CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is one of the most versatile building materials. It can be cast to fit any structural
shape from a cylindrical water storage tank to a rectangular beam or column in a high-rise
building. The advantages of using concrete include high compressive strength, good fire
resistance, high water resistance, low maintenance and long service life. The disadvantages of
using concrete include poor tensile strength, low workability for higher strengths, formwork
requirement etc. In order to overcome these problems SCC was developed in Japan in the late
1980s.
The advantages of SCC include:
1) Faster construction
2) Reduction in site manpower
3) Better surface finishes
4) Easier placing
5) Improved durability
6) Greater freedom in design
7) Thinner concrete sections
8) Reduced noise levels, absence of vibration
9) Safer working environment
Originally developed in Japan, SCC technology was made possible by the much earlier
development of super plasticisers for concrete. SCC has now been taken up with enthusiasm
across Europe, for both site and precast concrete work. Practical application has been
accompanied by much research into the physical and mechanical characteristics of SCC and
the wide range of knowledge generated has been sifted and combined in this document.
1.1 SCC-Self Compacting Concrete.
Self compacting concrete (SCC) represents one of the most significant advances in concrete
technology for decades. Inadequate homogeneity of the cast concrete due to poor compaction
or segregation may drastically lower the performance of mature concrete in-situ. SCC has
been developed to ensure adequate compaction and facilitate placement of concrete in
structures with congested reinforcement and in restricted areas.
SCC was developed first in Japan in the late 1980s to be mainly used for highly
congested reinforced structures in seismic regions. As the durability of concrete structures
became an important issue in Japan, an adequate compaction by skilled labours was required
to obtain durable concrete structures. This requirement led to the development of SCC and
its development was first reported in 1989 (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003).
SCC can be described as a high performance material which flows under its own weight
without requiring vibrators to achieve consolidation by complete filling of formworks even
when access is hindered by narrow gaps between reinforcement bars .SCC can also be used in
situations where it is difficult or impossible to use mechanical compaction for fresh concrete,
such as underwater concreting, cast in-situ pile foundations, machine bases and columns or
1

walls with congested reinforcement. The high flow ability of SCC makes it possible to fill the
formwork without vibration) since its inception, it has been widely used in large construction
in Japan (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003). Recently, this concrete has gained wide use in many
countries for different applications and structural configurations it can also be regarded as
"the most revolutionary development in concrete construction for several decades".
Originally developed to offset a growing shortage of skilled labour, it is now taken up with
enthusiasm across European countries for both site and precast concrete work.
The method for achieving self-compact ability involves not only high deformability of
paste or mortar, but also resistance to segregation between coarse aggregate and mortar when
the concrete flows through the confined zone of reinforcing bars (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003).
Homogeneity of SCC is its ability to remain unsegregated during transport and placing. High
flow ability and high segregation resistance of SCC are obtained by:
1. A larger quantity of fine particles, i.e., a limited coarse aggregate content.
2. A low water/powder ratio, (powder is defined as cement plus the filler such as fly
ash, silica fume etc.) and
3. The use of super plasticizer (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003 and Audenaert et al., 2002).
Because of the addition of a high quantity of fine particles, the internal material structure
of SCC shows some resemblance with high performance concrete having selfcompactibility
in fresh stage, no initial defects in early stage and protection against external factors after
hardening. Due to the lower content of coarse aggregate, however, there is some concern that:
(1) SCC may have a lower modulus of elasticity, which may affect deformation
characteristics of prestressed concrete members and
(2) Creep and shrinkage will be higher, affecting prestress loss and long-term deflection. Self
compacting concrete can be produced using standard cements and additives. It consists
mainly of cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and filler, such as fly ash or Super-pozz,
water, super plasticizer and stabilizer.
(3) The composition of SCC is similar to that of normal concrete but to attain self flow ability
admixtures, such as fly ash, glass filler, limestone powder, silica fume, Super-pozz, etc;
with some super plasticizer is mixed. Since Super-pozz is a new emerging admixture and is
a highly reactive alumino silicate pozzolanic material, its fineness and spherical particle
shape improves the workability of SCC. Thus, it can be used as a suitable admixture in SCC.
Three basic characteristics that are required to obtain SCC are: high deformability, restrained
flow ability and a high resistance to segregation .High deformability is related to the capacity
of the concrete to deform and spread freely in order to fill all the space in the formwork. It is
usually a function of the form, size, and quantity of the aggregates, and the friction between
the solid particles, which can be reduced by adding a high range water-reducing admixture
(HRWR) to the mixture. Restrained flow ability represents how easily the concrete can flow
around obstacles, such as reinforcement, and is related to the member geometry and the shape
of the formwork. Segregation is usually related to the cohesiveness of the fresh concrete,
which can be enhanced by adding a viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA) along with a
HRWR, by reducing the free-water content, by increasing the volume of paste, or by some
combination of these constituents. Two general types of SCC can be obtained:
2

(1) One with a small reduction in the coarse aggregates, containing a VMA, and
(2) One with a significant reduction in the coarse aggregates without any VMA.
(3) To produce SCC, the major work involves designing an appropriate mix
Proportion and evaluating the properties of the concrete thus obtained. In practice, SCC in
its fresh state shows high fluidity, self-compacting ability and segregation resistance, all of
which contribute to reducing the risk of honey combing of concrete. With these good
properties, the SCC produced can greatly improve the reliability and durability of the
reinforced concrete structures. In addition, SCC shows good performance in compression and
can fulfil other construction needs because its production has taken into consideration the
requirements in the structural design.
1.2 RUBBERIZED CONCRETE
In recent years, irrespective of political, economic or ecological reasons, recycling has been
encouraged throughout the world. It is undoubtedly the best alternative to reduce the impact
that the environment can suffer from the consumption of raw materials and the disorderly
generation of waste. The construction market is presented as one of the best alternatives to
consume recycled materials. This is because construction activity can be performed in any
region which reduces costs, such as transportation (Benazzouk et al., 2007). In addition, the
materials needed to produce most of the construction components do not require great
technical sophistication.
Thus, rubberized concrete can support construction sustain- ability and contribute to the
development of the civil engineering area by using industrial waste, minimize the
consumption of natural resources and produce a more efcient material (Li et al., 2004a).
Concrete with recycled rubber can be used (through suitable formulations and for specic
applications) for concrete panel production, cementitious sheets for sealing systems and other
concrete products, such as concrete oors, walls and roof tiles (Siddique and Naik,
2004).Several studies have been conducted to facilitate the use of this waste material in
Portland cement. In addition, several authors have already conrmed the viability of using the
vulcanized rubber ber into construction materials (Chiu, 2008).
Turatsinze et al. (2005) studied the replacement of mortar sand by recycled rubber (in
proportions of 20 and 30%), with the aim of improving the exural strength (toughness) and
propagation of cracks in the material.According to Khaloo et al. (2008) , concrete with
recycled rubber increased its toughness and resistance of moisture migration through the
material.. According Turatsinze and Garros (2008) concrete produced with recycled rubber
has improved some properties: thermal insulation, sound absorption, and low density.
Further, there was also a decrease in the perme- ability in theory, as rubber is a
hydrophobic aggregate. In addition, there was an improvement in the concrete durability.
However, the main limitation was the reduction in resistance, which was caused by a higher
porosity promoted by the rubber aggregate in the concrete matrix.
Therefore, the aim of the present work is the study of the technical feasibility of sand
replacement in self compacting concrete with the addition of 5,10,15% recycled tire rubbers.
3

