Mean, Median and Mode

Measurements are on x-axis and frequencies are on y-axis

The Mode is based on the principal of democracy, while

median (Q2) follows the rule of moderation. Mean took its
place after being influenced by the higher values of
measurements. The above mentioned distribution is +vely
skewed.

Statistical Measures (An Example)

Consider the following group data:
Class
Intervals

Frequency

24
46
68
810
1012

2
5
9
7
2
f=25

Relative
Frequency
(R.F.)
2/25 = 0.08
5/25 = 0.20
9/25 = 0.36
7/25 = 0.28
2/25 = 0.08
R.F.=1

Cumulative
Relative Frequency
(C.R.F)
0.08
0.28
0.64
0.92
1.00

The above data showing Income in 1000s of Rupees of some individuals in

late 1980s

Computing Median
In order to compute Median Value, we need to consider
the same frequency distribution in addition to the
column of Cumulative Frequency.
Class
Intervals
24
46
68
810
1012

Frequency
2
5
9
7
2
f=25

Cumulative
Frequency (C.F.)
2
7
16
23
25

Computing Median (Procedure)

For any group-data, quartiles can be computed by following two
simple steps:
Step-1: Finding the location of ith Quartile: (For median i=2)

Step-2: Finding the value of median:

Where l = lower limit of captured class, h=class-width, f=class

frequency, C.F.=previous class C.F.

Computing median (Demo)

Class
Intervals
24
46
68
810
1012

Frequency

Cumulative
Frequency (C.F.)
2
7
16
23
25

2
5
9
7
2
f=25
Step-1 (For median): (2 x 25) / 4 = 12.5
Step-2: Q2=6+2/9 (12.5 - 7) = 7.222
Note: Class width=h=2

median
Class

Mean and Mode (Computations)

Modal
Class

Class
Intervals
24

Frequency
fi
2

46

f i xi

Mid-Points
xi
(2+4)/2

=3

23

f1=5

(4+6)/2

=5

55

68

fm=9

(6+8)/2

=7

97

810

f2=7

(8+10)/2

=9

79

1012

(10+12)/2

=11

211
f i xi=179

fi=25

Mode

f m f1
h
l
2 f m f1 f 2

7.333

Mean

fx
f

i i
i

179
7.160
25

Average Income of the

Majority ' s Income is 7333 Rs /

community is 7160 Rs /

Empirical relationship b/w

Mean, Median and Mode
Following are the values for Mean, Median
and Mode obtained from the Income data:
fx

Mean
f

i i
i

179

25

7.160

Median Q2

7.222

f m f1
h
Mode l
2 f m f1 f 2

7.333

Mean Median Mode

(Thus the data is slightly vely skewed )

Variance & Standard deviation (group-data)

f i xi

f i (xi-mean)2

(2+4)/2=3

23

2(3 - 7.16)2=34.61

(4+6)/2=5

55

5(5 - 7.16)2=23.33

68

(6+8)/2=7

97

9(7 - 7.16)2=0.230

810

(8+10)/2=9

79

7(9 - 7.16)2=23.69

1012

(10+12)/2=11

211
f i xi=179

2(11 - 7.16)2=29.49

Class
Intervals

Frequency
fi

24

46

Mid-Points
xi

fi=25

f x x

Variance V ( X )
f

=111.34

111.34

4.45
25

= =

()

Mean, Median and Mode

Measurements are on x-axis and frequencies are on y-axis

Mode is based on the principal of democracy

median (Q2) follows the rule of moderation.
Mean took its place after being influenced by the higher
values of measurements. The above mentioned
distribution is +vely skewed.

The Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

(Distribution of a continuous random variable)
Bell-shaped distribution or curve
Perfectly symmetrical about the mean.

Mean = median = mode

Tails are asymptotic: closer and closer to horizontal
axis but never reach it. Approximate domain
formula is -3 X +3

The Normal Probability Density Function

The PDF is written as:

Where and are two parameters which are

Mean and Standard Deviation, respectively.
Simplify the f(X) if =0 and =1?
Simplified form is said to be the Standard Normal
Distribution.

Normal curves and probability

Approximate Confidence Interval

For any Bell-shaped symmetrical distribution;
the following will be proved:
1) will cover approximately 68% observations
2) 2 will cover approximately 95% observations
3) 3 will cover approximately 99.98% observations
Where and are the mean and standard deviation
respectively.

Why Bell-Shaped Symmetrical

Distribution??
In a Bell-shaped distribution, extreme values come
with less frequency.
Majority falls within one standard deviation.
Its Natures Distribution. God created almost all
natural measures with a bell-shaped distribution.

Finding Area Under the Standard Normal

Curve
Determine the following Areas/probabilities using the
Standard Normal Table:
1- P(Z1.25) =
2- P(Z< -1.00) =
3- P(Z= -1.00) =
4- P(Z +1.00)
=
Solution,
P(Z +1.00)
= 1 P(Z< +1.00)
= 1 0.8413 = 0.1587
Theorem: P(Z +1.00) = P(Z -1.00)

Finding Area Under the Standard Normal

Curve
Determine the following Areas/probabilities using the
Standard Normal Table:
5- P(-1.00 Z +1.00) =
Solution,
P(-1.00 Z +1.00) = P(Z +1.00) P(Z < -1.00)
Theorem:
P(a Z b) = P(Z b) P(Z < a)
6- P(-2.25 Z -1.00) =

Observing Quantiles (Inverse

consideration of Standard Normal Table)
Determine the following Quantiles/Percentage
Points/Z-scores using the Standard Normal Table:
7- P(Z a) = 0.025
Z

0.09

0.06

-3.9
..
-1.9

0.025

Therefore, the answer will be a= -1.96

0.00

Observing Quantiles (Inverse

consideration of Standard Normal Table)
8- P(Z b) = 0.05
Z

0.09

0.05

0.04

0.0495

0.0505

0.00

-3.9

..
-1.6

Therefore, b = -[1.6 + (0.04+0.05)/2] = -1.645

Elsewhere we can also consider the nearest value.

Normal Distribution (Cases)

Soft-drink Analysis from HU canteens
Amount of soft-drink within a glass follows a
Normal Distribution with =220 ml. and =5 ml.
If a student purchases one glass of soft-drink then
determine the probability that he will get less than
215 ml within his glass:
P(X<215) = ??
We must use the z-transformation: Z = (X-)/, so:
P[(X-)/ < (215-220)/5]
=
P( Z
<
- 1.00 )
= 0.1587

Normal Distribution (Cases)

Soft-drink Analysis from HU canteens
P(X<215) = 15.87%
1- There is a 16% chance that he will get less than
215ml within his glass.
2- We are 16% confident that he will get less than
215 ml. within his glass.
3- If 50 students purchasing 50 glasses of soft-drink
then approx. 50 x 0.1587 8 of them will be
having less than 215 ml. within their glasses
Find: P( 215 X 225 ) = P(X 225) P(X<215)

Normal Probabilities Using MS-EXCEL

For any Normal distribution with =250 and
=5, we can obtain the P(X<245) using the
following syntax:
=Normdist(x,,,cumulative)
=Normdist(245,250,5,1)
And for P(X>255)
=1 - Normdist(255,250,5,1)
We can apply the same scenario on a soft-drink case study.