ELE637 Chapter1

ELE637 Energy Conversion
Chapter 1 Magnetic Circuits

Dewei(David) Xu
Electrical & Computer Engineering Department
Ryerson University
ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu
1/37
Content
Basic equations
Magnetic equivalent circuits
Fringing effect
Inductance
Self inductance
Leakage inductance
Mutual inductance
Core losses
Hysteresis loss
Eddy current loss
Sinusoidal excitation
2/37
1.1 Basic Equations

Two types of magnet
Permanent magnet
Electromagnet
Right hand rule and Amperes law
Hdl = i
l
where H is the magnetic

field intensity along path l
3/37
1.1 Basic Equations

Core with winding
Assumption :
All the fluxes are confied to the core
The fluxes are uniformaly distributed in the core
Use Ampere' s law
Ni = Hl
where :
N # of turns of the coil
i current in the coil
F = Ni magnetomotive force (mmf)
H magnetic field intensity
l mean length of the core
Hl mmf drop
Ni
Then H =
[At/m] or [A/m]
l
4/37
1.1 Basic Equations

Flux density and B-H curve
Case 1: Non-magnetic material core (copper,
aluminum, air, plastic, wood,)
B = 0 H
[Tesla]
[ m]
where 0 = 4 10 is the permeability of free space, H

7
Other units :
1 Tesla = 108 lines/m 2 = 1 Wb/m 2
1 Tesla = 10 4 lines/cm 2 = 10 4 Gauss
Linear
Core with winding

Hl = Ni
l = Ni B =
0 Ni
5/37
1.1 Basic Equations

Flux density and B-H curve
Case 2: Ferromagnetic material core (iron, steel,
ferrite,)
B = H = 0 r H
[Tesla]
where r =
is the relative permeability of the material
0
For example : r = 4000 for iron core.
Note : r = f (H ) is a function of H
Nonlinear
B
= 0 r
H
Core with winding

Ni
B
Hl = Ni l = Ni B = 0 r
6/37
1.2 Magnetic Equivalent Circuits

How to find flux
Assumption :
The fluxes are uniformaly distributed in the core
Ni
Ni
Ni F
= BA = HA =
=
=
A=
l

l
A
where :
flux in the coil [Wb]

F = Ni magnetomot ive force (mmf)
= l
A reluctance [A/Wb]
l mean length of the core [m]

A cross - section area [m2 ]
Then :
F=
7/37
1.2 Magnetic Equivalent Circuits

Analogous
Magnetic
equivalent circuit
Electric
equivalent circuit
To solve magnetic equivalent circuit

Kirchhoff voltage and current laws (KVL & KCL)
8/37
Example 1
Given: N1=700,
N2=200, r=, cross
section area of the
core: 2.5cm2.5cm
Find: and B in the
airgap when i=0.5A
i
N1
N2
Assumption :
The fluxes are uniformaly distributed
on the cross section area
9/37
Example 1
Solution:
Step 1: draw flux paths
Step 2: Find mmfs and reluctances along the flux lines
Step 3: Draw equivalent circuit
a
ab
b
c
N1
af
ad fe
bc
N2
cd
ed
ab
f
bc
F1 = N1i
ad
af
fe
cd
F2 = N 2i
ed
10/37
Example 1
Solution:
Step 4: Simplify the
equivalent circuit
g1 = bc =
= 636 103 A/Wb

g 2 = fe =
c 1
c 2
c 3
g1
F1
g 2
F2
0.05 102
lbc
=
0 A1 4 107 (2.5 2.5 104 )
l fe
0 A2
0.1 102
4 10 (2.5 2.5 104 )
7
= 1273 103 A/Wb

Q c = r 0 =
c1 = ab + cd =
c 2 = ad =
lad
c Ac
c 3 = af + ed =
lab
c Ac
lcd
=0+0= 0
led
=0+0= 0
c Ac
=0
laf
c Ac
c Ac
Example 1
Loop 1 :
Solution:
Loop 2 :
F1 F2 1 g1 = 0
Step 5: Apply KVL and

