TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION
2. SITE AND SAFETY

2 - 9

3. EXTERNAL WORK

10 - 19

4. FOUNDATION

20 - 24

5. SUPER STRUCTURE
1 . FLOORING SYSTEM
II . FORMWORK, REINFORCEMENT, SCAFFOLDING
III . WALL
IV .STAIRCASE

25
31
41
50

6. DOOR AND WINDOWS

56 - 60

7. ROOF

30
40
49
55

61 - 73

8. SUMMARY

74

9. REFERENCE

75

Introduction

Golden Hills
Situated at Cameron Highlands, Golden
Hills is an English-inspired commercial
and residential project by LBS Bina
Group Berhad. The site is strategically
located in between two well-developed
centres, Tanah Rata and Brinchang.
Designed with nature and modernity in
harmony, Golden Hills is destined to be
the centre of commercial attraction in
Cameron Highlands. The expected date
of completion is April 2016.

byJiilian

Pic 1: Completed 3-Storey Semi Detached Home

Goh Joon Jin

The location is approximately 5,000 feet

above sea level with
the road distance estimated of:
205km from Kuala Lumpur
111km from Ipoh
238km from Penang
and 543km from Johor Bahru

The following sites were

involved in this project
analysis as they are
currently under
development.
Barrington Homes: 50 units
Barrington Square: 381 units
SomerSquare: 412 units
Location Plan

Pic 2 : Master Plan for Golden Hills

Location Plan

Site

and

Safety

The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) and other government agencies
have regulations that lay down the legal requirements to ensure the safety and health of not
only the workers at the place of work but also the public. It is applied to all place of work in
building operation and work
of engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered by the Occupational
Safety And Health Act 1994 (Act 514), the Factories And Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139), and all
the regulations made there under.

Safety Equipment
Everyone that entering the construction site are required to wear safety equipment to
reduce the risk of getting injuries.

Site

and Safety
SAFETY EQUIPMENT & SIGNBOARD

By Wong Teng Chun

Signboard
Signboards are placed all the place around the construction site to provide the information
and reminder to people around.

Safety helmet

Safety signboard is placed at the

entrance of the site to remind of the
authorised visitors and workers to wear
safety equipment before entering and
to be caution of the activities inside as it
could heavily injure or kills a person.

Safety boot

Safety helmets made of thermoplastics, help to protect people's head from falling
object from the top. The safety helmet might not be able to fully protect a person's
head but it does reduce the injury on that individual. Safety helmets come in different
colours to indicate the roles of individuals that accessing the site. Yellow and blue are
commonly worn by workers of the site, white by architects, engineers or visitors and
red is by safety agent.

Project signboard shows all information that is

involved in the project which includes address
of the site, name of the developer's company,
architect's company, engineer's company,
contractor's company, date approved, beginning
and end of construction date and the funders of
the project.

Site

Construction Site Office

A construction site office keeps all the documents and
information about every construction methods, specification
of materials used and work progress. Every visitor to the
site have to report to the constrcution site office to get
permission to enter the site.

and Safety
CONSTRUCTION SITE OFFICE
AND WAREHOUSE
By Wong Teng Chun

Samples in the site office

Warehouse

The materials and equipments are sort out by category on the

shelft for easier searching when it is in need to use.

Materials can be transport easily by hanging it on the hoist that can

be found on the ceiling of the warehouse.

All the equipment and materials are kept in a

warehouse that can be found around the construction
site and tend to be tidy and organised. Besides that,
forklift can be found there which is used to transport
heavy materials.

Site

and Safety
HOARDING , COVERING,
WHEEL WASHING & SCAFFOLDING
By Wong Teng Chun

Wheel Washing

Hoarding

Temporary fencing or hoarding around

the construction site not only to keep out
unauthorised people but also ensure the
safety of general public and people who
pass by the site area.

Trucks or any vehicles that are going out of the construction site are required to undergo washing to
ensure the public road to be clean and not polluted by the dirt and dust from the construction site. There
is a place where its lowered ground for vehicles to wash itself and this system is called drive-through
system. The vehicles are drive forward and backward repeatedly washing the wheels until clean before
moving to the public road.

Another system for wheel washing is roller

where the wheels vehicles are moved on the
roller and turn around as like the vehicles is
driving while the water are spray on the tire
until it is clean.

Covering

Scaffolding
Scaffolding provides a temporary barrier
that prevent workers from falling off
accidentally. It also act as temporary
supporting for the materials and rubbish
chute for easier way to dispose rubbish and
as well as walk way.

Any unused materials that are placed on the site are being covered to prevent rainwater and direct sunlight from
reaching it which could damage and distrub the materials properties.

Plants

and Machinery
BACKHOE-LOADER, FORKLIFT &
TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK MOUNTED
MOBILE CRANES
By Wong Teng Chun

Backhoe-loader
backhoe

stick

cab

Forklift

tractor
loader

Used in digging shallow excavations and trenches, general grading, lifting loads, loading and carry light building materials around
the site. The backhoe bucket can be replaced with others such as
breaker, grapple, auger or stump grinder

bucket
Stabilizer legs

Telescoping-boom
Truck Mounted Mobile
Cranes
Also called mobile crane, is used in lifting and transporting materials around the site by hanging it on the hook. It can lift loads up to
5 storey height. Its function can be changed by changing the hook
into another equipment such as demolition ball, clamshell bucket
or dragline.
main boom
tip (head)

Forklift is used to lift and transport building materials around the site. It is found
near warehouse. It is said to be dangerous and to be handle carefully as the lifting
of the materials increases the height of centre of gravity together with the speed
when transporting causing it to be unstable.

Mast assembly
Hydraulic
Hose
Hose
Keepers
Tilt Cylinder

hook
boom
Operator
cab

main hoist
truck cab

Gauges

Overhead
Guard

Fork

6
Driving
Wheels

Steering
Wheels

Plants

Truck

A big transportation vehicles that

used to transport huge amount of
excavated materials over a long
distance.

and Machinery
TRUCK, CONCRETE MIXER TRANSPORT
TRUCK, CEMENT MIXER & EXCAVATOR
By Wong Teng Chun

Cement Mixer
A device used to mix the cement,
aggregate and water to form concrete.
The cement mixer is portable and can be
found at the site as it helps for the workers
to apply the concrete before it hardens.

Concrete mixer transport Truck

Excavator

Excavator is a vehicles that

used in digging trenches
and holes, handling
materials and demolition.

Hydraulic
Pile Driver

A transportation vehicles that transport readily mixed concrete in a large quantities to the
construction site. During the transportation, the drum of the truck rotates continuously
to prevent the cement from hardening and maintaining in liquid form with a spiral blade
build inside the drum. When the truck pouring the cement, the drum rotates in opposite
directions to force the cement flows out from the drum.

drum

arm cylinder
arm

bucket
cylinder

side cutter
bucket

boom
boom cylinder

cab

muffler counterweight

It is a device that is
used to drive piles
into the ground to
provide foundation
support for the
buildings. The weight
is raised by hydraulics
to the highest point
and then released and
smashes on the pile to
drive into the ground.

Plants

and Machinery
TRACTOR, BULLDOZER & ROAD ROLLERS
By Wong Teng Chun

Tractor

Tractors main task in building site is to

push or drag. It can be equipped with dozer
blades, buckets, hoes and rippers.

Bulldozer

Road Rollers
Road roller also sometimes called a roller
compactor or roller. The function of this vehicle
is to compact the ground with its large and
heavy metal tires at the front of the vehicle.
It is very useful as it reduces the time of the
construction and the labour costs for land
flattening. Roller also can be used in landfills,
road construction and agriculture.

This vehicle is equipped with a substantial metal plate at the front and is
used to push a large quantities of soil, sand or rock during construction.
Bulldozer also equipped with continuous track instead of tires which allows
the vehicles to go through uneven ground easily.

hydraulic cylinder

roller drum

pushing beam

blade

Power Trovel

Power trowel is a device used to apply a smooth

and flat finish to concrete slabs. It consists of fan
type abrasive blades moving on the surface of the
concrete slabs with moving motors. There are two
type of power trowel; ride-on power trowel and
walk-behind power trowel.

