Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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A Division Bench of Karnataka high Court in the case of Krishna
Shetty and Ors. v. Land Tribunal, Somwarpet and Ors., ILR
1979 Kar. 1681, has held that once an application is duly made
Page 5 of 74
of
Karnataka
and
Ors.,
ILR
1996
KAR
were
pending
before
the
Tribunal,
both
the
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Page 7 of 74
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Godhra Electricity Co.Ltd. & Anr vs The State Of Gujarat
And AnotherAIR 1975 SC 32 A Court is not prevented from
looking into the subsequent conduct or acting of parties to find
out the meaning of the terms of a document when there is a
latent ambiguity. Extrinsic evidence to determine, the effect of
an instrument is permissible when there remains a doubt as to its
true meaning and evidence of the acts done under it is a safe
guide to the intention of the varies, particularly when acts are
done shortly after the date of the instrument..
When there is latent ambiguity extrinsic evidence in the shape of
an interpreting statement in which both parties have concurred
Page 8 of 74
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JUSTICE B.P. SINGH & JUSTICE ARUN KUMAR of The Supreme Court
in M.B. Ramachandran's case, AIR 2005 SC 2671, has considered
the Mysore (Personal and Miscellaneous) Inams Abolition Act,
1954, the Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act,
1955 and the Karnataka Inams Abolition Laws (Amendment) Act,
1979. In paragraph 3 of its order, the Supreme Court notices that
there were two Acts in the State of Karnataka, namely, the
Mysore (Personal and Miscellaneous) Inams Abolition Act, 1954
(Act No. 1 of 1955), which related to abolition of personal inams
and the Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act,
1955 (Act No. 18 of 1955), which related to the abolition of
religious and charitable inams. The Karnataka Inams Abolition
Laws (Amendment) Act, 1979 (Act No. 26 of 1979) was enacted
by the Karnataka Legislature. Section 2 thereof amended some
provisions of the Mysore Act 1 of 1955 relating to personal
inams, and Section 3 whereof amended some of the provisions of
the Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act, 1955
(Mysore Act 18 of 1955), which related to abolition of religious
and charitable inams. The Supreme Court notices that in view of
Page 9 of 74
having
been
filed
by
Sri
Kudli
Sringeri
Maha
the
said
writ
petition
filed
by
Kudli
Shringeri
Maha
However,
the
High
Court
declared
the
entire
Page 10 of 74
the said orders would not be affected by that judgment and were
saved, but that from then onwards, the jurisdiction shall be
exercised by the Land Tribunal, including the matters pending
before the Deputy Commissioner. A careful reading of the
judgment of the Supreme Court it is clear to me that the
Supreme Court confirms that the jurisdiction is still available to
the Deputy Commissioner insofar as it exercises power under Act
1 of 1955. In the light of arguments in para 7 of the said
judgment and in the light of the findings in paragraphs 9 to 11,
what is clear to me is that the Supreme Court has confirmed the
availability
of
the
jurisdiction
to
the
Special
Deputy
in
unmistakable
terms
that
Kudli
Sringeri
Maha
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Page 11 of 74
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Shankarapra
Shrishailappa
...
vs Shivappa
Rudrappa
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Page 12 of 74
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Page 13 of 74
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A.C. Anantha Swamy And Another vs State Of Karnataka
And OthersILR 1998 KAR 3089, 1998 (5) KarLJ 480The
allied issue is the question as to whether Form No. 1 is condition
precedent for the Special Deputy Commissioner to exercise
jurisdiction. It is a familiar situation that often arises before
Courts and judicial forums, that even if the type of proceeding
instituted turns out to be erroneous that the Court has the power
to direct corrective action because it comes within the doctrine of
curability. It is in this background that I need to point out that as
far as the respondents are concerned, that they had filed the
requisite Form No. 7 and I also understand that it was filed within
the prescribed period. Had they filed Form No. 1 instead of filing
Form No. 7 at that point of time they would have still been within
time and having regard to the fact that they are now virtually
redirected to the correct forum it would only mean that it is a
corrective action and in this background, the non-filing of the
Form No. 1 will not in any way affect the validity of the
proceeding before the Special Deputy Commissioner. On the
contrary, Form No. 7 filed by the petitioners will have to be
deemed to be analogous to the Form No. 1 which they would
have otherwise filed had they gone to that authority in the first
instance. I need to clarify this aspect of the law because I do not
want a situation whereby obstacles will be raised in the way of
the decision of the case before the Special Deputy Commissioner
because this litigation has gone on for long enough and it is high
time that it is disposed of.