KCL
2
F1
g1
g 2
F2
(1)
F1 F2 2g 2 = 0
(2)
Step 6 : Solve above equations

1 =
11/37
F1 F2 N1i N 2i
=
g1
g1
700 0.5 200 0.5

= 0.393 103
636 103
F F2 N1i N 2i
2 = 1
=
g 2
g 2
=
700 0.5 200 0.5

= 0.196 103
1273 103
0.393 103
= 0.63 Tesla
B1 = 1 =
6.25 104
A1
=
B2 =
2 0.196 103
=
= 0.31 Tesla
6.25 104
A2
12/37
Example 2
a c
Given: cast steel core

with given B-H curve.
N=500 turns. Bg=0.8T.
Find:
(1) i=? to produce
Bg=0.8T.
(2) c and r of the core.
(3) If lg=0, find i to keep
Bg=0.8T.
b d
B[T ]
0.8
H [ A / m]
510
13/37
Example 2
Solution:
ab
(1) Use Ampere' s law : Ni = H c lc + H g l g = c + g

From B - H curve : Bc = 0.8T H c = 510 A/m
g1
cd
Ni
Bg
0.8
=
= 6.37 105 A/m
Q Bg = 0.8T H g =
0 4 107
g 2
H c lc = 510 0.36 = 184A and H g lg = 6.37 105 0.003 = 1910A

F = Ni = H c lc + H g l g = 1910 + 184 = 2094A
F 2094
=
= 4.19A
N
500
B
0.8
= 1.57 103 H/m and
(2) c = c =
H c 510
i =
r =
c 1.57 103
= 1250
=
0 4 103
c
Ni
(3) l g = 0 H g lg = 0 F = Ni = H clc = 184A

i =
F 184
=
= 0.368A
N 500
Magnetic equivalent circuit
14/37
Summary
Basic theory
Right hand rule

Amperes law
Linear and nonlinear B-H curve
Flux, flux density and flux intensity
Magnetic equivalent circuit
Reluctance
Magnetomotive force (mmf)
How to derive the circuit
How to use KCL and KVL to solve the circuit
15/37
Example 3
Given:
soft cast steel core with
given B-H curve.
N=500 turns.
i=4A.
Dimension as shown
Find:
a c
b d
Flux density B
16/37
Example 3
B-H curve for soft cast steel
17/37
Example 3
Solution:
Use Ampere' s law : Ni = H c lc + H g lg
B
B-H
Hg = g
curve
0
Method 1: use trial and error method
(a) Assume a flux density B

(b) Find Hc from B-H curve and Hg=Bg/0
(c) Calculate F=Hclc+Hglg
(d) Calculate i=F/N
(e) If calculated i given i, go to step (a) and try another B
18/37
Example 3
(a)
B
(b)
Hc
(c)
Hg
Hclc
Hglg
(d)
F
1st try
1.1 800 8.75105
288 1751 2039
4.08
2nd try
1.08 785 8.59105
282 1719 2001
4.0
Done
Q: How to find the B for 1st try?

A: Assume r=, then find B1. The actual B<B1
Q: How to determine the nth try is done?
A: If the relative error is small enough
Q: How to get (n+1)th try from the result of nth try?
A: Several numerical method, e.g. Newton-Lapson method
19/37
Example 3
Method 2: Graphical method
Ni = H c lc + H g lg = H c lc +
B[T ]
0 Ni
lg
B-H curve of soft cast steel

Bc = c H c
Bc = Bg
Bc
l
Ni
Bg = 0 c H c + 0
l
lg
g
1.08T
Slope
H c = 785 A/m
Bg
lg
l
Ni
Bg = 0 c H c + 0
l
lg
g
Bc = c H c
Bc = Bg
Y-axis intercept
H c [A/m ]
10
20/37
1.3 Fringing effect

Fringing effect:
Bulging of the flux lines in the airgap
Effect
The effective cross section area of
airgap the reluctance of airgap
The flux density Bg<Bc, Bc is the flux
density in the core.
When lg is very small (compared to

the width and depth of the airgap),
fringing effect can be neglect.
In practical, large airgap will be
divided into several small airgaps
to reduce the fringing effect.
21/37
1.4 Inductance
Definition
N
i
i
where = N is flux linkage
L=
the flux go through the coil