Plants

and Machinery
POWER TROVEL, BAR BENDING MACHINE,
WATER PUMP & AIR COMPRESSOR
By Wong Teng Chun

Water Pump
Water pump is used to suck out
the water in the construction site,
preventing in flooding and channel
it outside the site. The flow of
water pump can be reversed by
turning the fan of the motor in
opposite direction.

Ride-on power trowel

Walk-behind power trowel

Bar Bending Machine

A machine used to bend rebar according to specifications. It is
portable and can be found and move around at the site.

Air Compressor

This devices convert power into kinetics energy by compressing and pressuring
air and release it in a quick burst. Air compressor is used filling tires and supply a
moderate amount of air pressure for tools and equipment such as jackhammers.

External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming

EXTERNAL WORKS

10

External Work

EARTHWORK AND SETTLING OUT

By Ling Yuan Ming

EARTHWORK

Earthwork are engineering works. They are created through the moving and processing part of the
earths surfaces which includes soil and rock. Theses soil and rock may be trasnfered to another
location. Most earthwork involves machine excavation and backfillling.

SETTLING OUT
Settling out involves marking out the site to indicate foundation trenches are to be dug as
well as the position of the walls on the oncrete foundation. Wooden profiles are firmly placed
into the ground, on which strings can be fixed, the position of which can be transferred to the
ground to indicate the trench and wall positions.
Once the profiles are in, the string lines for the outer edge of the trench are checked to
ensure that the diagonals are equal - showing that the house will be built square. If the
diagonals are not equal, then reposition some profiles and check again.

Steps in Settling out :

1. Identify the minimum sizes for foundation
2. Setting out corner profiles
3. Marking out foundation and wall thickness
4. Marking out on the ground from the profiles
5. Excavation of foundation
6. Setting out levels for the height of the concrete
7. Pouring concrete for the strip foundation
8. Compacting and levelling out concrete

11

External Work

SITE LAYOUT
3 storey semidetached townhouse
Double storey
townhouse

Commercial/
Villa/Hotel

By Ling Yuan Ming

SITE OFFICE
Located on an empty land that will future developed not
far from the main road.
Site office buildings are fundamental for smooth running operation. The site office keeps all data,
documents and information about every construction method, specifications of materials and work
progresses. Every visitor to the site have to report to the construction office to obtain permission. It can be
either permanent or portable; usually portable and made from a container.

Site Office and

Labour relation
Water Detention and
Lake Promenade

Bungalow Lots

Shop Apartment

Shop Apartment

Water Treatment Plant

12

External Work

SITE LAYOUT
SITE OFFICE

TOILET

By Ling Yuan Ming

Of the many reasons, containers are used as they

are economical, durable, flexible and easy to install.
In Cameron Highlands, the containers are arranged
in a U-shape forming the site office and is covered
by zincalume roof supported by the usual wooden
beams.

There are a few temporary

toilet around the site. They are
constructed just using plywood and
also zincalume sheet for a shelter
roof. The function of a temporary
toilet and any toilets does not
differ, only that the latter will be
demolished when the construction
is done.

*Red box indicating the roof

LABOUR RELATION

Rows of temporary accommodation were built by and for the foreign workers. These workers live nomadically and stays on every
construction site they go to. In Cameron Highlands, their temporary staying place/shelter is made of plywood and zincalume roof too. The
shelter are slightly raised from the ground to prevent flooding and water entry whenever heavy rain hits.

13

External Work

SEWERAGE / WATER TREATMENT

By Ling Yuan Ming

Pipes from each house or building will flow to a sewer main. Repeatedly, a vertical pipe will run
up from the main to the surface where it is covered by a manhole cover. Manholes are present
to allow access to the main for maintenance purposes.

PROCESS
Note that
manhole covers
are circular,
arent square
or rectangle so
that the cover
will not have
the chance
to fall into the
main.
From there, the sewer mains will flow into sequentially larger pipes until they arrive at the
wastewater treatment plant. The type of pipe used in sewage is Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP). VCP
is used as it has resistance to almost all domestic waste, particularly sulfuric acid by hydrogen
sulfide (a common component in sewage). A sewer system is completely gravity-powered. In
order for gravity to do its job, the wastewater plant are usually located on lower grounds.
Once the water reaches the plant, it will go through several stages of treatment. The first stage
is known as a primary treatment where it allows the solids to settle out of the water and the scum
to rise. The system will then collect the solids for disposal, usually in a landfill or an incinerator.

The second stage, secondary treatment is carried out to remove organic materials and nutrient.
Air and is pumped into large aeration tanks mixing wastewater and sludge that stimulates the
growth of oxygen-using bacteria. These beneficial bacteria will consume the organic materials and
produce heavier particles that will settle later on. The wastewater passes through the bubbling
tanks in three to six hours. This secondary treatment will remove 90% of all solids and organic
materials.
The third and last treatment before discharging the effluent is the tertiary treatment. This
treatment uses chemicals to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from the water. Chlorine is added
too to kill bacteria. The water is then discharged into nearby river.

14

WATER RETICULATION
Multiple construction developers are carrying out their own projects in that and its neighbouring area. Due to the massive
construction in that area, the Government has requested the developer to have their own water tank to supply water to the
inner residential than relying on the existing water tank outside.

External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming

There are a few types of water tank, overhead, underground and rest on ground. In Cameron Highlands, the water tank
belongs to the one that rests on the ground. This is due to its aesthetical view of its surrounding and also the design of the
construction. Situated on a hill, the height is sufficient and perfect.

TEMPORARY WATER TANK

PERMANENT WATER TANK

This temporary water tank gets water supply from the main pipe. It is to supply the foreign workers with clean source of water
to carry out daily activities such as drinking, cooking, showering and also for construction purposes. This water tank is built
much earlier before the permanent water tank is built and will be demolished at the end of the project.

A larger permanent water tank is built on top of a hill situated

more to the front. The purpose of this is to replace the
permanent water tank and also supply for the entire residential
are in the future, not only for this particular developer.

15

External Work

WATER RETICULATION
WATER PUMP STATION

By Ling Yuan Ming

This station is available
beside both the
temporary and also the
permanent water tank.
There are two types of
pump, to suck and to
push. The suck type will
draw more water from
the main pipe to the
tank whereas the push
type will take water from
the tank and deliver it
outward. The one in
Cameron Highlands
belongs to the pushing.
Booster pumps are
used here so that the
water supply can reach
over a long distance
and still maintaining the
water pressure.

The image shows a pressuring reducing valve. This valve

will control the water pressure of the water released to
prevent high pressure from damaging the certain utilities
that cannot handle.

16

External Work

EXTENDED DETENTION DRY BASIN

Also known as retarding basin or a detention pond, a detention basin is an excavated area which is connected to
rivers or streams. The purpose of detention pond is to protect against flooding or downstream erosion by storing
rainwater for a period of time. It also controls some pollutants such as suspended soils.

By Ling Yuan Ming

WALL STRUCTURE
The type of wall used in the detention basin is Gabion Wall. It
is a type of retaining wall that is made up of stacked stone-filled
gabions tied together with wire.
Gabions are usually stacked backwards, stepped back with the
slop and not arranged vertically.

A detention basin differs from a retention basin as it does not have a permanent pool of water. The basic function of this detention
basin is allowing large flows of water to enter but limits the outflow by having a small opening at a lowest point of the structure.

This arrangement made it strong to perform its function which is to

stabilize places like shorelines, stream banks and slopes against
corrosion. The strength of the Gabion wall depends on the wire used,
no the content. A more commonly used wire is galvanized steel wire
but other types such as PVC coated and stainless steel are used too.

17

External Work

STREETLIGHTS
Streetlights belongs to one of the final
installments in a construction work,
therefore theyre not erected yet in the
construction but some are available on
the road outside, linking the main road
and the construction site.

By Ling Yuan Ming

Streetlights are also known as lamp

posts and street lamps. They are the
sources of light which are raised from the
edge of the ground or also between two
opposite direction lanes. Their function
is to proide light and shine giving a clear
vision for road users in bad weather or
nighttime.
There are a few sources that powers
the lights, namely electricity, solar or
wind. The electricity powered lights can
be further broken down into underground
wiring and also the more commonly
used, wiring from one to another.
In Cameron Highlands, the streetlight belongs to underground wiring to maintain the aesthetic view.

Wiring from one to another

Underground wiring

18

External Work

RETAINING WALL SYSTEM

Leucaena seed are used to prevent soil erosion and protect hilly soil.

