The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot one. A refrigerator has a motor that does work on the system to force the heat to flow in that way. Rubbing your hands together uses friction to convert mechanical energy into heat.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot one. A refrigerator has a motor that does work on the system to force the heat to flow in that way. Rubbing your hands together uses friction to convert mechanical energy into heat.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot one. A refrigerator has a motor that does work on the system to force the heat to flow in that way. Rubbing your hands together uses friction to convert mechanical energy into heat.
Yes. Thats what a refrigerator does: It makes heat ow from the
cold interior of the refrigerator to the warm outside. The second law of thermodynamics says that heat cannot spontaneously ow from a cold body to a hot one. A refrigerator has a motor that does work on the system to force the heat to ow in that way.
Test Your Understanding Questions
20.1 Answer: (ii) Like sliding a book across a table, rubbing your hands together uses friction to convert mechanical energy into heat. The (impossible) reverse process would involve your hands spontaneously getting colder, with the released energy forcing your hands to move rhythmically back and forth! 20.2 Answer: (iii), (i), (ii) From Eq. (20.4) the efciency is e = W>Q H , and from Eq. (20.2) W = Q H + Q C = Q H - Q C . For engine (i) Q H = 5000 J and Q C = - 4500 J, so W = 5000 J + 1- 4500 J2 = 500 J and e = 1500 J2>15000 H2 = 0.100. For engine (ii) Q H = 25,000 J and W = 2000 J, so e = 12000 J2> 125,000 J2 = 0.080. For engine (iii) W = 400 J and Q C = - 2800 J, so Q H = W - Q C = 400 J - 1 -2800 J2 = 3200 J and e = 1400 J2>13200 J2 = 0.125. 20.3 Answers: (i), (ii) Doubling the amount of fuel burned per cycle means that Q H is doubled, so the resulting pressure increase from b to c in Fig. 20.6 is greater. The compression ratio and hence the efciency remain the same, so Q C (the amount of heat rejected to the environment) must increase by the same factor as Q H . Hence the pressure drop from d to a in Fig. 20.6 is also greater. The volume V and the compression ratio r dont change, so the horizontal dimensions of the pV-diagram dont change. 20.4 Answer: no A refrigerator uses an input of work to transfer heat from one system (the refrigerators interior) to another system (its exterior, which includes the house in which the refrigerator is installed). If the door is open, these two systems are really the same system and will eventually come to the same temperature. By the rst law of thermodynamics, all of the work input to the refrigerator motor will be converted into heat and the temperature in your house will actually increase. To cool the house you need a system that will transfer heat from it to the outside world, such as an air conditioner or heat pump. 20.5 Answers: no, no Both the 100%-efcient engine of Fig. 20.11a and the workless refrigerator of Fig. 20.11b return to the
same state at the end of a cycle as at the beginning, so the net
change in internal energy of each system is zero 1U = 02. For the 100%-efcient engine, the net heat ow into the engine equals the net work done, so Q = W, Q - W = 0, and the rst law 1U = Q - W2 is obeyed. For the workless refrigerator, no net work is done 1so W = 02 and as much heat ows into it as out 1so Q = 02, so again Q - W = 0 and U = Q - W in accordance with the rst law. It is the second law of thermodynamics that tells us that both the 100%-efcient engine and the workless refrigerator are impossible. 20.6 Answer: no The efciency can be no better than that of a Carnot engine running between the same two temperature limits, eCarnot = 1 - 1TC>TH2 [Eq. (20.14)]. The temperature TC of the cold reservoir for this air-cooled engine is about 300 K (ambient temperature), and the temperature TH of the hot reservoir cannot exceed the melting point of copper, 1356 K (see Table 17.4). Hence the maximum possible Carnot efciency is e = 1 - (300 K2> 11356 K2 = 0.78, or 78%. The temperature of any real engine would be less than this, so it would be impossible for the inventors engine to attain 85% efciency. You should invest your money elsewhere. 20.7 Answers: 102 J/K, no The process described is exactly the opposite of the process used in Example 20.10. The result violates the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of an isolated system cannot decrease. 20.8 Answer: (i) For case (i), we saw in Example 20.8 (Section 20.7) that for an ideal gas, the entropy change in a free expansion is the same as in an isothermal expansion. From Eq. (20.23), this implies that the ratio of the number of microscopic states after and before the expansion, w2>w1 , is also the same for these two cases. From Example 20.11, w2>w1 = 2N, so the number of microscopic states increases by a factor 2N. For case (ii), in a reversible expansion the entropy change is S = 1 dQ>T = 0; if the expansion is adiabatic there is no heat ow, so S = 0. From Eq. (20.23), w2>w1 = 1 and there is no change in the number of microscopic states. The difference is that in an adiabatic expansion the temperature drops and the molecules move more slowly, so they have fewer microscopic states available to them than in an isothermal expansion.