Submitted To:

By:

Submitted

Mr. Mohit Kumar Premi

Megha Singh, XI-A

Certificate
This is to certify that all relevant
work

pertaining

to

presented

miniature project on :
" Breathing & Respiration"
was completed by

Megha Singh

under my guidance. She has done

hard work to complete the project.
Her work is absolutely original in
nature.

Mr. Mohit
Kumar Premi
Deptt. Of
Biology

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
History of all great works is to
witness that no great work was ever
done

without

passive

either

support

the

of

active

or

person's

surroundings and one's close quarters.

Thus it is not hard to conclude how
active assistance from seniors could
positively impact the execution of a
project. I am highly thankful to our
learned
Premi

faculty
Sir

for

Mr.
his

Mohit
active

Kumar
guidance

throughout the completion of project.

Last but not the least , I would also
want to extend my appreciation to my
parents as well as those who could not
be mentioned here but have well played

their role to inspire me behind the

curtain.

Megha Singh
(XI-A)

BIODATA
Name

Megha Singh

Class / Sec

XIth-A

Session

2012-13

Topic

" Breathing &

Subject

Biology

Roll No.

Teacher

Respiration "

Mr. Mohit Kumar

Premi
Teacher's Sign:
principal's Sign

Remarks

DECLARATION
This is to for general declaration
purposes only that all relevant
work

pertaining to presented

miniature project on :
" Breathing & Respiration"

has been solely completed by me.

Besides
certain
work

unavoidable
references,

is

absolutely

links

the

to

overall

original

in

nature.
Megha Singh

Breathing Vs Respiration
Both breathing and respiration are required for all living organisms.
Generally, breathing and respiration are often considered the same.
However, there is a great difference between these two words.
Breathing is a constant process where you breathe in and out constantly
through out the day. It is a process of taking in oxygen and expelling
carbon dioxide.
Respiration is a process where the body breaks down the oxygen, so
that the cells in the body can use it. It is a part of metabolic process
also known as catabolic process of a cellular activity where energy
molecule is released while carbon dioxide and water are produced.
Breathing is a physical process and respiration is a chemical process.
Breathing is a process of taking oxygen into the lungs while respiration is
taking the oxygen from the lungs into the blood stream or to the cells.
Breathing is an exchange of gases between cells and the external
environment whereas respiration is a process that takes place in the
cells. Breathing involves two stages ventilation and gas exchange.
Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of lungs and gas exchange
is the absorption of oxygen from the lungs and release of carbon
dioxide. Respiration involves only one process that produces energy
and eliminates carbon dioxide and H2O in the blood stream or cells.
In terms of the action, breathing is a voluntary action and respiration is
an involuntary action. Respiration is an active and mechanical process
that involves the conversion of chemical energy into other forms of
energy and breathing has no action or conversion involved.
Breathing can be controlled whereas respiration cannot be controlled.
For instance, one can able take a deep and shallow or fast and slow

breaths. Since respiration takes places in the cells and tissues, it cannot
be controlled like breathing.
Though breathing and respiration are two different processes, these two
words are being used interchangeably by many people. When a person
is given oxygen artificially, it refers to artificial breathing not artificial
respiration. Breathing is sometimes called as external respiration and
respiration is referred to as internal or cellular respiration.
Breathing
The zone of the body between the neck and the bottom of the ribs is
known as the thorax. The major organs in the thorax are the heart, lungs
and tongue. The lungs and associated airways allow us to breathe.

In the head the airways consist of the mouth and nasal passages. Air
and food has a common passage in the throat.

The airways from the neck into the lungs have the following divisions:

Larynx or voicebox. This is where there is speech and sound

generation.

Trachea or windpipe.

Two tubes that are each known as a bronchus, plural bronchi.

Bronchioles which are subdivisions of each bronchus.

Alveoli which are sacks at the end of the airways that allow
oxygenation of the blood.
The key features of breathing are that when we breathe in the intercostal
muscles between the ribs and the diaphragm both contract; when we
breathe out both of these muscles relax. When we breathe in the
contraction of the intercostals pulls the sternum up and away from the
body and the descent of the diaphragm increases the volume of the
thoracic cavity. Notice that in the resting state (breathing out) the
diaphragm bulges up under the lungs, the lungs themselves are slightly
elastic and pull the diaphragm back to this position

The illustrations below are an anatomically correct portrayal of the

appearance of the lungs in a human being. The lung tissue itself appears
pink in non-smoking country people and almost black in smokers who
live in cities.

The lungs flank

the

heart

and

great

vessels

in

the

chest

cavity. (Source: Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, 20th ed. 1918.)

In this image, lung tissue has been dissected away to reveal the
bronchioles. (Source: Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, 20th ed.
1918.)

