PLANT WATER SYSTEM

Plant Water System Consists of following

Sea Water Intake & Out Fall System

Desalination and Water Treatment Plant
Electro chlorination System
Chemical Dosing system
Waste Water Treatment System
Miscellaneous Water System

SEA WATER INTAKE: The water required for the Power plant shall be drawn from the sea by gravity through velocity Cap
Intake arrangement Method. The seawater intake system include the velocity caps, seawater intake piping, desalting
basin, channel, seawater intake pump house, seawater intake pumps, stop-log gates, screens, seawater piping to
desalination plant and to CT basin, etc.

Intake Velocity Cap: The offshore velocity cap intake shall be located and designed to minimize fish entrainment, preclude
interference with navigation, minimize bottom sediment withdrawal, and minimize warm water recirculation between the
offshore intake and discharge structures. The design of the offshore intake also will be affected by wave forces
determined from hydrographic conditions and has to be considered accordingly. Fish entrainment shall be minimized by
placing a velocity cap at the offshore intake and maintaining an intake design approach velocity of 0.15 m/s.
A velocity cap is a configuration of the open intake structure that is designed to change the main direction of water
withdrawal from vertical to horizontal this configuration is beneficial for two main reasons:

It eliminates vertical vortices and avoids withdrawal from the more productive aquatic habitat which usually is
located closer to the surface of the water body.
It creates a horizontal velocity pattern which gives juvenile (A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet
reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size.) and adult fish an indication for danger most fish have receptors
(In the field of biochemistry, a receptor is a molecule usually found on the surface of a cell, that receives chemical
signals from outside the cell.) along the length of their bodies that sense horizontal movement because in nature
such movement is associated with unusual conditions. This natural indication combined with maintaining low
through-screen velocity (0.5 fps or less) provides fish in the area of the intake ample warning and opportunity to
swim away from the intake.

As indicated previously, open intakes may also exhibit an entrapment effect fish and other marine organisms that are
drawn into the offshore conduit cannot return back to the open ocean because they are stranded between the intake inlet
structure and the downstream fine screens. The use of velocity caps and low velocity through both the coarse screen of
the intake structure and the downstream fine screens could reduce this entrapment effect.
Bathymetry is the study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors. Bathymetry involved the measurement of ocean depth

through depth sounding.

FRP Sluice Gate: These gates are mounted on the face of a wall and are used to isolate flow in or out of a conduit and
are suitable only for low seating as well as unseating heads. Flat back frame design for direct mounting on face of wall
using anchor bolts with a rubber gasket in between frame and wall.

Trash rack: A trash rack is a wooden or metal structure, frequently supported by masonry, that prevents water-borne
debris (such as logs, boats, animals, masses of cut waterweed, etc.) from entering the intake of a water mill, pumping
station or water conveyance. This protects water wheels, penstocks, and sluice gates from destruction during floods.
Typically, a trash rack consists of stationary rows of parallel carbon steel bars located at the dam intake.

Desilting Basin: A desilting basin is a temporary basin formed by excavation and/or constructing an embankment so
that sediment-laden runoff is temporarily detained under slow flowing conditions, allowing sediment to settle out
before the runoff is discharged.
Stop Log Gate: Stop logs are used for level control in open channels. Logs are beams inserted in grooves cast in a
channel wall. Aluminum is now the material of choice for stop log and slot construction. Stop logs cannot be installed
in high flowing water. They can be removed against low flowing water and against very low heads (some over flow).
Stop logs can be stacked and used for equipment isolation, however, there may be considerable leakage due to the
greater amount of sealing perimeter compared to a single bulk head type arrangement.

SEA WATER OUTFALL SYSTEM

Sea water outfall consisting of reject seawater of CW blow down, SWRO reject and Filter back wash. These reject
seawater shall be collected in an outfall tank of suitable capacity and shall be pumped back to sea at an identified
location offshore Using 3 x 50% Sea water Outfall pumps located in a pump house.
Some Important Parameter

According to Hydraulic Institute guide lines, entry velocity at the location of the trash screen will be 0.3m/sec
maximum.
The Intake & outfall pipe shall be buried below the sea bed and shall be covered with rip-rap to prevent
movement by currents and waves.
The pipes shall be designed considering scour protection, hydrodynamic forces and buoyancy forces.
The minimum earth cover above the top of the pipe shall be 1.5m or as required by the statutory norms if
specified higher.
The intake pipes shall be provided with man holes at every 100 m distance in the off shore. The size of the
manhole shall of the same size of the pipe.
The HDPE pipe shall be conformed with IS 4984/ ISO 4427/ ISO 4437. /ASTM D 3350.

DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Desalination plant shall be based on Reverse Osmosis process. Contractor shall supply suitable pretreatment system
to handle the raw sea water and make it suitable for the Sea Water Reverse Osmosis system (SWRO).
Salinity:- Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chloride, magnesium and calcium sulfates,
and bicarbonates) of a body of water or in soil. Unit is Psu-Practical Salinity Unit.
pH value:- In chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Solutions with a pH less
than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. Pure water has a pH very
close to 7.
According to the Carlsberg Foundation pH stands for "power of hydrogen"

TDS: Total Dissolved Solids (often abbreviated TDS) is a measure of the combined content all inorganic of and
organic substances contained in a liquid in: molecular, ionized or micro-granular (colloidal sol) suspended form.
Total dissolved solids are differentiated from total suspended solids (TSS), in that the latter cannot pass through a
sieve of two micrometers and yet are indefinitely suspended in solution. The term "settle able solids" refers to
material of any size that will not remain suspended or dissolved in a holding tank not subject to motion, and excludes
both TDS and TSS.[1] Settleable solids may include larger particulate matter or insoluble molecules.

Stilling Chamber: As the liquid passes through the stilling chamber, its velocity becomes very low due to the large
diameter of the stilling chamber. This permits the fine air bubbles in the liquid to raise to the top of the stilling
chamber .The automatic air vent in the top of the stilling chamber removes the air as it collects at the top of the
stilling chamber.
Parshall Flume: A Parshall flume is a fixed hydraulic structure used in measuring volumetric flow rate in surface
water, wastewater treatment plant, and industrial discharge applications. The Parshall flume accelerates flow though
a contraction of both the parallel sidewalls and a drop in the floor at the flume throat.
Parshall flumes are devices for the measurement of flow of water in open channels. The flume consists of a
converging section with a level floor, a throat section with a downward sloping floor, and a diverging section with an
upward sloping floor

Flash Mixer Flocculator: Flash mix and flocculation refer to the process by which fine particulates are caused to
clump together into larger "flocculated" particles. The floc may then float to the top of the liquid, settle to the
bottom of the liquid or, depending on its characteristics, remain suspended. Depending on the results, the solids can
be separated by the use of a sedimentation clarifier, a flotation system or filtration system.
Coagulation: is a water treatment process that causes very small suspended particles to attract to one another and
form larger particles. It consist of adding a floc-forming chemical reagent to a water to enmesh (catch) or combine
with non-settleable colloidal solids and slow-settling suspended solids to produce a rapid-settling floc.
Flocculation: is a water treatment process following coagulation, which uses gentle stirring to bring the suspended
particles together so they will form larger more settle able clumps called floc.
In practice the coagulation process involves a rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration step. Some of
these steps are sometimes combined in water treatment practice.

The primary objective of flocculation is to bring particles in contact with one another so they will collide, stick
together, and grow to a size that will easily settle. The right amount of mixing will enable flocculation to occur
without settling the particles out in the floc basin or shearing the particles due to over mixing.

Clarifier: The function of the clarifier is to settle out particles. This can be done by properly recognizing that
small turbulence levels can bring particles together to help them settle more easily and that the effect of
shear and strong turbulence levels will break particles leading to an increase in turbidity.

Backwashing: Backwashing means Clean (a filter) by reversing the flow of fluid through it. Filters are employed
to remove particles from liquids. Water treatment filters that can be backwashed include rapid sand filters,
pressure filters and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters.

In terms of water treatment, including water purification and sewage treatment, backwashing refers to pumping
water backwards through the filter media, sometimes including intermittent use of compressed air during the
process. Backwashing is a form of maintenances that the filter media can be reused.
In water treatment plants, backwashing can be an automated process that is run by local programmable logic
controllers (PLCs) or by centralized SCADA systems. The backwash cycle is triggered after a set time interval,
when the filter effluent turbidity is greater than a treatment guideline or when the differential pressure (head loss)
across the filter exceeds a set value.

Ultra Filtration: Water Ultrafiltration is a membrane filtration process which uses standard home water pressure
to push water through its semi-permeable membrane. Suspended particles and materials of high molecular
weight are unable to pass through the 0.02 micron UF ultrafiltration membrane, allowing only fresh clean water
and dissolved minerals to pass through.

Benefits of Water Ultrafiltration: Keeps the good minerals you want in your water, requires no holding tank, and
produces no waste water.
Ultrafiltration treatment is capable of running at low water pressures and does not require a separate water
holding tank, does not alter the pH of your water, and does not require electricity. The UF membrane is stable at
a wide range pH levels.
Cartridge filters: are effective in the removal of moderate amounts of particles from liquids in the size range of
50 to 0.035 microns. When filtering large amounts of solids at high flow rates, other treatment methods such as
self-cleaning multimedia filters may be required as pre-filters, followed by cartridge filtration, if needed.
The most popular micron sizes are the 5-micron general-purpose filter cartridge, and 0.2 submicron Absolute
pleated filter cartridge for final filtration on high purity water systems.
All cartridge filters have micron ratings that indicate the smallest sized particle they are capable of removing.
(One micron (Milimicron, = 0.000039 inch) Micron ratings for filter cartridges range from 50 microns (all filter
cartridge types) down to 0.035 microns (Pleated membrane cartridges).