This could result in a resistance recovery after the sodium hydroxide chemical treatment
process. This was specically for a compressive resistance of 30 MPa.
It is well recognized that the reduction of compressive and tensile strengths of the rubberized
concrete is an important problem to be solved. Li et al suggested that the loss in the strength
might be minimized by proper surface treatment of the tire rubber. Segre and Joekes
indicated that if rubber particles had a rough surface or were pretreated, they might bond
better with the surrounding matrix, resulting in a higher compressive strength. There are
many other pre treatment methods, such as washing rubber particles with water, acid etching,
plasma treatment and coupling with various agents. Among the surface treatment methods,
the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution gave the best result. The experimental results showed
that NaOH treatment enhanced the adhesion of tire rubber particles to the cement paste. Thus,
the mechanical properties of concretes with the NaOH-treated rubber were improved in
comparison with that of the rubberized concrete with the as-received rubber. Using the NaOH
pre treatment method, Chouet al. proposed a theoretical analysis to explain the effect of
rubber additives on mechanical properties of the rubberized concrete and have shown that the
addition of rubber particles could block water diffusion in Rubcrete, leading to insufficient
and imperfect hydration in some regions. The reduced adhesion at the interfacial surface
between the cement and rubber grains is an important factor in the reduction of the
compressive strength of Rubcrete. To improve the compressive strength, many authors have
attempted to modify the surface properties of rubber particles to enhance the adhesion to
cement hydration products (C-S-H). A detailed review on the rubberized concrete was
provided by Siddique and Naik . In this study, the crumb rubber was treated with NaOH,
Ca(OH)2 to modify hydrophilic properties of the rubber surface Mechanical properties such
as compressive, flexural and tensile strengths were tested to understand effects of treatment
of NaOH with crumb rubber on the performance of concrete.

CHAPTER 2
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE.
The idea of a concrete mixture that can be consolidated into every corner of a formwork,
purely by means of its own weight and without the need for vibration, was first considered in
1983 in Japan, when concrete durability, constructability and productivity became a major
topic of interest in the country. During this period, there was a shortage of number of skilled
workers in Japan which directly affected the quality of the concrete.
In order to achieve acceptable concrete structures, proper consolidation is required to
completely fill and equally distribute the mixture with minimum segregation. One solution to
obtain acceptable concrete structures, independently of the quality of construction work, is
the employment of SCC. The use of SCC can reduce labour requirements and noise pollution
by eliminating the need of either internal or external vibration.
Okamura proposed the use of SCC in 1986. Studies to develop SCC, including a
fundamental study on the workability of concrete, were carried out by Ozawa and Maekawa
at the University of Tokyo, and by 1988 the first practical prototypes of SCC were produced.
By the early 1990s Japan started to develop and use SCC and, as of 2000, the volume of
SCC used for prefabricated products and ready-mixed concrete in Japan was over 520,000
yard3 (i.e. 400,000 m3) .In 1996, several European countries formed the Rational
Production and Improved Working Environment through using SCC project in order to
explore the significance of published achievements in SCC and develop applications to take
advantage of the potentials of SCC. Since then, SCC has been used successfully in a number
of bridges, walls and tunnel linings in Europe. During the last three years, interest in SCC has
grown in the United States, particularly within the precast concrete industry. SCC has been
used in several commercial projects. Numerous research studies have been conducted
recently with the objective of developing raw material requirements, mixture proportions,
material requirements and characteristics, and test methods necessary to produce and test
SCC. The latest studies related to SCC focused on improved reliability and prediction of
properties, production of a dense and uniform surface texture, improved durability and both
high and early strength permitting faster construction and increased productivity.
2.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS OF SCC.
With regard to its composition, SCC consists of the same components as conventionally
vibrated normal concrete, which are cement, aggregates, water, additives and admixtures.
However, high volume of super plasticizer for reduction of the liquid limit and for better
workability, the high powder content as lubricant for the coarse aggregates, as well as the
use of viscosity-agents to increase the viscosity of the concrete have to be taken into account.
Figure 2.1 shows the basic principles for the production of SCC

Figure 2.1: The basic principles for

the production of SCC
Okamura (Okamura and Ouchi, 1995) have employed the following methods to achieve selfcompact ability of SCC:
1. Limited aggregate content (coarse aggregate - 50% of the concrete volume and sand 40%
of the mortar volume),
2. Low water/powder ratio, and
3. Use of higher dosage of superplastcizer.
A concrete mix can only be classified as SCC if the requirements for all the following three
workability properties are fulfilled (EFNARC, 2002):
1. Filling ability,
2. Passing ability, and
3. Segregation resistance.
Filling ability: It is the ability of SCC to flow into all spaces within the formwork under its
own weight. Tests, such as slump flow, V-funnel etc, are used to determine the filling ability
of fresh concrete.
Passing ability: It is the ability of SCC to flow through tight openings, such as spaces
between steel reinforcing bars, under its own weight. Passing ability can be determined by
using U-box, L-box, Fill-box, and J-ring test methods.
Segregation resistance: The SCC must meet the filling ability and passing ability with
uniform composition throughout the process of transport and placing.
The test methods to determine the workability properties of SCC are presented in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Test methods to evaluate the workability properties of SCC (EFNARC, 2002).
Property

Laboratory-Test methods
(For mix design)

Field-Test methods
(For quality control)

Filling ability

Slump flow
T50cmslumpflow
V-funnel
Orimet

Slump flow
T50cmslumpflow
V-funnel
Orimet

Passing ability

L-box
U-box
Fill-box

J-ring

Segregation resistance

GTM test
V-funnel at T5minutes

GTM test
V-funnel at T5minutes

A simple apparatus and a rapid method for testing the segregation resistance of SCC have
been recently developed. The developed apparatus and method are useful in rapidly assessing
the segregation resistance of SCC in both vertical and horizontal directions. The proposed
method can also distinguish between different CA/TA ratios, different water/binder ratios,
and different materials. The self compatibility tests commonly conducted on SCC mixes are
briefly described below:
2.3 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS OF SCC
The constituent materials used for the production of SCC are the same as those for
conventionally vibrated normal concrete except that SCC contains lesser aggregate and
greater powder (cement and filler particles smaller than 0.125 mm). Fly ash, glass filler,
limestone powder, silica fume, etc are used as the filler materials. To improve the
selfcompactibility, without segregation, a super plasticizer along with a stabilizer is added.
2.3.1 Powder (Mixture of Portland cement and filler)
The term 'powder' used in SCC refers to a blended mix of cement and filler particles smaller
than 0.125 mm. The filler increases the paste volume required to achieve the desirable
workability of SCC. The addition of filler in an appropriate quantity enhances both
workability and durability without sacrificing early strength.
CEMENT
Cement used for SCC should not contain C3A content higher than 10% to avoid the problems
of poor workability retention (EFNARC, 2002). Selection of the type of cement depends on
the overall requirements for concrete, such as strength and durability.
FILLER
Materials, such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, ground glass, limestone powder, silica fume,
etc, are commonly used as filler for producing SCC. Savings in labour costs might offset the
increased cost related to the use of more cement and super plasticizer, but the use of Lime
Stone Powder (LSP) as filler could increase the fluidity of the concrete, without any increase
in the cost.
Natural pozzolan: The use of a natural pozzolan has been found to improve the fresh and
hardened properties of SCC .
7

