R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

Course Plan
Cover Page: Course Overview
Semester: V

Year: 2014-15

Course Title: Biomedical Instrumentation

Course Code: 12ITA52

Total Contact Hours: 52 hrs

Duration of SEE: 3 hrs

SEE Marks: 100

CIE Marks: 100

Lesson Plan Author: Mrs. Deepashree Devaraj

Date: 23/05/2014

Checked By:

Date:

Prerequisites
Familiarity with basic electronics and basic knowledge about physiological functions of vital organs of
the body are necessary.

Course Overview:
Biomedical Instrumentation caters to enable the students to get a thorough knowledge of all types of
biomedical measuring instruments and their measurement techniques. With the advancement of technology in
integrated circuits, instruments are becoming more and more compact and accurate. In view of this, sophisticated
types of instruments covering digital and microprocessorbased instruments are dealt with. The basic concepts,
working operation, capabilities and limitations of instruments are discussed which will guide the students in
selecting instruments for various medical applications.
Course Learning Objectives:
1. This course deals with the instrumentation and its related medical usage.
2. Solve Engineering Problems related to medical field.
3. Understand medical diagnosis and therapy.
4. Interpret technical aspects of medicine.
5. To know the origin /source of bioelectric signals.
6. To create awareness about the different signals arising from the human body and the equipments used to
measure these signals.

Page 1 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
(Elective)
Course Code: 12ITA52

CIE Marks: 100

Hrs/Week: L:T:P:S : 3:1:0:1

SEE Marks: 100

Credits: 05

SEE Duration: 3 Hrs

Course Learning Objectives:

1. To design and analyze a data acquisition system for bio-electrical signals.
2. To design methods for noise and interference cancellation in electro-physiological signals acquisition systems.
3. To design biomedical instrumentation amplifier suitable for ECG, EEG, EMG, EOG.
4. To study the instrumentation concerned with measuring the blood flow, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation etc.
Unit I

07 Hrs

Fundamentals:
Sources of Biomedical signals, Basic medical instrumentation system, General constraints in design of medical
instrumentation systems.
Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes:
Origin of bioelectric signals, Types of bioelectric signals, Recording electrodes, Electrode-tissue interface,
Polarization, Skin contact impedance, Silver-silver chloride electrodes, Electrodes for ECG, EEG, EMG,
Microelectrodes.
Unit II

07 Hrs

Electrocardiograph:

Electrical activity of heart, Genesis and characteristics of Electrocardiograph (ECG),Block diagram

description of an Electrocardiograph, ECG lead Systems, Multi-channel ECG machine
Electroencephalograph:
Genesis of EEG, Block diagram description of an EEG, 10-20 Electrode system, Computerized
EEG.

analysis of

Unit III

07 Hrs

Patient Monitoring System:

Bedside monitors, Central Monitors, Measurement of Heart Rate, Average Heart Rate meter, Instantaneous
heart rate meter, Measurement of pulse rate, Blood Pressure measurement ,Direct and indirect method,
Automatic blood pressure measuring apparatus using Korotkoffs method
Oximeters: Oximetry, ear oximeter, pulse oximeter, skin reflectance oximeter and intravascular oximeter.
Unit IV

07 Hrs

Blood Flow Meters:

Electromagnetic blood flow meter, Types of electromagnetic blood flow meters, Ultrasonic blood flow meters,
NMR blood flow meters, Laser Doppler blood flow meters
Cardiac Pacemakers and Defibrillators
Need for Cardiac pacemaker, External Pacemaker, Implantable Pacemaker, Types of Implantable Pacemaker,
Ventricular Synchronous Demand Pacemaker and Programmable Pacemaker. Need for a defibrillator, DC
defibrillator. Defibrillator electrodes, DC defibrillator with synchronizer.
Unit V

07 Hrs

Page 2 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

Pulmonary Function Analyzer:

Pulmonary function measurement, Spirometry, Pneumotachometer, Measurement of volume by Nitrogen
washout technique.
Hemodialysis machines:
Function of kidneys, Artificial kidney, Dialyzers, Hemodialysis machine, Portable kidney machines.
Self Study:
Case study, design and emerging technologies to be discussed pertaining to the course and beyond syllabus.

