diffusion, osmosis and plasmolysis

To know the process of diffusion in liquids

To know the process of osmosis and turgor
To know the process of plasmolysis in plant cells

Diffusion is the flow of events / migration of a substance in a solvent from the high
concentration to low concentration part. Concentration differences that exist in the two
solutions is called the concentration gradient. Diffusion will continue until all the particles
evenly widespread or reach a state of equilibrium in which the movement of molecules remains
the case even though there was no difference in concentration. There are several factors that
affect the rate of diffusion, the particle size, the thickness of the membrane, the extent of the
area, distance, temperature.

Osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from the more
dilute to the more concentrated. Semipermeable membrane must be permeable to the solvent
but not the solute, resulting in a pressure gradient across the membrane. Osmosis is the
process of displacement or movement of solvent molecules from the solution of high
concentration of the solvent to the solution of the low concentration through a selectively
permeable. If in a vessel that is separated by a semipermeable membrane, if a vessel is
separated by a semipermeable membrane is placed two glucose solution was composed of
water as a solvent and a solute glucose with different concentrations and separated by a
membrane selectively permeable, the water from the solution the low concentration will move
or move towards higher concentration of glucose solution through a permeable membrane. so,
the movement of water takes place from a solution of high water concentration to the
concentration of poor water solubility through selectively permeable membranes. Solution
solute concentration is higher than the solution in the cell is said .as hypertonic solution. while
the solution of the same concentration with the solution in the cell is called isotonic solution. If
there is a solution outside the cell, the solute concentration is lower than in the cell is said to be
a solution hipotonis.
Plasmolysis is the impact of the events of osmosis. If a plant cell is placed in a concentrated salt
solution (hypertonic), plant cells lose water and turgor pressure, causing a weak plant cells.

Plants with cells in this condition wilt. Lose more water will cause plasmolysis: pressure
continues to decrease until at a point where the cell protoplasm chipped from the walls of the
cell, causing the gap between the cell wall and membrane. Finally cytorrhysis - the collapse of
the entire cell wall - can occur. There is no mechanism within the plant cell to prevent excessive
water loss, also get extra water, but plasmolysis can be reversed if the cell is placed in a
hypotonic solution. The same process in animal cells called Crenation. Fluid in the animal cell
out for events diffusion.

gas diffusion tools, wire, scissors, stopwatch, chemical trophies, pipette, blue and red litmus
paper, hcl solution and NH4OH, filter paper, rubber stoppers
means of diffusion of liquid, red and blue ink, water
cutter, petri dish, ruler, graph paper, papaya, piped water, 20% salt solution
light microscopy, object glass, cover objects, blotting paper, rhoeo discolor leaves, distilled
water, 10% sugar solution

result
gas diffusion
At this time the observation of transport processes in the cell that will be observed is a diffusion
process, which means the transfer process is a high concentration of dye molecules to the low
concentration of a substance through a membrane without membrane (Endang Sri Lestari:
2009). The use of red and blue litmus on the observation time is useful as an indicator of gas
diffusion. Because NH 4 OH solution used is alkaline, the red litmus will turn blue, and vice
versa HCL acidic solution will change litmus blue to red. within the first 5 minutes, a solution of
HCL change red litmus paper blue to hint at a distance of 6 cm. NH4OH solution similar to that
in the same period of time has turned red litmus blue hint as far as 7 cm.
like in the next table:

This occurs because the time is limited, so the observations are not forwarded to the longer
time. The difference in the speed of diffusion in NH4OH and HCl occurs because of differences
in the ability of the electric current leads to a solution of NH4OH and HCl. NH4OH is a weak
electrolyte, while HCL is a strong electrolyte. Since the solution of the electrolyte solution
diffuses slower than non electrolyte solution, and a solution of a strong electrolyte diffuses
slower than a weak electrolyte solution, then the HCL diffuses slower than NH4OH.

Discussion
Please list any factors that may affect the process of diffusion?
Answer: a. Particle size. The smaller the particle size, the faster the particles will move, so that
the higher the speed of diffusion.
b. Density (density) of the medium.
d. Broad an area. The larger the area, the faster the diffusion.
e. Temperature. The higher the temperature, the particles gain energy to move more quickly.
Thus, the faster the diffusion.
f. The ability to deliver electricity molecule (electrolyte or non electrolyte solution). In general,
the electrolyte solution has a slower diffusion rate than non-electrolyte solution.

