means using a singular verb after a singular or uncountable subject and a
plural verb after a plural subject.
Singular

: 1. The house is empty

2.The window is close

Plural

: 1. The houses are empty

2.The windows are close

80. Singular or plural

a. Singular mean is one thing, ex: apple, clothe, arm, etc
ex :
1.

I have an apple

2.

The clothe is wet

b.Plural mean is more than one, ex: apples, clothes, arms, etc
Ex :
1.

I have two apples

2.

The clothes are wet

81. Pair nouns and group nouns

a. Pair nouns
We use a pair noun for a thing made of two parts, which are the same. Some pair
nouns are binoculars, glasses, jeans, pants, pyjamas, scissors, short, etc
Ex :
1.

My jeans need washing

2.

These tights were quite expensive

b.Group nouns
A group noun can usually take either a singular or a plural verb. The choice depends on
whether we see the group as a whole or a whole or as individual people. Often it doesnt matter
whether the verb is singular or plural. But sometimes one form is better than the other.

Ex :
Singular
1.

The family is a very old and famous one

Plural
1. The family are delighted with

their presents
82.Two nouns together
The two nouns are often written as separate words, but we sometimes use a hyphen or
we write them as a single word
Ex :

1.

I buy an address book

2.

We are going to shop book

83. A/an and the

A or an is the indefinite article, and the is the definite article. A/an goes only with a singular
noun. With a plural or an uncountable noun we use some. The goes with both singular and
plural nouns and with uncountable nouns.
Ex :
1.

Storms battered the coast of Britain yesterday

2.

I have an apple

3.

A drive in the country would be nice

4.

The sun will rise

86. Cars or the cars

General and spesifik meanings
a.

General

A plural noun or an uncountable noun on its own has a general meaning.

Ex :
1.

Life isnt fair, is it?

2.

Children can be cruel sometimes

b.

Specific

The plural noun or uncountable noun has a specific meaning.

Ex :
1.

The life of a hill farmer isnt easy

2.

The children are playing in the garden

87. Prison, school, bed, etc

We do not use the when we are talking about being in prison as prisoner
Ex :
1.

This man is in prison.

2.

He went to prison two years ago

We use the when we mean the prison as a specific building.

Ex :

1.

The young woman is in the prison

2.

She has gone to the prison to visit her father

Some phrases with other nouns.

1.

Bed : in bed, go to bed, etc

2.

Home : at home, go home, come home, leave home, etc

3.

Sea : at sea, go to sea, etc

4.

Town : in town, go into town, leave town, etc

5.

Work : at work, go to work, leave work ,etc

88. On Friday, for lunch, etc

a. years, seasons, and months
Ex :
1.

I was born on 1987

2.

We play cricket in summer

3.

Winter always depresses me

4.

I start the course in September

b.Special times
Ex :
1.

We go away at Christmas

2.

Easter is early this years

3.

Ill be home for thanksgiving

c.Days of the week

Ex :
1.

Thursday will be convenient

2.

Ill see you on Tuesday evening

d.Parts of the day and night

Ex :
1.

I cant sleep at night

2.

I prefer to travel by day

3.

I must get to bed before midnight

e.Meals
Ex ;

1.

Ill see you at breakfast

2.

We have supper at about eight

3.

Im going out after lunch

89. Quite a, such a, what a, etc

A.

very, quite, rather, etc

very, quite, rather + adjective + plural or uncountable noun

example:

Its very old house

Its nice party

B.

so and such a

So = be + so + adjective
Example:

the test was so easy

the hill was so steep

Such a/an = Such + a/an + adjective + noun

Example:

it was such an easy test

it was such a steep hill

C.

what a

in a exclamation we can use what a/an with a singular noun and what with a plural or
uncountable noun.
Example:

what a goal?

What lovely flowers?

What fun we had?

