Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B
1) Explain the differenr rypes ofioints (APR/MAY 2003)
i) Rigid
.
.
.
.
Joints:
Limitationsi
.
ii)
.
.
.
.
iii)
transmit forces passing through hinges itself, and also allow certain motion and
rolalions.
,oints osed in precast members are usually hinge like.
Requires less working time than that ofthe rigid joints.
Execution is simpler.
Can
Shod Joints:
.
.
Used in
.
.
joint accomplished by simple placing oftwo members on each other and then
fastening them is called dry joint.
The structure becomes immediately loose bea ngA
v) Wetloints:
.
.
.
The joint
i.
ii.
iii.
iy.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
.;
Lengthelingofcolumn.
beams.
Joining of
Formirtg ofjoints forarcherl slructrrrr:s.
'
'
Joiningofjointsofposttensionstructures.
loining ofprecast to monolithic RC structures.
.
.
Usually rigid.
Methods:
A rigid
ioint can
be made by
welded joinL
RATE
.TO EN&EE
cal-t)rlN
fos'flIa aF
Advantages:
.
.
lt
simplcr requires less timc suitablc for small column_ (i-cl placing, pumping,
fixing of fhc colurnn and filling calyx with concrete is easier.
is
@FT
b) By welding:
tooxlo t6
to xrortomr', Pl<t
,Oo
Disadvantagesr
.
.
NOTE:
Cal5rx
+ Bending
+ Shear
-e
oR top ofcolumn:
.t
.t
J
hJ By hool<ed steel bars:
c) By welded ioint:
s6.,t Pl"f,.
Advantages:
.
.
.
.
7,6r'
@Y*Job
>tA
l-
tsi
ffi
f.""
1- hoh"/;'4
lYorie^
'
Wor^
Co[rfl",
b) Bv weldingr
Tr,rifr
cortreV
Simple method lor riSid iunction fitting column wilh beam at gi.der.
At the top ofthe column the use ofovertapping steel with beam and subsequating
concrete is alone.
Li0litations!
.
.
.
b)
c)
CoLr*,'
It is the easiest method [i.e) placjng a beam on the top ofthe column.
At the resting place, both the top ofthe column and the underside ofthe beam must
be furnished with a steel plates anchored into the concrete, so that the two steel
plates rest on each other.
v) loining of truss to a column:
\Z
--\
,r^t
6err{orcol"-cnt
.d
.
o"or"[.y
For ve.tical
loads )
The
joint should
The
a beam at
be Hinge-like.
an interrnediate level:
It
is
Mct}lod I:
The beams rest on cantilever of the column and their top bars are welded to dowels
protruding from it.
Method II:
A beam shaped Iike an inverted 'U' rests on cantiiever protruding Iaterally from the column'
The advantage is that the concentric loading can also be accomplished for the outermost
Ifan additional reinforcement is applied, the beam can also be transformed to a continuous
beam.
.
.
B@N't'
W2r^
'lu1.,,,[
e&*^x11^
.
.
1cru.-'
)q"d
The upper columns rest on the lower ones by a tongue Iike extensions.
The steel bars of the main reinforcements are loined by overlapping are looped steel
hars are welding.
'fhen the stirrups arc to be placed .lnd finally, the iolnls must be concreted
o'P,Uf
'l'lre
th
iu
n.rion oi the beam is donc by ovcrlapping lhc protruding skrcl bars or hy wclding
cnl logethcr.
10
SrS,""1# C-'"ol'Y
.'l'he
forrned ofconcreto
Stecl bars are expensive.
11
g''&
.
.
tensionin& it is ensured that the entire shucture including the joint only
compressive can developed.
The ioints are made by placing plane surfaces side by side and then filiing to gaps
with cement mortar. By doing so, longer beams cari also be produced from shorter
By post
pre-cast members-
.
.
making joints.
After casting of the gaps and hardening ofmortar, the short inserted cables are
stressed and so rigid ioints are established.
No drffrculties in
RC
structures:
Achieved by placing, end ofthe beam either or tvvo cantilever protruding from the
colu mn or an opening from in lhe shaft of thi: column.
S> orrtzQ
Poe"":t
baxz
dot,.Y''
I
When making joints first of ali, a 2.5cm deep cavity is chiselled out at the side of the
precast column.
