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>Coordinate Geometry
Slope of a straight line in general equation ax + by + c = 0
>Point and Straight Line
Slope = - a / b
Angle between 2 lines
m m
tan =
1+m m
1
Where is the angle between two lines and m1, m2 are the slopes of the two lines
Intercept of a straight line in general equation ax + by + cz = 0
Intercept = - c / b
Equation of a straight line in intercept form
y
x
+
=1
a
b
Distance = (x 2
x1)
+ (y 2 y 1 )
1
2
ab
Where a, b 0
Condition of parallelism
m1 = m2
Lines y = m 1 x + c 1 and y = m 2 x + c 2 will be parallel if
m1 = m2
m 1 m 2 = 1
or
m2 =
1
m1
ax 1 +by 1 +c
a 2 +b
c 1 c 2
a 2 +b
is (a/b)
yy 1
y 2 y 1
xx 1
x 2 x 1
(ix) Intercept form : Equation of a line making intercepts a and b respectively on x - axis and y - axis is ( x/a) + ( y/b) = 1
(x) Parametric or distance or symmetrical form of the line: Equation of a line passing through (x1 , y1) and making an angle
yy
xx
0 , (/2) with the +ve direction of x-axis is
=
= r
cos
sin
1
x = x 1 + r cos , , y = y 1 + r sin
Where r is the distance of any point P(x,y) on the line from the point (x1 , y1)
(xi) Normal or Perpendicular form : Equation of a line such that the length of the perpendicular from the origin on it is p and the angle which
the perpendicular makes with the + ve direction of x-axis is is x cos + y sin = p
Angle between two lines
(i) Two lines a1 x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
(a) Parallel if (a1/a2) = (b1/b2) (c1 / c2 )
(b) Perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
(c) Identical or coincident if (a1 / a2) = (b1 / b2) = (c1 / c2)
a 2 b 1 a 1 b 2
a 2 b 1 b 2
m2
ax 1 +by 1 ++c
a 2 +b
c 1 c 2
is
a 2 +b
a2
a3
b1
c1
b2
c2
b3
c3
= 0
a 2 x + b 2 y+c 2
2
a 1 +b 1
a 2 +b 2
= 0
If y = m1x + c & y = m2x + c represents two straight lines then m1 + m2 = (-2h / b) , m1m2 = (a/b)
Angle between pair of straight lines
The angle between the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 or ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is tan
2h
ab
(a+b)
ab
xy
h
|PQ| = (x 2 x 1 )
+ (y 2 y 1 )
1)
and (r 2 ,
2)
respectively.
|PQ| = (r 1 + r 2 2r 1 r 2 cos( 1 2 ))
x 1 (y 2 y 3 ) + (y 3 y 1 ) + x 3 (y 1 y 2 )
x 1
or
y1
x2
y2
x 3
y3
and
Y=y-k
If origin is shifted to point (h, k) without rotation of axes, then new equation of curve can be obtained by putting x + h in place of x and y + k in
place of y.
Matrix method :
and
] = [
x
y
cos
sin
sin
cos
] = [
][
cos
sin
sin
cos
x
y
][
] = A[
X
Y
x
y
](say)
] = A [
X
Y
(a
2
1
(a x+b y+c )
2
2
2
respectively.
(a 2 +b )
2
+b 1 )
Conditions
x 1 +x 2 +x 3
3
y 1 +y 2 +y 3
3
Incentre
Definition : The point of intersection of internal angle bisectors of triangle is called the incentre of the triangle.
The co-ordinates of the incentre of a triangle whose vertices are
(
ax 1 +bx 2 +cx 3
a+b+c
ay 1 +by 2 +cy 3
a+b+c
I2 (
I3 (
ax 1 +bx 2 +cx 3
a+b+c
ax 1 bx 2 +cx 3
ab+c
ax 1 +bx 2 cx 3
a+bc
When |BC| = a,
ay 1 +by 2 +cy 3
a+b+c
ay 1 by 2 +cy 3
ab+c
ay 1 +by 2 cy 3
|CA| = b
a+bc
and |AB| = c
ii) Circumcentre of a triangle : The circumcentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle.
The co-ordinates are
(
or
(
iii) Orthocentre of a triangle : The orthocentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of altitudes. Its co-ordinates are
(
or
(
b gf h
h
ab
a fg h
h
ab
Locus
The locus of a moving point is the path traced out by that point under one or more given conditions.
Equation of a Locus
A relation f(x, y) = 0 between x and y which is satisfied by each point on the locus and such that each point satisfying the equation is on the locus
is called the equation of the locus.
How to find the locus of a point
Let (x1, y1) be the co-ordinates of the moving point say P. Now apply the geometrical conditions on x1, y1. This gives a relation between x1 and
y1. Now equation of the locus.
Corollary 1 : If x and y are not there in the equation, the co - ordinates of P may also be taken as (x, y).
Corollary 2 : If co-ordinates and equation are not given in the question, suitable choice of origin and axes may be made.
Corollary 3 : To find the locus of the point of intersection of two straight lines, eliminate the parameter or parameters from the given lines. If
more than one parameter, then additional condition or conditions will also be given.
Area Between Curves
The shaded area = Area of curvilinear trapezoid APQB - Area of curvilinear trapezoid CPQD.
=
b
a
f(x) dx
b
a
g(x) dx ==
b
a
{f(x) g(x)} dx
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