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Chapter 10
MARIO F. TRIOLA
STATISTICS
EIGHTH
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
EDITION1
Chapter 10
10-1
Overview
ELEMENTARY
Section 10-2
STATISTICS
Goodness of Fit
EIGHTH
EDITIO
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
MARIO F. TRIOLA
Goodness-of-Fit
Assumptions
when testing hypothesis that the population
proportion for each of the categories is as claimed:
Definition
Multinomial Experiment
An experiment that meets the following conditions:
1. The number of trials is fixed.
Definition
Goodness-of-fit test
used to test the hypothesis that an
observed frequency distribution fits
(or conforms to) some claimed
distribution
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Goodness-of-Fit Test
Notation
0
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
Expected Frequencies
If all expected frequencies are equal:
E=
n
k
Expected Frequencies
If all expected frequencies are not all equal:
E=np
each expected frequency is found by multiplying
the sum of all observed frequencies by the
probability for the category
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
10
Test Statistic
X =
2
(O - E)2
E
Critical Values
1. Found in Table A-4 using k-1 degrees of
freedom
where k = number of categories
2. Goodness-of-fit hypothesis tests are always
right-tailed.
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
11
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
12
Relationships Among
Components in
Goodness-of-Fit
Hypothesis Test
Figure 10-3
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
13
H0: p1 = p2 = p3 = . . . = pk
H1: at least one of the probabilities is
different from the others
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
14
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
15
Example:
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
16
Example:
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
17
Example:
Frequencies of M&Ms
Brown Yellow Red Orange Green Blue
Observed frequency
33
26
21
n = 100
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
18
Example:
Frequencies of M&Ms
Brown Yellow Red Orange Green Blue
Observed frequency
n = 100
33
26
21
Brown E = np = (100)(0.30) = 30
Yellow E = np = (100)(0.20) = 20
Red E = np = (100)(0.20) = 20
Orange E = np = (100)(0.10) = 10
Green E = np = (100)(0.10) = 10
Blue E = np = (100)(0.10) = 10
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
19
Frequencies of M&Ms
Brown Yellow Red Orange Green Blue
Observed frequency
33
26
21
Expected frequency
30
20
20
10
10
10
0.3
1.8
0.05
0.4
0.9
2.5
(O -E)2/E
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
20
Frequencies of M&Ms
Brown Yellow Red Orange Green Blue
Observed frequency
33
26
21
Expected frequency
30
20
20
10
10
10
0.3
1.8
0.05
0.4
0.9
2.5
(O -E)2/E
Test Statistic
X =
2
(O - E)2
=
E
5.95
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
21
Frequencies of M&Ms
Brown Yellow Red Orange Green Blue
Observed frequency
33
26
21
Expected frequency
30
20
20
10
10
10
0.3
1.8
0.05
0.4
0.9
2.5
(O -E)2/E
Test Statistic
X2 =
(O - E)2
=
E
5.95
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
22
Fail to Reject
Reject
= 0.05
0
X2 = 11.071
Sample data: X2 = 5.95
23
0.30
0.20
Proportions
Observed proportions
Claimed proportions
0.10
0
Orange
Yellow
Brown
Red
Blue
Green
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
24
ELEMENTARY
Section 10-3
STATISTICS
EIGHTH
EDITIO
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
MARIO F. TRIOLA
25
Definition
Contingency Table (or two-way frequency table)
a table in which frequencies
correspond to two variables.
(One variable is used to categorize rows,
and a second variable is used to
categorize columns.)
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
26
Definition
Contingency Table (or two-way frequency table)
a table in which frequencies
correspond to two variables.
(One variable is used to categorize rows,
and a second variable is used to
categorize columns.)
Contingency tables have at least two
rows and at least two columns.
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
27
Definition
Test of Independence
tests the null hypothesis that
the row variable and column
variable in a contingency table are
not related.
(The null hypothesis
is the
statement that
the row and column variables are
independent.)
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
28
Assumptions
1.
2.
3.
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
29
Test of Independence
Test Statistic
X =
2
(O - E)2
E
Critical Values
1. Found in Table A-4 using
30
E=
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
31
Tests of Independence
H0: The row variable is independent of the
column variable
32
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
33
E=
grand total
row total
grand total
column total
grand total
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
34
E=
grand total
row total
grand total
column total
grand total
p
(probability of a cell)
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
35
E=
grand total
row total
grand total
column total
grand total
p
(probability of a cell)
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
36
E=
grand total
row total
grand total
column total
grand total
p
(probability of a cell)
E=
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
37
Homicide
12
39
Robbery
Assault
379
727
106
642
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
38
Homicide
12
Assault
Row Total
379
727
1118
Robbery
Acquaintance
or Relative
39
106
642
787
Column Total
51
485
1369
1905
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
39
Homicide
12
Assault
Row Total
379
727
1118
Robbery
Acquaintance
or Relative
39
106
642
787
Column Total
51
485
1369
1905
E=
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
40
Stranger
Assault
Row Total
379
727
1118
Robbery
(29.93)
Acquaintance
or Relative
39
106
642
787
Column Total
51
485
1369
1905
E=
E = (1118)(5 = 29.93
1) 1905
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
41
Row Total
727
1118
Robbery
(29.93)
(284.64)
(803.43)
39
(21.07)
106
(200.36)
642
(565.57)
787
485
1369
1905
379
51
Column Total
E=
E
Assault
Homicide
12
= (1118)(5
1) 1905
= 29.93
E = (1118)(485)= 284.64
1905
etc.
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
42
X =
2
(O - E )2
E
Homicide
Stranger
Acquaintance
12
(29.93)
Robbery
Forgery
379
(284.64)
727
(803.43)
106
(200.36)
642
(565.57
[10.741]
39
(21.07)
(E)
(O - E )2
E
or Relative
(O -E )2
Upper left cell:
=
E
(12 -29.93)2
29.93
= 10.741
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
43
X =
2
(O - E )2
E
Homicide
Stranger
Acquaintance
or Relative
12
(29.93)
[10.741]
39
(21.07)
[15.258]
(O -E )2
Upper left cell:
=
E
Robbery
Forgery
379
(284.64)
[31.281]
727
(803.43)
[7.271]
106
(200.36)
[44.439]
642
(565.57)
[10.329]
(12 -29.93)2
29.93
(E)
(O - E )2
E
= 10.741
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
44
X =
2
(O - E )2
E
Homicide
12
(29.93)
Stranger
[10.741]
Acquaintance
or Relative
39
(21.07)
[15.258]
Robbery
Forgery
379
(284.64)
[31.281]
727
(803.43)
[7.271]
106
(200.36)
[44.439]
642
(565.57)
[10.329]
(E)
(O - E )2
E
2
Test Statistic X = 10.741 + 31.281 + ... + 10.329 =
119.319
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
45
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
46
Fail to Reject
Independence
Reject
Independence
= 0.05
0
X2 = 5.991
Sample data: X2 =119.319
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
47
Fail to Reject
Independence
Reject
Independence
= 0.05
0
X2 = 5.991
Reject independence
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
48
Fail to Reject
Independence
Reject
Independence
= 0.05
0
X2 = 5.991
Reject independence
49
Fail to Reject
Independence
Reject
Independence
= 0.05
0
X2 = 5.991
Reject independence
50
Figure 10-8
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
51
Definition
Test of Homogeneity
test the claim that different populations
have the same proportions of some
characteristics
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 and 10.2 Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
52
53