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14.1
What you should learn
GOAL 1 Graph sine and
cosine functions, as applied
in Example 3.
GOAL 2
In this lesson you will learn to graph functions of the form y = a sin bx and
y = a cos bx where a and b are positive constants and x is in radian measure.
The graphs of all sine and cosine functions are related to the graphs of
Graph tangent
y = sin x
functions.
and
y = cos x
M1
amplitude: 1
range:
1 y 1
FE
3
2
2
m 1
2 x
3
2
period:
2
Graph of y = sin x
y
M1
range:
1 y 1
amplitude: 1
2
3
2
m 1
2
1
3
2
2 x
period:
2
Graph of y = cos x
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The amplitude and period of the graphs of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx,
where a and b are nonzero real numbers, are as follows:
amplitude = |a|
Examples
2
period =
and
|b|
2
4
1
3
2
2
For a > 0 and b > 0, the graphs of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx each have five
2
b
key x-values on the interval 0 x : the x-values at which the maximum and
minimum values occur and the x-intercepts.
y
(0, 0)
14 p 2b , a
12 p 2b , 0
EXAMPLE 1
y = a sin bx
y = a cos bx
(0, a)
2b , 0
2b , a
14 p 2b , 0
34 p 2b , a
12 p 2b , a
34 p 2b , 0
b. y = cos 2x
SOLUTION
2
2
a. The amplitude is a = 2 and the period is = = 2. The five key points are:
b
1
Intercepts: (0, 0); (2, 0);
14 2, 2 = 2, 2
34 2, 2 = 32, 2
1
2, 0 = (, 0)
2
Maximum:
STUDENT HELP
Study Tip
In Example 1 notice
how changes in a and b
affect the graphs of
y = a sin bx and
y = a cos bx. When
the value of a increases,
the amplitude is greater.
When the value of b
increases, the period is
shorter.
832
Minimum:
y
1
3
2
2
2
b. The amplitude is a = 1 and the period is = = . The five key points are:
b
2
Intercepts:
12 , 1 = 2, 1
y
2
Page 1 of 2
EXAMPLE 2
1
3
Graph y = cos x.
SOLUTION
1
3
2
b
The amplitude is a = and the period is = = 2. The five key points are:
Intercepts:
Maximums:
Minimum:
y
2
3
..........
The periodic nature of trigonometric functions is useful for modeling oscillating
motions or repeating patterns that occur in real life. Some examples are sound waves,
the motion of a pendulum or a spring, and seasons of the year. In such applications,
the reciprocal of the period is called the frequency. The frequency gives the
number of cycles per unit of time.
EXAMPLE 3
MUSIC When you strike a tuning fork, the vibrations cause changes in the pressure
of the surrounding air. A middle-A tuning fork vibrates with frequency f = 440 hertz
(cycles per second). You strike a middle-A tuning fork with a force that produces a
maximum pressure of 5 pascals.
a. Write a sine model that gives the pressure P as a function of time t (in seconds).
b. Graph the model.
FOCUS ON
APPLICATIONS
SOLUTION
a. In the model P = a sin bt, the maximum pressure P is 5, so a = 5. You can use
b
2
frequency =
440 =
880 = b
1
1
b. The amplitude is a = 5 and the period is = .
440
RE
FE
L
AL I
4140
12 4140, 0 = 8180, 0
14 4140, 5 = 17160 , 5
34 4140, 5 = 17360 , 5
The oscilloscope is a
laboratory device invented
by Karl Braun in 1897. This
electrical instrument
measures waveforms and
is the forerunner of todays
television.
Maximum:
Minimum:
1
880
1
440
833
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GOAL 2
1. The domain is all real numbers except odd multiples of . At odd multiples of ,
2
2
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F Y = A TA N B X
If a and b are nonzero real numbers, the graph of y = a tan bx has these
characteristics:
|b|
The period is .