By Ling Yuan Ming

Contruction of three storey semi detached

These seed are usually planted in horizontal bands which go

horizontal with each bands four to 6 metres apart. Each band will then
have 2 rows of seeds.

Before

After

It usually takes approximately three to four years to fully grow a laecaena seed, until its big enough to protect the hillside.
In Cameron Highlands, these seed is planted on the hillside behind the three storeys semi-detached.

19

Foundation.

20

Reinforce Concrete Pile Introduction

Precast Concrete Pile are commonly to be constructed in a casting yard and transported to the job site.
They are either regularly reinforced or prestressed to resist handling and driving stresses. Precast
concrete piles may be manufactured full length or in sections which can be spliced during installation.
These piles are suitable as friction piles when driven in sand or clay, or as an end bearing piles when driven
through soft materials to firm strata.

Foundation
Reinforce Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho

Piling Process

Before Piling Installation

Site Clearing and Locate Piles

Piles shall be positioned as indicated on the approved pile location drawings. Pilings shall be located not more than twelve (12)
inches from design location on the Pile Location Drawing, unless
approved otherwise by the contractors design Engineer. Remove
any encountered obstructions, or add/relocate pile and adjacent
piles as required by the pile layout designer.

During Piling Installation

Drive in Piles

Drive each pile continuously until refusal. Avoid interruptions in

the driving process that may cause soil freeze-up resulting in early
refusal. In order to allow some time for clay soil to remold without
significantly rebounding upward, at Refusal, maintain the hydraulic
jack pressure for a minimum period of 5 minutes before removing
the jack.

After Piling Installation

Pile Caps

After completion of the driving process, temporarily cap

and shim off the pile to prevent pile rebound. Install
specified pile cap horizontally on top of the driven pile
segment and install shims. After all piles are installed,
adjust all pile caps and shims as required to correct any
shims that may have been dislodged during the driving of
adjacent piles to
provide full contact bearing at pile locations.

21

Foundation
Reinforce Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho

Extension of pile driving

Rock Shoe

PileMaterialandProduction
Precast concrete piles : commonly manufactured in square and ranging from about 250 mm to about 450 mm,
with a maximum section length of up to about 20 m.

The piles are hammered in one by one until it reaches a certain depth or until it reaches
the bed rock. Each pile has a length of the of 20 metres, if needed extension, another pile
will be added on top of it. The excess length of the pile will be cut off, then a pile cap will
be set on top of it.

They are made of concrete, yams, threads, filaments or the like having a basis of a thermoplastic material
CAPACITY OF PILE
The maximum allowable structural working load (Safe
Working Load) of the pile is calculated in accordance with
BS 8004.

22

Pile Cap Detailings

Pile Cap Elevation

Reinforced

Foundation
Concrete Pile

by Evelyn Sinugroho

Column
Floor Slab
Crushed Stones

Expansion
joint

Pile Cap Construction Process

Pile Cap

1.Shuttering and Reinforcing

Placing the Re-bar inside the frame work before pouring in the cement. The materials used are long
twisted steel bars between piles held in shape by thinner tie wires.
Pile
Pile Cap

Pile Cap Section

Reinforce Bar N3

2. Setting up Framework

Once the steel mat is laid, timber is attached around the perimeter to contain the wet concrete
mixture.

3.Pouring in the Concrete

The concrete contains an aggregate of small rocks and cement. Once poured, The concrete is
stirred to remove any air pockets that might weaken the structure when set. The concrete undergoes
an exothermic chemical change as it hardens and this produce a lot of heat.

Reinforce Bar N2
Reinforce Bar N1
Mud Slab
Pile
N1

N2/N3

Pile Cap Plan

23

Reinforced

Column Load

Foundation
Concrete Pile

by Evelyn Sinugroho

Load Bearing Wall

Thikness
:3

Reinforced Concrete
Grade

Pile Foundation
Elevation

Thickness :6
Thickness may vary from
column load

Pile Section

Concrete

Spaced 2-6 to 4-0

Types of Pointed Pile

Shoe
Reinforce Steel Bar

Standing Pile Foundation

Piles depend on the bearing
resistance of the rock or soil layer
beneath their feet for support

X-pointed shoe: Moderate to hard driving

Fabricated Pointed Shoe: Normal hard driving

Steel Shoe
or
Rock Shoe

Cast-iron Pointed Shoe: Normal hard driving

Olso Point: Hard Driving

24

Flooring System

25

Flooring System
Material & details

by

Masoud Ramedani

Floors are combination of materials in to a horizontal structure. It should support

both the live load which are people and furnishing , and dead loads such as the
weight of floor it self. The most important thing about floor system is to take the
weight and the pressure and than transfer it to the walls or columns. Floors also are
important for being sound resistance between the levels and being fire proof

Rebar

Cement/Concrete

Braces

Welded Wires

26

Flooring System
Different floor systems

by

Masoud Ramedani

There are 3 different type of floor system , concrete , wood/timber & steel
Wood/Timber floor system
The wood or timber floor system , usually use in the framing , as an example for the roof and most of the time for top parts they use wood or timber
,
Wood floor system is easier to use , and at the same time is it faster as well , can also connect them in a faster way with simple tools
Here are some examples to show the connection of the wood floor systems and Wood framing method.

Carpet

Steel
Bracket

Plywood
Filling
Felt

Wood Beams

27

Flooring System
Construction Method

by

First of all they make a Foundation , after that building the platform framing.
Joists, studs, rafters and plates are the members that are used to construct
platform framing.
After that the sand blinding and the minimum of 100mm concrete will be poured in
to the platform.

Masoud Ramedani

Steel Floor System

Basically steel frame has some benefits over the others , thats why
now days they try to use steel frame work in their building as floor
system method.
Steel , is cheaper material and lighter as well , hence even these
two reasons can be enough to use this type of method for the floor
system to use. But this is not the end, Steel is a recycle material ,
which means they can use them more times than other materials
and even when it was out of work they can sell it because it is a
recycle material , which means it is more beneficial. Also steel can
be tensioned that is very good to use with the concrete since the
concrete has expansion in some cases.

Here are some examples of the Steel frame method

Rebar

Girder
Steel Bracket

Reinforced
Concrete

Stone

Rebar

Steel Column
Concrete
Slab
Steel Deck

Wood
Beams

Filler Beams

28

Flooring System
by

Concrete Floors
For the concrete floor system method , there
are two types , either they mix the concrete
at the site or they just bring the mixed and
ready concrete it and pour it , they mix the
cement and sand and other mixtures , they
pour into the platform that they made
before in the site.
After they made it clear and straight surface ,
than the drying process will start. They also
have to cover it , so the rain or dust wont
affect on the quality of the job.

Concrete Floor
-Applied on area which frequently
exposed to water
-More durable smooth concrete.

Parallel Grooved
Concrete Floor
-NonSlip and highly wear resistant.
-Applied on parking lot
-Applied on ramp

Masoud Ramedani

Cement Flooring
Cement floors will be used in some
other special places as ground
levels that they want to put other
materials at the top of it as
ceramics or tiles.
In this type of flooring they pour
some sand or stones first and after
that they put cement on it and wait
for the drying process and after
that they finish it with putting some
tiles or ceramics at the top.

Ceramic tiles
5cm thickness
of cement

Cement
Stone or Sand

29

Flooring System
by

Masoud Ramedani

Advantages & disadvantages of all three different methods of floor

systems
Concrete
Advantages

Abundance
Cheap
Familiar
construction
technique
Strength
Durability

Wood/Timber

Disadvantages

Low in tensile
strength
Need reinforcement
Loses the shape in
different temperature

Advantages

Disadvantages

Fast
Light
Quickly
assembled
High fire
resistance
rating

Expensive
Only 3times can
be used
Heavy

Steel
Advantages

Lighter than
timber
Stronger
Easier to join
Recyclable

Disadvantages

Hard to find
Rare material
Expensive material

30

Formwork, Reinforcement,

and

Scaffolding.

31

The temporarystructure required to supportnewlyplaced concrete,

includingtheformsandallnecessarysupportingmembers,bracing,and
hardware.Boardingorsheetingofwood,metal,plastic,orfiberglassfor
containingandgivingadesiredshapetonewlyplacedconcreteuntilitsets
andgainssufficientstrengthtobeself-supporting.Thenitwillberemoved
to be reuse in most cases.

Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

Type of formwork.

The formwork appication we've found on our site are woodform work and metal (aluminium) formwork. this is an application of system
formwork

Aluminium formwork wall panel

wood formwork wall panel

The formwork is specifically designed to allow rapid construction on all types of

architectural layout.
ToTal system forms the complete concrete structure.
Custom designed to suit project requirements.
Unsurpassed construction speed.
high quality finish.
cost effective.
panels can be reused up to 300 times.
erected using unskilled labour.
environmental friendlier than other systems.
higher cost compared to timber formwork.
require sepcial tools to assemble and dissemble

Supplier: MPE FORMWORK TECHNOLOGY SDN. BHD.

easier to handle due to its light weight.

Custom designed to suit project requirements.
an aesthetically pleasing architectural effect can be achieved.
lower initial cost than steel formwork
higher availbility.
panels can be reused up to 3-5 times. with treatment such as paint and oil.
highly depending on the quility and treatment to the wood.
erected using unskilled labour
it requires no special tools..

32

Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding

FORM LINER,

material for linning the inside face of a form specially selected to impart a smooth or patterned finish to
the concrete surface

RELEASE AGENT,

ANY VARIOUS MATERIALS, SUCH AS OIL OR

SILICONE, FOR PREVENTING THE BONDING
OF CONCRETE TO A SURFACE. ALSO CALLED
PARTING COMPOUND. IN OUR SITE, DIESEL
OIL ARE APPLIED ONTO THE WOODFORM
WORK.

BULKHEAD

A PARTITION CLOSING THE END OF A FOAM

OR PREVENTING THE PASSAGE OF NEWLY
PLACED CONCRETE AT A CONSTRUCTION
JOINT.

SCAFFOLDING

finishing effects

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

BRACING
WOOD STUDS,
SPREADER

A HORIZONTAL TIMBER OR STEEL BEAM FOR

REINFORCING VARIOUS VERTICAL MEMBERS,
AS IN FORMWORK OR SHEET PILING, OR FOR
RETAINING EARTH AT THE EDGE OF AN EMBANKMENT. ALSO CALLED BREAST TIMBER,
RANGER, WALE.

WALER

A HORIZONTAL TIMBER OR STEEL BEAM FOR

REINFORCING VARIOUS VERTICAL MEMBERS,
AS IN FORMWORK OR SHEET PILING, OR FOR
RETAINING EARTH AT THE EDGE OF AN EMBANKMENT. ALSO CALLED BREAST TIMBER,
RANGER, WALE.

YOKE

A CLAMPING DEVICE FOR KEEPING COLUMN

FORMS OR THE TOPS OF WALL FORMS FROM
SPREADING UNDER THE FLUID PRESSURE OF
NEWLY

33

Formwork member:
BRACE

Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING

NAILED TO SOLDIER AND KICKER.

SHUTTER
SOLDIIERS
NAILED TO SIDE SHUTTER

BATTEN

PLYWOOD FORMS CAN BE

SMOOTH, OR BE SANDBLASTED
OR WIREBRUSHED TO ACCENTUATE THE GRAIN PATTERN OF
THE FACE PLY. PICTURE BELOW
IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION.

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

Formtie

formtie are required to keep form spreading under the

fluid pressure of newly places concrete. while various
property fomrs are available, there are two basic type
snap ties and she bolts, but only snap ties are used in
this site.

Snap ties

it has notches or crimps that allow their ends to be

snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping
of the forms. either cones or washers are used to maintain the correct wall thickness

Small, truncated cone of wood,

steel, or plastic, attached to form
tiesto space and spread wall
forms, leave a neatly finished
depression in the concrete surface to be filled or left expose

34

Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding

Formwork member:

SCAFFOLDING

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

STUD PIN

IT IS INSERTED INTO THE

BRACING BRACCING
STIRRUP TO LINK WALL
PANEL TOGETHER.

WALL TIE/BRACE STIRRUP

IT IS INSERTED INTO THE

BRACING BRACCING
STIRRUP TO LINK WALL PANEL
TOGETHER.

INSTALLATION:

A WALL PANEL ARE SET VERTICALLY. THEN, A BOLT ARE INSERTED

THROUGH AN OPENING TO A WALL TIE OR BRACE STIRRUP WHICH IS
ALLIGN ON THE OTHER END; A STUD WILL SLOT INTO THE OPENING
ON THE BOLT TO LOCK THE STUD PIN. THIS METHOD WILL REPEAT
UNTIL THE WALL ARE SET INTO THE DESIRED SHAPE.

STRIPPING TOOL

DISMANTLING TOOL THAT

REMOVE FORMWORK PANEL
AFTER CONCRETE ALBE TO
SELF-SUSTAIN.

OTHER APPLICATION

FORMWORK ARE USED TO CONSTRUCT SOME DIFFERENT FORM FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES.
IN THIS CASE, FORMWORK ARE APPLIED IN ORDER
TO
CONSTRUCT A PILE CAP.

35

inareinforcedconcrete,steelbars/rebarsresisttensileforcesandshear
whileconcreteresistscompressionforce.thereare2typesofrebar:plain
ordeformed.deformationimprovethebondbetweensteelandconcrete.

Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

DOWELS

IT IS TIES TO A COLUMN TO
SUPPORT BEAM AND SLAB. IT IS
ALSO USED TO EXTEND
OVERLAP VERTICAL BAR EXTEND
DOWN INTO FOOTIG OR PILE CAP
FAR ENOUGH TO DEVELOP
ADEQUATE LENGTH FOR
ANCHORAGE.

MILD STEEL REBAR

IT HAS MANYAPPLICATION INSIDE

A CONSTRUCTION SIDE. IT IS OFTEN USED IN CONSTRUCTING
A COLUMN AND DEFORM INTO
DESIRED SHAPE FOR OTHER USAGE.
THE FOLLOWING IMAGE ARE
SOME OF THE APPLICATIONS.

LATERAL TIES

LATERAL REINFOREMENT RESTRAINS THE VERTICAL REINFORCEMENTAND STRENGTHENS

THE COLUMN AGAINST BUCKLING. IMAGE BELOW SHOW THE
APPLICATION.

PILE CAP
COLUMN
FINAL PRODUCT THAT HAS BEEN
BEND INTO SPECIFICATION.

BAR BENDING MACHINE

IT IS USED TO BEND THE REBAR

ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATIONS.

36

Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

BRC WIRE MESH

IT IS OFTEN USED IN CONSTRUCTING

FLOOR SYSTEM.

37

scaffolding is a temporary structure or platform for supporting

workersandmaterialsataheightabovethefloororgroundduriongthe
constructionorrepairofabuilding.alsocalledstaging.italsosupport
constructionactivirtieslikeconcreting,formworkinstallation.besides,it
issettotemporarystructuressuchasrubbishchute,catchplatform,walk
way, safety net etc.

Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

LGITH SCAFFOLDING

IT IS COMMONLY USED IN THIS

SITE.
PICTURE ON THE RIGHT SHOWS A
SERIES OF SCAFFOLD ARE
SUPPORTING WALKING BOARD
FOR WORKERS TO WORK ABOVE
GROUND LEVEL.

WORKERS ARE TRYING TO HOIST

UP THE VERTICAL FRAME FROM
GROUND LEVEL TO LEVELABOVE.

38

Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding

Scaffolding member:

SCAFFOLDING

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

JET BASE

IT HAS
ADJUSTABKE
LEVELING
FEATURE WHICH
ALLOW THE
WORKER TO
ADJUST DESIRED
HEIGHT. A PIN IS
SET INTO THE
HOLE OF INNER
TUBE, THEN
SLIDING THE
SCREW POSITION
TO CERTAIN
LEVEL..

HEAD

IT HAS A CLAMP
OR BRACE FOR
STRENGTHENING OR HOLDING METAL
BAR TO ENABLE WALKING
BOARD CAN
LAY ON A EVEN
SURFACE.

INNER TUBE
HEAD

IT HAS A CLAMP
OR BRACE FOR
STRENGTHENING
OR HOLDING METAL BAR.
IN THIS CASE IT
ACT AS A BASE TO
ACCOMODATE THE
SITUATION.

