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Abstract
Citrinin is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by several species of the genus Aspergillus,
Aspergillus Penicillium
and Monascus. Citrinin is generally formed after harvest and occurs mainly in stored grains. The
efficacy of different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts of Aervalanata, Nerium oleander,
Rhazya stricta Decne and Cleome amblyocarpa (5 to 10 mg/mL) on growth and citrinin production
produc
in
two fungal strains Penicillium notatum and Aspergillus niger was investigated. Mycotoxin production
and fungal biomass by the isolates was suppressed, depending on the concentration of the plant
extract added to culture media at the time of spore inoculation.
inoculation. Citrinin production in fungal mycelia
grown for 15 days in culture media containing 5 10 mg/mL of the aqueous extracts of A. lanata, N.
oleander, R. stricta Decne and C. amblyocarpa showed inhibition of approximately 14.2 to 91.8 % in
Penicillium notatum and 13.4 to 90.3% in Aspergillus niger.. Among the all four extracts,
extracts Rhazya
stricta Decne was more efficient than other tested plant extracts in inhibiting the citrinin production
ranging from 22.4 to 91.8% in P. notatum and 32.6 to 93.2% in A. niger.
Key words
Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger,
niger Citrinin, Fungal biomass.
Introduction
Mycotoxins,, a group of structurally diverse
secondary metabolites produced by various
fungi, are toxic compounds that can
contaminate foodstuffs, crops or human foods.
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Citrinin recovery
The extraction method was validated by the
standard addition method of citrinin (1mg/ml of
methanol: 10, 20 and 40 L) to liquid PDB (3
mL), extracted, and were spotted on plates. The
known amount
ount of citrinin (5-50
(5
g) were also
spotted, developed, detected, eluted, and
estimated as samples to check on their recovery
from TLC silica aluminum plates. The percentage
of added citrinin recovery in PDB varied
between 42% (for 10 g) and 59% (for 40 g),
while recovery of known amounts of citrinin
from plates averaged 99.34%.
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Conclusion
The tested plants are being traditionally used for
the treatment of various human ailments.
ailmen In
current research, we studied the potential of
these plant extracts on inhibiting citrinin
production by the fungus P. notatum and A.
niger in culture medium. The fungi growth and
citrinin was decreased, although there were
differences between colony macroscopic
characteristics in controls and treatments.
Therefore, these plant extracts can be used in
the storage of food grains to prevent them from
the any fungal growth and mycotoxin (citrinin)
production under such conditions. Additional
research study is needed to determine the
potential usefulness of these plant extracts in
fungi control programs.
Acknowledgement
This research project was supported
upported by a grant
from the Research Center of the Center for
Female Scientific and Medical Colleges,
Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud
University.
References
1. Bennett JW, Klich M. Mycotoxins. Clinical
Microbiology Reviews, 2003; 16, 3: 497
516.
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Family
Botanical name
Local name
Part used
Popular uses
Amaranthaceae
Aervalanata (L.)
Al-Athlab
Leaves
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Nerium oleander L
Rhazya stricta Decne
Dafla
Harmal
Leaves
Leaves
Capparidaceae
Used in treatment of
cystitis
D
Diuretic
Antibacterial, used in
remedy for sore throat
and fever
Antimicrobial
Antimicrobial,
used
against
bacterial
infections
Leaves
Aervalanata (L.)
Nerium oleander L
Carbohydrates +
Cleome
amblyocarpa
+
Steroids
Alkaloids
Saponins
Tanins
Flavonoids
Aervalanata
Nerium oleander
Cleome amblyocarpa
Mdw
Red.
Mdw
Red.
Mdw
Red.
Mdw
Red.
(mg)
(%)
(mg)
(%)
(mg)
(%)
(mg)
(%)
Control 2462 0.00.0 2462 0.00.0 2462
0.00.0
2462
0.00.0
2.5
2393 2.01
2411 2.03
2251
8.53
2291
6.91
5
2024 17.82
2123 13.82
1983
19.51
2123
13.82
7.5
1831 25.63
1931 21.54
1532
37.80
1992
19.10
10
932
62.11
753
69.51
561
77.23
1011
58.94
(Conc. = Concentration, Red. = Reduction)
[The
The results are means of 2 experiments with 3 replicates each, determined 15 days after incubation.
Values in parentheses are SD of 3 replicates.]
replicates.
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Conc.
Aervalanata
Nerium oleander
(mg/ml
Mdw
Red.
Mdw
Red.
of
(mg)
(%)
(mg)
(%)
media)
Control 3154
0.00.0 3154 0.00.0
2.5
2982
5.32
2991 5.00
5
2131
32.31
2200 30.15
7.5
1972
37.46
2012 36.11
10
983
68.81
1033 67.30
(Conc. = Concentration, Red. = Reduction)
Cleome amblyocarpa
Mdw
(mg)
Red.
(%)
Mdw
(mg)
Red.
(%)
3154
2632
2183
1981
841
0.00.0
16.50
30.73
37.14
73.32
3154
2731
2302
2001
973
0.00.0
13.33
26.91
36.52
69.20
Cleome amblyocarpa
CTN
Red.
(g/ml)
(%)
9.80.2
7.60.0
5.80.5
3.00.1
0.80.2
9.80.2
7.90.1
6.20.3
2.00.6
1.50.1
0.00.0
22.40.3
40.80.1
69.30.8
91.81.3
0.00.0
19.30.8
36.70.9
79.50.9
84.60.9
Table 6: Efficacy of medicinal plant extracts on citrinin production by A. niger in liquid media (TLC
analysis).
Conc.
Aervalanata
Nerium oleander
(mg/ml CTN
Red.
CTN
Red.
of
(g/ml)
(%)
(g/ml)
(%)
media)
Control 10.40.6 0.00.0
10.40.6
0.00.0
2.5
8.70.2
16.30.4 9.00.2
13.40.6
5
7.60.5
26.90.1 7.90.6
24.00.3
7.5
4.30.3
58.60.5 5.60.1
46.10.3
10
1.40.1
86.50.3 1.90.0
81.70.2
(Conc. = Concentration, Red. = Reduction)
Source of support: Nil..
Cleome amblyocarpa
CTN
Red.
(g/ml)
(%)
10.40.6
7.00.3
4.90.5
2.60.3
0.70.1
10.40.6
8.40.7
5.30.3
4.10.3
1.00.2
0.00.0
32.60.9
52.80.8
75.00.9
93.20.6
0.00.0
19.20.3
49.00.6
60.50.7
90.30.8
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