90.Places names and the

A. Continents, countries, islands, states, and countries.
Example:

The Netherlands

The Irish Republic

I was holiday in Portugal last year

B. Regions
Example:

Central Asia

Western Australia

The middle east

C.Hills and mountains

Example:

She climbed everest

Down North hill

The south of france

31.the verb have

A. In the present we normally use has got or have got.
Example: - Adams got the key.
- My neighbours have got a balcony.
- Vicky has got blue eyes.
B. In the past we normally use had rather than had got.
Example: - Our class had a whiteboard.
- I had a headache tomorrow.
- He had slept when I came last night.
32. Short forms, e.g. its, dont
Some verbs can have short forms when they come after I, you, etc.
verb
Am
Are
Is/has
Have
Had/would
Will
Shall

Short forms
Im
Youre, were, theyre
Hes, shes, its
Ive, youve, weve, theyve
Id, youd, hed, shed, itd, wed, theyd
Ill, youll, hell, shell, itll, well, theyll
Ill, well

Example:
Its a difficult problem.
Ive seen the result.
Im very excited about it.
It isnt yet certain.
WeWontknow the result for some time.

33. Emphatic Do
Example: - you know, I do sorry about my job prospects.
- Im afraid, I do find the work difficult.
- Youre so right. I do agree with you.
- Your hair is much too long. You do need a haircut.

34. yes/no questions and short Answers, e.g. yes, it is

Yes/no questions is one that we can answer with yes or no. These questions are asking for
information.
1. Positive question
Example:
Do you always have breakfast?

+ yes, I do
- No, I dont
Is your house far from school?

+ yes, it is
- No, it isnt
2. Negative question
Example:
Dont you sometimes feel tired?

+ Yes, I do

- No, I dont
Arent you often late for school?

+ Yes, I am
- No, I am not

36. Wh-questions
These are the eight question words.
Who, what, which, whose, where, when, why, how.
Example:
a) What are you doing?
b) What are you reading?
c) Where do you live?
d) Where do you work?
e) Which is your car?
f) Which is your favorite colour?
g) Why is your friend so upset?
Most wh-questions begin with a question word + an auxiliary verb + the subject
Q.W
Which
when

auxiliary
Is
Can

S
Ani
She

Car?
Travel safety?

In the present simple and past simple we use a form of do.

Q.W
Where
How
What

auxiliary
Do
Does
did

S
People
The television
The teacher

Meet?
Work?
Say?

37. subject / object questions

When who or what is the subject of a question, there is no inversion. The word order is the
some as in a statement.
Example:
- subject: who invited you?
- Object: who did you invited?

- subject: what will you ate next?

- Object: what will you eat next?
- subject: who was discussing to you?
- Object: who were you discussing to?
Here are some more examples of a question word as (part of) the subject.
. who the organizing the trip?
. what caused the accident?
. which coat suits me best?

38. prepositions in wh-questions

A question word can be the object of a preposition.
Example: - where is Maria from? (She is from somewhere)
-What are you doing? (Im watching television)
- What are you looking at? (you are looking at something)
39. who, what/which?
We can use what or which before a noun. But not who.
Example:
o What colour do you like?
o What books do you read?
o Which day is best for you?
o Which is your pen?
o Who sent the card?
o Who bring my book?
40. negative statements
In a negative statements, not or nt comes after the auxiliary verb. We write the auxiliary and nt
together as one word.
Example:
-

We have not received an invitation

The scheme wasnt working properly

My father dont work on Saturdays

I mustnt stay long.

You cant turn right here.

41. negative question

A negative question yes/no question often expresses surprise.
Arent you ready yet?
Havent you done it yet?
Doesnt the advert tell you?
We can use why dont we/you? Or why not + verb.? For a suggestion.
Why dont you take a taxi?
Why not use your credit card?
42. question tags, e.g. isnt it?
A question tag refers back to the subject and auxiliary of the main clause.
A negative tag is auxiliary + nt + pronoun (wasnt he?)
Example:
Subject

aux

Tag

Budi

was joking

wasnt he?