JOINT PIN

IT ALLOW VERTICAL FRAME EXTEND ITS HEIGHT

BY JOINING ANOTHER FRAME
ABOVE IT.

CROSS BRACE

TWO DIAGONAL
SUPPORT PLACED
IN A X SHAPED
MANNER THAT
CONNECT VERTICAL FRAME TO
EACH OTHER..

39

FALSEWORK

THE TEMPORARY FRAMWORK FOR SUPPORTING A STRUCTURE UNDER CONSTRUCTION THAT IS NOT YET CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING ITSELF. IN THIS CASE, SCAFFOLDING ARE USED AS SUPPORTING MEMBER. THE SCAFFOLDING WILL BE REMOVE ONCE THE STRUCTURE HAS
GAIN ENOUGH STREGHT TO SELF-SUPPORT.

40

Wall System.

41

Super Structure

Wall are the vertical construction of a building that enclose seperate,

and protect its interior spaces. some wall are constructed as loadbearing structure with combination or fusion of construction that are intend to
support loads from slabs to roofs; and some use as partition wall to distinguish one space with other.

WALL SYSTEM

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

Function of walls:
1. To support vertical load
2. Exteriior wall, able to withstand horizontal wind loading.
3. Serve as shear walls and transfer
lateral win and seismic forces to the
ground foundation..

Types of wall (at site):

1. concrete wall
2. mansory wall.
3. retaining wall.

retaining wall

concrete wall

mansory wall

42

Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

Construction of Concrete Wall:

1st step
Prepare timber formwork.

2nd step
Nailed to side shutter

3rd step
Erect formwork

BEAM,
OVERHAND CENTILEVER,

SLAB.

4th step

Concrete mix is poured into

formwork

5th step

Formwork is removed

6th step

Completed reinforece concrete

shear wall

43

Super Structure

Construction of Concrete column:

WALL SYSTEM

CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF CONCRETE

COLUMNS ARE SIMILAR TO CONCRETE WALL.

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

1ST STEP

4TH STEP

PREPARE TIMBER FORMWORK.

CONCRETE MIX IS POURED INTO FORMWORK

2ND STEP

5TH STEP

NAILED TO SIDE SHUTTER

FORMWORK IS REMOVED

3RD STEP

6TH STEP

ERECT FORMWORK

COMPLETED REINFORECE CONCRETE SHEAR WALL

FOR ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SEE

TUPIC FORMWORK, REINFORMENT,
AND SCAFFOLDING.

44

Mansory wall consist of modular building blocks bonded together with

mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally
efficient in compression. In our site, clay brick are commonly use due to
its thermal insulation property. Most of the wall (semi-detached house)
are non-load bearing except wall that seperate the two house and related
wall. There is a wall warranty that cover first 5 years only.

Clay brick.

Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

Mansory at at top
level.
Running bond.

commonly used for

cavity and veneer
walls, is composed of
overlapping strechers.

Rowlock.

45

in a reinforced concrete, steel bars/rebars resist tensile forces and shear

while concrete resists compression force. there are

types of rebar: plain or

deformed. deformation improve the bond between steel and concrete.

Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

Cement or Mortar

Dowel Bars
It is fixed to reinforce
concrete wall about
every 4 course
brickwall.

Chicken Wire mesh

or Exmet
Reinforcement
component that apply
to reinforece concrete
every 4 course
brickwall.

Damp proof Concrete

Ensure the first layer of bricks placed

within the damp proof membrane area.

46

Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

Typical erection at selected site:

4th stage
1st stage

substrate must be clean, and free of

surface contaminat. Remove dust,
laitance, grease, oils, curing compound,
form release agent and all foreign
particles by mechanical means. create a
floor slab before start laying claybrick.

2nd stage

apply damp proof concrete

whence, this site has been
using Sika product as their
building material.

Start laying brick on top of the slab

and apply the mixture to adhensive the
following claybrick in a running english
order. A mansons line act as a guide to
set bricks in a straight row.

5th stage

Remove the excessive mortar

to prepare a clean surface for
plastering work.

3rd stage

Gauging method are carried

out to ensure that the correct
designation of mortar is
achieved. In our selected
site, cement, lime, sand, are
used to construct reinforce
concrete wall. This particular
type of material, the working
quality are guarantee, water
retention, and adhesion.

Sika apply inside toilet wall system to prevent water

penetration from attacking the material.

47

Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

Concrete beading
Act a guide or plaster work
to straighten the edges, act
as a guide line and often use
on arc.

Use nylon threat act

as a guide line to get
straight the beading
straight.

Corner beading
Act as a reinforce
exterior angles of
plasterwork. Flexible
corner beads may be
bent for curve edges.
In this case the edge
of this wall has used
F-reveal at the corner.

In this photograph,
a F-reveal also
has been applied
to the column for
plasterwork.

Concrete beading
also been use at a
curve arc.

48

Brick Wall Extrude

inward to create
requried degree
space of acoustical
seperation, and
accommodate
when necessary the
distribution and outlets
of mechanical and
electrical

This illustration shows

a fire alarm box set into
the hollow on brickwall
afterward.

Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

Process of Plasterwork:
Substrate surface preparation
shall provide a clean and sound
surface with a finish profile of a
CSP-1 to 4 as per ICRI Technical
Guidlines.
Pre-soak to provide saturated
surface dry (SSD) substrate
condition before apply coating
material.

Apply 2 coats of SikaTop Seal

107 with a stiff bristled brush,
broom, notched trowel, or hopper
type spray equipment.
In this case, the wall
has extrude inward
to accomodate the
electrical system of the
building.

49

Staircase

50

Stairs are important links in an overall circulation scheme of a building as it provide

means for moving from one level to another. Whether interjecting a two-story volume or
rising through a narrow shaft, a stairway takes up a significant space. The most
important considerations in the design and placement of stairs are the safety and its
ease of travel. To prevent overly complicated framing conditions at the later stages of
construction, the landings of a stairway should be logically integrated with the structural
system.

Superstructure
Stairs
by

Jiilian Goh Joon Jin

Terminology
Step: The step is composed of the tread and riser.
Tread: The part of the stairway which is stepped on.
Riser: The vertical portion between each tread on the stair.
Nosing: An edge part of the tread that protrudes over the riser beneath.
Bullnose: Where stairs are open on one or both sides, the first step above the lower
floor may be
wider than the other steps and rounded.
Stringer: The structural member that supports the treads and rises.
Winders: Winders are steps that are narrower on one side than the other. They are
used to change the direction of the stairs without landings.
Trim: Normally applied where walls meet floors and often underneath treads to hide the
reveal where the tread and riser meet/
Handrail: The angled member for handholding, as distinguished from the vertical
balusters which hold it up for stairs that are open on one side.
Guardrail: Required to protect the open glazed sides of stairways, ramps, porches, and
unenclosed floor and roof openings.
Gooseneck: The vertical handrail that joins a stopped handrail to a higher handrail on
the balcony or landing.
Landing: A platform between flights of the stairs or at the termination of a flight of stairs.

51

Types of Stair Plans

Straight-Run Stair
- A straight-run stair extends from
one level to another, absence of
turns or winders
- Building codes generally limit the
vertical rise between landings to
12 (3660).

Half-Turn Stair
- A half-turn stair turns 180 or
through two right-angles at the
intervening landing
- A half-turn stair is more compact
than a single straight-run stair
- The two fights connected by the
landing may be equal or unequal,
depending on the desired
proportion of the stairway opening.

Quarter-Turn Stair
- A quarter-turn or L-shaped stair
makes a right angled turn in the path
of travel
- The two flights connected by an
intervening landing may be equal or
unequal, depending on the desired
proportion of the stairway opening

Winding Stair
- A winding stair is any stairway
constructed with winders, as a circular
or spiral stair.
- Winders can be hazardous since they
offer little foothold at their interior
corners. Building codes generally
restrict the use of winders to private
stairs within individual dwelling units.

Pic 1 shows an example of half-turn stair

at the construction site.
Pic 2 shows a finished winding stair at the
semi-detached house.