2|b|
Example
2(3)
n
3
2b
4b
2b
EXAMPLE 4
3
2
Intercept:
(0, 0)
Asymptotes:
x = , or x = ;
1
2 4
x = , or x =
2 4
8
Halfway points:
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8
16
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GUIDED PRACTICE
Concept Check
Vocabulary Check
1
x
3. Consider the two functions y = 4 sin and y = sin 4x. Which function has the
3
3
Skill Check
5. y = 3 cos x
7. y = sin x
3
3
8. y = 5 sin 3x
1
6. y = cos 3x
4
x
9. y = cos
2
11. y = cos 4x
12. y = tan 3x
1
13. y = sin x
4
2
14. y = 5 cos x
3
15. y = 2 tan 4x
16.
d = 4 cos 8t
where d is the pendulums horizontal displacement
(in inches) relative to its position at rest and t is the time
(in seconds). Graph the function. How far horizontally
does the pendulum travel from its original position?
d
Extra Practice
to help you master
skills is on p. 959.
1
17. y = 2 sin x
2
1
18. y = 2 cos x
2
19. y = 2 sin 2x
1
20. y = 2 tan x
2
21. y = 2 cos 2x
22. y = 2 tan 2x
A.
B.
C.
y
1
y
1
4
STUDENT HELP
HOMEWORK HELP
D.
E.
y
1
F.
y
1
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INT
STUDENT HELP
NE
ER T
HOMEWORK HELP
24.
25.
0.5
1
26. y = cos x
2
1
29. y = 5 cos x
2
27. y = sin 2x
1
30. y = 2 sin x
2
2
1
28. y = 3 cos x
4
1
31. y = sin 4x
3
1
33. y = cos x
5
1
34. y = tan x
4
1
35. y = sin x
4
36. y = 4 cos x
37. y = 4 tan 2x
38. y = 3 cos 2x
39. y = 8 sin x
1
40. y = 2 tan x
3
1
1
41. y = sin x
2
4
42. y = tan 4x
43. y = 2 cos 6x
WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation of the form y = a sin bx, where a > 0
and b > 0, so that the graph has the given amplitude and period.
44. Amplitude: 1
Period: 5
1
47. Amplitude:
2
Period: 3
FOCUS ON
CAREERS
RE
FE
L
AL I
INT
NE
ER T
CAREER LINK
www.mcdougallittell.com
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46. Amplitude: 2
Period: 4
48. Amplitude: 4
Period:
6
Period: 2
49. Amplitude: 3
1
Period:
2
50. LOGICAL REASONING Use the fact that the frequency of a periodic functions
graph is the reciprocal of the period to show that an oscillating motion with
maximum displacement a and frequency can be modeled by y = a sin 2 ft
or y = a cos 2 ft.
51.
52.
MUSIC A tuning fork vibrates with a frequency of 220 hertz (cycles per
second). You strike the tuning fork with a force that produces a maximum
pressure of 3 pascals. Write a sine model that gives the pressure P as a function
of the time t (in seconds). What is the period of the sound wave?
53.
MUSICIAN
Musicians may
specialize in classical, rock,
jazz, or many other types
of music. This profession
is very competitive and
demands a high degree of
discipline and talent in order
to succeed.
45. Amplitude: 10
A
A
Page 1 of 2
you
100 ft
Test
Preparation
y = tan 5x
1
2
y = 5 tan x
y = tan 5x
y = 5 tan 2x
1
2
y
5
2 , 5
1
y = 5 tan x
8
y = sin x?
3
4
Challenge
59. y = sec x
60. y = cot x
MIXED REVIEW
GRAPHING Graph the quadratic function. Label the vertex and axis of
symmetry. (Review 5.1 for 14.2)
61. y = 2(x 5)2 + 4
62. y = (x 3)2 7
3
65. y = (x 1)2 2
4
FINDING REFERENCE ANGLES Sketch the angle. Then find its reference angle.
(Review 13.3)
71. 220
72. 155
73. 280
74. 510
35
21
17
5
75.
76.
77.
78.
3
4
6
8
79.
PERSONAL FINANCE You deposit $1000 in an account that pays 1.5%
annual interest compounded continuously. How long will it take for the balance
to double? (Review 8.6)
14.1 Graphing Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
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