A positive tag is like a negative one, but without nt.

Example:
Subject

aux

Tag

Budi

wasnt joking,

was he?

Here are some more example:

He is tall, isnt he?
She is not in Bali, is she?
Positive and Negative
The usual patterns are these.
Positive statement + negative tag
Example: its cold, isnt it?
Negative statement + positive tag
Example: it isnt very warm, is it?
43. So/Neither do I and I think so

We use so after a positive statement and neither after a negative one.

Example: Im hungry. So am I. (= and Im hungry/Im hungry, too)
The structure is so + an auxiliary + the subject and the auxiliary is a form of be or
have or a modal verb, e.g. can.
Example (positive):
He is tired, and So am I.
They were here yesterday, and so was he.
We came here last week, and so did they.
She always goes to school on foot, and so do I.
The structure is neither + auxiliary verb + Subject
Example (negative) :
He is not tired, and neither am I.
They were not here yesterday, and neither was he.
We did not come here last week, and neither did they.
She does not go to school on foot, and neither do I.
44. Ability: Can, Could, and be able to
We use can to express ability.
Example:
. Ali can play chess
. We cant lift this piano
The negative of can is cannot, written as on word. It has a short form cant.
We use could for ability in the past.
Example:
. my grandfather could walk on his hands.
Am/is/are able to means the same as can. The pupils can read / are able to read.
The negative is not able to or unable to.
Example: .. The office cannot supply / is not able to supply / is unable to supply the figures.
We can use be able to (but not can) in other tenses and forms.
Example:
1. You will be able to check your progress.
2. He hasnt been able to play for ages.
3. Its nice to be able to relax.
4. Being able to speak the language is a great advantage.

45. Permission; can, may, could and be allowed to

We use can, could, or may to ask permission.
Example: - can I take your umbrella?
- Could I use this calculator, please?
- May we come in? yes, of course.
Could is less direct than can often more polite. May is rather formal. We use can or may
to give permission.
Example:
o You can use my mobile if you like
o May I see the letter? of course you may
To talk about permission when we are not giving it or asking for it, we can use referring to the
present or future and could referring to the past.
Example:
I can stay up as late as I like
At one time you could park here
We can also use be allowed to.
Example:
Im allowed to stay up as late as I like
Was Tina allowed to leave work early
46. Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, etc.
We use may and might for possibility.
Example: .this old picture may / might be valuable
.The shop may not / might not be open
This includes their use for an uncertain prediction or intention.
Example: it may/might rain tomorrow
I may/might go away next weekend
We can use a statement with could or might to make a suggestion or to express criticism that
something is not done.
Example:
You could/might listen when Im talking
You could/might go away next weekend
We can use may, might, and could with the continuous, the present, and the passive.

Example:
I might be playing badminton tomorrow
Tina could be working late today
I may have thrown the leaflet away
47. Necessity: Must and have to
1. Must
We use must when the speaker feels that something is necessary.
Example:
You must wait in the queue (Im telling you)

You have to wait in the queue (thats the role)

2. Have to
We use have to when the situation makes something necessary.
Example:
I must go on diet. I want to lose weight

I have to go on a diet. Doctors orders.

3. Have got to
Instead of have to, We can use have got to. The meaning is the same.
I have to fill this form in

Ive got to fill this form in

Does everyone have to register?

Has everyone got to register?

48. Necessity: mustnt, neednt, etc

1. Mustnt
We use mustnt to say that something is a bad idea.
Example:
You mustnt forget your keys
We mustnt lose this game
2. Neednt
We use neednt when something is not necessary.