The bottom of this cavity should be roughened so as to attain a better bond b/w the
concrcie ofthe mon(rithic bcam and prccast column.
r
.
o
transportation.
The members are hanging from tle hook ofthe crane. Method ofsuspenslon
depends on form and dimension ofmpmbers.
The suspension must be situated above the beam or else the beam become
unstable.
a stock:
sl""f./-giJ 4..^a
.
Stabiliry ofthe beam may be by enclosing beam by a stock (i.e) by placing the girder
into a rigid planc. By dqing so, the suspension itselfis transferred to a pointoutside
th(.b.rm.
iii)
Suspension by a
triangular cable
rocl(s:
13
.
.
NOTE:
When the members are suspended at any points a lifi ing should begin
simultaneously.
sl.Itq
inlo a Adok
Jo
LIFTING LIIGS:
kt+y
4)
X,4^
having a thick.ess
'l'hese members
o,r.r,;'jfi:lT::j:Tli:Tl.".i*""#::.."'s
connected t
utnu. aDd
Lo
5) Kinds ofmembers:
i. Normal members for intermediate
placing.
iii. Members
iv.loining
.
.
'
.
members
RC
jjil""T:,l,o:ffiT:;:Xr1rffH."T-
;lil,'ffi
[:"ii[::"'*'
rrequentrvo."i"
ilu
,o
,nr..u.r", or
this mortar
,t*" [ff;i;",;:r
.
.
15
points.
2Ot2)
Surplus stresses are forms when memters are hoisted and placed. These stresses are
called handling or erection stresses.
.
.
.
lfI"q
ilJ
H*^J A-
(D.L
1**-l d., L
eusl
.'lhc
hoistingof
16
/o,,v";y
.
.
pt
B) Girrlers:
A girder having a length of 25cm is clutched at Zpts when ir is hoist but the
tilting
same girder requires atleast 4 Iittlng pts.
'l'hese pts should be determined based on equal moments
simultaneously taking
iflto consideration. 'l'he reft design [o resist force affecting the beam, in its final
position.
COLUMNS:
l-,f,J."q
p.iJl
in lhe finalposition.
An additional reft may bc sometimcs require but Becomes unnecessary after placing
is finished-
1/
of
as
the
girder'
i)
By an
.
.
.
.
.
.
The ends
3oo..r"
'ilrL
rro*gJ t
-FoP.L
".5*
bs
o'a-
A Po{lz beat.
tor'o
-*J +" tehill
n^, oil,,,,-
beoJn
Ne5
18
61
.
.
.
.
-_lo"psa
hsl
@:r
- t-r e &t
,J,r
.sh",,r;^q
on
t>.L
JocJ<
Multipoint Pickup:
It is one ol
thebestsolulion\firrtheeliminationoferectionstressesforeg:hoisting
of a truncatcd cone
suspension.
This resulted iD the elimination oferection stresses in the Iower edge ring and
truncated cone shaped roof:
'Tin'oeo*l -cor\'osl,rfp.A
rr'{
multipoint lifL
6) Whatare the differe t Hoistilg machines used in precast erection.
i.
Tower Cranes.
vi Twinned-mast
Cranes.
Transporl Trailers:
i. In
llorizontal Position.
Lengthcning:
)Either
20
)By
'
subiccred to rension
i. not
.
-^l -pernritted
^_- .-- .when
the concrcre
*"o*n"." ,l",iflLiliis
(
'l'he most suitable
welded joint
oI four welds and two
laps.
's4
t*d
s:sA-
ioint, consisting
.
.
Grade
;::ty
ofsteel uscd-
B) According to
*."#,,:,j.[[:,j,off[T:fl1i:;,_1ff
].:;Hi:Il""
r,rltar
is
:ilT:11,J:"r;surinsadequa,e
ofshear.
up
iiJ is C225 ifthe smallest dimension is 3cmThe permissible compressive stres$ is 50 I(P/cm2 in thc
widc.
C)
case
ofioint
F
)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
ll
.
.
.
Flexible board
Dowels
Sealants
Flexibldboard:
.
.
.
Dowels:
400
600mm lon&
Z0
Sealants:
.
.
.
I-xpansion joints are usually formed at the joint ofroofing members and main
girders.
2l