18 GHZ

CAMTECH/S/2002/18GHZ/ER-2
NOTES ON
18 GHZ COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
AND RADIO BLOCK INTERFACE.
ST-57
18 Ghz Communication System

and Radio Block Interface
18 GHz COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND RADIO BLOCK INTERFACE

:: C O N T E N T S ::
1. Basic concept of Digital Communication.

2. Line of sight Microwave Communication.
3. Basic equipment for Microwave Digital Communication.
4. Radio Equipment.
5. Mux Equipment.
6. Radio Block Interface / LEEMAH.
7. Emergency communication.
8. Power Equipment for the system.
9. Test and Measuring set up.
10. Maintenance Requirements and Practices.
11. Dos and Donts.

COURSE DURATION
Sub:- 18 GHz Communication System and Radio Block Interface (ST- 57).
SL
NO.
----1.
2.
3.
NAME OF THE
COURSE
--------------------Equipment Course
Initial Course
Refresher Course
LENGTH OF
THE COURSE
-------------------Long
Medium
Short
NO. OF
DAYS
----------6
3
1
DURATION
IN HOURS
---------------36
18
6
LESSON PLAN
CHA-
CONTAINTS
PTER
_____ ____________________
01. Basic concept of Digital
Communication.
02. Line of sight MW Commn.
03. Basic equipments for MW
Digital Communication.
04. Radio Equipment.
05. Multiplexing Equipment.
06. Radio Block Interface/
LEEMAH.
07. Emergency Communication.
08. Power Equipment for the
System.
09. Test and Measuring Set up.
TIME
ALLOCATION
IN
HOURS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------THEORY HOURS PRACTICAL HOURS TECHING AIDS

IN HOURS
TRANSPERENC
IES
---------------------- --------------------------- --------------------Long Med- Short Long Med- Short
Long Med- Sho
ium
ium rt
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _______ ____ ____ ___
3
2
1
3
4
3
1
2
1
1/8
1/8
4
2
2
1
1
1
1/16
1/16
1/8
1
-
1/8
10. Maintenance Requirements

and Practices.
1/8
1/8
1/8
11. Dos and Donts.
1/8
1/8

T O T A L :20
10
2
10
5
2
6
3
2
_______________________________________________________________________________
TRANING MODULE FOR 18 GHz COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

AND RADIO BLOCK INTERFACE.
Introduction
In this era, communication system plays a vital role to build up the world as a single
family.
The nation which can afford top most communication link up, will come forward to
pioneer the nations in the race of universality.
In India communication system has come up slowly but steadily from earliest O/H lines to
recent fibre communication system. Very recently India is going to set up optical fibre
communication and satellite communication system.
Following stages of communication systems gradually developed in our country:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Over Head Lines.

Under ground cables.
HF, VHF and UHF communication.
Microwave communications.
Optical Fibre communication ( very recent development ).
Thus same system developed and shortfalls revealed and the next system has come as a
remedy to the shortfalls and extra development over the former one.
CHAPTER 1
1. Basic concept of Digital Communication :In case of Analogue communication we have seen that Analogue Microwave carrier is
modulated by Analogue base band inside Microwave (Analogue) transmitter.
Similarly in digital communication Analogue microwave carrier is modulated by Digital
base band inside Microwave (Digital) transmitter.
1.1 Now, coming the case of formation of digital base band. We know analogue base band
is formed by the MUX working on the principle of AM-SSB-FDM.(Amplitude Modulation
Single Side Band- Frequency Division Multiplexing). Here, type of modulation is
mostly FM.(Frequency Modulation).
Similarly digital base ;band is formed by DIG MUX (Digital Multiplexing) equipment
working on the principle of pulse code modulation PCM TDM.(Pulse Code ModulationTime division Multiplexing). Here, type of modulation is BPSK / FSK.(Bipolar Phase shift
keying or frequency shift keying).
Let us now consider a suitable block diagram to describe about digital microwave
communication in a nut shell.
Telephone
DIG MUX DIG MW

( PCM)
RADIO
DIG MW DIG MUX

RADIO
Telephone
( PCM)
Let us now consider the case of time division multiplexing. Here the domain of time is
divided into a large number of time slots. Thus 1st. T.S is responsible for 1st channel, 2nd
TS is responsible for 2nd channel and so on.
Now, coming the case of digital modulation. In general the analogue MW carrier is
modulated here by a modulating digital signal with binary status. Here, as O and 1 are the
only two possible states so, shift keying technique is inevitable here. We may shift
Amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier.
1.1.1 Let us suppose we are interested in Amplitude. Shift keying then we should change
the amplitude of the RF carrier as in the following :-
analogue
carrier
modulating
digital signal
digitally
modulated
signal
Here ON-OFF nature of binary signal produces keying effect.