Example:
I neednt have brought/didnt need to bring this umbrella with me, but I dont realize it would
be such a lovely day.
49. Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to.
We use should and ought to to say what is the best thing or the right thing to do. There
is no difference in meaning.
Example: - we should recycle /we ought recyle as much as possible
- You should see/you ought to see the film. Youll love it.
In negatives and questions we normally use should.
Example: - people shouldnt leave litter everywhere
-Who should we invite to the wedding?
We can use the continuous or perfect after should and ought to
Example: - I should be doing some work now
-You ought to have said thank you
Had better says what is the lost thing to do in a particular situation.
Example: - I think Iman had better see a doctor
-Id better tidy up this mess, hadnt I?
We use be supposed to for what should happen because it is the rule or the normal way of
doing things.
Example: - youre supposed to wait in the queue.
50. Asking people to do thing
We can use can or could in a request, when we ask someone to do something and we
can sometimes use the imperative form to tell someone what to do.
Example:
Can you keep me informed? yes, of course
Can everyone be quite for a minute, please?
Bring another chair
Hurry up or well be late
51. Suggestions, offers, and invitations
1. suggestions
We can use shall we? Or lets to make a suggestion.

Example: its a lovely day. Shall we go for a walk? yes, ok. Lets
We can also use could for a suggestion.
Example: you could invite a few friends around. yes, why not?
We can also use why dont?
Example: why dont we have a look round the market?
3. Offers
We can use will or can to offer to do something.
Example: Ill carry your bag. oh, thanks.
We can also use question forms with shall or can.
Example: shall we play you the money now? oh, theres no hurry.
We can also use will/wont you have?
Example: will you have a biscuit? thank you
4. Invitations
The words we use in invitations are similar to those we use in offers of food and drink.To invited
someone, we often use would you like it?
Example: would you like to have lunch with us? yes, Id love to. Thank you

52. Will, should, shall and would

We can use will for a prediction.
Example: its midnight, and Sarah is still working.
We use would for a past prediction or a prediction about a possible situation.
Past: At midnight Sarah was still working. She would be tired the next day.
Possible: How about going to corn well next weekend? that would be nice. I wouldnt enjoy a
camping holiday.
We can use shall instead of will, and shall instead of would, but only in the first person,
after I ad we.
Example:
I will/shall be twenty-five in June
We would/should like to meet you family
shall and would are a little formal here.
53. It may / could / must have been, etc.

We use these forms to say that possibly something happened in the past.
Example:
He may gave got lost
You might have your keys at work
Someone could have stolen them
We also use could have for an opportunity that we didnt take or a possible result that didnt
happen.
Example:
We could have gone out somewhere, but we were too tired.

54. Passive verb forms

A passive is a form of be + a passive participle.
Active

passive

Present simple

they play the game

the game is played

Present continuous

they are playing the game

the game is being played

Present perfect

they have played the game

the game has been played

Past simple

they played the game

the game was played

Past continuous

they were playing the game

the game was being played

Past perfect

they will play the game

the game will be played

Future

they are going to play the game

the game is going to be -

Played.
Negatives and questions
In the negative not comes after the first auxiliary.
Example: - Motorists are not killed by cyclists
- The money still hasnt been found
In a question there is inversion of the subject and (first) auxiliary.
Example: - Has the money been found?
- When was the fax sent?
55. Active and passive (1)
Example:
Active: Jack helps me everyday

Passive: I am helped by jack everyday

Active: Nia always washes the clothes
Passive: the clothes are always washed by Nia.
Active: Wulan will have sent the letter
Passive: The letter will have been sent by Wulan
56. Active and passive (2)
Example:
Active: they clean the streets everyday
Passive: the streets are cleaned everyday
Active: people use this footpath all the time
Passive: this footpath is used all the time
Active: someone took my purse
Passive: my purse was taken
57. Special passive structures
I was given
We can use the following verbs in this structure: allow, award, fed, give, grant, hand, leave (in a
will), lend offer, owe, pay, promise, sell, send, show, teach.
Example:
-

Some flowers were given to Aminah. (who received tem)

Aminah was given some flowers. ( what she received)

