DTU

Semester1
8860063407
Shruti_0802@yahoo.co.in
Unit1FIT

FIT_Unit1
FITUnit1

FIT_Unit1Unit
1FIT
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HelloAll
Justfeltlikesharingmyownexperiencesasanengineeringstudent.Idontknow
howmanyofyouwereorareintrovertseventoday,buthonestly,Ihadbeenan
extremeintrovertbeforemycollegeyearswhoonlyknewwhatbooksarebut
nothingactuallyabouttheouterworld.Mygraduationbroughtenormousamountof
changesindividually.Itsonlyfewfortunatestudentswhogettoholdthemost
prestigiouspositionsfortheircampusasanorganization.Probably,Iwasequally
opportunatetobeconsideredinthatlistwhere,Iwastheplacementcellmember,
theleadtechnicalfestorganizer,leadculturalfestorganizer,Classrepresentative,
Streamrepresentative(forallengineeringyearsofInformationtechnology
branch),collegeanchorforall4years,anemotionalcounselorformyfriends,lead
receptioncommitteeorganizer,analltimedebate/extempore,jamsessionwinner
andyes,amongthefirst5classtoppersacademically.
IneversaythatIwasalwaysfearlessforthestage.No...infactIhadbeenvery
veryreservedasachildwhohesitatedtoopeneventoherparents,whonever
sharedawordwithothers,whoneverthoughtthatshecaneverdoanythingfor
herself,whothoughtdreamingandfulfillingthosedreamsisanimpossibleactonly
seeninthetelevisionworldbutnotinreality,whofoundherselfuglytostandinthe
crowdandyetsmile,whoevengotsuicidalfeelingsinsideandwhoalwaysthought
Godisunfare,unkindandbiased.
But,yes,thingschangedforthebetter,andhereIam...
Yes,Idofacefailures,Idohavegoofups.ButIknownow.....Thisisnottheend
..butabeginningtocorrectmyfailures,,,,tobebrave,,,,tounderstandlifeandlove
itevenwithallmyfailuresandrisetoachievemyambitions,myfamily,myfriends
andyes,myself.BringGodtoyourlifeandyouleasthavetoworryaboutwhere
yourlifeismoving.Helovesyoumorethanyouloveyourself.
HaveahappyReading!!..:)
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Data
Definition:
(1) In computing, data isinformationthathasbeentranslatedintoaformthatismoreconvenient
to move or process. Relative to today's computers and transmission media, data is information
convertedintobinarydigitalform.
2) In computer component interconnection and network communication, data is often
distinguished from "control information," "control bits," and similar terms to identify the main
contentofatransmissionunit.
3) In telecommunications, data sometimes means digitalencoded information to distinguish it
from analogencoded information such as conventional telephone voice calls. In general,
"analog" or voice transmission requires a dedicated continual connection for the duration of a
related series of transmissions. Data transmission canoftenbesentwithintermittentconnections
inpacketsthatarriveinpiecemealfashion.
4)Generallyandinscience,dataisagatheredbodyoffacts.
Topic1:Information
Definition:
It is Data that (1) hasbeenverifiedtobeaccurateand timely,(2)isspecificandorganizedfora
purpose, (3) is presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and (4) that can
leadtoanincreaseinunderstandinganddecreaseinuncertainty.
Thevalueofinformationliessolelyinitsabilitytoaffectabehavior,decision,oroutcome.A
pieceofinformationisconsideredvaluelessif,afterreceivingit,thingsremainunchanged.
Topic2:DifferenceBetweenDataAndInformation
DataInformationRawfacts&figuresProcesseddataMeaninglessDatawithmeaningNo
ContextDatawithcontextNovalueaddedtodataValueaddedthrough
SummarizationAnalysisOrganizationIsuncertainDecreasesuncertaintyandbrings
understanding
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Topic3:Introductiontoinformationrepresentationindigitalmedia,text,images,
graphics,animation,audio,videoetc.
Multimedia
Definition:
Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio, video, and
animation in addition to traditional media (i.e., text, graphics/drawings, images). Multimedia is
the field concerned with the computercontrolledintegrationoftext, graphics,drawings,stilland
moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any othermediawhereeverytypeofinformation
canberepresented,stored,transmittedandprocesseddigitally.
AMultimediaApplicationisanapplicationwhichusesacollectionofmultiplemediasources
e.g.text,graphics,images,sound/audio,animationand/orvideo.
WhatisHyperTextandHyperMedia?
Hypertextisatextwhichcontainslinkstoothertexts.ThetermwasinventedbyTedNelson
around1965.