i the current in the coil
N the number of turns
11
22/37
1.4 Inductance
Multiple coils system
i2
i1
l2
l1
mutual (or common) flux
l1
leakage fluxes
l2
23/37
1.4 Inductance
Self inductances, leakage inductance & mutual inductance
N1
i1
N1
(
i1
L1 =
1
i2 = 0
) = N1
m1
l1
i1
where Lm1 =
N1 m1 N1 N1i1 N
=
=
i1
i1 c
c
N2
i2
N2
(
i2
L2 =
i1 = 0
l1
= Lm1 + Ll1
2
1
N1
i1
m1
m2
l2
) = N2
Ll 1, Ll 2 leakage inductance,
N2
i2
m2
Lm1 , Lm 2 Magnetizin g
inductance,
i2
L1 , L2 Self inductance,
l2
= Lm 2 + Ll 2
M Mutual inductance
N 2 m 2 N 2 N 2i2 N 22
=
=
i2
i2 c
c
where Lm 2 =
M=
N1
i2
1
i1 =0
N
or M = 2
i1
N1
i2
2
i2 =0
m2
N2
i1
N1 N 2i2 N1N 2
=
= Lm1 Lm 2
i2 c
c
m1
N 2 N1i1 N1 N 2
=
= Lm1 Lm 2
c
i1 c
12
Example 4
B[T ]
0.5
H [ A / m]
350
Given: given B-H curve.

NA=350, NB=150,
Bg=0.5T, A=410-4m2,
and two coils are in series
Find:
(1) Two values of i to
produce Bg=0.5T.
(2) Self inductance LA and
LB, mutual inductance M
24/37
lA
NA
Assume
lB
No leakage fluxes,
lA= lB=0
No fringing effect
NB
25/37
Example 4
Solution :
(a) F = H g lg + H c lc =
Bg
l g + H c lc =
0.5
0.15 102 + 350 0.3185 = 708.3 A
4 107
FA
FA
FB
FB
i
B
mmfs of the coils add each other

F
708.3
i=
=
= 1.42 A
N A + N B 350 + 150
mmfs of the coils oppose each other

F
708.3
i=
=
= 3.54 A
N A N B 350 150
13
26/37
Example 4
Solution :
(b) LA =
NA
iA
LB =
NB
iB
M=
NB
iA
N A N AiA
N A2
N A2
3502
=
=
=
= 34.6 mH
i A A,total A,total c + g 3.537 106
N B N B iB
N B2
N B2
1502
=
=
=
= 6.36 mH
iB B ,total B ,total c + g 3.537 106
N B N AiA N A N B
N AN B
350 150
=
=
=
= 14.83 mH
iA A
A
c + g 3.537 106
A
iB =0
B
i A =0
B
iB =0
l
0.3185
c = c =
= 0.557 106 A/Wb
c Ac 0.00143 4 104
B
0.5
where c = c =
= 0.00143 H/m
H c 350
g =
lg
0 Ag
0.15 10
= 2.96 106 A/Wb
4 107 4 104
N Ai A
N BiB
A,total = c + g = 0.557 106 + 2.96 106 = 3.537 106 A/Wb
27/37
Example 4
Q : Total L for additive mmfs
A:L =
(N A + N B )2
c + g
5002
= 70.6 mH (LA + LB )
3.537 106
Due to no leakage inductance

L = LA + LB + 2 M
Q : Total L for substrative mmfs
A:L =
(N A N B )2
c + g
2002
= 11.31 mH (LA LB )
3.537 106
Due to no leakage inductance

L = LA + LB 2 M
Q : Why M = LA LB ?
A : No leakage inductance : LA = LmA and LB = LmB M = LmA LmB = LA LB
Usually M LA LB
14
28/37
1.5 Hysteresis
Hysteresis loop
Uniform distribution
Ni
H=
l
From Faraday' s law
i
+
Br residual flux density

H c coercive force
B
The B-H curve will
dB
d
d
follow a different
e=
=N
= NA
path when the current
dt
dt
dt
is reduced
t
e
dt ,
B=
NA
where A is the cross section area
Br
Hc
Initial magnetizing curve
29/37
1.5 Hysteresis
Hysteresis loss
Field energy
Input power :
dB
dB
d
= iNA
= HlA
dt
dt
dt
pdt = lA HdB = Vcore HdB
p = ei = i
B2 W t 2
B1 t
1
Input energy from t1 to t 2 :

t2
B2
t1
B1
W = pdt = Vcore HdB

where Vcore is the volume of the core
15
30/37
1.5 Hysteresis
Hysteresis loss
One cycle energy loss
Wcycle = Vcore HdB = Vcore ABH
where ABH is the closed area of B - H hysteresis loop