4hrs/
week

Course outcomes:
After going through this course the student will be able to
1. Discuss the sources of biomedical signals, design a medical instrumentation system taking into account the general
constraints.
2. Describe the different types of electrodes used for picking the bioelectric potential.
3. Design suitable recording systems considering the characteristics of bioelectric potentials.
4. Discuss the instrumentation used for measuring the nonelectrical parameters.
Reference Books:
1. R. S. Khandpur , Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, Tata McGraw-Hill ,2 nd Edition, 2008, ISBN:
9780070473553.
2. Leslie Cromwell & others, Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements, Wiley Publications, 2 nd Edition, 2010,
ISBN: 9780130771315.
3. J. G. Webster, Medical instrumentation: Application and Design, Wiley Publications, 3 rd Edition, 2008, ISBN:
9788126511068.
4. Richard Aston, Principles of Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement, Prentice Hall of India, 4 th Edition, 2005,
ISBN: 9780675209434.
Scheme of Continuous Internal Evaluation:
CIE consists of Three Internal tests, each for 40 marks (15 marks for quiz+ 25 marks for test), out of which best of two will
be considered. In addition 20 marks to be earned through self learning component on emerging technologies.
Scheme of Semester End Examination:
The question paper consists of Part A and Part B. Part A will be for 20 marks covering the complete syllabus and is
compulsory. Part B will be for 80 marks and shall consist of five questions carrying 16 marks each. All five from Part B
will have internal choice and one of the two have to be answered compulsorily.

Course Unitization for Internals and Semester End Examination

Unit

Chapter

Teach

No. of Questions in

No. of

Page 3 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

ing
Hours
1

Fundamentals of
medical
instrumentation

Bioelectric signals and

electrodes

Electrocardiograph

Electroencephalograph

Patient monitoring
system

Oximeters

Blood flow meters

Cardiac pacemakers
and defibrillators

Pulmonary Function
Analyzer
Hemodialysis machines

II

III

IV

10

Internals
I

Internals
II

--

--

Compensatory
Internals

Questions in
SEE
1

1
1

--

--

1
2

1
1

--

--

--

--

Note: Five questions will be asked in the internals and each question carries 10 Marks.
Deepashree Devaraj
Faculty In-charge
Date:

Head of Department

Chapter wise Plan

UNIT-I
Page 4 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

Course Code and Title: 12ITA52 Biomedical Instrumentation

Chapter Number and Title: 1 Fundamentals

Planned Hours: 2 hrs

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
1. Explain the Sources of Biomedical signals. (L1)
2. Explain the block diagram of generalized medical instrumentation system.(L2)
3. Discuss the General constraints in design of medical instrumentation systems.(L1)

Lesson Schedule
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Sources of Biomedical signals, Basic medical instrumentation system.
2. General constraints in design of medical instrumentation systems
3. General constraints in design of medical instrumentation systems(contd)

Model Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Write the block diagram of generalized instrumentation system and discuss it briefly.
List the parameters which are to be considered during the design or specification of medical
instrumentation system with relevant explanation.
Discuss about man-instrumentation system.
What are the problems encountered in a man-instrumentation system?
List the sources of Biomedical Signal. Describe each one of them.
List and describe the performance requirements of medical instrumentation system.
List and describe each of the general constraints in design of medical instrumentation system.
Discuss the problems encountered in measuring biological signals.
Describe each component of the basic bio-medical instrumentation system by giving a neat diagram

Course Code and Title: 12ITA52 Biomedical Instrumentation

Chapter Number and Title: 2 Bioelectric signals and electrodes

Planned Hours: 5 hrs

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:

Page 5 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

1.