It is said that
Formula: it + passive verb + clause
Example in news reports:
It is thought that the company is planning a new advertising compaign. It was reported
that the president had suffered a heart attack. It has been agreed that changes to the scheme
are necessary.
Here are some verbs we can use in this structure: agree, allege, announce, assure,
believe, consider, decide expect, explain, hope, know, report, say, suggest, suppose, think,
understand.
He is said to.
Formula: subject + passive verb + to-infinitive
Example: Putra is said to be in love with umi

We can use the following verbs in this structure: believe, expect, find, know, report, say, think,
understand.
58. Have something done
Have

something

done

You should

have

your car

serviced

regularly

Putra usually

has

his suits

cleaned

at super clean

We

had

the television

repaired

Youve

had

your hair

cut

a new garage

built

Our neighbours are having

Is Siti

having

a new cooker

only last year

installed?

We can also use get something done.

Example:
-

we must have another key mad. OR we must get another key mode. (the sentence have

the same meaning, but get is more in formal than have.)

-

where did you get your hair cut?

Do you get your heating checked everyday?

59. To be done and being done

a. Active and passive forms
Example:
o I want to play volleyball. I hope to be chosen for the team.
o Why did Tom keep making Jokes about me? I dont enjoy being laughed at.
b. Active forms with a passive meaning
Example:
o The bicycle needs oiling
o The windows need cleaning
We sometimes use an active to-infinitive when we talk about a job to be done.
Example:
o Ive got some letters to write today
o Weve got this bill to pay

60. Verb + to-infinitive

1. The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle
Example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
Example sentences:
o Some one must have broken the window and climbed in
o I would like to have caught it if Id seen the ball
o He pretended to have seen the film
2. The continuous infinitive
to be + present perfect
Example: to be swimming, to be joking, to be waiting
Example sentences:
o Id really like to be swimming in a nice cool pool right now
o I happened to be waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
3. The perfect continuous infinitive
to have been + present participle
Example: to have been crying, to have been waiting, to have been painting.
Example sentences:
o The woman seemed to have been crying
o You must have been waiting four hours!
o He pretended to have been painting all day
4. The passive infinitive
to be + past participle
Example: to be given, to be shut, to be opened.
Example sentences:
o Im expecting to be given a pay-rise next month
o The window ought to be opened

61. Verb + Ing-Form

Formula :
1.

Simple present tense

S + Verb 1 + s/es + Ing-Form

Ex :
a. We go to fishing at the river every week
b. She tries helping her mother
2.

Simple Past Tense

S + Verb 2 + Ing-Form + Object

Ex :
a.

We try cleaning this window

b.

He have to helped withdrawing this grass

3.

Simple Future Tense

S + shall/will + infinive +ing-form

Ex :
a.

Shell try helping her mother

b.

I shall go fishing at the river

62. Verb + to-infinitive or Verb + ing-form?

1. Verb + to Infinitive
Ex :
a. She try to prepare our task
b. They decided not to go to Bali next week
2. Verb + ing-form
Ex :
a.

We must always practice speaking English from now

b.

I quit smoking

63. Like, Start, etc

A to infinitive or an ing-form, The meaning is the same.
Ex :
a.

To infinitive : Tono will begin to work tomorrow

Ing-form : Tono will begin working tomorrow

b.

To infinitive : I stop to smoke

Ing-Form : I stop smoking

c.

To infinitive : When will you start to save your money

Ing-form : When will you start saving your money

64. Remember
1. Remember and forget
We use remember/forget to do for necessary actions. The remembering is before the
action.
Ex :
a.

I must remember to make this homework

b.

The clothses are still dirty because I forgot to switch on the machine
We use remember/forget doing for memories of the past. The action is before the

remembering.
Ex :
a.

I can remember to making this homework

b.

Ill never forget flying over the grand Canyon.