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Page 14 of 74
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Shri Dharmarayaswamy Temple vs Chinnathayappa ILR
1990 KAR 4242 The former State of Mysore enacted the
Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inarns Abolition Act, 1955.
Under the provisions of the Act all religious inam lands stood
vested in the State Government with effect from 1-4-1959, on
Page 15 of 74
which date the Act came into force. The Act provided that after
the Inam tenure is abolished, and the lands are vested in the
State, occupancy rights in respect of erstwhile inam lands be
conferred in favour of persons who were Kadim tenants and
Permanent
tenants
under
Sections
and
of
the
Act
Page 16 of 74
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Page 17 of 74
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Page 18 of 74
tenant
and
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confer
who
the
had
occupancy
never
rights
on
cultivated
the
the
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Page 19 of 74
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Page 20 of 74
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Vishwa Vijai Bharti vs Fakhrul Hasan & Ors AIR 1976 SC
1485 It is true that the entries in the revenue record ought,
generally, to be accepted at their face value and courts should
not embark upon an appellate inquiry in to their correctness. But
the presumption of correctness can apply only to genuine, not
forged or fraudulent, entries. The distinction may be fine but it is
real. The distinction is that one cannot challenge the correctness
of what the entry is the revenue record states but the entry is
open
to
the
attack
that
it
was
Made
fraudulently
or
Page 21 of 74
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1973-74
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Page 22 of 74
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01-03-1974
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Venkatappa
vs
evidence
of
his
own
tenancy
firstly
under
one
Sri
Page 23 of 74
upto
1970.
The
evidence
of
Munivenkate
Gowda
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the
latter
as
"legal
presumptions"
or
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rebutted
the
Court
can
treat
the
presumption
as
Page 24 of 74
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And Ors. vs Hussensab Khansaheb Wajantri AIR 2002 SC
504 (2002) 10 SCC 315 We do not dispute the legal position as
stated by the learned counsel for the appellant, but the
presumption of correctness of an entry in revenue record cannot
be rebutted by a statement in the written statement. Mere
statement of fact in the written statement is not a rebuttal of
presumption of correctness of an entry in the revenue record.
The respondent was recorded as a tenant in the revenue record
in the year 1973 and under law the presumption is that the entry
Page 25 of 74
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Page 26 of 74
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LAND REVENUE CODE 1888
SECTION 79. Amount of rent payable by tenant.
A person placed, as tenant, in possession of land by another, or,
in that capacity, holding, taking or retaining possession of land
permissively from or by sufferance of another, shall be regarded
as holding the same at the rent, or for the services, agreed upon
between them; or, in the absence of satisfactory evidence of
such agreement of the rent payable or services renderable by
the usage of the locality, or, if there be no such agreement or
usage, shall be presumed to hold at such rent as, having regard
to all the circumstances of the case, shall be just and reasonable.
And, where, by reason of the antiquity of a tenancy, no
satisfactory evidence of its commencement is forthcoming, and
there is not any such evidence of the period of its intended
duration, if any, agreed upon between the landlord and tenant,
or those under whom they respectively claim title, or any usage
of the locality as the duration of such tenancy, it shall, as against
the immediate landlord of the tenant, be presumed to be coextensive with the duration of the tenure of such landlord and of
those who derive title under him.
Explanation.
In the following cases, such a presumption shall be raised.
(1) where the tenant has been recognised as a permanent tenant
by the landlord or by a Court in a suit to which the landlord was a
party;
(2) where a tenant holds land in respect of which any alienation
has been recognised by the landlord or by a Court in a suit to
which the landlord was a party or where the alienation has not
been contested by the landlord for twelve years from the date of
the service of notice of alienation to the landlord;
(3) where for the better cultivation of the holding the tenant has
made permanent improvements thereon to the knowledge of the
landlord and has been in undisturbed possession of the holding
Page 27 of 74
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01-03-1974
gAv
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Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act, 1955
Section 30. Enquiries by the Tribunal and the Deputy
Commissioner.(1) In respect of every enquiry under this Act by the Tribunal, the
provisions of the Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961 applicable to
enquiries by the Tribunals under the said Act shall mutatis
mutandis apply
Page 28 of 74
The Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961, came into force on 2-101965. The Act was in execution of the policy of agrarian reforms
and was intended to give ownership of the land to the actual
lawful
tiller
and
to
avoid
absentee
landlordism.