Super-pozz: Super-pozz is a new emerging mineral admixture containing highly reactive

alumino silicate pozzolan, which adds strength to cementitious mixes whilst its fineness
(more surface area) and spherical particle shape improves the workability a lot .So, it can be
used as mineral filler for SCC.
Class F fly ash: Class F fly ash is a finely divided ash left after hard coal is burnt for power. If
cement is replaced by fly ash, the paste volume of the concrete will increase, bleeding will
decrease and, due to the increase of paste volume, the shrinkage may increase. Class F fly ash
is generally used to replace Portland cement in the range of 15% to 25% of the total
cementitious material in conventional mixtures. According to a recent study 40% Class F fly
ash in a SCC mixture resulted in good workability, with acceptable strength development and
frost durability. A recent study on SCC incorporating high volumes of class F fly ash as filler
in the range of 40 to 60% by mass of powder, the water/powder ratio in the range of 0.35 to
0.45, sulfonated naphthalene23 formaldehyde super plasticizer in the range of 0 to 3.8 l/m3,
and keeping the powder content constant at 400 kg/m3. They reported that it is possible to
design a SCC incorporating high volumes of class F fly ash as filler. They achieved a slump
flow in the range of 500 to 700 mm, a flow time ranging from 3 to 7 s, a segregation index
ranging from 1.9 to 14%, and compressive strengths from 15 to 31 MPa, and from 26 to 48
MPa, at 7 and 28 days, respectively.
Limestone: Lachemi (Lachemi M and Hossain K.M.A (2003)) has carried out a study on SCC
with poorly graded aggregate and high volume of limestone as filler (in the range of 47 to
49% of the mass of powder), a high paste content of (in the range of 891 to 906 kg/m3 of
mix, i.e. 41.3 to 42.8 % by the volume of mix) due to the poorly graded coarse aggregates,
the lower water/powder ratio (in the range of 0.22 to 0.25 by mass), a constant optimum
dosage of super plasticizer (0.6% by mass of powder), and a viscosity agent (30 to 35% by
the mass of water). The results obtained indicated that finer and better-graded limestone dust
significantly increases the deformability of the paste and it also appeared that the addition of
filler improved the 28-day compressive strength of concrete mixes besides the required selfcompacting properties.
Silica-fume: Silica-fume, also known as condensed silica fume or micro silica (ACI 116R),
is a very fine, non-crystalline silica produced in electric arc furnaces as a by-product of the
production of elemental silicon or silico-alloys. It is basically a Superpozzolan with a very
high durability and excellent strength, but creates a high water demand, thus requiring the use
of water reducers. Silica-fume is generally used in quantities of 3% to 10% of the total
cementitious materials in concretes with accelerated curing.
Slag: Slag is a by-product of the iron industry, generally used to replace Portland cement
in the range of 40% to 60% of the total cementitious material in conventional concrete
mixtures. According to EFNARC a 50% to 70% slag, as cement replacement, with different
viscosity modifying admixtures (VMA) for various SCC mixtures produced good results.
Mixtures containing slag as a partial replacement of Portland cement generally have lower
early strengths and higher ultimate strengths than otherwise comparable mixtures containing
only Portland cement.
2.3.2 Aggregates
The maximum size and grading of the aggregates depends on the particular application.
Maximum size of aggregate is usually limited to 20 mm. The coarse aggregate content in
8

SCC is kept either equal to or less than that of the fine aggregate content. Okamura proposed
a rheological model for SCC relating the rheology of the paste to the average aggregate
spacing and average aggregate diameter to consider the effect of most of the factors related to
aggregate properties and content. According to Ouchi and other researchers, a higher
aggregate spacing requires a lower flow and higher viscosity of the paste to achieve
satisfactory deformability and segregation resistance of SCC. Better results were also
obtained with the same spacing and a smaller aggregate diameter. For SCC mixtures, a coarse
aggregate size of 5 mm to 14 mm and quantities varying from 790 kg/m3 to 860 kg/m3 has
been used with satisfactory results.
The sand ratio (i.e. fine aggregate volume/total aggregate volume) is an important parameter
for SCC and the rheological properties improved with an increase in the sand ratio
.According to Okamura(Okamura and Ouchi, 1997), if the coarse aggregate content in a SCC
mixture exceeds a certain limit, blockage would occur independently of the viscosity of the
mortar. Super plasticizer and water content are then determined to ensure desired self
compacting characteristics. Okamura (Okamura and Ouchi, 1997) reported that reducing the
volume of coarse aggregates in a SCC mixture is more effective than decreasing the sand-topaste ratio to increase the passing ability through congested reinforcement. The aggregate
packing factor (i.e. the ratio of mass of aggregates of tightly packed state in SCC to that of
loosely packed state in air) determines the aggregate content, and influences the strength,
flow ability and self-compacting ability. The moisture content of aggregates should be
closely monitored and must be taken into account in order to produce SCC of constant quality
(EFNARC, 2000). The coarse aggregate should not contain clay seams that may produce
excessive creep and shrinkage. Therefore, aggregates must be clean for incorporation in the
mix.
2.3.3 Admixtures
Super plasticizer: Super plasticizer (SP) is an essential component of SCC to provide the
necessary workability. The super plasticizer to be selected should have: (i) high dispersing
effect for low water/powder ratio (less than 1 by volume), (ii) maintenance of the dispersing
effect for at least two hours after mixing, and (iii) less sensitivity to temperature changes
(Okamura and Ouchi, 2003).The main purpose of using a super plasticizer is to produce
flowing concrete with very high slump that is to be used in heavily reinforced structures and
in places where adequate consolidation by vibration cannot be readily achieved. The other
major application is the production of high-strength concrete at w/c's ranging from 0.3 to 0.4.
The ability of a super plasticizer to increase the slump of concrete depends on such factors as
the type, dosage, and time of addition, w/c and the nature or amount of cement. It has been
found that for most types of cement, a super plasticizer improves the workability of concrete.
Some of the benefits/features of a super plasticizer are:
1. Specified strength can be achieved at high workability,
2. Faster placing with reduced labour and equipment costs, and
3. Low permeable concrete leading to enhanced durability.
Some of the benefits of a high-range water reducer are:
1. Higher strength can be achieved at "normal" workability without the need for additional
cement,
9