Hypermedia
HyperMediaisnotconstrainedtobetextbased.Itcanincludeothermedia,e.g.,graphics,
images,andespeciallythecontinuousmediasoundandvideo.
ExamplesHypermediaApplications
1)TheWorldWideWeb(WWW)isthebestexampleofahypermediaapplication.2)
Powerpoint3)AdobeAcrobat
KeyIssuesforMultimediaSystems
Thekeyissuesmultimediasystemsneedtodealwith
are:
1)Howtorepresentandstoretemporalinformation.2)Howtostrictlymaintainthetemporal
relationshipsonplayback/retrieval.3)Whatprocessareinvolvedintheabove.4)Datahastobe
representeddigitally.So,requireAnalogDigitalConversion,Sampling
etc.5)LargeDataRequirementsbandwidth,storage.
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ABriefLookatMultimediaData:
InputFormat
TextandStaticData
1)Source:keyboard,speechinput,opticalcharacterrecognition,datastoredondisk.2)Stored
andinputcharacterbycharacter:
Storageoftextis1bytepercharacter(textorformatcharacter).Forotherformsofdata(e.g.
Spreadsheetfiles).Maystoreformatastext(with
formatting)othersmayusebinaryencoding.3)Format:Rawtextorformattedtext
e.gHTML,RichTextFormat(RTF),Wordora
programlanguagesource(C,Pascal,etc..)4)NottemporalBUTmayhavenaturalimplied
sequencee.g.HTMLformatsequence,
SequenceofCprogramstatements.5)Size:Notsignificantw.r.t.otherMultimediadata.
Graphics
1)Format:constructedbythecompositionofprimitiveobjectssuchaslines,polygons,
circles,curvesandarcs.2)Input:Graphicsareusuallygeneratedbyagraphicseditor
program(e.g.Illustrator)or
automaticallybyaprogram(e.g.Postscript).3)Graphicsareusuallyeditableorrevisable
(unlikeImages).4)Graphicsinputdevices:keyboard(fortextandcursorcontrol),mouse,
trackballor
graphicstablet.5)Graphicsstandards:OpenGL,PHIGS,GKS6)Graphicsfilesusuallystore
theprimitiveassembly7)Donottakeupaveryhighstorageoverhead.
Images
1)Stillpictureswhich(uncompressed)arerepresentedasabitmap(agridofpixels).2)Input:
digitallyscannedphotographs/picturesordirectfromadigitalcamera.3)Input:Mayalsobe
generatedbyprogramssimilartographicsoranimationprograms.4)Storedat1bitperpixel
(BlackandWhite),8Bitsperpixel(GreyScale,ColourMap)or
24Bitsperpixel(TrueColour)5)Size:a512x512Greyscaleimagetakesup1/4Mb,a
512x51224bitimagetakes3/4Mb
withnocompression.6)Thisoverheadsoonincreaseswithimagesize.7)Compressionis
commonlyapplied.
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Audio
1)Audiosignalsarecontinuousanalogsignals.2)Input:microphonesandthendigitisedand
stored3)CDQuality:Audiorequires16bitsamplingat44.1KHz
Evenhigheraudiophilerates(e.g.24bit,96KHz)4)1MinuteofMonoCDquality
(uncompressed)audiorequires5Mb.5)1MinuteofStereoCDquality(uncompressed)audio
requires10Mb.6)Usuallycompressed(E.g.MP3,AAC,Flac,OggVorbis).
Video
1)Input:AnalogVideoisusuallycapturedbyavideocameraandthendigitised.2)Therearea
varietyofvideo(analoganddigital)formats3)Rawvideocanberegardedasbeingaseriesof
singleimages.Therearetypically25,
30or50framespersecond.4)TypicalPALdigitalvideotakes720*576pixelspercolour
frame.5)Digitalvideoclearlyneedstobecompressedformosttimes.
Topic4,5:Need&ValueofInformation:WhyData&InformationAreValuable!
Information is the lifeblood of any organization. Damaged or lost data can cause disruptionsin
normal business activities leading to financial losses, law suits, etc. Information systems,which
comprise hardware, software, data, applications, communication and people, help an
organization to better manage and secure its critical corporate, customer and employee data.
Informationsystemsalsoimproveintegrationandworkprocesses...thebenefitsgoonandon.
Factorsaffectingthevalueofinformationinorganizations
Completeness
If information is not complete,baddecisionswouldbemade.Forexample,ifyouwerechoosing
a car, and had no information about safety on any of the models you were contemplating, you
couldmakeareallyskullcrushingdecision.