1.1.2 In case of digital communication system ( 18 GHz communication )frequency shift

keying technique is utilised.
Carrier (unmodulated)
Modulating binary
signal
Digital Modulated - FSK.
Digital Modulated - PSK

1.1.3 N.B:- In case of digital communication analogue signals ( VF sig. ) are taken and
converted to digital form. The stages involved in this operation are :1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Filtering.
Sampling.
Quantisation.
Encoding.
Line coding.
Basic idea regarding the above phenomenon in nut shell :1)

2)
Filtering :- LPFs are provided to limit speech (VF signal) to VF band (.3 to
3.4KHz )
Sampling :- It is nothing but formation of samples by making and breaking some
switches. Signal appears only when switch is closed. Now, rate at which switch is
closed is known as sampling frequency.
N.B. Here, amplitude of signal depends upon amplitude of I /P signal at the instant of
sampling.
Duration of sample = Duration of closing the switch S.

3)
4)
5)
Quantisation:- This is a process in which a continuous amplitude range is broken down to

a finite number of amplitude values or steps. Here, pulse amplitude modulated signal is
converted to digital signal by the process of quantisation.
7(b)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 (a)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4(c)
- - - - - - - - - - - 3(e)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2(d)
0
Let us suppose, the signal is sampled at instants a, b, c, d & e and maximum amplitude is 8
volts. In this case total amplitude may be subdivided into 8 parts.
Encoding process :- It is a process by which quantized analogue signals are converted to
binary signals.
Line coding :- Before describing line coding we should know some thing about line code.
Line code :- It is a code interfacing between the MUX and Line Terminal equipment (
LTE). Line coding is the process in which line coder converts unipolar NRZ O /P of the
PCM coder in to a signal suitable for transmission on line.
N.B NRZ = Non-Return to zero.
+5V
1
0V
0
1.1.4 The digital signal given above shows that o level = o V and 1 level is +5V. This
signal is called Non-return to zero (NRZ).
Popular Line codes are :AMI = (Alternate Mark Inversion ).
HDB-3 = (High Density Bipolar of order-3).
CMT = (Coded Mark Inversion ).
Now arising the case of formation of 2 MBIT base band. Bit rate in 30 CNL PCM system:Here, each time slot contains 8 bits.
Now, 1 TS = 8 bits.
32 TS = 8 x 32 = 256 bits ( 32 TS = Frame ).
So, 1Frame = 256 bits.
Now, 16 Frame = 256 x 16 = 4096 bits ( 16Frame = 1 multi frame ).
Again 500 Multi Frame =4096 x 500 = 2048000 bits = 2.048 M BIT.
N.B 500Multi Frame is transmitted in 1 second.
Thus here in digital communication 2.048 M BIT base band is sent to the line.
CHAPTER - 2
2. Line of Sight MW Communication :A
Line of sight literally means sight in the same line. In general in microwave
communication transmitting antenna and receiving antenna exists in the same line as if one
is sighting the other in the some straight line.
Here, in the figure A is the direct ray and B is the ground reflected ray. Thus the rays travel
through lower atmosphere known as troposphere.
Now, the wave responsible for line of sight communication is space wave.
As there is limitations due to critical frequency (cut of frequency) in sky wave propagation
and maximum absorption in ground wave propagation so only space wave mode of
propagation holds good in case of VHF,UHF, MW etc. frequency.
Now, the space wave exists in troposphere extending up to 10 KM above the ground level.
Now coming the case of problems experienced by space wave in L.O.S communication.
Those are :- (1) Optical Behaviour.
(2) Atmospheric effect.
2.1 (1)Optical behaviour of space wave implies that space wave resembles light wave
and possesses optical property like light i.e .
[a] Refraction [b] Reflection [c] Diffraction
(2)Atmospheric effect In this case space wave suffers
(a) Attenuation(loss) (b) Ducting (c) Fading .