2. Reduction in water content typically reduces bleeding,

3. Produces cohesive and workable concrete at high slump, and
4. Reduction in striking times.
Some of the applications of a super plasticizer are:
1. Incorporating the admixture during batching or on delivery at site increases workability to
a flowing or self-levelling state,
2. Heavily reinforced sections,
3. Deep sections where normal consolidation is difficult,
4. High quality formwork finishes,
5. Pumped concrete (long pipelines), and
6. Compatible with all types of Portland cements, including sulphate-resisting cements and
blends.
Stabilizer: Other types of admixtures may be incorporated as necessary, such as VMA for
stability, Air-Entraining Admixture (AEA) to improve freeze-thaw resistance, retarders for
control of setting, etc. Okamura (Okamura and Ouchi, 1997) have carried out a study on the
performance of new VMAs in enhancing the rheological properties and consistency of SCC.
They found that the combined use of proper dosages of VMA and SP contribute to securing
high-performance cement pastes that is highly fluid yet cohesive enough to reduce water
dilution and enhance water retention.
2.3.4 Ranges of the quantities of the Constituent Materials for SCC
Typical ranges of proportions and quantities of the constituent materials for producing SCC
are given below:
1. Water content: 170 to 176 kg/m3. It should not exceed 200 kg/m3 (EFNARC, 2002).
2. Cement content: 350 to 450 kg/m3 (EFNARC, 2002),
3. Total powder content (i.e., cement + filler): 400 to 600 kg/m3 (EFNARC, 2002),
4. Dosage of super plasticizer: 1.8% of the total powder content (by mass) .However, the
recommended dosage varies from product to product,
5. Water/powder ratio: 0.80 to 1.10 (by volume) (EFNARC, 2002). A water/powder ratio in
the range of 0.30 to 0.38 (by mass),
6. Coarse aggregate content: 28 to 35% by volume of the mix, i.e., 700 to 900 kg/m3 of
concrete (EFNARC, 2002),
7. The sand content balances the volume of other constituents. The sand content should be
greater than 50% of the total aggregate content .Sand ratio (i.e. volume ratio of fine aggregate
to total aggregate) is an important parameter in SCC and the rheological properties increase
with an increase in sand ratio. Sand ratio should be taken in the range of 50 to 57,
8. The aggregate packing factor: 1.12 to 1.16.
2.4 PROPERTIES OF HARDENED SCC
The hardened material properties of concrete are discussed in this section.
2.4.1 Compressive, Tensile, and Bond Strength
SCC with a compressive strength around 60 MPa can easily be achieved. The strength could
be further improved by using fly ash as filler. The characteristic compressive and tensile
10

strengths have been reported to be around 60 MPa and 5 MPa, respectively. ACI reported 28days compressive strength values ranging from 31 to 52 MPa. The 91-days compressive
strength was in the range of 28 and 47 MPa. A compressive strength of up to 80 MPa with a
low permeability, good freeze-thaw resistance, and low drying shrinkage can be achieved.
SCC mixes with a high volume of cement limestone filler paste can develop higher or lower
28-day compressive strength, compared to those of vibrated concrete with the same
water/cementitious material ratio and cement content, but without filler. It appears that the
strength characteristics of the SCC are related to the fineness and grading of the limestone
filler used .SCC with water/cementitious material ratios ranging from 0.35 to 0.45, a mass
proportion of fine and coarse aggregates of 50:50 with cement replacement of 40%, 50% and
60% by Class F fly ash and cementitious materials content of 400 kg/m3 being kept constant,
obtained good results for compressive strength ranging from 26 to 48 MPa, which shows that
an economical SCC could be successfully developed by incorporating high volumes of Class
F fly ash .SCC containing more than 50% fly ash of the total powdered material produced
compressive strengths ranging from 20 to 30 MPa at the ages of 3 and 7 days.
The bond behaviour of SCC was found to be better than that of normally vibrated concrete.
The higher bond strength was attributed to the superior interlocking of aggregates due to the
uniform distribution of aggregates over the full cross section and higher volume of cementbinder matrix.
2.4.2 Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of Elasticity of SCC and that of a normally vibrated concrete, produced from the
same raw materials, have been found to be almost identical. Although there is a higher paste
matrix share in SCC, the elasticity remains unchanged due to the denser packing of the
particles. The Modulus of Elasticity of concrete increases with an increase in the quantity of
aggregate of high rigidity whereas it decreases with increasing cement paste content and
porosity. A relatively small Modulus of Elasticity can be expected, because of the high
content of ultra fines and additives as dominating factors and, accordingly, minor occurrence
of coarse and stiff aggregates at SCC. The Modulus of Elasticity of SCC can be up to 20%
lower compared with normal vibrated concrete having same compressive strength and made
of same aggregates. Results available indicate that the relationships between the static
Modulus of Elasticity (E) and compressive strength (fc') were similar for SCC and normally
vibrated concrete. A relationship in the form of E = k.fc0.5, where k is a constant, has been
widely reported, and all values of this constant were close to the one recommended by ACI
318- 02 for structural calculations for normal weight traditional vibrated concrete (Guidelines
on SCC, 2000). Average 28-days modulus of Elasticity of SCC has been reported to be 30
GPa corresponding to average 28-days cube strength of 55.41 MPa.
2.5 SELF-COMPACTABILITY TESTS
The following section discusses the tests related to SCC
2.5.1 Slump Flow Test
The slump flow test was carried out according to ASTM C 143. Figure 3.1 shows the
accessories used for the slump flow test. The dimensions of the frustum of cone used in this
test are same as that used for slump test (i.e. 200 mm bottom diameter, 100 mm top diameter
11

and 300 mm height). The diameter of the concrete after allowing its full flow, as shown in
Figure 3.2, was taken as slump flow value

Figure 3.1: Slump test for SCC

2.5.2 V-Funnel Test

V-funnel test was used to determine the filling ability (i.e. flow ability) of SCC. The
dimensions of V-funnel, EFNARC guidelines, were adopted, shown in Figure 3.3. Procedure
for conducting the V-funnel test includes the following steps:
1. The V-funnel is kept firm on the ground and the inside surfaces of the funnel are moistened
and the trap door is kept open to allow any surplus water to drain.
2. About 12 litres of concrete is poured into V-funnel to fill it completely without compacting
or tamping, while keeping the trap door closed and a bucket placed underneath.
3. After filling the V-funnel, concrete level is simply struck off with the top with a trowel.
4. After 10 sec of filling, the trap door is opened to allow concrete to flow out under gravity.
The stopwatch is started when the trap door is opened, and the time taken for complete
discharge of concrete from funnel is recorded as 'flow time'. As recommended, the whole test
is to be performed within 5 minutes

Figure 3.3: V- Funnel Test

2.6
PRETREATMENT
OF RUBBER IN
CONCRETE.
12

Li et al suggested that the loss in the strength might be minimized by proper surface treatment
of the tire rubber. The decrease of the zinc stearate on the treated rubber surface explains the
improvement in the adhesion of this material to the cement matrix. The promising results of
this study conducted by Segre and Joekes (2002) are a starting point for future research on
incorporating rubber particles into cementitious materials as a means of successfully utilizing
the vast amounts of tire waste currently in landfills.
The pre-treatment done in this experimental analysis is relatively simple.5,10,15% of rubber
is being replaced by volume for sand in the original mix design. 15%rubber replacement is
taken for pre-treatment in this experimental study. Pretreatment was done using 2 chemicals
in this experiment namely Sodium hydroxide and Calcium hydroxide. The pretreatment is
done by sinking the rubber particles in 1M of sodium hydroxide. This was again repeated for
2M,3M of sodium hydroxide solution. For pretreatment the rubber samples were sunk for a
period of 24hrs for the respective concentrations of NaOH,Ca(OH)2 and then they are rinsed
with water to bring the pH to neutral and then were mixed with sand and aggregates before
casting

13

CHAPTER 3
3. MIX DESIGN OF SCC
3.1 MATERIALS REQIRED FOR SCC
The basic ingredients used in SCC mixes are practically the same as those used in ordinary
concrete. Following are the important materials used in SCC.

