Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SANITARY AND
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
Introduction
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PLUMBING
Is the art and technique of installing pipes,
fixtures & other apparatuses in buildings &
for bringing the supply, liquids, substances
&/or ingredients & removing them;
from the Latin plumbum for lead as pipes
were once made from lead.
refers to a system of pipes and fixtures
installed in a building for the distribution
of potable water and the removal of
waterborne wastes.
Introduction - history
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
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Introduction - history
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
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FIXTURE
DRAINAGE
PIPE
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S U P P L Y
Water Mains,
Storage Tanks
DISTRIBUTION
U S E
Pressure,
Piping
Networks
Plumbing
Fixtures
S O U R C E
Lakes, Rivers,
Reservoirs
Treated water
returned to the
original source
COLLECTION
TREATMENT
Sewage Plants,
Natural
Purification
DISPOSAL
Sanitary and
Storm Sewers
Gravity,
Piping
Networks
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WATER SUPPLY
AND
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
definition
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WATER
plays an important part in the plumbing system
Providing water is one of the most critical utility requirement
Universal Solvent
WATER CYCLE
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3 MAJOR STAGES
EVAPORATION
CONDENSATION
PRECIPITATION
SOURCES OF WATER
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RAIN WATER
Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and
stored in cisterns or ponds.
ADVANTAGE
Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water
supply system
DISADVANTAGE
Only a source during the wet season
Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes
Roofs may not be clean
SOURCES OF WATER
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GROUND WATER
The portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to
form underground deposits called aquifers (water- bearing soil
formation).
From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for
domestic use in most rural areas.
ADVANTAGE
Usually has an abundant supply;
requires less treatment because of natural filtering.
DISADVANTAGE
May have organic matter & chemical elements usually
treatment is suggested.
SOURCES OF WATER
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USES OF WATER
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NOURISHMENT
CLEANSING AND HYGIENE
CEREMONIAL USES
TRANSPORTATIONAL USES
COOLING MEDIUM
ORNAMENTAL ELEMENT
PROTECTIVE USES
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SURFACE TENSION
The ability to stick itself together and pull itself together
HEAT ABSOPTION/CAPACITY
The ability to absorb heat without becoming warmer
CAPILLARITY
The ability to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity
DISSOLVING ABILITY
Known as the Universal Solvent
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PROBLEMS
CAUSE
EFFECTS
Corrosion of
non-ferrous
pipes
Rusting &
clogging of
steel pipes
1. Acidity
Contains
carbon dioxide
2. Hardness
Presence of
Clogging of
magnesium and pipes
Impaired
calcium salts
laundry and
cooking
3. Turbidity
Silt or mud in
surface or in
ground
Discoloration
Bad taste
CORRECTION
Passing the water
through a bed of
crushed marble or
limestone to
achieve alkalinity,
or adding sodium
silicate.)
Boiling
Introduction of
water softeners
made up of
Zeolite
Filtration
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CAUSE
EFFECTS
CORRECTION
4. Color
Presence of
Iron and
manganese
Discoloration of Chlorination
or
fixtures
ozonation and file
and laundry
filtration
5. Pollution
Contamination
by organic
matter or
sewage
Disease
Chlorination
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is any method that will remove one or more materials that make
the water unsuitable for a given use
AERATION
Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb
additional oxygen for better taste.
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process by which small sediment particles which do not settle well combine
together to form larger particles which can be removed by sedimentation
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suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity settling and
deposition
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water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order
to remove the finer suspended particles.
DISINFECTION/ CHLORINATION
method of introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the water in
order to attain a desired degree of disinfection.
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TYPES OF WELL
(ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION)
DUG WELLS
can be constructed with hand tools or power tools
depth of about 15 meters (50 ft)
can have the greatest diameter that a space
may allow
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BORED WELLS
These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters
(100 ft) deep. The diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches. The well
is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.
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DRILLED WELLS
Requires more elaborate equipment depending on the geology of
the site.
Used for drilling oil and can reach up to 1000 meters in depth.
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JETTED WELLS
Use extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing
foundation in the vicinity. It makes use of a suction pump above,
while casing acts as the pump riser.
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CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Pump having a plunger that move back and forth within a cylinder
equipped with check valves. The cylinder is best located near or below
the ground level.
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Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water
up from a well.
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COMPONENTS
Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
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Range Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
diameter; 180cm max length)
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
copper or stainless steel
Storage Boiler
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
in diameter; 5m max length)
Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint
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FUNCTION OF VALVES
Control of the water system
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TYPES OF VALVES
GATE VALVE (Full-way Valve)
Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line (does
not control flow of water).
Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc Valve
Double Disc Valve
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3 types
Plug Type Disc Valve
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4 types
Swing Check Valve
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FOOT VALVE
Located at the lower end of the pump. Used
mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps.
SAFETY VALVE
Used on water systems, heating systems,
compressed air lines & other pipe lines
with excessive pressure.
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COMPRESSION COCK
Operates by the compression of a soft
packing upon a metal sheet.
KEY COCK
Operates with a round tapering plug
ground to fit a metal sheet.
BALL FAUCET
Constructed with a ball connected to the
handle.
HOSE BIBB
A water faucet made for the threaded
attachment of a hose.
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The water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary
connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and all appurtenances in or
adjacent to the structure or premises.
WATER METER
Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service.
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RISER
A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey
water to branches or to a group of fixtures.
FIXTURE BRANCH
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water
distributing pipe.
FIXTURE SUPPLY
A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
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DIRECT (UPFEED)
Water is provided by the city water companies using normal
pressure from public water main
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DOWNFEED or
GRAVITY SYSTEM
Water is pumped into a large
tank on top of the building and
is distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity.
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ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Upfeed System
1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps &
tanks.
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DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Overheadfeeed System
1. Water is not affected by peak load
hour.
2. Not affected by power interruptions.
3. Time needed to replace broken parts
does not affect water supply.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
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Subsystems of the
Sanitary System:
Waste Collection System
Ventilation System
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Vent Pipe
used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Trap
a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul
air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
Stack
the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the
roof.
Branch
any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
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House/Building Drain
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage
pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside
of the building.
House/Building Sewer
extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with
the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the
drainage of one building site.
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MINIMUM SLOPE OF
SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe 2% or
20mm/m ( per foot).
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REQUIREMENTS:
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Traps REQUIRED
Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be
separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.
Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain
between a trap and the vent)
One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinks
or laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the same
room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75 m apart.
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SIZE OF TRAPS:
The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is
connected.
Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than
51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal
is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for special
conditions.
INSTALLATION OF TRAPS:
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DISTANCE
TO VENT
32 mm
0.76 m
38 mm
1.07 m
51 mm
1.52 m
76 mm
1.83 m
3.05 m
Note:
The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of
closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or similar
fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a
change of direction of greater than 22 .
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REQUIREMENTS:
Clean-outs REQUIRED
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total
developed length
at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction
thereof
additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an
aggregate offset angle exceeding 135
inside the building near the connection between the building
drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building at
the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
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VENTILATION
Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a
balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system
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Main Types:
VENTS
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Main Vent
the principal artery of the venting
system to which vent branches are
connected.
a.k.a. Collecting Vent Line
serves as support to the Main Soil &
Waste Vent
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an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
serve two (2) traps.
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Relief Vent
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Circuit Vent
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Wet Vent
that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also
flows through.
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Local Vent
a pipe or shaft to convey foul air
from a plumbing fixture or a room
to the outer air.
Dry Vent
a vent that does not carry liquid or
water-borne wastes.
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Stack Vent
the extension of a soil or waste stack
above the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack.
Vent Stack
the vertical vent pipe installed
primarily for providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the soil, waste
of the drainage system. The uppermost
end above the roof has traditionally been
referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
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REQUIREMENTS:
Vents REQUIRED
Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-pressure
through venting.
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Definition:
SEPTIC TANKS
SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water and
settle at the bottom of the septic tank
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Minimum
dimensionsL= 1500mm
W=900mm
D=1200mm
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MANHOLES:
with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one
over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment
exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required over the
baffle wall.
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STRUCTURE:
Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not
less than 14.4 kPa
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CAPACITY:
The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of
bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the
estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various building
occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing
fixtures; whichever is greater.
The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall
also be limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage
field.
LOCATION:
Should not be located underneath the house
At least 15 meters from the water distribution system
CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS:
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Storm Sewers
Sanitary Sewers
Carries regular sanitary wastes only
Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for
treatment
Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)
STORM DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
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3 Major Systems of
Collecting Storm Water:
The Independent System
a.k.a. the Separate System
Brings collected water directly
to the water reservoirs
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Roofing Elements to
Collect Rainwater:
The Gutter
Usually located along the
entire perimeter of the roof
The Downspout
Located every 8 to 10 meters
& at every corner of the roof
(but, to avoid clogging of pipes,
it is best to locate them every
4 to 6 m)
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The Shoe
At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rainwater towards the nearest catch basin
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