Certain
Page 29 of 74
Page 30 of 74
Crop-share is one
Page 31 of 74
Page 32 of 74
as cultivating "on one's own account" and for "one's own profit",
in part or in full. The underlying purport and design behind
Section 4 is to protect a lawful cultivator actively engaged in the
act of raising the crops on the land or its major part though he
may not be holding the land on lease in a traditional sense of the
terms. The expression "lawfully cultivating" is now very well
settled. It cannot exist without the concomitant existence of
lawful relationship which can be proved even without the formal
proof of a traditional form of lease.
19.
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Page 33 of 74
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01-03-1974
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Justices V Malimath, K J Shetty, &P Bopanna in Ballesha
Rama Khot And Ors. vs The Land Tribunal, Chikodi AIR
1978 Kant 73 Section 44(1). That Section commences with the
words "All lands held by or in the possession of tenants stand
transferred to and vest in the State Government." It provides that
the lands not only in the actual possession of tenants but also
Page 34 of 74
being
cultivated personally
by the
alleged
tenants
Page 35 of 74
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ILR 2000 KAR 2303, 2000 (4) KarLJ 524 The Land
Page 36 of 74
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Lakshminarayana Hariyachar vs Divisional Commissioner
ILR 1986 KAR 532 Bench: Puttaswamy, J Mahendra J The
Tenancy Act enacted in 1952 to regulate the relationship of
landlords and tenants of agricultural lands, impose restrictions on
the transfer of agricultural lands and incidental provisions came
into force at any rate from 1-1-1954 in the entire old Mysore
area. From this very brief survey, it is apparent that agricultural
tenancies in old Mysore area even where they had their origin in
contracts were regulated by the 1952 Act. The Act seriously
interfered with the rights of landlords in collecting agreed rents,
forfeiting tenancies, interfering with the cultivation of tenants
and dispossessing them except under and in accordance with the
provisions made therein. . The Mysore Tenancy Act,
Page 37 of 74
1952 was not a temporary measure. But, still the State with the
avowed object of safeguarding possession of tenants and
preventing their evictions before enacting comprehensive Land
Reforms
legislation
(Amendment
(Karnataka
and
Act
first
enacted
Continuance
16
of
1957)
of
the
Mysore
Tenancies)
prohibited
Tenancy
Act,
evictions
1957
and
tenants
protected
by 1957
Act
from
eviction
and
Page 38 of 74
Page 39 of 74
illegally taken
be
evicted
from
object of the said Act, inter alia, is to terminate the relationship of landlord and
tenant and to confer ownership rights on the tenants. Landlords are prohibited
from evicting their tenants. Section 25 provides for surrender of lands held by a
tenant. In Thunga Bai And Ors. vs Vishalakshi Heggadthi And Anr ILR 1975
KAR 739 it is observed that: By Section 25 a bar was imposed against surrender
of any land held by a tenant without the previous permission in writing of the
'court'. The Court can grant permission after making enquiry if it is satisfied that
the proposed surrender is bona fide and the land surrendered does not exceed the
extent of land which the landlord could have resumed from his tenant under
Section 14. The section further barred the landlords from entering upon the land
surrendered by their tenants without the previous permission in writing obtained
from the Court. Thus there is a prohibition against surrender of any land by a
tenant and a further prohibition against the landlord from entering upon the land
surrendered by the tenant, without the previous permission in writing of the
Court.
In Thunga Bai And Ors. vs Vishalakshi Heggadthi And Anr ILR 1975 KAR
739 it is observed that: The possession of the suit lands in the eye of law always
remained with the tenants. The entry of defendant 1 on the suit lands is prohibited
by Section 25(1) of the Act. That prohibition is an injunction against landlords not
to enter upon the lands held by tenants without the previous permission in writing
Page 40 of 74
of the Court. Each entry by defendant 1 upon the suit lands constitutes an act of
trespass and a clear invasion of the legal rights of the plaintiffs. When the
plaintiffs have shown that they have a legal right and that legal right is invaded by
the unlawful acts of the defendants, they are entitled to the relief of injunction at
the hands of the Civil Court.
qVz?
vP
qg
EzgjU d P E. JA J
CAU v CxPVz. 2
wU
vP
qAiwzg
JA
vB
Mvg.
E
Jgq
zsP
gzw
wU
PAi
PA
zszw
19(1)
UVz.
The Government shall pay to the inamdar every year so long as
the institution exists as compensation for all the rights of the
inamdar vesting in the State of Karnataka under this Act [the
basic annual sum as a Tasdik allowance]. {Substituted for the
words "an amount equal to the amount that would have been
payable to a religious or charitable institution under clause (iii) of
the second proviso to Section 51 of the Karnataka Land Reforms
Act, 1961 (Karnataka Act 10 of 1962) as if the inamdar were a
land holder and his rights in the inam lands had become
extinguished and vested in the State Government under Section
44 of the said Act" by Act No. 18 of 1985 and shall be deemed to
have come into force w.e.f. 1-5-1984. }
Page 41 of 74
Court had not been disturbed by this Court in SLP and the
Minister, Revenue, Government of Karnataka, could not have
taken a view that on the confirmation of the occupancy rights of
the Inamdars, the grant of the land made in favour of the Sangha
was liable to be cancelled.
E JAzg K JA U JzgzgjU
Cj r F PV g
dgAii
iAi
Az
GTVz.
A Inam is a grant by Government for the personal benefit of an
individual or individuals or for religious, charitable or other
purposes, or for service rendered to the State or to a Village
community. Lands so granted are held free of assessment, or
subject to a Jodi (light assessment) or quit-rent. According to the
Land Revenue Code the term "inam" or "alienation of land"
Page 42 of 74
Ez Cz Ei PAiAi U gu
Eg AiiAUz wU
i AiiAiz CUU
qVz:Sri Muniyellappa vs B.M. Krishnamurthy And Ors.
AIR
1977 Kant 137, ILR 1977 KAR 700, 1977 (1) KarLJ 389 The
Inams Abolition Act as stated earlier, was enacted for the
purpose of abolition of Inam tenures and conversion of such
tenures
into
Ryotwari
tenure
and in
that
Process,
grant
not
base
his
rights
founded
on
agrarian
relations.
Page 43 of 74
The law on the subject is clearly laid down in The Full Bench of
Karnataka High Court in SRI RANGACHAR v. STATE OF
MYSORE, 1966(1) Mys.LJ. 655, which is further quoted in
Judgement of Doddamma vs Muniyamma ILR 2005 KAR 568 by
Justice V.G. Sabhahit
Page 44 of 74
24. vS v U dg
v:AP 31-12-1986 g Cf q AZ
U
Pgz
MAz
Eg
Aig
vgjU
gAU
(:21-11-1983
QAv
CzgAv
Pgt
AS
Page 45 of 74
Dg.Dg.n.
10/1983-84
JAz
AzPAq
gAv
dg
qAizP
rVz.
Pgtz
Pgt
PAzAi
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PjU g g Cfzgg Pl P
v U dg -6,7,8 gAv
Uwz.
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vu
PAzAi
tU
Ai
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vgvz. CzQAv AZ g
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vgvz.
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ZgV
A Pn w CA i
AiiAiz UP vgVz.
Mohan Balaku Patil & Ors. vs Krishnoji Bhaurao Hundre
AIR 1999 SC 1114, JT 1999 (1) SC 183, 1999 (1) SCALE 191
When in fact the Tribunal made local enquiry by spot inspection
and had come to the conclusion that the appellants were in
possession that factor should have weighed with the appellate
authority, particularly in the face of the admission made by the
respondent that the appellants had constructed the building on
the land and were paying charges in respect of the electric pump
set used for irrigating the land and ought to have held that the
appellants were cultivating the land. In addition, the land in
question was shown not to be cultivated by the respondent as
the respondent was residing nowhere the land but at a far away
Page 46 of 74
place and that the land was not cultivated personally by the
owner and the persons cultivating the land were not members of
their family nor there was any evidence that the appellants were
servants or hired labourers on wages and ought to have on that
basis held the appellants as deemed tenant in respect of the
land. The presumption arising under Section 133 of the Act in
respect of the entries made in the record of rights stood
displaced by the finding of fact recorded that the appellants were
in actual possession of the land and were cultivating the same. In
the face of such an admission made by the respondent it is
difficult to accept the finding recorded by the appellate authority
as affirmed by the High Court that in view of the entries made in
the record of rights the appellants could not be stated to be in
possession of the land on the relevant date nor was cultivating
the same.
Ez
PAzAi
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ES
jv
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zR,
vg,
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z
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rz
SUPREME
COURT
IN
NARASAMMA
VS
STATE
OF
Page 47 of 74
possession
Page 48 of 74
the Act) came into force on 2-10-1965. The object of the said Act,
inter alia, is to terminate the relationship of landlord and tenant
and to confer ownership rights on the tenants. Landlords are
prohibited from evicting their tenants. Section 14 of the Act
permitted resumption subject to the terms and conditions laid
down therein. Section 14 has now been deleted by the Karnataka
Amendment Act No. 1 of 1974. Section 25 provides for surrender
of lands held by a tenant. The said section, before it was
amended by Karnataka Amendment Act No. 1 of 1974 read
thus:"25 Surrender of land by tenant:--(1) No tenant shall
surrender any land held by him as such, and no landlord shall
enter upon the land surrendered by the tenant, without the
previous permission in writing of the court.(2) Permission under
Sub-section (1) shall be granted if, after making such inquiry as
may be prescribed, the court is satisfied that the proposed
surrender is bona fide and the land surrendered does not exceed
the extent of land which landlord could have resumed from his
tenant under Section 14; in other cases, the permission shall be
refused....."By Section 25 a bar was imposed against surrender of
any land held by a tenant without the previous permission in
writing of the 'court'. The Court can grant permission after
making enquiry if it is satisfied that the proposed surrender is
bona fide and the land surrendered does not exceed the extent
of land which the landlord could have resumed from his tenant
under Section 14. The section further barred the landlords from
entering upon the land surrendered by their tenants without the
previous permission in writing obtained from the Court. Thus
there is a prohibition against surrender of any land by a tenant
and a further prohibition against the landlord from entering upon
the land surrendered by the tenant, without the previous
permission in writing of the Court.
Justice G G Bhat in Thunga Bai And Ors. vs Vishalakshi
Heggadthi And Anr. ILR 1975 KAR 739, 1974 (2) KarLJ
484When Govinda Naika and Badiya Naika were admittedly the
tenants of the suit lands up to 1971 when the Act was in force
and there has been no sur-render by them under Section 25
which alone can be taken cognisance of by the Courts, the Court
Page 49 of 74
Chandrashekhar,
Justice
Bopanna
in
Vasantha Nanasaheb
Pawar And Ors. vs Piraji Pandu Patil ILR 2006 KAR 2061,
2006 (3) KarLJ 172 In support of his case, the tenant has
examined two independent neighbouring witnesses apart from
examining himself. Both the said witnesses have deposed in
categorical terms that 1st respondent herein is cultivating the
property in question as tenant. Though they are cross-examined
by the landlords, nothing worth is elicited in their crossexamination so as to discard their evidence, Thus, the evidence
Page 50 of 74
the
established
case
of
the
1^st
respondent
The
It is
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Page 51 of 74
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Page 52 of 74
dgr
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Page 53 of 74
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Page 54 of 74
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Page 55 of 74
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Page 56 of 74
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Page 57 of 74
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Page 58 of 74
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Page 60 of 74
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Karnataka Land Revenue Act Section 128 (4) : Acquisition of
rights to be reported: 4. No document by virtue of which any
person acquires a right in any land as holder, occupant, owner,
mortgage, landlord or tenant or assignee of the rent or revenue
thereunder, shall be registered under the Indian Registration Act,
1908 unless the person liable to pay the registering authority
such fees as may be prescribed for making the necessary entries
in the record of rights and registers referred to in Section 129;
and, on the registration of such a document, the registering
authority shall make a report of the right to the prescribed
officer.
Section 129 (2) Whenever a prescribed officer makes as entry in
the Register of Mutations, he shall at the same time post up a
complete copy of the entry in a conspicuous place in the chavadi
and shall give written intimation to all persons appearing from
the Record of Rights or Register of Mutations to be interested in
the mutation, and to any other person whom he has reason to
believe to be interested therein.
Page 69 of 74
Sri
Murugharajendra
Srimanmaharaja
Bruhan
Mutt
of
Page 70 of 74
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