Sl No

Name of the Material

Sand

Cement

Fly Ash

Aggregate

Water

Viscosity Modifying Agents

Super Plasticizer

3.1.1 Coarse Aggregate

The aggregate consists of crushed stone coarse aggregate of a maximum size of 40
mm and with a specific gravity of 2.78 and fineness modulus is 7.24. The greater the value of
fineness modulus implies the material is coarse. The details of sieve analysis of coarse
aggregate are given in Table 4.4 and the properties of coarse aggregate are given below. The
maximum size of coarse aggregate that we had selected for the making of SCC is 12.5mm.
Properties
Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
Dry rodded bulk density of coarse aggregate
Bulk density of loose coarse aggregate

Values
7.24
2.78
1641 kg/m3
1494 kg/m3

3.1.2 Fine Aggregate

River sand passing through 4.75 mm IS sieve conforming to grading zone III of IS: 383-1970
is used. Fine aggregate with a maximum size of 4.75 mm with a specific gravity of 2.64 and
fineness modulus 2.16 (fine sand) was used for the SCC mixes that were made. The details of
sieve analysis of fine aggregate are given in Table 2 and the properties of fine aggregate are
given below. From the bulking of fine aggregate graph we obtain the result that when 8%
water is added we obtain the maximum bulking of 36.5% which is within the required limit.

14

Properties

Values

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate

2.16 (fine sand)

Specific gravity of fine aggregate

2.64

Dry rodded bulk density of fine aggregate

1590 kg/m3

Bulk density of loose fine aggregate

1482 kg/m3

Table 3.1: Sieve analysis of fine aggregate

Sl.
No.

Sieve
Size
(mm)

Weight
Retained (g)

% Weight
Retained

Cumulative % Passing
%Weight
Retained (cumulative)

4.75

0.8

0.8

99.2

2.56

16

1.6

2.4

97.6

1.18

108

10.8

13.2

86.8

0.6

150

15

28.2

71.8

0.3

475

47.5

75.7

24.3

0.15

203

20.3

96

% Finer Pssing

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.1

Sieve Size ( mm )

10

15

3.1.3 Cement
In this experimental study, Ordinary Portland Cement is used.The properties of cement used
in experiments are shown in Table 3.2.The cement that is being used in this project complies
with the requirements of the IS code.The percentage of fines is less than 10% and the
compressive strength of mortar cubes after 28 days curing has been found to be of the
required value.
Table 3.2 Properties of Cement
Properties

Values

Values as per IS 8112-1989

Specific gravity

3.15

3.1 3.19

Initial Setting Time

< 180mins

>30mins

Final Setting Time

> 310mins

< 10 hours

Fineness

< 4.625 %

< 10%

Normal Consistency

31%

Compressive strength at 28-days

53Mpa

53 MPa

3.1.4 Fly ash

It is important to increase the amount of paste content in SCC to increase the
flowability. As a consequence, fly ash has been used in order to increase the amount of paste
content. The fly ash used is of Type C from Neyveli Lignite Power Plant. This also has a
cementitious property too along and acts as a filler material.The normal consistency of fly ash
was 43%.This may be due to the cementitious property of the fly ash.Because of this property
more water may be consumed for the preparation of the various SCC mixes.
3.1.5 Water
Potable water available in the laboratory, which satisfies drinking standards, was used
for the concrete mixing and its curing.
3.1.6 Super plasticiser
Napthalene based Super plasticiser was used to obtain the required workability. Table
3.3, gives the properties given by the manufacturer.
Table 3.1 Details of Superplasticizer- Conplast sp-430
Sl No

Particulars

Properties

Specific gravity

1.265 1.280 at 270C

Chloride content

Less than 0.1 %

Air Entrainment

Less than 1% over control

16

3.1.7 Rubber Aggregates

The rubber aggregates are obtained by crushing of the near to end life tyres that are
accumulated in the rubber waste industry. A maximum size of 4.75mm and bulk density 670
kg/m3 of rubber aggregate is used in replacement of the fine aggregate in the proposed mixes.

3.1.8 Viscosity Modifying Agent (VMA)

Due to addition of theses admixtures the workability of the mix may be affected. This is a
chemical used for improving the viscosity of the mix when adding fibres. Only 0.01% of
water content has to be added to make the mix have a better workability and viscosity.
3.2 MIX DESIGN METHOD OF SCC
Various methods are available for proportioning SCC mixtures. They can be broadly
classified into four categories.
i) Empirical Methods
ii) Rheology based methods
iii) Particle packing models
iv) Statistical methods
Rheology based methods require rheometers which are very costly (7-20 lakhs) to make
justification for SCC design. Henceforth these methods are not adopted here. Particle packing
modek maybe classified as discrete and continuous models. Discrete models are based upon
the assumption that each class of particles will pack to its maximum density in the volume
available.Statistical methods can be applied only with the known experimental results.
However, vast number of researchers use empirical model for the design of SCC due to the
simplicity involved. Empirical methods can be classified as,
a) Okamuras Method
b) EFNARC Method
c) Nan et al method
a) Okamuras Method
According to okamuras methodfor getting SCC, the following conditions have to be
satisfied.
i) Coarse aggregate content is fixed at 50% of the solid volume
ii) Fine aggregate content is fixed at 40% of the mortar volume
iii) Water powder ratio (w/p) should be maintained between the values 0.9 to 1.0
iv) Super plasticizer dosage and the w/p ratio shall be adjusted to get SCC
Here, the termvolume indicates dry rodded volume. The limitation to the mixed
proportioning based on strength of the concrete is overcome by the use of viscosity
modifying agent (VMA) by increasing the desired viscosity even at higher w/p ratios. The