Draw the typical cell potential waveform to show the electrical activity associated with one contraction
in a muscle.
2. List the typical bioelectrical potentials and the primary signal characteristics associated with it.
3. Explain electrode-tissue interface with the help of equivalent circuit.
4. List the different transducers used in bio-medical instrumentation.
5. Explain the electrodes and their specifications for use in EEG.
6. Explain the electrodes and their specifications for use in ECG.
7. Explain the electrodes and their specifications for use in EMG.
8. Explain electrode-electrolyte interface.
9. Discuss about skin contact impedance between 2 surface electrodes.
10. Describe the process of polarization.
11. Discuss the production process of Silver-Silver Chloride electrode and write a note on the electrodes.
12. Write a note on Metal Electrolyte Interface.
Lesson Schedule
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Origin of bioelectric signals, Types of bioelectric signals,
2. Recording electrodes, Electrode-tissue interface,
3. Polarization, Skin contact impedance,
4. Silver-silver chloride electrodes,
5. Electrodes for ECG, EEG, EMG,
6. Microelectrodes
Model Questions
1. Draw the typical cell potential waveform and a diagram to show the electrical activity associated with one
contraction in a muscle. What is refractory period?
2. List the typical bioelectrical potentials and the primary signal characteristics associated with it.
3. Explain electrode-tissue interface with the help of equivalent circuit.
4. List the different transducers used in bio-medical instrumentation.
5. With diagram explain the electrodes and their specifications for use in EEG.
6. With diagram explain the electrodes and their specifications for use in ECG.
7. With diagram explain the electrodes and their specifications for use in EMG.
8. Explain electrode-electrolyte interface.
9. With a neat circuit diagram, give a note about skin contact impedance between 2 surface electrodes.
10. Describe the process of polarization.
11. Give the production process of Silver-Silver Chloride electrode and write a note on the electrodes.
12. Write a note on Metal Electrolyte Interface.

UNIT-II
Course Code and Title: 12ITA52 Biomedical Instrumentation
Chapter Number and Title: 3 Electrocardiograph

Planned Hours:4 hrs

Page 6 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
1. Explain the electrical activity of human heart with a neat diagram.
2. Explain with relevant block diagram an ECG machine.
3. Discuss bipolar limb lead configuration.
4. Explain an ECG wave by giving relevant parameters.
5. What is Augmented Limb Lead Configuration? Give different configurations Augmented Limb Leads.
6. Write short notes on Unipolar Chest Leads.
7. Explain any one type of Average Heart Rate Meter.
8. Discuss the effects of artifacts on ECG recording?
9. Describe isolated pre-amplifier with a neat diagram.
10. Discuss the lead configuration of ECG recording.
11. Discuss the characteristics and requirements of ECG amplifiers.
12. Write a short note on bio-medical recorders.
13. Write a pre amplifier circuit diagram for EMG machine and explain the working.
14. Compare the characteristics of ECG, EMG & EEG.
.
Lesson Schedule
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1.Electrical activity of heart,
2.Genesis and characteristics of Electrocardiograph (ECG)
3.Block diagram description of an Electrocardiograph
4.ECG lead Systems,
5. Multi-channel ECG machine
Model Questions
1. Explain the electrical activity of human heart with a neat diagram.
2. Explain with relevant block diagram an ECG machine.
3. Discuss bipolar limb lead configuration.
4. Explain an ECG wave by giving relevant parameters.
5. What is Augmented Limb Lead Configuration? Give different configurations Augmented Limb Leads.
6. Write short notes on Unipolar Chest Leads.
7. Explain any one type of Average Heart Rate Meter.
8. What are the effects of artifacts on ECG recording?
9. Give a neat diagram of isolated pre-amplifier and explain.
10. Discuss the lead configuration of ECG recording.
11. Discuss the characteristics and requirements of ECG amplifiers.
12. What do you understand by the term Driven Right Leg Load? Explain the circuit diagram and show the
over voltage protection for the recorder.
13. 13.Write a short notes on bio-medical recorders.
14. Write a pre amplifier circuit diagram for EMG machine and explain the working.
15. Bring out the differences between ECG, EMG, EEG.

Course Code and Title: 12ITA52 Biomedical Instrumentation & Imaging Techniques
Chapter Number and Title: 4 Electroencephalograph

Planned Hours:4 hrs

Page 7 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
1. What is EEG? Mention the different types of recording EEG.
2. Explain EEG machine with a neat labeled block diagram.
3. Write short notes about the brain waves of human body.
4. Explain the 10-20 electrode system.
5. Explain EMG with a neat block diagram
6. Discuss the computerized analysis of EEG.
7. Compare computerized analysis of EEG to that of other analysis of EEG?
8. Explain the different analyses which are used in the computerized analysis of EEG.
Lesson Schedule
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Genesis of EEG,
2. Block diagram description of an EEG
3. 10-20 Electrode system
4. Computerized analysis of EEG
Model Questions
1. What is EEG? Mention the different types of recording EEG.
2. With a neat labeled block diagram explain EEG machine.
3. Write short notes about the brain waves of human body.
4. Explain the 10-20 electrode system.
5. What is EMG and explain EMG with a neat block diagram
6. What is computerised analysis of EEG?
7. What is the necessary of computerized analysis of EEG when compared to that of other analysis of EEG?
8. Explain the different analyses which are used in the computerized analysis of EEG.