2. Regret
Regret to do something means to be sorry for something you are doing.
Ex : We regret to inform you that we are not taking on any new staff at present.
Regret doing something means to be sorry because of something that happened in the past
Ex : I regret spending all that money.
3.Try
Try to do something means to attempt something, to do your best
Ex : Im trying to run this computer program
Try doing something means to do something which might solve a problem
Ex : I tried clicking on the box, but it doesnt work
4.Stop
Stop to do something means to stop so that you can do it
Ex : An old woman walking along the road stopped to talk to us

Stop doing something means to end an action, to finish doing it

Ex : Theres too much noise can you all stop talking, please?
5.Mean
Mean to do something is the same as to intend to do it
Ex : I think Robbert mean to break that glass, it didnt look like an accident
Means doing something expresses the idea of one thing resulting in another
Ex : Im applying for a visa it means filling in this form
6. Go on
Go on to do something means to do something else, to do the next thing
Ex: The teacher introduced herself and went on to explain about the course
Go on doing something means to continue doing it
Ex : The teacher told everyone to be quiet, but they just went on talking
7. Need
This means that I must clean my shoes, I have to clean them
Ex : I need to clean my shoes
This means that my shoes need to be cleaned
Ex : My shoes need cleaning.
65. Verb + Object + to-infinitive or ing-form
1. Verb + Object + to-infinitive
Ex :
a.

Take this box away

b.

I expected Amy to meet me

c.

We were asked not to smoke

2. Verb + Object + ing-form

Ex :
a.

I hear someone is knocking the front door

b.

He observed the mechanic is repairing his car

c.

Will you watch me playing badminton?

66. Question Word + to-infinitive

Ex :
1.

Who used to delivery lunch to the rice field when your family still live in the village

2.

We mustnt postpone what we have plan

3.

The suspect didnt deny what he must do

4.

The director has appointed who will be the branch manager at his company

67. adjective + to-infinitive

An adjective + to-infinitive often comes in this structure with it + be.
Formula :
S + be + Adjective + to-infinitive
Ex :
1.

It was good to see you again

2.

It felt strange to be working at night

3.

Im happy to answer the question

68. For with the to-infinitive

Formula :
.For + Object + to-infinitive
Ex :
1.

Its important for her to train regularly if she wants to compete

2.

Its absolutely dishraceful for a newspaper to publish such lies

3.

Weve arranged for plants to be drawn

4.

It was kind of you to help me

69. The infinitive with and without to

a. The to-infinitive
We use a to-infinitive

After an Adjective
Ex :
1.

The streets arent safe enough to walk along at night

2.

The party is sure to be a success

After a noun
Ex :
1.

I managed to reach the top of the hill

2.

Help me open the window

With be able to, about to, be allowed to, have to, ought to and used to
Ex :
1.

We arent allowed to park here

2.

Were going to buy a cameorder

After some verbs

Ex :
1.

I decided to walk to the hotel

2.

I suggested walking to the hotel

After some verbs + object

Ex :
1.

Simon wants you to ring him

2.

The doctor told Julie to stay in bed

After for + Object

Ex :
1.

Its absolutely dishraceful for a newspaper to publish such lies

2.

Weve arranged for plants to be drawn

After a question word

Ex :
1.

We mustnt postpone what we have plan

2.

The suspect didnt deny what he must do

To say why
Ex :
1.

Hanna was hurrying to catch her bus

2.

Most people work to earn money

3.

Rang to find out the train times

b.The infinitive without to

After can, could, may, might, must, neednt, shall, should, will, and would.

Ex :
1.

Nicola will try to play chess

2.

Were you able to get work?

After had better and would rather

Ex :
1.

Its cold, Id better wear a coat

After make + object and let + object

Ex :
1.

That programme was funny it realy made me laugh

2.

Trevor will be here at five. His boss is going to let him leave work early

After see or hear + an object

1.

I saw the light come on

2.