17

ratio of w/p less than 0.9 are rarely used except for high strength concrete of strength above
100 MPa.
Mix proportion of SCC based on Okamura
Calculation of the ingredients of SCC was carried out as per the procedure. The details of the
calculation are as follows. These calculations are for 1 m3 of concrete.
The percentage of voids assumed was 2%.
Net concrete volume = 0.98 m3
Coarse aggregate content may be taken as 50% of the dry rodded density of coarse aggregate
less air content.
Weight of coarse aggregate = 0.980.51602.41 = 785.18 kg
Absolute volume of coarse aggregate = 785.18/2670= 0.29m3
Fine aggregate content may be taken as 40% of the volume of mortar.
Weight of fine aggregate = 0.98 0.290.42640 = 724.34 kg
Volume of paste is 60% of the volume of mortar = 0.98 0.290.6 = 0.41 m3
Assume the volume of water as 50% of the volume of the paste.
Weight of water =(0.411000)/2 = 205 kg
Let the powder consists of 80% of cement and 20% of fly ash on solid volume basis.
Weight of Cement = 0.80.2053150 = 516.6 kg
Weight of fly ash = 0.20.2052360 = 97 kg
Superplasticizer dosage was 3% by weight of cementitious materials .The limiting dosage of
superplasticizer for segregation was the criteria.
Weight of superplasticizer (Structuro 201) = 0.03516.6 97= 18.4 kg
For the above ingredients, the total volume was 1.0144 m3, which may be reduced to
1.00 m3. This is due to the fact that superplasticizer was not included in the paste. This could
not be included because, the regular practice of superplasticizer dosage is generally fixed
based on weight basis and the above relations are based on volume basis. So, the volume of
water may be reduced such that the total volume is reduced from 1.0144 m3 to 1.00 m3.
Corrected weight of water = 192.0 kg.
Superplasticizer contains a solid content of 40%.
Actual water content to be added=192.0 (0.6weight of superplasticizer) = 181.0 kg
Solid content of superplasticizer =0.418.4 = 7.36 kg
Total mass of concrete = 2300 kg
In the above calculations, the water content of the superplasticizer is excluded in
18

calculations since the specific gravity of superplasticizer given by the supplier includes its
water content also. w/p ratio by volume is 0.93 and by weight is 0.33. Total volume of
aggregates is 56.8%.
Corrected values of ingredients.
Water = 181.0 kg
Cement = 0.8*(181/0.33) = 438.78 kg
Fly ash = 0.2*(181/0.33) = 109.7 kg.
Coarse Aggregate = 785.18 kg.
Fine Aggregate = 724.34 kg.
Super plasticizer = 18.4 kg.
Mix Design
1:0.25:1.65:1.78:0.33 :: Cement:Fly Ash:FA:CA:Water.
SP content= 3% by Weight of Powder content. (Cement+Flyash)

b) EFNARC Method
As per the specifications given by EFNARC , while designing the mix, it is most useful to
consider the relative provisions of the major components by volume than by mass. Indicative
typical ranges of proportions and quantities in order to obtain self-compactibility are given
below.
Water/powder ratio by volume of 0.8 to 1.10.
i. Total powder content-160 to 240 liters (400-600 kg) per cubic meter.
ii. Coarse aggregate content normally varies from 28 to 35% by volume of the mix.
iii.Water-cement ratio is selected based on requirements in EN 206 .
iv.Water content shall not exceed 200 litre/cubic metres.
v. The sand content balances the volume of the other constituents.
Further modifications will be necessary to meet strength and other performance requirements.
EFNARC also proposes detailed design guidelines for SCC, which stems from the
Okamuras method, which is given as follows;
The coarse aggregate content is fixed at 50-60% of its dry rodded volume. The fine aggregate
content is fixed at 40% of its dry rodded weight.The concrete mix may be tried for self
compactability using the above-determined ingredients by varying the constituents as per the
trouble shooting guidelines given.
Mix proportion of SCC based on EFNARC
EFNARC gave guidelines for the mix proportioning of SCC
19

Total powder content = 550 kg

Fly ash content = 20% by weight of powder
Weight of fly ash = 110 kg
Weight of cement = 440 kg
Weight of super plasticizer = 3% weight of powder
Weight of super plasticizer = 0.03 x 550 = 16.5 kg
Absolute volume of coarse aggregate = 30%
Weight of coarse aggregate = 0.3 x 2780 = 801 kg
Water content = 275 kg
Fine aggregate content balances the volume of other constituents.
Percentage of voids assumed = 2%
Weight of fine aggregate
= [1.0-0.02 (air)-(275/1000)-(440/3150)-(110/2000)-(801/2780)-(16.5/1260)]x2640
=520.67 kg
Density of fly ash = 2000 kg/m3
Density of cement = 3150 kg/m3
Density of super plasticizer = 1260 kg/m3
Density of coarse aggregate = 2780 kg/m3
Density of fine aggregate = 2640 kg/m3
Actual water content to be added = 275-0.6x16.5 = 189.2 kg
Solid content of super plasticizer = 16.5x0.4 = 6.6 kg
Total mass of concrete = 2196.17 kg
This method is also a volume based batching like okamuras method. In this method also the
strength of SCC mix cannot be determined from the mix design. To find the strength of the
SCC mixes made can be found out from the various tests done. This is the empirical method
that has been developed by EFNARC.
3.3 TRIAL MIXES
Based on all above mentioned methods and the criteria, following trial mixes are carried out.
For Self Compacting Rubberised Concrete (SCRC), rubber is added to the concrete be
replacement of sand by volume (5, 10 and 15% of sand volume).

20

Table 3.2 Trial mixes done

Trials

Cement
(kg/m3)

Fly ash
(kg/m3)

Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Trial 5
SCC

516
480
484
440
634.5
420

97
120
97
110
115.5
130

Coarse
aggregate
(kg/m3)
785.18
834
785.2
834
701.6
740

Fine
aggregate
(kg/m3)
724.34
669
724.3
521
1202.4
1020

Super
plasticizer
(kg/m3)
18.4
18
7
16.5
18.75
11

Water/
Powder
ratio
.3
.35
.33
.5
.45
.4

Water
(kg/m3)
183.9
189.2
192
275
334.25
168

Slump
flow
(mm)
400
450
455
550
570
690

Table 3.3 Final mix proportions of SCC

Particulars

kg/m3

Cement

420

Fly ash

130

Coarse aggregate

740

Fine aggregate

1020

Water

168

Super plasticizer (2% of powder)

11

3.3 SCHEDULE
Specimen Id

Date of Casting

Remarks

M1R5

6/1/2011

Sample containing 5% rubber

M1R10

13/1/2011

Sample containing 10% rubber

M1R15

18/1/2011

Sample containing1 5% rubber

M1R15N1

4/2/2011

M1R15N2

14/2/2011

M1R15N3

16/2/2011

Sample containing 15% rubber

and pretreated with 1M NaOH
Sample containing 15% rubber
and pretreated with 2M NaOH
Sample containing 15% rubber
and pretreated with 3M NaOH

21

M1R15C1

22/2/2011

M1R15C2

8/3/2011

M1R15C3

14/3/2011

Sample containing
and pretreated
Ca(OH)2
Sample containing
and pretreated
Ca(OH)2
Sample containing
and pretreated
Ca(OH)2

15% rubber
with 1M
15% rubber
with 2M
15% rubber
with 3M

22

CHAPTER 4
.
4.1 TESTING OF SCC
The concrete specimens were demoulded and cured for a period of 28days,and the following
tests were performed .For hardened SCC, compressive strength test, elastic modulus test,
flexural strength test, split tensile strength tests were conducted.
4.1.1 Compressive strength test
This is the common test conducted on hardened concrete, partly because it is an easy test to
perform, and partly because most of the desirable characteristic properties of concrete are
qualitatively related to its compressive strength. This test is carried out on specimens cubical
or cylindrical in shape. The cube specimen is of the size15 x 15 x 15 cm. cylindrical test
specimens have a size equal to twice the diameter. This test was conducted as per IS -5161959.Specimens were placed on the bearing surface of the UTM of capacity 300
tonnes,without eccentricity and uniform loading was applied till the failure of the cube .The
maximum strength was noted and the compressive strength was tabulated as shown in table.
Cube compressive strength ( cc) in Mpa = Pf/As.