Now ; as L-O-S .communication takes place in troposphere and as space wave existing in
troposphere is directly responsible for MW communication so MW communication
suffers the
problems faced by space wave .
2.1.1 RefractionIt is known that

the layer of atmosphere becomes
lighter stage by stage. As height
increases density of air reduces.
Thus rays suffer refraction as
in the following.
Thus the Microwave
suffers bending due to refraction.
2.1.2 ReflectionSimilarly; as the MW rays passes through plane surface like paddy
fields river etc. those suffer reflection due to this transmitted rays reach the Rx antenna at
different phases .
Figure is shown in the above .
2.1.3 Diffraction- When MW frequency travels through troposphere and gets opposition
by any mountain cliff on the way then a part of the rays gets diffracted and manages to
pass on the other side and communication is possible .

10
CHAPTER -3
3. Basic Equipment For Microwave Digital Communication :Introduction In India Digital Microwave flourished just after the flourishing of analogue
microwave.
In case of analogue microwave, certain difficulties arose which caused problem in smooth
running of communication. Those problems have been overcome in Digital Microwave.
Thus mostly noise free communication occurred at the advent of digital communication.
In case of digital communication some basic equipments are utilised step by step in a
particular sequence to get a smooth and reliable digital communication utilising
microwave frequency i.e. 18 GHz MW ( analogue) frequency.
3.1 Now, to study basic equipments incorporated in digital microwave some basic ideas
should be followed.
Those are :1.
Analogue signals to be taken as inputs to some units inside which limiting, filtering,
sampling etc. of the signal (analogue) would be done.
2.
These processed signals should be taken to the next stage, inside which standard levels
should be maintained by some means or so.
3.
Out put of that stage should be taken into a device inside which analogue signals should be
changed into digital and should be codified in proper order.
4.
In the next stage that signal (DATA) should be confirmed to send on line.
5.
Out put of that device should be taken out and injected in a device in which necessary
modulation should be done then up converted to microwave frequency and ultimately MW
digital communication should be performed in trans smoothly with maximum reliability
and stability. The opposite phenomena will be adopted in case of reception.
Basic equipments to serve the above mentioned purposes may be named as :(1) Filter
(2) Quantizer
(3) Sequentially operated gates. (4) Encoder (5) Line
coder (6) Modulator (7) Up converter etc. units in trans path and

11
(1) Down converter (2) Demodulator (3) Line decoder (4) Decoder etc. units in receive
path
3.1.1 Let us now proceed more precisely into the basic equipments for MW digital
communication. Different units may be categorised into two main parts viz. (i) Trans path
and (ii) Receive parts.
Different equipments incorporated in those two parts may be listed in the following way
with a brief note to functions of those units.
Trans part
Receive part
1) Console
1) DPLS
2) PLS/DPLS card
2) PLS/ Receive card
( party line signal )
3) TCM card (2w,4w, CONF, semi CONF) 3) TCM card
(Telephony channel module)
4)a) D/I (drop/ insert) card or
4)a) D/I card or
b) E1IM (European first Interface
b) E1IM card or
Module card) or
c) LEM card ( Line Equipment. Monitor)
c) LEM card.
d) DRBC card (Digital Radio Base Control) d) DRBC (receive) card.
(despatch)
Up to this multiplexing equipment is formed inside which analogue to digital and digital to
analogue transformation takes place. This part forms digital base band which is basic band
in the way of performance of digital communication.
3.1.2 In the next coming Microwave Radio Equipment which will form MW frequency
and to be transmitted / received with digital base band impressed inside itself.
To do that the following units are utilised as basic building blocks of the equipments.
Trans Part
1) BU converter (Bi polar to Unipolar )
2) Trans code converter
3) Digital modulator
4) UP converter
5) DSC, ASC etc(Digital and analogue service
trans part
6) Parity bit for detection of fault.
7) Alarm indicator.
Receive Part
1) Down converter
2) Digital demodulator
3) Receive code converter
4) U-B converter
SL No. 5,6&7 are same as in
channels for maintenance).
3.1.3 After considering all these one ;by one and stage by stage we can concluded that
basic equipments for MW Digital Communication are :1. Multiplexing equipment for analogue to digital conversion and modulation and digital base
band formation.
12
2. Radio equipment (single stage) to modulate and up convert the digital base band (2M bit).
3. Radio equipment (Double stage)
i) Inside indoor (Inside equipment room).
ii) Out side indoor (At tower top).
Here, (i) in indoor equipment room indirect modulation takes place and (ii) in out side
Radio, Direct Modulation takes place with direct up conversion to MW range.
4. Last of all feeder and antenna (Shrouded parabolic antenna) may be considered as basic
equipment as, if these are not provided, provision of all the equipments will be in vain as
no transmission and reception is possible without feeder and antenna.