2. From the experimental results relative, whichever is sooner between gas diffusion and liquid
diffusion, why? Explain!
Answer: Diffusion of gas faster than the diffusion of liquids. This is caused by the rate of
diffusion is affected by the density (density) of the medium. Because the gas has a lower
density medium, or in other words, the composition of the gas molecules is more tenuous than
the liquid, the gas diffuses faster than liquid gas.

3. Identify and explain a variety of membrane permeability!

Answer: a. Impermeable, is a membrane where water and substances dissolved in it can not
pass.
b. Permeable, membrane which can be traversed by water as well as certain substances
dissolved in it.

c. Semi-permeable membrane, the membrane that can only be traversed by water but can not
be passed by the solute, such as the cytoplasmic membrane.
4. Explain, if only small molecules can diffuse?
Answer: Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high concentration (hypertonic) to low
concentration (hipotonis) through a permeable membrane, substances that can pass through
the membrane by diffusion is a substance that dissolves in fat, steroid hormones, and
substances with small molecules. Meanwhile, large molecular substances such as amino acids,
glucose, and some mineral salts can not penetrate the membrane directly, but require a carrier
or transporter proteins to be able to penetrate the membrane, this process is usually called
diffusion helped.

diffusion of liquid
In observation of the diffusion of liquid water this time, used red and blue ink to facilitate
observation of the diffusion of ink in water. When the ink is dripped into the water at the end
of the diffusion tube of liquid, then the ink will move from the initial droplets of high
concentration to the overall diffusion of water inside the tube so that a balance of low
concentration. Since the time of hatching in red and blue are the same, then the red and blue
ink should meet right in the middle of the diffusion tube. However, since at the time of filling
water into the tube there are air bubbles, there is a difference speed red and blue ink diffusion
of water. Air bubbles in the tip of the tube causes blue ink spilled water volume decreases due
to unfilled bubbles so as to accelerate the diffusion of ink blue than red ink.

osmosis and turgor pressure

Observation of this process that wants to be observed is osmosis and turgor pressure. Osmosis
is the movement of water from low concentration substances (hipotonis) to a solution of high
concentration (hypertonic) through a semi-permeable membrane, so we get a balanced
concentrate solution (isotonic) (Endang Sri Lestari: 2009) while the turgor pressure/ is the
pressure of the vacuole to the plasma membrane and cell wall due to osmosis of water into the
vacuole (Betsy SIH, et al: 2009).

Observations osmosis and turgor this time using two slices of raw papaya fruit, each of which
has been recorded in size before observation. This meant that the papaya fruit size differences
before and after the observation can be clearly measured. The solution used to soak the fruit
papaya is tap water hipotonis against papaya cells and 20% salt solution is hypertonic to the cell
papaya.

Once the papaya slices soaked in two bowls with different solution for 20 minutes, reflecting
the differences in the two slices of papaya. Papaya slices were soaked in 20% salt solution to be
reduced in length and texture of the papaya become more flaccid than ever. This is due to the
osmosis of water from inside the cell (hipotonis) headed out into the water in a petri dish
(hypertonic) so that the cells lose water and pressure turgorya. Meanwhile, in the tap water
papaya, papaya texture becomes harder and look fresher. Papaya also be growing longer due to
osmosis of water from the petri dish (hipotonis) into the cell (hypertonic) and cell turgor
pressure increased so that the cell becomes harder and stiffer than ever.

Discussion
1. Identify and explain the factors that influence the occurrence of osmosis in living cells!

Answer: a. The concentration of water and solutes that exist in the cell and outside the cell.
Osmosis will occur from substances of high solvent concentration and a low concentration of
solute to the solvent of substances that concentrate low and high solute concentration.

b. The thickness of the membrane. The thinner the membrane, the faster the diffusion process

c. Temperature. The higher the temperature, the particles gain energy to move more quickly.
So, the sooner osmotic.

2. From the results of your experiment, if there are changes from the papaya fruit is soaked
with distilled water and 20% salt water solution? Why is this so, please explain!