UNIT-III
Course Code and Title: 12ITA52 Biomedical Instrumentation
Chapter Number and Title: 5 Patient Monitoring System

Planned Hours:4 hrs

Page 8 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

At the end of this chapter student should be able to:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

Write about patient monitoring systems.

Write a neat block diagram of bedside patient monitoring systems &explain.
Explain the central monitoring systems.
What is heart rate? How do you calculate the heart rate?
Explain the principle of average heart rate meter.
With the help of a neat block diagram explain the average reading heart rate meter.
Explain the working of diode pump circuit.
Describe instantaneous heart rate meter with the help of a neat block diagram.
Explain briefly the measurement of pulse rate.
What are the different methods used for the detection of volume (pulse) changes due to
blood flow? Explain each briefly.
What is BP? How do you measure BP?
Discuss the different methods of measuring BP? Explain each one briefly.
What is systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?
Write the circuit diagram for the measurement of systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure
and explain.
Explain the direct methods of monitoring BP.
Explain the indirect methods of monitoring BP.
Describe the principle of indirect method of monitoring BP and explain it briefly?
Explain the principle of BP measurement based on korotkoff sounds.
Explain briefly the automatic BP measurement.

Lesson Schedule
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Bedside monitors
2. Central Monitoring System
3. Measurement of Heart Rate, Average Heart Rate meter
4. Instantaneous heart rate meter,
5. Measurement of pulse rate,
6. Blood Pressure measurement ,Direct and indirect method,
7. Automatic blood pressure measuring apparatus using Korotkoffs method
Model Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

What are patient monitoring systems ? Briefly explain.

What are bed side patient monitoring systems? Explain briefly.
Write a neat block diagram of bedside patient monitoring systems &explain.
Explain the central monitoring systems.
What is heart rate? How do you calculate the heart rate?
Explain the principle of average heart rate meter.
With the help of a neat block diagram explain the average reading heart rate meter.
What is diode pump circuit? explain its working
With the help of a neat block diagram explain instantaneous heart rate meter.
What is pulse rate? explain briefly the measurement of pulse rate.
What are the different methods used for the detection of volume (pulse) changes due to blood flow?
Explain each briefly.
What is BP? How do you measure BP?
What are the different methods of measuring BP? Explain each one briefly.
What is systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?
Write the circuit diagram for the measurement of systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure and explain.
Explain the direct methods of monitoring BP.
Explain the indirect methods of monitoring BP.

Page 9 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

18. What is the principle of indirect method of monitoring BP and explain it briefly?
19. Explain the principle of BP measurement based on korotkoff sounds.
20. Explain briefly the automatic BP measurement.

Course Code and Title: 12ITA52 Biomedical Instrumentation

Chapter Number and Title: 6 Blood Flow Meters

Planned Hours:3 hrs

At the end of this chapter student should be able to:

1. Principle of oximetry.

Page 10 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

2. Types of oximeters.
3. Working of ear oximeter, skin reflectance oximeter and intravascular oximeter.
Lesson Schedule
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Principle of oximetry.
2. Types of oximeters.
3. Working of ear oximeter, skin reflectance oximeter
4. Working of intravascular oximeter
Model Questions:
1. Explain the principle of oximetry.
2. List and explain in brief the different types of oximetry.
3. Explain the principle of intravascular oximeter.

UNIT-IV
Course Code and Title: 12ITA52 Biomedical Instrumentation
Chapter Number and Title: 7 Blood Flow Meters

Planned Hours:3 hrs

Learning Objectives

Page 11 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

At the end of this chapter student should be able to:

1. Explain the principle behind blood flow meters
2. Explain the principle of electromagnetic blood flow meters.
3. Describe electromagnetic blood flow meters
4. Explain the principle behind Doppler shift blood flow meter ?
5. Explain the ultrasonic Doppler shift blood flow meter with a neat diagram.
6. Describe the principle of Doppler shift blood flow meter and derive the expression for monitoring blood
velocity.
7. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Doppler shift blood flow meters?
8. With the help of a neat diagram explain the arrangement of arterial blood flow using NMR principle.
9. Discuss the the advantages and the disadvantages of NMR type of blood flow meters?
10. Explain the laser Doppler blood flow meter with a neat block diagram.
11. List the advantages and the disadvantages of laser Doppler blood flow meter.
Lesson Schedule
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1.Electromagnetic blood flow meter,
2.Types of electromagnetic blood flow meters,
3.Ultrasonic blood flow meters
4.NMR blood flow meters
5.Laser Doppler blood flow meters

Model Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What are blood flow meters? Explain the principle behind it?
Explain the principle of electromagnetic blood flow meters.
What are blood flow meters? explain the electromagnetic blood flow meters
What is the principle behind Doppler shift blood flow meter ?
Explain the ultrasonic Doppler shift blood flow meter with a neat diagram.
What is the principle of Doppler shift blood flow meter and derive the expression for monitoring blood
velocity?
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Doppler shift blood flow meters?
8. With the help of a neat diagram explain the arrangement of arterial blood flow using NMR principle.
9. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of NMR type of blood flow meters?
10. Explain the laser Doppler blood flow meter with a neat block diagram.
11. List the advantages and the disadvantages of laser Doppler blood flow meter.

Course Code and Title: 12ITA52 Biomedical Instrumentation

Chapter Number and Title: 8 Cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators

Planned Hours:4 hrs

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:

Page 12 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Discuss the need for cardiac pacemakers?

Explain the different types of cardiac pacemakers
Compare external and the internal pacemakers.
What are implantable pacemakers and explain its basic requirements.
What are the different types of implantable pacemakers? Explain them briefly
Write the block diagram of a ventricular synchronous demand pacemaker and explain.
Explain the programmable pacemakers.
Explain ventricular synchronous or stand by pacemaker.
Explain ventricular inhibited pacemaker.
With the help of a block diagram explain rate responsive pacemaker.
Explain the need for defibrillators?
With a neat schematic diagram explain DC defibrillator.
Write short notes on defibrillator electrodes.
Explain about implantable defibrillators.
With a neat schematic diagram explain AC defibrillator.
Differentiate between AC and DC defibrillator.
With a neat block diagram explain implantable defibrillators.
With a neat block diagram explain automatic defibrillator.

Lesson Schedule
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1.
Need for Cardiac pacemaker,External Pacemaker
2.
Implantable Pacemaker, Types of Implantable Pacemaker
3.
Ventricular Synchronous Demand Pacemaker and Programmable Pacemaker.
4.
Need for a defibrillator, DC defibrillator. Defibrillator electrodes.
5.
DC defibrillator with synchronizer.
Model Questions
1. What are cardiac pacemakers? What is the need for cardiac pacemakers?
2. What are the different types of cardiac pacemakers and explain each briefly ?
3. Differentiate between the external and the internal pacemakers.
4. What are implantable pacemakers and explain its basic requirements.
5. What are the different types of implantable pacemakers? Explain them briefly
6. Write the block diagram of a ventricular synchronous demand pacemaker and explain.
7. Explain the programmable pacemakers.
8. Explain ventricular synchronous or stand by pacemaker.
9. Explain ventricular inhibited pacemaker.
10. With the help of a block diagram explain rate responsive pacemaker.
11. What are defibrillators? What is the need for defibrillators?
12. With a neat schematic diagram explain DC defibrillator.
13. Write short notes on defibrillator electrodes.
14. Discuss the need for cardiac pacemakers?
15. Explain the different types of cardiac pacemakers
16. Compare external and the internal pacemakers.
17. What are implantable pacemakers and explain its basic requirements.
18. What are the different types of implantable pacemakers? Explain them briefly
19. Write the block diagram of a ventricular synchronous demand pacemaker and explain.
20. Explain the programmable pacemakers.
21. Explain ventricular synchronous or stand by pacemaker.
22. Explain ventricular inhibited pacemaker.
23. With the help of a block diagram explain rate responsive pacemaker.
24. Explain the need for defibrillators?
25. With a neat schematic diagram explain DC defibrillator.
26. Write short notes on defibrillator electrodes.

Page 13 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

Explain about implantable defibrillators.

With a neat schematic diagram explain AC defibrillator.
Differentiate between AC and DC defibrillator.
With a neat block diagram explain implantable defibrillators.
With a neat block diagram explain automatic defibrillator.