We all heard the bomb go off

70. Verb/Adjective + preposition + ing-form

a. Verb + Preposition +ing-Form
Ex :
1.

Paul insists on getting there early

2.

They apologize for making a mess

3.

Michael insisted on telling us all about football

4.

Ive sucses to getting hold of the CD

b.Verb + Object + Preposition + ing form

Ex :
1.

A man saved the child from drowning

2.

Santi accused Vera of not caring about her.

3.

Higher prices will discourage customers from buying

c.Adjective + Preposition + ing-form

Ex :

1.

Im nervous of saying the wrong thing

2.

Mike is good at skating

3.

She afraid to flying

71. Afraid to do or Afraid of doing

Ex :
1.

David is a afraid to climb the ladder (Afraid to do)

= He doesnt want to climb the ladder because he is afraid

2.

Davis is afraid of falling (Afraid of doing)

= He is afraid because he might fall

72. Used to do and be used to doing
a. Used to do
Used + to infinitive means that something happened regularly or went on for a time in the past.
Ex:
1.

We used to play that game when we wre younger

2.

Nick used to smoke but he gave it up

3.

I used to like fish but I never eat it now

b.Be used to doing

Be used to + ing-form means that something is familiar and is no longer strange.
Ex :
1.

Were used to getting up early

2.

Sarah is used to working late at the office

3.

I wasnt used to wearing glasses

73. Preposition or lingking word + ing-form

a. Preposition + ing-form
We can use these preposition before an ing-form : against, as a result of, as well as,
besides, by, despite, for, from, how about, etc
Ex :
1.

Insttead of landing at Heathrow, we had to go to Manchester

2.

Please turn off the light before leaving

3.

Far from being the end of the story, it was only the beginning

4.

The drug was finally approved for sale after being tested

b.Linking Word + ing-form

We can use these linking words before an ing-form: after, although, before, since,
when, while. A linking word + ing-form can sometimes be a little formal.
Ex :
1.

You should always lock the door when leaving your room

2.

Tom was listening to the car radio while sitting in a traffic ja.

74. see it happen or see it happening

a. See it happen
After some verbs we can use an object + an infinitive without to
Ex :
1.

Nina saw Edmund fall down the steps

2.

Vicky heard someone close the door

3.

Lets watch the parade go past

b.See it Happening
We can also use an ing-form after the object
Ex :
1.

Rachel saw belle walking with a stick

2.

Can you hear someone playing the guitar?

3.

We found steve exercising in the gym

75. Some structure with the ing-form

a. Two actions at the same time
When to things are happening at the same time, we can use a main verb and an ing-form.
Ex :
1.

We had to stand in a queue waiting for the bank to open

2.

When you telephoned me I was taking about

b.One action after another

Ex :
1.

Opening the bottle, Mike poured the drinks

2.

Having repairing the car. Tom took it out for a road test

76. Ship and Water : countable and uncoutablr nouns

a. Countable nouns
Countable nouns can be singular or plural.We can use countable noun for separate,
individuals things we can count: a boat, three days, some problems, etc. Many countable
nouns are concrete : cars, shops, etc. But some are abstract : ideas, situation, etc
Ex :
1.

I have a rabbit

2.

Tina has some problems and she cannt to finished

3.

The boat leaves at ten oclock

b.uncoutable nouns
Uncountable nouns are neither singular nor plural. We use uncountable nouns for
things that do not naturally divide into separate units. Many uncountable nouns are abstract :
happiness, security, etc. But some are concrete : water, sand, etc
Ex :
1.

Please make me a coffee

2.

I got much money

77. Agreemen
Agreement means using a singular verb after a singular or uncountable subject and a
plural verb after a plural subject.
Singular

: 1. The house is empty

2.The window is close

Plural

: 1. The houses are empty

2.The windows are close

80. Singular or plural

a. Singular mean is one thing, ex: apple, clothe, arm, etc
ex :
1.

I have an apple

2.