Answer: Yes, the papaya fruit slices soaked with 20% salt solution length is reduced and papaya
pieces become more flaccid than ever. This is due to the osmosis of water from inside the cell
(hipotonis) headed out into the water in a petri dish (hypertonic). Meanwhile, papaya in tap
water are getting longer due to osmosis of water from the petri dish (hipotonis) into the cell
(hypertonic) and cell turgor pressure increased so that the cell becomes harder and stiffer than
ever.

3. Explain whether there is a difference between diffusion and osmosis process!

Answer: Yes, the difference lies in the concentration of the move. Diffusion is the movement of
the molecular events leading to the high concentration of substances of low concentration
without going through the membrane or through a permeable membrane. While osmosis is the
process of transfer of water from low concentration of a substance to high concentration
through a semipermeable membrane.

Plasmolysis
If a cell is placed in a solution with a high concentration or hypertonic to the cell, then the
water will come out of the vacuole to the cytoplasm membrane will shrink and detach from the
wall of the cell. It is commonly known as plasmolysis.

At this time observations used Rhoeo discolor lower epidermis of leaves that have a purple
color pigment, it is intended to simplify the process of observation. Also used a 10% sugar
solution which acts as a hypertonic solution to the cell.

Prior dropped 10% sugar solution, the cells that are colored purple and clearly visible more than
green chloroplasts. This happens because in normal times, anthocyanin pigments are in the
plant vacuole is large enough, while the chloroplasts tend to be floating in the cytoplasm.
Having dropped 10% sugar solution and allowed to stand for 10 minutes, there was a situation
which is contrary to a previous state. The cells look less purple and more clearly visible
chloroplasts. This happens because when a cell is placed in hypertonic solution to it, then the
water out of the vacuole so the cytoplasmic membrane will shrink so does the cytoplasm, and

automatically also shrink the size of the vacuole. So that the pigment anthocyanin in the
vacuole is not too obvious. When the shrunken cytoplasm, chloroplasts were dispersed in the
cytoplasm will be docked so that it can be seen more clearly.

Discussion
1. Explain why the higher the concentration of the marinade, the more plasmolysis that occur in
the cell!
Answer: It happens because the larger the difference in concentration of a substance, resulting
in the faster water moves from low concentration to high concentration.

2. Could it be a cell that has undergone plasmolysis will be able to return to its original state?
Explain!

Answer: Maybe, if the cells undergoing plasmolysis placed in a hypotonic solution, the situation
will return to normal cells because the water outside the cells into the cell berosmosis
hypertonic.

Conclusion
1. Diffusion is the movement of a high concentration of dye molecules to the low concentration
of a substance through a membrane without membrane.
2. Factors affecting the rate of diffusion is the particle size, medium density, area, temperature,
and the ability to deliver electricity to the molecule (electrolyte or non-electrolyte solution).
3. Osmosis is the movement of water from low concentration substances (hipotonis) to a
solution of high concentration (hypertonic) through a semi-permeable membrane, so we get a
balanced concentrate solution (isotonic).
4. Factors affecting the speed of osmosis is water and the solute concentration in the cell and
outside the cell, membrane thickness, and temperature.
5. turgor pressure is the pressure of the vacuole to the plasma membrane and cell wall due to
osmosis of water into the vacuole.

6. plasmolysis is shrinking cytoplasm when cells are in the hypertonic solution to it.
7. The difference between plasmolysis and turgor pressures lies in state concentrations inside
and outside the cell.

Reffences
Endang Sri Lestari, Idun Kistinah(2009), Biologi 2 untuk Kelas XI, Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan
Depdiknas
Irvan Permana (2009), Memahami Kimia SMA Kelas XI, Bandung : Penerbit Armico
Sihombing, Betsy (2009), Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Umum, Jakarta : Universitas Negeri
Jakarta
Campbell, Neil A, Reece, Jane B, G. Mitchell, Lawrence, Alih bahasa, Rahayu Lestari[et
al.].1999. BIOLOGI. Jilid 3. Jakarta: Erlangga
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B. Reech.2003.Campblle edisi kelima.Jakarta:Erlangga
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