23

4.1.2 Split tensile strength test

This test was conducted as per IS-5816-1970.the cylinders of smaller size 100mm radius and
200mm height were used.They were placed in an UTM with capacity 300 tonnes with
diameter horizontal.At the top and bottom two strips of wood were placed to avoid the
crushing of concrete speimens at the points where the bearing surface of the compression
testing machine and the concrete cylinder specimen meets .The maximum value was noted
down .the results are tabulated in table 5.2
The split tensile strength is (Tsp)=2Ps/(*d*l)

4.1.3 Flexural test

The value of modulus of rupture (extreme fibre stress in bending) depends on the dimensions
of the beam and the manner of loading. IS 516-1959 specifies two point loading. The
standard size of the specimen is 10x10x50 cm. The specimen was turned on its side with
respect to its position as moulded and centred on the bearing blocks.The beam was simply
supported over a span of 400mm and a two point loading system was adopted having an end
bearing of 50mm from each support.
Flexural strength=Pl/bd2

24

4.1.4 Modulus of elasticity

Concrete is not really an elastic material, i.e. it does not fully recover its original dimensions
upon unloading. It is not only inelastic but also non linear. Hence, the conventional elastic
constants (modulus of elasticity and poissons ratio) are not strictly applicable to
concrete.The modulus of elasticity is experimentally determined by subjecting a cylinder
specimen to uniaxial compression (as per IS 516-1959) and measuring the deformations by
means of dial gauge fixed between certain gauge lengths.
4.2 Casting of specimens.
Casting was done on the scheduled dates.after casting,demoulding was performed after 24hr
duration.the specimens were then cured for a period of 28days and following which various
tests were performed.

25

CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Compressive strength
Specimen ID M1R5 6/1
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150

Duration (days)

Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)

28

37.4

150*150*150

28

39.5

150*150*150

28

39.7

Average = 38.9 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R10 13/1
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150

Duration (days)

Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)

28

35.5

150*150*150

28

37.8

150*150*150

28

36.5

Average = 36.5 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15 18/1
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150

Duration (days)

Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)

28

33.8

150*150*150

28

33.2

150*150*150

28

33.5

Average = 33.5 N/mm2

26

Specimen ID M1R15N1
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150

Duration (days)

Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)

28

34.5

150*150*150

28

34.2

150*150*150

28

33.7

Average = 34.13 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15N2
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150

Duration (days)

Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)

28

36.6

150*150*150

28

36.9

150*150*150

28

37.3

Average = 36.93 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15N3
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150

Duration (days)

Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)

28

37.1

150*150*150

28

36.8

150*150*150

28

37.3

Average = 37.06 N/mm2

27

Specimen ID M1R15C1
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150

Duration (days)

Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)

28

33.5

150*150*150

28

34.1

150*150*150

28

33.7

Average = 33.76

N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15C2
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150

Duration (days)

Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)

28

35.3

150*150*150

28

35.7

150*150*150

28

35.2

Average = 35.4

N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15C3
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150

Duration (days)

Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)

28

36.4

150*150*150

28

35.9

150*150*150

28

36.5

Average = 36.26

N/mm2

28

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

Specimen ID M1R5
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)

Duration (days)

Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)

150*300

28

3.734

150*300

28

3.710

Average = 3.72 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R10
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)

Duration (days)

Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)

150*300

28

3.629

150*300

28

3.681

Average = 3.65 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)

Duration (days)

Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)

150*300

28

3.489

150*300

28

3.372

Average = 3.43 N/mm2

29

Specimen ID M1R15N1
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)

Duration (days)

Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)

150*300

28

3.542

150*300

28

3.481

Average = 3. 51N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15N2
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)

Duration (days)

Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)

150*300

28

3.692

150*300

28

3.715

Average = 3.70 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15N3
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)

Duration (days)

Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)

150*300

28

3.723

150*300

28

3.769

Average = 3. 74N/mm2

30

Specimen ID M1R15C1
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)

Duration (days)

Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)

150*300

28

3.513

150*300

28

3.467

Average = 3.49 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15C2
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)

Duration (days)

Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)

150*300

28

3.634

150*300

28

3. 541

Average = 3.58 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15C3
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)

Duration (days)

Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)

150*300

28

3.683

150*300

28

3.17

Average = 3.65 N/mm2

31

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Specimen ID M1R5
Dimensions
Mm

Duration (days)

Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)

100*100*500

28

3.382

100*100*500

28

3.346

100*100*500

28

3.328

Average = 3.35 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R10
Dimensions
Mm

Duration (days)

Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)

100*100*500

28

3.282

100*100*500

28

3.263

100*100*500

28

3.301

Average = 3.28 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15
Dimensions
Mm

Duration (days)

Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)

100*100*500

28

3.047

100*100*500

28

3.166

100*100*500

28

3.134

32

Average = 3.11 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R0N1
Dimensions
Mm

Duration (days)

Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)

100*100*500

28

3.189

100*100*500

28

3.214

100*100*500

28

3.173

Average = 3.19 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R0N2
Dimensions
Mm

Duration (days)

Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)

100*100*500

28

3.349

100*100*500

28

3.347

100*100*500

28

3.336

Average = 3.34 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15N3
Dimensions
Mm

Duration (days)

Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)

100*100*500

28

3.383

100*100*500

28

3.376

100*100*500

28

3.353

Average = 3.37 N/mm2

33

Specimen ID M1R15C1
Dimensions
Mm

Duration (days)

Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)

100*100*500

28

3.142

100*100*500

28

3.168

100*100*500

28

3.122

Average = 3.14 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15C2
Dimensions
Mm

Duration (days)

Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)

100*100*500

28

3.239

100*100*500

28

3.216

100*100*500

28

3.236

Average = 3.23 N/mm2

Specimen ID M1R15C3
Dimensions
Mm

Duration (days)

Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)

100*100*500

28

3.296

100*100*500

28

3.314

100*100*500

28

3.290

Average = 3.33 N/mm2

34

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Specimen Id- M1R0

sl no
#

load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28

displacement
diameter
mm
mm
0
150
0.01
150
0.01
150
0.03
150
0.03
150
0.04
150
0.05
150
0.08
150
0.08
150
0.09
150
0.09
150
0.1
150
0.12
150
0.13
150
0.15
150
0.17
150

area
force
mm2
N
17671.44
0
17671.44
9810
17671.44
19620
17671.44
39240
17671.44
58860
17671.44
78480
17671.44
98100
17671.44
137340
17671.44
156960
17671.44
176580
17671.44
196200
17671.44
206010
17671.44
215820
17671.44
235440
17671.44
255060
17671.44
274680

stress
N/mm2
0
0.555133
1.110266
2.220532
3.330797
4.441063
5.551329
7.771861
8.882127
9.992392
11.10266
11.65779
12.21292
13.32319
14.43346
15.54372

strain
(Chng/Org)
0
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
2
2.5
4
4
4.5
4.5
5
6
6.5
7.5
8.5