Accuracy
It makes sense that accurate information is the best kind of information. Beware when you are
searching for information... especially on the Internet. Any old idiot (like me) can say anything
heorshelikes.Youmustjudgeeachpieceofinformationbasedon
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i) What youalready know(butsometimeswhatyouknowmightbewrong!)ii)Thereputationof

the information source (have they usually been accurate in the past?) iii) Has the information
been checked by others? (books are carefully edited by experts, webpages might not be) iv) Is
the author biased?(Dotheyworkforthecompanywhomakestheproducttheyare praising?Are
they prejudiced?) v) Is the information uptodate (timely)? Are you buying a computer with a
1998magazinead?
Timeliness
Information can be valuable one day, and useless the next. A newspaper article examining the
chances of candidates in a Federal Election might be spoton the day before the vote, and
ridiculous the day after. All information has a "use by" date. Be very wary of consuming
informationthatisoutofdate!
Withbooks,checkthedateofpublication.Sometopicsrarelychangewithtime(e.g.thethemes
inShakespeare).Otherschangebytheminute(e.g.whatstockisgoodvalue).
Withwebpages,checkthe"LastUpdated"date,ifthereisone(becautiousifthereisn'toneand
theissueischangingconstantly.)Oldwebpagesaresometimesonlygoodforhistoricalresearch.
Consistency
Beware if your source of information changes its mind at various places, or contradictsitself.It
is the sign that it isuntrustworthy.Ifanewspaperreviewofafilmglowsaboutit,thenlaterpans
it, you can be sure the author is eitherconfusedorstupid.Ineithercase,treatalltheinformation
withthecautionitdeserves.
Validity
Tobevaluable,informationshouldbeunbiased,representativeandverifiable.
Biascanbeconscious(e.g.advertisements)orunconscious(throughprejudiceorignorance).
If information neglects key topics or issues, it might not represent the full knowledgebase you
need to know. If, for example, you visit an American website discussing worldhistory,don'tbe
surprised if it seems that America won both World Wars singlehandedly even though they
startedlateineachofthem.
If information cannot be independently verified, it should be treated with utmost caution. In
court, "hearsay" evidence is treated with nearcontempt. Just because someone says something
happened does not mean it really happened. There needs to be a way to investigate claims
beyond what a single person (or organization) says. If you believed everything you were told
withoutcheckingoutthefacts,you'dbeafool.
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Appropriateness
Informationcanbepresentedindifferentways.Somewaysmaybemeaningfulandrelevant,and
formattedtosuittheusersneeds,othersmaynot.
If you are searching forbasicinformationonnetworksandyoufindasitethatdiscussesintricate
technical specification of file servers that you simply don't understand the information is
worthlesstoyou.Itmightbeapotofgoldtosomeoneelse,butithasnovaluetoyou.
Similarly, if you were researching the causes of the common cold and you found a book that
said, "Colds are caused by bugs, so be careful if your playmates sneeze near you", the
informationmightbevalid,butinaninappropriateform.
Information might be presented in a fashion that is inappropriate to your needs. For example,if
you were a securityoperativeinalargeretailchain,and you suspectedanemployeewasstealing
money, you'd want detailed transaction records, and not a summary graph showing the store's
salesoveramonth.
On the other hand, if you were the CEO of the company and you wanted an indication of the
company's progress, a thousand cash register receipts would be useless. You'd need the
informationsummarizedoraggregatedtobeofanyusetoyou.
Uniqueness
Sometimes, information is valuable if you are the only one who has it. A business that owns
unique intellectualpropertywillguarditwith allitsmightbecauseitisvaluablewhiletheyalone
possess it. Patents, marketing ideas, ad campaigns, new products etc all fall into this category.
Once their secrets are known, they are worthless. That explains why organizations tend to be
quietaboutinitiativesandnewproductsuntiltheyarepubliclyreleased.
Relevance
If information is not relevant to the recipient, it is worthless. If you are not a gambler and you
hearatipthat ahorseisa"deadcertainty"atRandwicktomorrow,itisuselessinformation.Fora
puntser, however, the information might be pure gold.Informationisnotuniversallyvaluable:it
isvaluableonlytoapersonwhoneedsitandcanuseit.
Topic6:QualityOfInformation:InformationQualityCharacteristics
Sincethereissomuchinformationoutthere,professionalshavedefinedcharacteristicsthatare
critical.Herearethekeycriteriausedtodeterminethevalueofinformation:
ACCURATE The information must be true, verifiable, and not deceptive. Accurate
information is based on empirical data and can be validated by comparing sources or checking
forinternalconsistency.
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CURRENTTheinformationmustbeapplicabletothepresenttime.Keepinginformation
currentrequiresaprocessofeliminatingtheoldandaddingthenew.
RELEVANTRelevantinformationappliestotheinterestsoftheindividualswhouseitforthe
decisions they are facing. It should reduce a person's uncertainties about work and education
whilefacilitatingchoiceandplanning.
SPECIFIC Forinformationtobespecific,itmustcontainconcretefacts.Generalobservations
are often interesting and can provide a background for further analysis, but specific facts are
essentialtorealisticplanninganddecisionmaking.
UNDERSTANDABLE People using information must be able to comprehend it before they
can use it. Data must be analyzed and converted into words. The content of themessageshould
avoidambiguitiesandbeinformativetotheintendedaudiences.
COMPREHENSIVETheinformationshouldincludealltheimportantcategorieswithinits
scopeofcoverage.
UNBIASED This characteristic is about the motivation or purposeforwhichtheinformation
is beingproducedanddelivered.Itisunbiasedwhentheindividualororganizationdeliveringthe
information has no vested interest in the decisions or plans of the people who are receiving the
information.
COMPARABLETheinformationpresentedshouldbeofuniformcollection,analysis,
content,andformatsothatyoucancompareandcontrastthevariouscomponents..
Thesearesomeofthemostimportantqualitiesthatqualityresourcesstrivetoachieveinmaking
informationusefulforplanninganddecisionmaking.
Topic7:Compression
Definition:
Compression is the reduction in sizeofdatainordertosavespaceortransmissiontime.Fordata
transmission, compression can be performed on just the data content or on the entire
transmissionunit(includingheaderdata)dependingonanumberoffactors.
Explanation:
Data compressionsqueezesdatasoitrequireslessdiskspaceforstorageandlessbandwidthona
data transmission channel. Communications equipment like modems, bridges, and routers use
compression schemes to improve throughput over standard phone lines or leased lines.
Compression is also used to compress voice telephone calls transmittedoverleasedlinessothat
more calls can be placed on those lines. In addition, compression is essential for
videoconferencingapplicationsthatrunoverdatanetworks.
Most compression schemes take advantage of the fact that data contains a lot of repetition. For
example, alphanumeric characters are normally represented by a 7bit ASCII code, but a

compressionschemecanusea3bitcodetorepresenttheeightmostcommonletters.
Inaddition,longstretchesof"nothing"canbereplacedbyavaluethatindicateshowmuch
"nothing"thereis.Forexample,silenceinacompressedaudiorecordingcanbereplacedbya
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valuethatindicateshowlongthatsilenceis.Whitespaceinacompressedgraphicimagecanbe
replacedbyavaluethatindicatestheamountofwhitespace.
Compression has become critical in themovetocombinevoiceanddatanetworks.Compression
techniques have been developed that reduce thedatarequirementsforavoicechanneldownto8
Kbits/sec. This is a significant improvement over noncompressed voice(64Kbits/sec)andolder
compressiontechniquesyielding32Kbits/sec.
Twoimportantcompressionconceptsarelossyandlosslesscompression:
Lossy compression: With lossy compression, it is assumed that some loss of information is
acceptable. The best example is avideoconferencewherethereisanacceptableamountof frame
loss in order to deliver the image in real time. People may appear jerkyin theirmovements,but
you still have a grasp for what is happening on the other end of the conference. In the case of
graphics files, some resolution may be lost in order to create a smaller file. The loss may be in
the form of color depth or graphic detail. For example, highresolution details can be lost if a
picture is going to be displayed on a lowresolution device. Loss is also acceptableinvoiceand
audiocompression,dependingonthedesiredquality.
Lossless compression: With lossless compression, data iscompressedwithoutanylossofdata.
It assumes you want to get everything back that you put in. Critical financial data files are
exampleswherelosslesscompressionisrequired.
The removal of information in the lossy technique is acceptable for images, because the loss of
information is usually imperceptible to the human eye. While this trick works on humans, you
may not be able to use lossyimagesinsomesituations,suchaswhenscannersareusedtolocate
detailsinimages.
Lossy compression can provide compression ratios of 100:1 to 200:1, depending on the type of
information being compressed. Lossless compression ratios usually only achieve a 2:1
compression ratio. Lossy compression techniques are often "tunable" in that you can turn the
compression up to improve throughput, but at a loss in quality. Compression can alsobeturned
downedtothepointatwhichthereislittlelossofimage,butthroughputwillbeaffected.
When you send or receive information on the Internet as larger text files, either singly or with
others as part of an archive file, that may be transmitted in a zip, gzip, or other compressed
format.
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