52
Pic 1

Pic 2

In-Situ Reinforced Concrete Stairs (Construction method)

Formwork may vary for different types of reinforced stairs but the basic principles do still apply for all. Timber formwork is observed in the construction site.
The solid wooden boards must be load bearing to support the weight of the concrete.
Several fixtures are used to join and fasten the riser boards to the lateral structure of the formwork. The reinforcement bars (joist) are installed in the
formwork.
Simple reinforced concrete steps is based on the following requirements:
- concrete mix of M15 (1:2:4) / 20mm aggregate
- minimum cover to reinforcement 15mm or bar diameter or greater value for 1 hour fire resistance

53

Measurements
The rise height or rise of each step is measured from the top of the first tread to the next.
The tread depth of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the vertical riser.
The going of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the edge of nosing in plan view.
The total run or total going of the stairs is the horizontal distance from the first riser to the last
riser.
Total Run = (No. Risers - 1) x Unit Run
The total rise of the stairs is the height between floors (or landings) that the flight of stairs is
spanning. If there are N steps, the total rise equals N times the rise of each step.

In-situ reinforced Concrete

The slope or pitch of the stairs is the ratio between the rise and the going (not the tread depth,
due to the nosing).
Headroom is the height above the nosing of a tread to the ceiling above it.

There are many types of materials use in stairs construction.

Pic 1

Wood
They have poor resistance to fire and only used for small residential buildings. They are light-weight and the
timber used should be free from fungal decay or insect attack. The wood should be well treated before use.
In-Situ Reinforced Concrete (Pic 2))
It is usually designed as an inclined, one way reinforced slab with steps formed on its upper surface. It acts
as a simple beam if the stair is constructed after the floor beam or wall supports. If it is cast with the beam
or slab supports, it is designed as a continuous beam. Concrete stairs require careful analysis of load,
span, and support conditions.
Steel
Pre-engineered and prefabricated steel stairs are available. They require regular maintenance in the form of
painting to protect from corrosion. Mostly used for spiral stairs and made up of mild steel or cast iron.

54
Pic 2

Standard Requirements:
Stairway design is strictly regulated by the building code. The
dimensions of the stairway are subjected to the requirements approved
by the Department of Standards Malaysia.
Risers and Treads
- Tread depth: 11 (280) minimum
- Riser height: 4 (100) minimum; 7 (180) maximum
- Uniform riser and tread dimensions are required to prevent slipping
- More than 16 risers per flight are not encouraged
- Open risers are not permitted
Stairway Width
- The occupant load determines the required width of an exit stairway.
- 44 (1120) minimum clear width; 36 (915) minimum for stairways
serving an occupant load of 49 or less
Landings
- Landings should be at least as wide as the stairway width and have
minimal length of 44 (1120) measured in the direction of travel.
Landings in dwelling units may have a minimum length of 36 (915).
- When door is fully open, the door must not intrude into required width
by more than 7 (180).
Handrails
- Required on both sides of the stair. The building code allows
exceptions for stairs in individual dwelling units, stairways less than 44
(1120) wide and stairs having less than four risers.
- 34 to 38 (865 to 965) height above the leading edge of the stair
treads or nosings.
- Should be continuous without any obstruction
- One handrail should extend at least 12 (305) plus one tread width
beyond the bottom riser. The ends should return smoothly to a wall or
walking surface, or continue to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

If there is a door at the landing, the door should swing in the direction
of egress and door swing must not reduce the landing to less than one
half of its required width. - When door is fully open, the door must not
intrude into required width by more than 7 (180).

Detailed Analysis
- The stairs have full landing
- Closed risers
- Absence of skirting
- Treads width meets the standard requirements.
- Risers height meets the standard requirements.
- Landings and stairs have equal width
- Single handrail as permitted in dwelling units

55

Door

and

Window

56

Door and doorways are the connection between two or more spaces
which is provide access from outside to inside. There are variety
types and style of doors that followed by different function.
For the installation, there will be some criteria that need to be
considered, size, strength and durability, apperance, weather
proofing, material, finishing and head of opening.
Door

General doors operation

Door
DOOR

and

Window

by Julia Shenjaya

Type of door frame on site

Type of door operation and dimension on site

1. Panel door
- For the main opening door.
- Wood rail and stile
doors which consist
of a frame of vertical
stiles and horizontal
rails that hold solid
wood.
- The tiles and rails
are vendered hardwood.

1. The aluminium door frames

standard gauge is 14, 16 and
18. This door frame profiles
vary with manufacturer and
also it reinforced to receive
hinges, strike and closer.

1. Rough: The opening of the wall to fiting the doorframe.

2. Head: The uppermost member of door frame.
3. Jambs: Preventing the ingress of moisture from
outer leaf to inner leaf.
4. Stop: Projecting part of the door frame against
which a door closes.
5. Casing: The trim that finishes the joint between the
doorframe and its rough opening.
6. Threshold: The silll of the doorway to prevent
weather issues at an exterior door.
7. Door hardware: Adequate lock for security, which
include the metal fastenings such as hinges, locksets
and closers.

2. Sliding door
2. The wood door frame
visually appealing, because
of the natural appearane and
provide excellent insulation.

- For the door that face to the garden.

- The function of the door, to have an intetaction
from inside to outside.
- Material for sliding door is steel frames and
normal tinted green glass.

57

Door

Door Conctruction Method

DOOR

and

Window

by Julia Shenjaya

A wood was nailed between two

door frames to stabilize it.

1. Before hand, the contractor need to measure

the distance between one door to another door.
Stand the aluminium door frame and use timber to support the doorway before the wall was
built.

Due to the flat surface on the

floor, to hold the wood from slipping, the rocks and bricks were
used for it.

3. Installing the door leaf to the

door frame. Make sure the the
opening of the door frame was
enough for jamb to slip over. The
standard size of the doors opening
are 24-36. For sliding door, make
sure to install the bottom track.

The other door Lever on the site

5. Install the lockset and another

door hardware such as lockset to
the door leaf and door frame.

Lintel

Door cramps or
Door frame tie
2. Next step is installing the wall by
stacking bricks and there will be a door
cramps between one level of brick
stacking that used to tie the internal and
external wall to door leaf. On the top of
doorframe also have a lintel to support
the weight of the bricks on top of the
doorframe. The lintel that used in the
site construction is concrete lintel.

The lockset

4. Nail the Jamb to the door frame at

the leg first, next go to the header of
the door frame. For sliding door, need
to level it and install it by using the
punch holes and brush gasket.Make
sure the jamb was attached to the door
frame. installing the hinge on the jamb.
The hinge was avaiable in steel, brass
nylon and aluminium.

The hinge that used on site

construction

Door strike

58
The Finishing door

Window is the other opening after a door. Windows need to be aesthetically acceptable by Door and Window
WINDOW
the design of the building and environment. Installation of windows need to follow the
minimum requirement, to ensure the function. Windows are designed with such requirement by Julia Shenjaya
to resist wind loading,providing the natural lighting, ventilation, type and size of glazing
and the vision contact from inside to outside.
Window

General windows operation

Type of window frame on site

Type of door operation and dimensionon on site

1. Fixed Window
- For the exterior
window.
- Fixed cannot be
open or adjust
- 0% ventilating

2. Casement window
1. Head is the uppermost member of door frame
2. Jamb: either two side members of door frame
3. Exterior casing: Not always used.
4. Rough opening : Space require at he top,
sides,and bottom for levelling window unit.
5. Casing trim: Finishing trim work around window
opening.
6. Sash: movable framework which panes of glass
are set.
7. Glazing: sheet of glass set in the sashes of window
and offer little resistance to heat flow.
8. Sills: collect the rainwater which has run down the
face of the window and shed it clear of the wall bellow.

-For bedroom the windows which faced to

the garden.
- Can be adjust.
-100% ventilating
- Material for sliding
door is steel frames
and normal tinted
green glass.
1. Aluminium window frame
relatively low in cost, light
weight, and resistance to corrosion, water pressure, and
air infiltration. Can be using in
large scale.

59

Door

Window Conctruction Method

WINDOW

and

Window

by Julia Shenjaya
A concrete lintel

A timber

1.Stacking the brick to form half wall and putting the

frame on it. Lintel was used to hold the pressure of brick
above, so it is not colapse while install the window frame
on it or after finish installing whole window. The lintel that
used in the site construction is concrete lintel. Timber at
middle were used to supporting the windows frame and
make sure it is stable.

3. Do the checking of the sub frame before combining the sub frame to the window frame. After that
do the plastering on the wall. The sub frame can be
cleaned of any dust and debris.