Unit V

Course Code and Title: 12ITA52 Biomedical Instrumentation

Chapter Number and Title: 9 Pulmonary Function Analyzer

Planned Hours:3 hrs

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
Lesson Schedule
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Need for pulmonary function measurement.
2. Method for doing the pulmonary measurement.
3. Concept of Spirometry
4. Concept of Pneumaotachometer
5. Measurement of volume by Nitrogen washout technique.

Model Questions
1. How is the pulmonary function measurement done?
2. How is the spirometry technique used in the analysis of pulmonary function.?
3. Clearly explain the measurement of volume by Nitrogen washout technique.

Course Code and Title: 12ITA52 Biomedical Instrumentation

Chapter Number and Title:10 Hemodialysis machines

Planned Hours:4 hrs

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
1. Explain the function of kidneys.
2. Write short notes on :

Page 14 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

3.

i.
Artificial Kidney
ii.
Dialyzers
iii.
Portable kidney machines
Discuss the principle of working of Hemodialysis machine . Highlight the advantages of Portable kidney
machines

Lesson Schedule
Class No. Portion covered per hour
1. Function of kidneys.
2. Artificial kidney,Dialyzers.
3. Hemodialysis machine
4. Portable kidney machines

Model Questions
1.
2.

3.

Explain the function of kidneys.

Write short notes on :
a. Artificial Kidney
b. Dialyzers
c. Portable kidney machines
Discuss the principle of working of Hemodialysis machine . Highlight the advantages of Portable kidney
machines

DEPARTMENT 0F INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

R.V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION UNDER VTU
V SEMESTER
MODEL QUESTION PAPER
BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Time: 3hrs
Subject Code: 12ITA52

Max. Marks: 100

Page 15 of 17

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:
1. Answer all questions from Part-A and Part-A questions should be answered in the first two pages of the
answer book.
2. Answer any five full questions from Part-B.
.
PART A
1.1

In
electromagnetic
blood
flowmeter,
the
induced
voltage
____________________proportional to the flow rate through the blood vessel.
The laser used in Laser Doppler blood flow meter is ___________________________

1.2
1.3

In a Multichannel ECG machine, the operating program controlling the lead selection and other
operations is stored in __________________
The maximum magnetization due to the magnetic field is given by ___________________
Poor selectivity, baseline instability and restriction in site of measurement are associated with
___________
The techniques under direct method of blood pressure measurement are
The mean arterial
pressure over one cardiac cycle is approximated by adding
_______________ to _________
With the __________________ method of Blood pressure measurement, we can measure only
the systolic pressure.
Common GI tract problems are diagonised by______________
The limitations of DSA are______________ and __________________
LD 50/30 is estimated to be around ___________ radians for whole body irradiation.
Line spread function is defined as________________
List any 4 advantages of DSA
PART B

Discuss the following:

i.
Brain waves
ii.
10-20 electrode system

Briefly explain any six general constraints in the design of medical instrumentation system.

OR
Explain the block diagram of generalized medical instrumentation system.

Discuss the General constraints in design of medical instrumentation systems.

What is bioelectric potential? Explain polarization, depolarization and repolarization with neat
waveforms.

List the various types of surface electrodes used in ECG recording. Bring out the salient features
of each one of them.

1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15

1
1
1

1.6
1.7

The Lamors equation is given by ______________.

The shortcoming of NMR blood flow meters is the __________and ________________

1.4
1.5

is

Page 16 of 17

1
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
2

R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 560059

(Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

Department Instrumentation Technology

OR
Compare computerized analysis of EEG to that of other analysis of EEG.

Explain the different analyses which are used in the computerized analysis of EEG

With a neat block diagram, explain the working of microprocessor based bedside patient
monitor.
Discuss the principle of transmittance and reflectance photoelectric plethysmography. Highlight
the features of plethysmographic signal processing system with a neat block diagram.
OR

a
b

List and explain in brief the different types of oximetry.

Explain the principle of intravascular oximeter.

a
b

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Doppler shift blood flow meters?

8
8

10

With the help of a neat diagram explain the arrangement of arterial blood flow using NMR
principle.
OR
Explain the working of programmable pacemakers.

With the help of a block diagram, explain ventricular synchronous demand pacemaker.

Explain the method of measuring the volume by Nitrogen washout technique.

Explain the function of kidneys.

OR
11

a
b

Explain the working of the Hemodialysis machine.

Write a note on portable kidney machines.

8
8

*******************************************************************

Page 17 of 17