Oxygenation of the blood

The two main functions of the lungs are to oxygenate the blood and to
remove waste carbon dioxide.
The blood is oxygenated in the alveoli. The alveoli are thin walled and
surrounded by capillaries. The blood enters the capillary network around
the alveoli from the pulmonary artery and leaves the capillary network
via the pulmonary vein.

Highly schematic diagram of the alveoli with both cross-section and

external view

More anatomical diagram; r. b respiratory bronchiole; al. d alveolar duct;

at atria; a. s alveolar sac; 'a' alveolus or air cell; p. a.: pulmonary artery:
p. v pulmonary vein; l lymphatic; l. n lymph node. Gray's Anatomy, 1918

Oxygen diffuses into the blood through the alveolar and capillary walls
and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood. The alveoli have a surface
area of about 70 square metres to make this gas exchange as fast as
possible.
Carbon dioxide dissolves in water and can easily and reversibly form
compounds such as carbonic acid and bicarbonates.
Oxygen does not dissolve much in water, to overcome this problem the
oxygen

in

the

blood

is

contain haemoglobin which

stored
can

in red
combine

blood
with

cells.

These

oxygen

to

formoxyhaemoglobin. The red blood cells contain the oxygen in the

blood. The blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the
body.

Oxy-haemoglobin is bright red and haemoglobin is dark red, this is why

veins look dark and why all the diagrams show veins in blue and arteries
in red. The exception is the pulmonary artery which carries dark red, deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the pulmonary vein which carries
bright red oxygenated blood away from the lungs.
The composition of exhaled air (air that is breathed out) is very different
from the composition of inhaled air (air that is breathed in). Inhaled air
has the same composition as normal air, it contains:

78% nitrogen

21% oxygen

1% inert gas such as argon

0.04% carbon dioxide

little water vapour

Exhaled air contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide, it is also
saturated with water vapour. Exhaled air contains:

78% nitrogen

17% oxygen

1% inert gas such as argon

4% carbon dioxide

saturated with water vapour

The difference between the amount of oxygen in inhaled and exhaled air
is equal to the difference in the amount of carbon dioxide in exhaled and
inhaled air.
The special adaptions of the alveoli for gas exchange are:

Thin walls

Huge surface area

Covered in capillaries to provide blood

A wet lining to dissolve gases

Respiration
Aerobic respiration
Respiration is the process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich
molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life
processes. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to oxidise glucose and
produce energy. The equation for the oxidation of glucose is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy released
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + Energy released
In a fire there is a massive uncontrolled release of energy as light and
heat. Respiration is a similar process but it occurs in gradual steps.
Most animals and plants use aerobic respiration as a primary source of
energy.
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

]Mitochondria
Mitochondria are cell organelles which float around in the cytoplasm and
are found in both plant and animal cells. In cells, aerobic respiration
occurs in the mitochondria. Here, the energy is made in the form of a
compound called ATP. However, some of the energy made is lost as
heat energy. The ATP drives chemical reactions and is used by the cells
as a source of energy to do this.
[edit]Anaerobic respiration
When a person is doing very heavy exercise and the blood cannot
supply enough oxygen another sort of respiration occurs. This converts
glucose into energy without the need for oxygen and is known
as anaerobic respiration. The reaction is:
Glucose Energy released + lactic acid

Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration.

Unfortunately the insufficient blood supply that leads to anaerobic
respiration also means that the lactic acid builds up in the muscles. High
lactic acid concentrations are painful and felt as cramp. When exercise
stops, the blood supply is able to provide enough oxygen to convert the
lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water but this takes time and the
muscle pain may continue after exercise until the lactic acid has been
converted.
The amount of Oxygen required to oxidize lactic acid that accumulates
on muscles due to an aerobic respiration is known as the oxygen debt.
Carbon dioxide and lactic acid both cause increases in breathing rate
and heart rate to allow the body to repay the oxygen debt. The oxygen
debt is the reason why we continue to be out of breath even after
exercise. If athletes are very fit their circulation can provide extra oxygen
more rapidly and their recovery time, the time required to restore
normal breathing and pulse, will be shorter than in people who are not fit.

Yeasts and anaerobic respiration

The direct conversion of glucose to energy without the use of oxygen
occurs in many yeasts and fungi. The ethanol that is used in alcoholic
drinks is a result of anaerobic respiration in yeast, the reaction is:
Glucose Energy released + ethanol + carbon dioxide
Brewers use various types of brewers yeast to produce alcohol. In fizzy
alcoholic drinks such as champagne the bottles are tightly stoppered to
prevent the carbon dioxide from escaping.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
I have taken help from following resources :

www.Wikipedia.org

www.dummies.com/.../how-respiration-and-breathing-differ.ht...

lgfl.skoool.co.uk/content/keystage3/biology/pc/.../launch.html