Hysteresis power loss
Ph =
ABH
Wcycle
= Vcore ABH f
T
where f is the operating freqency and T is the period
31/37
1.5 Hysteresis
Hysteresis loss
Empirical equation
n
ph = K h Bmax
f
[W/m3 ]
ph hysteresis power loss per unit volume

K h , n constants, depending on core material, available
in various design handbook (n = 1.5 ~ 2.5)
Bmax maximum flux density
Summary : Hysteresis loss is proportional to f and ABH
16
32/37
1.6 Eddy current loss

Eddy current
Along the closed path, apply Faraday' s law
d
dB
d
e=
,
=N
= NA
dt
dt
dt
where A is the closed area
Changes in B
= BA changes
induce emf along the closed path
ie
produce circulating circuit (eddy current) in the core
Eddy current loss

p=
e2
, where R is the equivalent resistance along the closed path
R
33/37

How to reduce eddy current loss
Use high resistivity core material
e.g. silicon steel, ferrite core
(semiconductor) i
Use laminated core
To decrease the area closed
ie
by closed path
e2
p = A2
R
B
Lamination thickness
0.5~5mm for machines, transformers at line frequency
0.01~0.5mm for high frequency devices
17
34/37

Calculation of eddy current loss
Finite element analysis
Use software: Ansys, Maxwell, Femlab, etc
Empirical equation
2
pe = K e Bmax
f2
[W/m3 ]
pe eddy current loss per unit volume

K e constant, depending on the core material and
lamination thickness
Bmax maximum flux density
f operating frequency
2
Summary : Eddy current loss is proportional to f 2 and Bmax
35/37
1.7 Core loss and Sinusoidal

excitation
Core loss:
Pc = Ph + Pe , where Ph hysteresis loss, Pe eddy current loss
Relation between flux and induce voltage

Assume
sin t , where
is the amplitude of the flux
and = 2f is the angular frequency

Use Faraday' s law
d ( m sin t )
d
d
=N
=N
= N m cos t = Em cos t
dt
dt
dt
where Em = N m is the amplitude of induced voltage
e=
Erms =
Em 2fN
=
2
2
= 4.44 fN
18
36/37
1.7 Core loss and Sinusoidal

excitation
Relation between flux and induce voltage
Erms = 4.44 fN
i
+
Em
37/37
Summary
Some basic equations

Magnetic equivalent circuits
Fringing effect
Inductance
Self inductance
Leakage inductance
Mutual inductance
Core loss
Hysteresis loss
Eddy current loss
Sinusoidal excitation
19

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ELE637 Energy Conversion

Chapter 1 Magnetic Circuits

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

1.1 Basic Equations

Right hand rule and Amperes law

where H is the magnetic

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

1.1 Basic Equations

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

1.1 Basic Equations

where 0 = 4 10 is the permeability of free space, H

Core with winding

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

1.1 Basic Equations

Core with winding

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

1.2 Magnetic Equivalent Circuits

flux in the coil [Wb]

l mean length of the core [m]

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

1.2 Magnetic Equivalent Circuits

To solve magnetic equivalent circuit

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

= 636 103 A/Wb

= 1273 103 A/Wb

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

Step 5: Apply KVL and

Step 6 : Solve above equations

700 0.5 200 0.5

700 0.5 200 0.5

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

Given: cast steel core

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

(1) Use Ampere' s law : Ni = H c lc + H g l g = c + g

H c lc = 510 0.36 = 184A and H g lg = 6.37 105 0.003 = 1910A

(3) l g = 0 H g lg = 0 F = Ni = H clc = 184A

Magnetic equivalent circuit

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

Right hand rule

Magnetic equivalent circuit

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

Use Ampere' s law : Ni = H c lc + H g lg

Method 1: use trial and error method

(a) Assume a flux density B

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

1.1 800 8.75105

288 1751 2039

1.08 785 8.59105

282 1719 2001

Q: How to find the B for 1st try?

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

B-H curve of soft cast steel

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

1.3 Fringing effect

When lg is very small (compared to

ELE637 Energy Conversion - Dr. D. Xu

the flux go through the coil

N the number of turns