5. The material for the windows is green tinted

glass which can break into sharp pieces, and
using the double glazing method.

Aluminium wrap by
Vinyl

2. .Install the aluminium sub-frame by using Anchor bolt

heads and joints to the external wall. Seal the flashing
tape or sealant to make it attach to the wall and also to
prevent the water to go inside when it is raining. The
alluminium was wrapped by the vinyl.

4. Install the window to sub-frame.

The finishing casement window.

60

Roof

61

Roof

LAYOUT PLAN

by Lim Choon Wah

LAYOUT PLAN

Gable Roof Triple

Howe Truss

Gable Roof Triple Howe

Truss

Shed Roof Half

Truss Mono

R.C.
Slab

Gable Roof Triple Howe Truss

Shed Roof

- Sloping Flat Truss

Void

62

Roof

TYPE OF ROOF FRAMES & TRUSS

by Lim choon wah

Type Of Roof Frames

Gable Roof
Straight slope falling from ridge to eave, creating a
peak or triangle on the side or front facade. The
inclination can't exceeding 30 degrees.

Mono Pitch Roof

Single roof face falling away from the
main building. The inclination can't
exceeding 30 degrees.

Shed Roof

A gabled roof with a single roof falling down from

the main building same as mono- pitched roof.
The inclination can't exceeding 10 degrees.

Type Of Truss

Triple Howe

A Howe Trusses are meant to span up to 36 feet and a

Double Howe is rated for as much as 60 feet. The longest
Howe Truss design is the Triple Howe, and it is designed
for spans ranging from 54 feet to 80 feet in length.

Half Truss Mono

A mono truss has only one slope as opposed two

(half of a common truss).

Sloping Flat

A Sloping Flat Truss is used to create a vaulted ceiling.

It may be top or bottom chord bearing. This truss has
parallel chords, both of which slope at the same angle,
with a vertical post at each end..

63

Roof

METAL ROOF DECKING & INSULATION

Metal Roof Decking

by Lim choon wah

If the deck spans are greater than 5', it's required
to side-lap fastening at mid span or every 3" but if
lesser than 5' is not required.

Metal Deck

Reflecting sun and heat to protect dwelling from damaging ray and
weathering.

Aluminum Foil

Use in roofs and wall applications for barn

Conversions and for the internal insulation.

Rock Wool

Installed to improve thermal and acoustic performance of roofs.

Chicken Wire Mesh

Lay down on steel rafter to hold the rock wool with

high tensile strength and corrosion resistance.

Steel Rafter

To support the roof system which good strength, Rigid , Durable,

Light Weight, easy workability, and corrosion protection .

Aluminum Foil

Rock Wool

Chicken Wire Mesh

Aluminum Foil
PE (Polyethylene)
Kraft Paper
Reinforcing Glass Fibre
Aluminum Foil
Made by multi layer radiant barrier of low
emissivity and It will stop as much as
97% of radiant heat transfer.

How Insulation Works

Sisalation
Insulated
Made from stone wool which are fire
resistance, excellent acoustics and thermal
control, durable in lifetime , sustainable
materials and reduce waste.

Shape of hexagonal wire netting is

durability, easy to use, corrosion &
rust resistance and longer service life.

Uninsulated

Sisalation sustains a constant and comfortable

temperature in a building by preventing heat
transfer between indoor and outdoor climates.

64

Roof

INSTALLATION PROCESS

Installation Process

Flat Roof

2) The purlins are installed one by one

on the steel rafter which has a 5
degree pitch.

4) The chicken wire mesh then placed

on the metal decks for hold the
aluminum foil.

1) Installing the steel rafter on the

reinforced concrete wall.

by Lim Choon wah

Pitched Roof

3) The metal decks are putting onto the

purlins and supported by the purlins.

1)Putting the steel trusses on the reinforced

concrete wall with bolts and steel brackets.

2) Install the purlins above the above

chord to strength the truss system.

5) The aluminum foil then

Installed on the chicken wire mesh to reflect
the heat from the sunlight.

3) After that, put the chicken wire mesh above

the purlins to hold the rock wool.

4) Than lay the rock wool above the

chicken wire mesh for sound and heat
insulation.
.

6) Putting another layer of fiber glass

wool on the aluminum foil for sound
and heat insulation.

7) Than add another metal for

leaving space for drainage
between the decks and the
edges.

5) Insert another layer of aluminum foil to reflect

the heat.

6) Final put the metal decks above the

aluminum foils with bolts.

65

Roof

ROOF TERMINOLOGY

by lim choon wah

Roof Terminology
Ridge
Gable

Valley Rafter

Common Rafter

Soffits

Jack Rafter

Fascia

Valley Rafter

Internal junction between two roof slopes.

Ridge

Intersection at the top of two slopes in a pitched roof.

Pipe

Gable

Ventilate pipe for exhaust the gases.

The part of a wall that encloses the

end of a pitched roof.

Hip Rafter

An exterior angle formed by the

junction of two slopes.

Common Rafter

Jack Rafter
Verge

The edge of a roof.

Fascia & Soffits

Fascia hangs down below the bottom line of roof tiles. Soffit is the
horizontal surface that fit the gap between the bottom of the
fascia and the wall for ventilation.

Eaves

The lowest point of a roof where water drains into the

gutter.
.

66

Roof

TRUSS TERMINOLOGY
by lim choon wah

Truss Terminology
Apex
Top Chord

Purlins

Collar Ties
Posts
Webs

Bottom Chord

Top Chord

The steel rafter which runs to the

top of the truss.

Apex

The highest point of the truss.

Collar Ties

Purlins

Bind with the rafter together to resist

uplift when strong winds.

The long horizontal steel lay above the top chord.

Nail Plate
Posts

Webs

To resist against lateral

wind and seismic
forces.

Is a short aluminium which runs

from the bottom chord to the top
chord.

Wall Plate
RC Wall

To support the load of

roof structures.

Bottom Chord

Normal Span

Brandering

The length of the bottom beam

that spans the wall frames

Splice

The large horizontal member of

steel at the bottom of the truss.

Overhang

The top chord which extends from

the wall.

67

Roof

Joint

JOINT

Steel Rafter
Aluminum Hollow
Rectangular Bar

Power Tools

Purlins

by lim choon wah

Aluminum Hat
Channel

Aluminum C
Channel
Aluminum
Channel
Aluminum Z
Channel

Hammer Drill

Screw Gun Aka Nail Gun

Combination of hammer and drilling

modes.

Screw

Steel Brackets

Screw guns auto-feed screws from a

clip.

L- Shaped of steel
brackets.

Square steel
brackets.

Showing the screw penetrate the

masonry wall and steel rafter.

To show the joint between steel brackets and screw to hold the aluminum channel and
onto the masonry bricks.
Tapping
range up to
10ga mean
0.25cm for
aluminum
thickness.

Section view of steel

brackets and bolts.

How bolts work together with steel

brackets to joint the steel rafter and
purlins

A screw
tapping
through the
aluminum
channel.

Properly driven
Driven straight,
good penetration
and compressed
firmly against the
surface.

Improperly driven
Driven misaligned, overdriven,
and under driven which could
contribute to leakage and poor
engagement.

The fasteners penetrate the metal decks and the

steel rafter.

68

Roof

Connection

CONNECTION

Internal Support
Connection

by lim choon wah

The connection between R.C. beams and bottom
chord
Bolted together by L-brackets and bolts.
The bottom chord, posts and webs are bolt
together.

Apex Connection

Posts
L-Brackets

Bottom Chord

Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm

Apex Plate

Top Chord
King Posts

R.C. Beams

Bottom ChordX

Section X - X

Bottom Chord Connection

End Connection

The overhang of top chord and concrete

brick are bolt together by L-brackets.

Top Chord

The top chord are bolt into the brick wall by

L-brackets with 8 screws.

The bottom chord are bolt into the R.C

beams by L-brackets with 8 screws.

Brick Wall
L-Brackets

Upper
Beam/
Brick
Wall
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm

SelfDrilling
Screw

The apex plat e is apply between the

top chord and king posts. Than
bolted it with 6 screws.

Posts
L-Brackets

Brick Wall

The overhang of bottom chord lay down on

gap of bricks than applied concrete to fill it.

Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm

L-Brackets

Posts
L-Brackets

Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm

Posts
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm

Bottom Chord

R.C. Beams

Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord

R.C. Beams

69

Roof

Bracing
Purlin Bracing

BRACING
Purlin which bolted above the top chord to limiting
any bending movement and the spans for each is
700mm.
Top Chord

by lim choon wah

Web Bracing

W
Top Chord

Purlin
Bracing

Top Chord

Section W - W

Purlin
Bracing

The web bracing sometimes

required on roof truss are
called continuous lateral
braces to keep the truss web
from buckling and falling over

Side View

Bottom Chord Bracing

Plan View

Web Bracing

Posts

Collar Tie

Bottom Chord
Front View

Post Bracing
Vertical sway bracing must be required
between the top and bottom chords of adjacent
trusses to provide resistance against lateral
Z
wind and seismic forces.

Bottom chord braces which bolted below the

bottom chord to limiting any bending.
Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord
Bracing
Y

Post
Bracing

Post
Bracing
Bottom Chord

Section Y - Y

Y
Bottom Chord
Bracing

Side View

Collar Tie

Collar Tie

Plan View

Side View

Z
Section Z - Z

Front View

70

Roof

MECHANICAL SERVICES, CEILING &

WORKER

Mechanical Services

by lim choon wah

Ventilate pipe

Electrical
Upper R.C. Beam
The electrical
wires were
applied into
the PVC
casing and
tied with
aluminum wire
between the
bottom chord
or R.C. Beam

Ventilation Pipe is
an extension of the
waste that runs up
through the roof to
the exterior for
venting of exhaust
gases and to
maintain
atmospheric
pressure in the
waste system.

PVC Casing

Aluminum Wire

L-Bracket

Vent
Flashing

Ceiling

Roof
Rafter

Water Tank

Wall

Ceiling

Workers
The ceiling panels were supported by the
bottom chord and the concrete beams by
hanging with suspension rod.

Steel
Beams
Suspension
Rod Bracket
Suspension
Rod
Suspension
Clip
Ceiling
Panels

The worker use his right leg step on

the top chord with full force to squad
down to his work.
Tile Hold-Down
Clip
Main Tee

The worker use his left leg step on the

purlins with less force to assist his
stability but If full force will cause the
purlins bend down.

71

Roof

Flashing

FLASHING

Ridge Flashing

by lim choon wah

The steel covering over the ridge to create

cover and seal between two slopes to
against the rain and wind.

Typical Outside Closure

Screw

Penetrate the bolt though ridge

and metal deck.

Ridge
Metal deck

Closure

Seal together with outside

and inside closure.

Silicone

Using sealant tube to seal it.

Pipe Flashing
-Flexible, weather resistant EPDM
rubber or silicone
-Aluminum base is flexible to
conform to any panel profile
-Grey EPDM is ozone and
ultraviolet resistance
-Appropriate pipe size diameter
listed on flashing to assure proper
fit

Typical Inside Closure

Applied closure to prevent water getting in and seal

between the ridge and metal deck .

Material

-EPDM rubber or silicone

-Aluminum base

Installation Process

Fastener

- 1/4 -1 x 1-1/8 stainless cap head

- Corrosion resistant fasteners
- Number of fasteners from 13-30
pieces.

Sealant Tube

Apply on bottom base to assure

a proper seal to beware from
water getting in. Applied
additional sealant can be applied
around base after installation.

Ventilate
Pipe

Edge Flashing
Properties

-Can be stretches to any shape, seals & stays

-Large square & round ducts & penetrations
-Flash between dissimilar materials & roof profiles
-Paintable after installation
-Handles vibration & expansion

-Grey TPE

Before flashing on the

corner between metal
deck roof & R.C. wall

3) Mold the
flexible base to
the panel
contours

4) Faster with 13-30

pieces of self drilling
fastener around the
base

Installation Process

Material

1) Apply
the
sealant
along the
corner

Applications.

-metal roof and wall

-concrete or masonry
-sealing edges on all surfaces
-Splicing, lapping, sealing to all surfaces
-termination/joining ends of dekstrip

2) Apply sealant to
the bottom of the
base to seal up

1) Cut into proper

pipe diameter to fit
down to the pipe

After flashing on the

corner between metal
deck roof & R.C. wall

4) Than
apply
heat to
seal
edges

2) Apply
splice tape
on the
dekstrip
5) Install
the
fasteners
on the top
& bottom
edge

3) Than
put
another
dekstip
over the
tape
6) Apply
additional
sealant on
both
fastened
edges

72

Roof

Gutter System

GUTTER SYSTEM

by lim choon wah

Gutter & Downspout

The gutters are vinyl, galvanized steel, or aluminum. The function is to let rainwater leading
to the roof drains or gutters from the roof area.

Metal Decks

Drop Outlet
End

Gutter

Joiner
Corner

To protect the building from raining and wind.

Purlins

Elbow

To stable the truss and apply the metal decks on it.

Hanger
Gutter

Leading the
rain water from
metal decks to
it.

Connector
Downspout
Downspout Clip

Gutter

135 Internal
Angle

R.C.
Beam

Stop Ends

Made by fiber cement board

which water, fire, termite, and
weather resistant, aesthetically
pleasing, and environmentally
friendly. Than leaving a small
gap between the soffit and R.C.
Beam.

Fascia

A flat horizontal band

around a roof's
perimeter.

PVC Downspout

Leading the rainwater

down from downspout to
drainage.

Joint Connector

Gutter
90 Internal Angle

Soffit

Fascia Bracket

Scupper

Gutter mounted at low end of roof

Leakage common at scupper.
which better resistance on leakage.

Internal Drain
Potential leakage area at
drain same like scupper

73

This project allowed us to undertake an experiential learning opportunity. We have

developed an understanding of building construction principles, various kinds of
construction sequences, importance of basic detailing, construction joints and
material applications. Due to the generosity of the construction site personnel who
were willing to guide us along the way, we were exposed to construction
technology and methods responding to the site context. The on-going
assessments, site visits and discussions were beneficial to our analysis and
documentation for this project. Through these weeks, we grasp a good
understanding in the construction elements and its components, sequence along
with the coordination of the sites construction.

Summary
by

Jiilian Goh Joon Jin

We had the opportunity to communicate with different kinds of people who were involved in the construction of the site, such as the
contractor, the engineer and the construction workers. We first approached all aspects of this project with curiosity so that we have a fair
understanding of the topics that were involved. Then, we picked a specific topic each and asked questions while sharing the knowledge
with the rest of our teammates, in hopes that the discussions that follow through will provide a learning opportunity for everyone. We
approached this project as a team so at the end, each of us is able to gain knowledge of how other parts of the buildings are constructed.

We would also like to express our gratitude to LBS Bina Group Bhd for the site visit permission, the site
personnel for being patient with us .and lastly our tutor, AR Chin Tuck Heng for guiding us on the right path.

74

Referencing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Asaff, S. (n.d.). Installing Glass Blocks in a Window Frame. Retrieved October 29, 2014,
from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/installing-glass-blocks-window-frame-59657.html
Ching, F.D.K. (2012) A visual dictionary of architecture (2nd ed). New Jersey & Canada:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken.
Ching, F.D.K.. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley
& Sons.
Chicken Wire Mesh. (2014, May 1). Retrieved October 18, 2014, f
rom http://www.indiamart.com/chandratradingcompany/chicken-wire-mesh.html
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2004). Building construction handbook (5th ed., p. 721). London: Routledge.
Designing the Roof. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from http://www.homebuilding.co.uk/design/choosing-products/roofing/designingthe-roof
Flashings. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2014, from http://stratco.com.au/products/flashings/types/flashings/flashings.asp
Metal Roof Solutions. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 19, 2014, from http://www.trusttrs.com/metalroofing.html
Rockwool Twin Roll Loft Insulation. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 14, 2014, from
http://www.insulationshop.co/rockwool_twin_roll_loft_insulation_200mm.html
Sealants. (2013, January 1). Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http://trianglefastener.com/brands/sealants.asp
TH-TRUSS System. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 22, 2014, from http://www.thunghing.com.my/metal-roof-truss-system.php
What Kind of Trusses to Use for Different Roof & Ceiling Shapes. (2014, October 5). Retrieved October 22, 2014,
from http://cortezcolorado.net/what-kind-of-trusses-to-use-for-different-roof-ceiling-shapes/

75