Modulus of Elasticity = 22,263 N/mm2

M1 R0

18

16

14

Stress(N/mm2)

12

10
Strain

0
0

10

Strain(*10^-4)

35

Specimen Id M1R5
sl no
#

load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28

displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.02
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.04
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.05
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.09
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.1
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.11
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.13
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.14
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.16
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.18
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.19
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215

Modulus of Elasticity = 19,632 N/mm2

M1 R5
18
16
14

Stress(N/mm2)

12
10
strain

8
6
4
2
0
0

Strain(*10^-4)

36

0
0.5
1
2
2.5
3
3.5
4.5
5
5.5
5.5
6.5
7
8
9
9.5

Specimen Id M1R10
sl no
#

load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26

displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.01
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.03
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.03
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.05
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.06
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.075
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.1
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.12
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.13
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.15
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.17
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557

Modulus of Elasticity = 18,500 N/mm2

M1 R10
16
14

Stress(N/mm2)

12
10
8

strain

6
4
2
0
0

Strain(*10^-4)

37

0
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
3
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7.5
8

Specimen Id M1R15
sl no
#

load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26

displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.02
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.04
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.05
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.09
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.11
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.12
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.14
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.15
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.17
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.18
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557

Modulus of Elasticity = 17,042 N/mm2

M1 R15
16
14

Stress(N/mm2)

12
10
8

strain

6
4
2
0
0

10

Strain(*10^-4)

38

0
0.5
1
2
2.5
3
3.5
4.5
4.5
5.5
6
7
7.5
8.5
9

Specimen Id M1R15N1
sl no
#

load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28

displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.02
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.04
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.05
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.09
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.1
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.11
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.13
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.14
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.16
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.18
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.19
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215

Modulus of Elasticity = 17,600 N/mm2

M1 R15 N1
18
16

Stress(N/mm2)

14
12
10
strain

8
6
4
2
0
0

10

Strain(*10^-4)

39

0
0.5
1
2
2.5
3
3.5
4.5
5
5.5
5.5
6.5
7
8
9
9.5

Specimen Id M1R15N2
sl no
#

load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28

displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.01
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.03
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.04
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.09
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.1
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.1
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.12
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.13
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.14
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.17
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.18
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215

Modulus of Elasticity = 19,640 N/mm2

M1 R15 N2
18
16

Stress(N/mm2)

14
12
10
strain

8
6
4
2
0
0

10

Strain(*10^-4)

40

0
0.5
0.5
1.5
2
3
3.5
4.5
4.5
5
5
6
6.5
7
8.5
9

Specimen Id M1R15N3

sl no
#

load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28

displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.01
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.03
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.04
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.08
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.09
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.1
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.11
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.12
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.13
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.16
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.17
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215

Modulus of Elasticity = 20,350 N/mm2

M1 R15 N3
18
16

Stress(N/mm2)

14
12
10
strain

8
6
4
2
0
0

Strain(*10^-4)

41

0
0.5
0.5
1.5
2
3
3.5
4
4.5
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
8
8.5

Specimen Id M1R15C1
sl no
#

load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28

displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.02
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.03
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.04
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.08
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.08
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.1
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.13
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.15
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.16
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.18
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.19
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215

Modulus of Elasticity = 17,044 N/mm2

M1 R15 C1
18
16

Stress(N/mm2)

14
12
10
strain

8
6
4
2
0
0

10

Strain(*10^-4)

42

0
0.5
1
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4
5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8
9
9.5

Specimen Id M1R15C2

sl no
#

load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28

displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.01
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.02
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.03
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.04
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.06
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.07
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.1
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.12
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.13
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.14
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.15
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.17
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215

Modulus of Elasticity = 18,600 N/mm2

M1 R15 C2
18
16

Stress(N/mm2)

14
12
10
strain

8
6
4
2
0
0

10

Strain(*10^-4)

43

0
0.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
3
3.5
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
8
9

Specimen Id M1R15C3

sl no
#

load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28

displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.01
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.02
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.03
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.04
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.06
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.07
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.1
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.12
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.13
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.14
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.15
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.17
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215

Modulus of Elasticity = 19,410 N/mm2

M1 R15 C3
18
16

Stress(N/mm2)

14
12
10
strain

8
6
4
2
0
0

Strain(*10^-4)

44

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3.5
4.5
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
8
8.5

CHAPTER 6
6. 1 RESULTS
Specimen ID
M1R5*

Compression
(%)
-5

M1R10*

-11

-3.94

-3.53

-3.7

M1R15*

-18.3

-9.74

-8.53

-5.16

M1R15N1**

+2

+2.33

+2.57

+0.56

M1R15N2**

+10.2

+7.87

+7.52

+2.59

M1R15N3**

+10.62

+9.03

+8.36

+3.31

M1R15C1**

+0.776

+1.75

+0.96

+0.4

M1R15C2**

+5.67

+4.37

+3.86

+1.46

M1R15C3**

+8.24

+6.41

+7.07

+2.37

Split tensile
(%)
-2.1

Flexural
(%)
-1.4

Modulus of
Elasticity(%)
-2.63

indicates reference as SCC M1R0

**

indicates reference as SCRC M1R15

6.2. Conclusions
1) There is an observed difference with a decrease in compression values of rubberized
SCC with normal SCC.
2) There is an increase in the flexural, compressive properties of treated rubberized SCC
with respect to rubberized SCC.
3) There is a significant increase in the flexural properties of Treated rubberized SCC
with rubberized SCC with respect to the first and second values and a less significant
difference between the second and third values.
4) The E modulus initially decreases with more percentage of rubber substitutions but
increases when it is treated with sodium hydroxide etc.
45

5) So utilization of pretreated rubber in SCC improves the overall mechanical properties

properties of normal rubberized SCC.
6.3 Future work
1) The fly ash content could be varied and the properties ascertained.
2) Silica fume and PVA can be added and the properties can be found out.
3) A detailed cost analysis can be done and the economical costs could be done but with a
bigger database.
4) Scanning Microscope can be used to determine the surface properties and provide more
clarity in the reasons behind the increase in the mechanical properties.

CHAPTER 7
7.0 REFERENCES
1) ACI American Concrete Institute-SP 233- Workability of SCC: Roles of Its
Constituents and Measurement Techniques.
2) Bignozzi, M C.and Sandrolini, F. (2005). Tyre rubber waste recycling in self
compacting concrete, Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 1, October ,
pp. 735-739.

3)

EFNARC, Specifications and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete,

EFNARC,UK (www.efnarc.org), February 2002, pp. 1-32.

4) EN 12350-1: 1999 E, The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete

5) Neville, A.M., (1999). Properties of Concrete, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education

Limited.
6) Okamura, H. and Ouchi, M., (2003). Self-compacting concrete, Journal of
Advanced Concrete Technology, Vol. 1, No. 1, April, pp. 5-15.
7) Segre Nadia, Monteiro J M Paulo, and Sposito Garrisson.(2001). Surface
Characterization of Recycled Tire Rubber to Be Used in Cement Paste Matrix,
Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, Vol 1,April,pp 665-672.
8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-compacting_concrete#Self-consolidating_concretes
46

47