Reverse Osmosis (RO) module: Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to remove a large majority of
contaminants from water by pushing the water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis is a natural phenomenon in which a solvent (usually water) passes through a semipermeable barrier
from the side with lower solute concentration to the higher solute concentration side. As shown in Figure 1a,
water flow continues until chemical potential equilibrium of the solvent is established. At equilibrium, the pressure
difference between the two sides of the membrane is equal to the osmotic pressure of the solution. To reverse
the flow of water (solvent), a pressure difference greater than the osmotic pressure difference is applied (see
Figure 1b); as a result, separation of water from the solution occurs as pure water flows from the high
concentration side to the low concentration side. This phenomenon is termed reverse osmosis (it has also been
referred to as hyperfiltration).

The RO process is relatively simple in design. It consists of a feed water source, feed pretreatment, high
pressure pump, RO membrane modules, and, in some cases, posttreatment steps. A schematic of the RO
process is shown in Figure 2a.

A semi permeable membrane: is a membrane that will allow some atoms or molecules to pass but not others.A
simple example is a screen door. It allows air molecules to pass through but not pests or anything larger than the
holes in the screen door. Another example is Gore;tex clothing fabric that contains an extremely thin plastic film
into which billions of small pores have been cut. The pores are big enough to let water vapor through, but small
enough to prevent liquid water from passing.
PLANT WATER SYSTEM:

Lime Stone Filter: Lime is generally the chemical chosen to increase the alkalinity and pH of surface or
underground waters that are naturally acidic due to contained heavy metals, such as iron and manganese or
natural organic matter (NOM) or metal salts, such as alum or ferric chloride, added to the water as coagulants.
This is because lime is a strong alkali that has been reasonably cheap, readily available and quick reacting.
Recently there has been a move towards the use of limestone in place of lime in the treatment of potable water
supplies.
The advantages of using limestone in place of lime include:
a) The lower cost of limestone.
b) Limestone is less hazardous to handle, because it is less corrosive than lime, creates less dust and is kinder
to the skin.
c) Limestone is more readily available than lime, since there are more limestone quarries than lime plants.
d) The effects of over-addition of limestone are much less than the effects of the over-addition of lime.
e) Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when lime is produced, both from the breakdown of the
limestone to quicklime and carbon dioxide in a kiln and from the burning of the fuel used to heat the kiln, which in
South Africa is generally coal.
f) Potable waters are stabilised at a much lower pH when limestone is used than when lime alone is used.
g) The sludge produced has a higher density and therefore a lower volume when limestone is used in place of
lime.
h) Automatic pH control systems are not required when using limestone.

i) Dry lime feeders or slurry preparation tanks and slurry dosing systems are required when adding lime. This
equipment is often problematic.
j) Lime must be stored under cover and protected from rain, whereas limestone can be stored in the open.
CO2 Dosing: CO2 Gas Dosing System is used together with water desalination plants. The pH value of
desalinated sea water is kept neutral by adding precisely dosed CO2. This precise CO2 dosing combined with
the addition of mineral salt is an important factor in the preparation of drinking water from seawater.
TREATMENT OF DRINKING WATER WITH CARBON DIOXIDE
The technology
The gas carbon dioxide reacts in water as carbonic acid and is used in many treatment processes for drinking water production.
As natural component of healthy drinking water carbon dioxide allows for economic and ecological processes that improve
drinking water quality - without undesirable by-products or contaminants.
In drinking water production carbon dioxide is used among others to:
- Mineralise raw water with low alkalinity
- Control pH-value
- before coagulation,
- after softening,
- before nanofiltration or reverse osmosis
- Regenerate ion exchangers
In drinking water processing, carbon dioxide is the acid of choice. Wherever carbon dioxide replaces mineral acids, it prevents
salting up and improves the corrosion chemistry of drinking water.
For dosing and injection of carbon dioxide in water Messer builds and supplies hardware that optimally suits the specific
requirements of drinking water producers. Also existing drinking water production plants can easily be retrofitted for use of
carbon dioxide.
Your advantages at a glance
- Precise pH control
- Storage and handling is simple and safe
- No corrosion of nearby plant and equipment
- No increase in chloride or sulphate concentrations
- No investment for acid storage
- Low operating costs
- Small footprint, low manpower requirements
Used gases

CO2
CO2 (liquid)
For your industry

chemical industry
food industry
pharmaceutical industry
power stations, energy management
public utilities