EEE

FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY

Unit Wise
Most Important

theory & theorem Questions for Final Exam

UNIT-1: Fluid Statics and Fluid Kinematics

Theory questions:
1. Differentiate between Real Fluid and Ideal Fluids.
2. Dene mass density, weight density or specific weight, specic volume and specic gravity
and express relations among them.
3. What is viscosity? State the Newtons law of viscosity. What are dynamic viscosity and
kinematic viscosity. What are the units of dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity?
Explain the phenomenon of variation of viscosity of liquids and gases with temperature.
4. Explain the phenomenon of vapour pressure. How does vapour pressure aect uid ow?
5. What are the pressure measuring devices? Distinguish between manometers and mechanical
gauges.
6. Describe different types of manometers with the help of neat sketches.
7. Explain piezometer and its merits and demerits with the help of neat sketch.
8. What is meant by atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, vacuum pressure and absolute
pressure? Indicate their relative position on a chart. Express the relationship between
them.
9. What is fluid flow? Briey explain the following classication of ows with suitable
examples:
(a) Steady and Unsteady ow.
(b) Uniform and Non-Uniform ow.
(c) Laminar and Turbulent ow.
(d) Compressible and Incompressible ow
(e) Rotational and Irrotational ow.
(f) one dimensional ow, two dimensional
ow, three dimensional ow.
10. Describe stream line, stream tube, path line and streak line with the help of neat sketches.

Theorem questions:
1. Dene surface tension. Prove that the relationship between surface tension and pressure
inside a droplet of liquid in excess of outside pressure is given by p = 4/d
2. Prove that the relationship between surface tension and pressure inside a soap bubble in excess
of outside pressure is given by p = 8/d.
3. State and prove Pascals law.
4. State and explain continuity equation. Derive continuity equation for one dimensional flow
and state the assumptions clearly in deriving it.

UNIT-2: Fluid Dynamics and Closed Conduit Flow

Theory questions:
1. Name the dierent forces present in a uid ow. For the Eulers equation of motion, which
forces are taken into consideration.

2. Explain Reynolds Experiment with the help of a diagram. State the significance of Reynolds
number. How is the pipe coefficient f dependent on Reynolds Number.
3. Discuss about the major and minor energy losses in pipe ow in detail.
4. Explain the concepts of hydraulic gradient line and total energy line with the help of neat
sketches
5. Mention various flow measuring devices along with their merits and demerits.
6. Bring out clearly the dierences between venturi meter and orice meter. Explain why Cd of a
venturimeter is more than that of orice meter.
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using an orice meter over a venturimeter?
8. What are the construction details of a Pitot tube and Explain how it works?

Theorem questions:
1. State Bernoullis equation. List the assumptions and limitations which are made while
deriving Bernoullis equation. Explain the various practical applications of Bernoullis
equation.
2. State the momentum equation. How will you apply momentum equation for determining
the force exerted by a owing uid on a pipe bend?
3. Derive an expression(Darcy-weisbach equation) for the loss of head due to friction in a pipe
line.
4. Derive an expression for head loss due to sudden contraction of a pipe.
5. Explain what do you mean by pipes in series and pipe in parallel with a neat sketch. Derive
an expression for equivalent pipe in parallel condition and series condition.
6. What is venturimeter? Derive an equation for discharge through venturimeter.
7. What is Orifice meter ? Derive an equation for discharge through Orifice meter.

UNIT-3: Basics of Turbo Mechinery and and Hydroelectric Power Stations

Theory questions:
1. What is meant by impact of jets? Explain.
2. State and explain momentum equation. What are the practical applications of it?
3. Explain how power potential is estimated from known hydrological particulars at a hydropower
plant site on a stream.
4. What is mass curve? What are the components of a mass curve? What are its properties?
Explain how it is constructed from a hydrograph?
5. What is meant by ow duration curve and power duration curve? How do you dierentiate
these? Explain the procedure for constructing such curves?
6. Draw the typical layout of hydroelectric power plant and explain its components.
7. Discuss with neat sketches the classication of Hydroelectric plants based on storage
characteristics.
8. Give the classication of hydropower schemes according to the extent of heads and bring out the
salient features with the help of neat sketches.
9. What are the dierent classes of load a power system is expected to serve? Draw a typical load
curve and explain the Base load and peak load.
10. Explain the following terms in connection with the hydro power plants:
(a) Gross head
(b) Net head or effective head
(c) Design head
(d) Rated head
(e) Operating head

11. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Primary flow
(b) Secondary flow
(d) Secondary power (e) Load factor
(g) Plant use factor or utilization factor
(i) Peak load power plant

(c) Firm Power

(f) Plant factor or capacity factor
(h) Base load power plant

Theorem questions:
1. Find the expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on a xed flat vertical plate in the
direction of the jet.
2. Find the expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on an xed flat inclined plate in the
direction of normal to the plate. What are the components of this force in X and Y directions?
3. Find the expression for the force exerted by the jet on a flat vertical plate moving in the
direction of the jet.
4. Find the expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on an flat inclined moving plate in
the direction of normal to the plate. What are the components of this force in X and Y
directions?
5. Find the expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on a xed symmetrical curved plate
when jet strikes at the centre.
6. Find the expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on a moving symmetrical curved plate
when jet strikes at the centre.

UNIT-4: Hydraulic Turbines and Performance of Hydraulic Turbines

Theory questions:
1. What is a turbine? Explain the classification of turbines.
2. Define hydraulic, volumetric and mechanical efficiencies of a turbine. What is Overall
efficiency?
3. Differentiate between:
a) The impulse turbine and reaction turbine
b) Kaplan turbine and Propeller turbine
c) The radial flow turbine and axial flow turbine
d) The inward radial flow turbine and outward radial flow turbine
4. Draw a neat diagram of a pelton turbine and explain its working.
5. Draw a neat diagram of a reaction turbine (Francis turbine or Kaplan turbine) and explain
its working.
6. What are the working proportions of a Kaplan turbine ?
7. What is a draft tube? Explain why draft tube is provided for a Kaplan turbine when
compared with a Pelton wheel. Explain with neat sketches different types of draft tubes.
How do the losses in the draft tube effect the pressure at the runner exit. How do you nd
the eciency of draft tube?
8. What are the operating characteristic curves of a hydraulic turbine? Sketch them and explain
their features and applications.

9. Why is governing of turbine required? What are the main components of governing mechanism
for a Pelton wheel turbine? Draw a neat sketch and explain.
10. What is the necessity of a surge tank in turbines? Explain different types of surge tanks
with the aid of neat diagrams
11. What is cavitation? Explain how cavitation can be avoided? What is Thomas cavitation factor
and What is its signicance for turbines?
12. Briefly explain how the turbines are selected on the basin of head available and specific
speed. Why these parameters are adopted in the selection process.

Theorem questions:
1. Show that the eciency of a Pelton wheel is maximum when the velocity of the buckets equals
half the velocity of the jet.
2. What do you understand by unit quantities such as unit speed, unit discharge and unit
power? Derive expressions for these quantities. What is the significance of these quantities
in performance of turbine?
3. What do you understand by specific speed of a turbine? Derive expression for this quantity.
What is its significance? How a specific speed differs from a unit speed in a turbine?
Explain.
4. Explain similarity laws. Show the expressions for the non-dimensional numbers for a
turbine:
(a) head number,
(b) Discharge number,
(c) Power number and
(d) specic speed

UNIT-5: Centrifugal Pumps

Theory questions:
1. What is a pump? Explain the classification of pumps.
2. Explain the working of a centrifugal pump with a neat diagram and showing all component
parts.
3. Explain with sketches the volute and the diffusion pumps. What is the role of volute chamber of
a centrifugal pump?
4. Dene static and manometric head of a centrifugal pump. State the dierent types of head
losses which may occur in a pump installation.
5. What are the dierent eciencies of a centrifugal pump? Explain.
6. Explain the dierence between a single stage and multistage centrifugal pump. Describe
the multistage pump with impellers in series and impellers in parallel. Under what
circumstances they are used?
7. What is NPSH? How will it relate to the working of a centrifugal pump? List all losses of
centrifugal pumps.
8. What is meant by priming of a centrifugal pump? Why it is necessary?
9. Explain the phenomenon of fluid slip in the centrifugal pump.
10. What do you understand by characteristic curves of a pump? What is the signicance of the
characteristic curves? Explain them in detail.

Theorem questions:
1. Dene and derive an expression for the specic speed of a centrifugal pump. How does it
dier from that of a turbine. How does specic speed help in pump selection?

2. How will you obtain an expression for the minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump.