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The use of the software is restricted to participants to

Imperial College JIP on Deconvolution.
If you are a participant, click I agree

TLDS
TLSD is a pre-processor that converts a variable rate pressure history into a unit
rate drawdown with a duration equal to the total duration of the pressure history.
TLSD uses a deconvolution algorithm
based on the Total Least Square
method*, which provides stable results.
The algorithm estimates both rates
(called adapted rates herein) and
normalised derivative by minimising an
error measure, E, which is a weighted
combination of pressure match, rate
match, and a penalty term based on
the overall curvature of the graphed
derivative and whose purpose is to
enforce smoothness of the resulting
deconvolved derivative.

2
2
2
E = pi p y g + y q + D z k
1442443
123
1424
3
pressure match rate match curvature

Data: p, q

Curvature operator: matrix D, vector k

Parameters:
: relative weight : regularization parameter

Guess g , discretize into D(z), minimize E over pi , y, z

* von Schroeter, T., Hoellander, F. and Gringarten, A. C.:

Deconvolution of Well test Data as a Non-linear Total Least Square Problem, SPEJ
(Dec. 2004) 375-390

The weight of the pressure match is normalized to one and the estimate
depends on two weights, for the rate match, and for the roughness penalty.
is usually set at a default value and only the regularisation parameter is
varied.

Regularisation introduces bias, however, and thus the user must choose a level
of that imposes just enough smoothness to eliminate small-scale oscillations
on the derivative while preserving genuine reservoir features.

The methodology for well test analysis using deconvolution is summarised in the
schematic in the following page:

Well test analysis using deconvolution

Pressure data p

Rates

mn(p) vs. p
Pseudo-pressure mn(p)
Deconvolve

Deconvolved mn(p) derivative

Adapted rates

Convolve
Convolved pseudo-pressure with adapted rates

Compare

NO

YES
Unit rate

Convolve
Adapted rates

Unit rate convolved pseudo-pressure drawdown

p vs. mn(p)

Unit rate convolved

pressure drawdown

Analyse

Interpretation
model

Convolve

Pressure data

Refine
match

END

Well test analysis using deconvolution

1. Deconvolution with various levels of regularisation is applied to pressure and
rate data (for gas, pressures are first converted to normalised pseudopressure in order to approximate a linear system).
2. Once a satisfactory derivative has been obtained, a convolved pressure
history is calculated with that derivative, the adapted rates and the initial
pressure obtained from deconvolution, and compared with the measured
pressures.
3. If the match is acceptable, a unit-rate pseudo-pressure drawdown is
generated for a duration equal to that of the test, using the deconvolved
derivative.
4. This unit-rate drawdown is analysed in the conventional way.
5. The resulting model is then used applied to the measured pressure data
using the adapted rates and the model parameters are refined until an
acceptable match is obtained.

The procedure is illustratedMaureen

with Well A2A2
from the Maureen reservoir
Test 1 (Exploration)

Test 2 (Production)

FP06
FP35

No boundariesMaureen
are apparentA2
on a Log-log plot

SP
HE
RIC
AL
FL
OW

R
E

ST
O
R

A
G

Test 2 (Drawdown)

EL
LB

Test 1 (Build-up)
Test 2 (Build-up)
RADIAL FLOW

Changing
Wellbore
Storage

Yet, an interpretation model

of infiniteA2
extent
applied
to one of the tests fails to match the other test
Maureen
Test
1 (Exploration)

Exploration test

Exploration test

Exploration
test

Production test

Pressure Change and Derivative ( psi)

Maureen A2 Test 2 (Production)

104

103

Decreasing wellbore storage

(gas goingback into solution)

102

10

10-1

Production test

Production test

10-2
10-3

10-1

10

103

Elapsed time, t ( hours)

Exploration test

Production
test

Maureen
A2: Evidence
of depletion
The only suggestion
of boundaries
comes from
the superposition plot

Test 1 (build-up)

Test 2 (build-up)

Based on this suggestion, in conventional analysis, a closed reservoir model is used

Maureen
A2 : Closed
rectangle
model
and the distances
to the boundaries
are adjusted
by regression.
The distances to
boundaries are highly non-unique, but the area is reasonably constrained
3600

3400

(pav)i
(pav)f at the

Test 1
3471.1

Test 2
3478.6

psia

3469

2565

psia

89170
442
4
0.44

84090
416
6
0.37
0.06
7.551E-03
0.35
70
-3.7
12.2
1.4
166.5
5233
25923
7947
1734
3.65E+08

mD.ft
mD
mD
bbl/psi
bbl/psi
hrs

end of the test

kh
k(xy)
k(z)
C1
C2

hw/h
hw
S(w)
S(c)
S(t)
Zw
d1
d2
d3
d4
A

Pressure (psia)

3200

3000

2800

2600

2400

0.35
70
-3.3
12.8
3.3
166.5
15900
8120
16000
2909
3.52E+08

ft

ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
2
ft

2200
0

4000

8000

12000

16000

Time from the start of the test (hours)

Boundaries can be made to appear

by deconvolution

Click TLSD
to start

Then click Deconvolution & Convolution

Advanced options: do not modify

STEPS
Input: Variable rate pressure file
Input: Rate history file
Input: pseudo-pressure vs. pressure file for gas data deconvolution

Select rate history range from rate history file (default: all rates are used)
Select of flow periods to deconvolve from pressure file

Select initial pressure

input D or calculation

3
4
Get default
parameters

Number of points calculated for

the deconvolved derivative (does
not converge if too many points)

Start deconvolution

Data derivative plot

10

1
2

Final analysis

Select Excel file to display deconvolution results or ignore for default

Deconvolved derivative

Unit rate drawdown with total duration of test calculated from deconvolved derivative

12

Adapted rates, corrected for errors as determined by deconvolution

Convolved pressure history, calculated from deconvolved derivative, to be compared with input data

11

Not implemented yet

Verification

STEP 1: Input variable rate pressure history file

Format:
text
1st line:
st
1 column: time from start
2nd column: pressure

STEP 2: Input rate history file

Format:
1st line:
text
st
1 column: duration
2nd column: rate

To
avoid
resolution
problems, choose units
so that rate values are
small (e.g., MMscf/D
instead of Mscf/D)

Additional STEP if gas: Input pseudo-pressure file

Format:
1st line:
text
1st column: pressure
2nd column: pseudo-pressure

STEP 3: Select rate to be included in deconvolution (default: ALL)

3
2

This STEP 3 can be skipped if all rates are to be included in deconvolution

STEP 4: Select flow periods to be included in deconvolution

2
2

STEP 5: Impose a value for the initial pressure

Enter initial pressure

Default: highest
pressure value

STEP 5: Alternatively, let deconvolution calculate the initial pressure

Only if an initial DST is included in the pressure history

STEP 6: Initialise to obtain default weights and

STEP 7: Select an existing output Excel file (or accept the default name)

This Excel file is

automatically
created to display
the deconvolved
derivative

STEP 7: Rename the output Excel file (or accept the default name)

STEP 8: Start deconvolution

STEP 8 (contd): Deconvolution proceeds

STEP 8 (contd): Deconvolution is completed

Calculated initial pressure

Number of iterations must be <50 for convergence

Rate range

value

Flow periods used in deconvolution

STEP 9 Deconvolved derivative plotted in Project Excel File

STEP 9 (contd): Increase and redo deconvolution from STEP 8

Repeat with different values of until satisfactory pressure

match, rate match and deconvolved derivative are obtained

Successive deconvolved derivatives are plotted together

BETTER DECONVOLVED DERIVATIVE

(i.e., converging to the most likely behaviour)

Increasing

Successive deconvolved derivatives are compared in the Project Excel

File which is automatically generated by the software in Step 8
Number of deconvolutions

Deconvolved derivative files, .pd , for various deconvolutions

STEP 10: Successive deconvolved derivatives can be compared with

actual data by adding Data Derivative (rate-normalised)

Ratio of derivative window length to total

length of data on a superposition plot

STEP 10: Data derivatives

STEP 10: Data derivatives can be imported if the derivative calculated in

The Project excel file is too noisy

Number of points plotted

Rate for flow period 34
Number of data derivatives plotted

Column E is
Elapsed time

Column G is
derivative
divided by rate

STEP 10: Deconvolved derivative can also be plotted from TLSD

PLOTS: Deconvolved derivative

PLOTS: Input pressure and rate histories

1

PLOTS: Input pressure and rate histories

STEP 11: rate match (adapted rates vs. input rates)

STEP 11 : rate match (adapted rates vs. input rates)

STEP 11 : Pressure match

(convolved pressure history vs. input pressure history)

This plot must be made to verify the quality of the deconvolution

STEP 11 : Pressure match

(convolved pressure history vs. input pressure history)

Match shown only for the flow periods used for deconvolution

STEP 11 : Pressure match - zoomed

(convolved pressure history vs. input pressure history)

Match shown only for

the flow periods used
for deconvolution

STEP 12: Select the unit rate drawdown corresponding

to the best deconvolved derivative (*.up)
3470.74

2.0
1.8

3470.72

1.6

Pressure (psia)

1.4
3470.68

1.2

3470.66

1.0
0.8

3470.64

0.6
3470.62
0.4
3470.60
3470.58
-2000

0.2

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000 12000

Elapsed time (hrs)

14000

0.0
16000 18000

Total Rate (STB/D)

3470.70

STEP 12 (contd): Analyse the unit rate drawdown corresponding

to the best deconvolved derivative
Pressure History
1

1.8

3470.72

Pr essure (psia)

1.4

3470.68

1.2
3470.66
1.0
3470.64

0.8

3470.62
0.6

Total Rate (STB/D)

1.6
3470.70

3470.60
0.4
3470.58

0.2

3470.56
0

5000

10000

Pressure Change and Derivative (psi)

3470.74

-5000

0.0
20000

15000

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001
0.0001

0.01

Elapsed time (hrs)

100

10000

1000000

Elapsed time (hrs)

Horner Match - Flow Period 2

Log-Log Diagnostic - Flow Period 2

3470.71

0.1

3470.70
3470.69
Pressure ( psia)

Pressure C hange and D er ivative (psi)

Model
Partially Penetrating Well with C and S
Homogeneous
Rectangle

Log-Log Match - Flow Period 2

2.0

0.01

3470.68
3470.67
3470.66
3470.65
3470.64

0.001

3470.63
3470.62
0.0001
0.0001

0.01

100

10000

1000000

3470.61
-3

-2

-1

Super position Function (STB/D)

Elapsed time (hrs)

Horner Analysis - Flow Period 2

Simulation (Const ant Skin) - Flow Period 2

3470.69
3470.68

3470.68

3470.66

3470.66
Pressure (psia)

Pressure ( psia)

3470.67

3470.65
3470.64
3470.63

3470.64

3470.62

3470.62
3470.61

3470.60

3470.60
3470.59
-4

-3

-2

-1

Superposition Function (STB/D)

3470.58
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Elapsed time (hrs)

12000 14000 16000 18000

(pav)i
(pav)f
pwf
kh
k(xy)
k(z)
C
hw/h
Hw
S(w)
S(c)
S(t)
Zw
Type top
Type bot
d1
d2
d3
d4
A
Type d1
Type d2
Type d3
Type d4
PI
PI-SS
FE
Dp(S)

Results
3470.690
3470.611
3470.595
94881
469.7
46.47
0.2573
0.3276
66.17
-1.78
10.88
5.46
56.24
No Flow
No Flow
5548.55
9851.6
6218.37
20754.1
3.6013E+008
No Flow
No Flow
No Flow
No Flow
65.02
45.21
1.340
-0.007519

psia
psia
psia
mD.ft
mD
mD
bbl/psi
ft

ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft2

B/D/psi
B/D/psi
fraction
psi

STEP 13: Use the unit rate drawdown interpretation model to analyse
the measured pressures with the adapted rates ( .ar)
*
Pressure History
80000

1000

70000

4000
Pr essure (psia)

2000

50000

1000

40000

30000

-1000

Oil Rate (STB/D)

60000
3000

20000
-2000
10000

-3000
0

5000

10000

15000

Pressure Change and Derivative (psi)

5000

-4000
-5000

0
20000

100

10

0.1
0.0001

0.001

0.01

Elapsed time ( hrs)

0.1

10

100

1000

10000

Elapsed time (hrs)

Horner Match - Flow Period 34

Log-Log Diagnostic - Flow Period 34

2600

1000

2500
Pressure ( psia)

Pressure Change and Derivative (psi)

Model
Partially Penetrating Well with C and S
Homogeneous
Rectangle

Log-Log Match - Flow Period 34

6000

100

2400

10
2300

1
0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

10

100

2200
0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

Superposition Function (STB/D)

Elapsed time (hrs)

Horner Analysis - Flow Period 34

Simulation (Constant Skin) - Flow Period 34

2500

(pav)i
(pav)f
pwf
kh
k(xy)
k(z)
C
hw/h
Hw
S(w)
S(c)
S(t)
Zw
Type top
Type bot
d1
d2
d3
d4
A
Type d1
Type d2
Type d3
Type d4
PI
PI-SS
FE
Dp(S)

Results
3470.690
2545.409
2277.907
60681
300.4
30.00
0.08331
0.3416
69.00
-3.86
10.39
-0.92
101.00
No Flow
No Flow
5548.55
9851.6
6218.37
20754.1
3.6013E+008
No Flow
No Flow
No Flow
No Flow
52.34
48.30
2.185
-343.5

psia
psia
psia
mD.ft
mD
mD
bbl/psi
ft

ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft2

B/D/psi
B/D/psi
fraction
psi

3600
3400

2450
Pressure (psia)

Pressure (psia)

3200
2400

2350

3000
2800

THE END

2600
2300
2400
2250
30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

Superposition Function (STB/D)

90000

100000

2200
-2000

2000

4000

6000

8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Elapsed time (hrs)