The clothe is wet

b.Plural mean is more than one, ex: apples, clothes, arms, etc
Ex :
1.

I have two apples

2.

The clothes are wet

81. Pair nouns and group nouns

a. Pair nouns
We use a pair noun for a thing made of two parts, which are the same. Some pair
nouns are binoculars, glasses, jeans, pants, pyjamas, scissors, short, etc
Ex :
1.

My jeans need washing

2.

These tights were quite expensive

b.Group nouns
A group noun can usually take either a singular or a plural verb. The choice depends on
whether we see the group as a whole or a whole or as individual people. Often it doesnt matter
whether the verb is singular or plural. But sometimes one form is better than the other.

Ex :
Singular
1.

The family is a very old and famous one

Plural
1. The family are delighted with

their presents
82.Two nouns together
The two nouns are often written as separate words, but we sometimes use a hyphen or
we write them as a single word
Ex :
1.

I buy an address book

2.

We are going to shop book

83. A/an and the

A or an is the indefinite article, and the is the definite article. A/an goes only with a singular
noun. With a plural or an uncountable noun we use some. The goes with both singular and
plural nouns and with uncountable nouns.
Ex :
1.

Storms battered the coast of Britain yesterday

2.

I have an apple

3.

A drive in the country would be nice

4.

The sun will rise

86. Cars or the cars

General and spesifik meanings
a.

General

A plural noun or an uncountable noun on its own has a general meaning.

Ex :
1.

Life isnt fair, is it?

2.

Children can be cruel sometimes

b.

Specific

The plural noun or uncountable noun has a specific meaning.

Ex :
1.

The life of a hill farmer isnt easy

2.

The children are playing in the garden

87. Prison, school, bed, etc

We do not use the when we are talking about being in prison as prisoner
Ex :
1.

This man is in prison.

2.

He went to prison two years ago

We use the when we mean the prison as a specific building.

Ex :
1.

The young woman is in the prison

2.

She has gone to the prison to visit her father

Some phrases with other nouns.

1.

Bed : in bed, go to bed, etc

2.

Home : at home, go home, come home, leave home, etc

3.

Sea : at sea, go to sea, etc

4.

Town : in town, go into town, leave town, etc

5.

Work : at work, go to work, leave work ,etc

88. On Friday, for lunch, etc

a. years, seasons, and months
Ex :
1.

I was born on 1987

2.

We play cricket in summer

3.

Winter always depresses me

4.

I start the course in September

b.Special times
Ex :
1.

We go away at Christmas

2.

Easter is early this years

3.

Ill be home for thanksgiving

c.Days of the week

Ex :
1.

Thursday will be convenient

2.

Ill see you on Tuesday evening

d.Parts of the day and night

Ex :
1.

I cant sleep at night

2.

I prefer to travel by day

3.

I must get to bed before midnight

e.Meals
Ex ;
1.

Ill see you at breakfast

2.

We have supper at about eight

3.

Im going out after lunch

89. Quite a, such a, what a, etc

A.

very, quite, rather, etc

very, quite, rather + adjective + plural or uncountable noun

example:

Its very old house

Its nice party

B.

so and such a

So = be + so + adjective
Example:

the test was so easy

the hill was so steep

Such a/an = Such + a/an + adjective + noun

Example:

it was such an easy test

it was such a steep hill

C.

what a

in a exclamation we can use what a/an with a singular noun and what with a plural or
uncountable noun.
Example:

what a goal?

What lovely flowers?

What fun we had?

90.Places names and the

A. Continents, countries, islands, states, and countries.
Example:

The Netherlands

The Irish Republic

I was holiday in Portugal last year

B. Regions
Example:

Central Asia

Western Australia

The middle east

C.Hills and mountains

Example:

She climbed everest

Down North hill

The south of france

D.

Lakes, ocean, seas, rivers, and canals

Example:

Near lake Michigan

The Mediterranean

Across the atlantic