13
CHAPTER- 4
4. Digital MW Radio Equipment :It is basically divided into three sections each for Transmission and reception. Block
diagrams of the 18 GHz MW Radio is as in the following :-
HDB3
Trans digital
Signal input
processor
Digital
modulator
Transmitter
HDB3 Receiver Digital

Signal output
Processor
Digital
demodulator
Receiver
4.1 Description of Radio Transmitter:Block diagram of trans digital processor-
HDB3
To DIG radio
modulator
B-U converter Multiplexing

And trans code
converter

Parity
check
Scrambler
Differential
Encoder
14
Receive digital processor:-
From radio
signal
demodulator
data
Differential
Decoder
4.1.1
Scrambler
HDB3
Parity
Multiplexing
U-B
checker
Equipment
converter
B U converter :-
This unit converts HDB3 coded parallel serial bipolar data stream in to 4 Unipolar parallel
data streams. Before this conversion incoming bipolar data stream is amplified and wave
shaped (by equalizer). Wave shaping is required to reduce pulse spreading (Inter symbol
Inter ference).
i)
Trans Code Converter :- In this unit the following should be inserted

House keeping bits. ii) Frame alignment bits. iii) Party bits. iv) Route identification
bits etc.
This also contains scrambler, differential decoder, Alarm (inhibit) indication signal
detector, additional. Bits for digital service channel (DSC) way side signal (WS) and
system control signal (SCS).
Digital service channel :-
2 M bits is used for order wire maintenance purpose. It can carry a maximum of 30
channels
i)
For express order wire (Connected to channel dropping or modem station.)
ii)
For omni bus order wire (Connected to all regenerator station)
iii)
For remote supervision and control of repeater equipments enroute .The 2M bit stream
DSC is injected in to TCC.
Way side signal :The 2 M b/s stream are meant for linking the small traffic of WS with that of the main
station in the link.
Analogue service channel (ASC) :This is a single voice channel meant for omnibus order wire purpose. This ASC modulates
the digital modulator directly. Hence, the Analogue service channel will help in
maintenance when DSC will fail.
Supervisory or system control signal (SCS) :- This monitors all repeater stations from
HQ.

15
House keeping bits :These are the spare bits inserted for the purpose of conveying the supervision information,
to cause alarm at remote stations in case of any fault.
Pulse stuffing or justification :-If different digital streams, derived from different clock
sources, are to be combined then all the streams are to be synchronised to a common clock
source. This process is known as pulse stuffing or justification.
Parity Bit :-In digital transmission errors can be caused in the bits. To detect the bit errors
an extra bit called parity bit is transmitted along with a group of bits (digital word).
At the receiving end, the error detection circuit, detects the errors if any with the help of
parity bit and activates the alarm circuit.
In even parity method an even no. of 1s are transmitted (odd no. of 1s read = error).
Scrambler :- Available in the trans terminal to ensure always a clock component whether
data are fed or not fed at the in put of the transmitter.
This is device ( shift register) used to recode long strings of 1 s or 0 s in a data
communication system otherwise long sequence of 1s and 0s can fail to recover the clock
at Rx. Scrambler is used in case of Tx and De-Scrambler is used at Rx.
Differential Encoder :- Data is differentially encoded to overcome the problem of phase
potential ambiguity in the receiver. But this can increase the error rate and grey code
penalty comes forward.
Thus Differential Encoder is an interface between scrambler and digital modulator which
encodes the binary data.
AIS (Alarm inhibit indication signal ) :- This alarm signal indicates that a particular part
of the local equipment has gone out of order due to a fault else where in the link not at the
local equipment.
Here, facility is that unnecessary tampering of local unit may be avoided. This circuit also
detects HDB3 code in the I / P showing All 1 indication.
Draw and label block diagram of a digital MW Trans receiver and explain the basic
workings.
4.1.2 Digital MW Radio basically performs two main functions :1)
2)
Digital Modulation :- Here, Modulation; may be in RF or in IF stage. Modulation in RF

(Direct modulation):-Here, digital base band signal is directly impressed on the microwave
carrier. Thus; modulation is done at RF.
Modulation in IF Stage (Indirect modulation):- Here, digital base band signal is first
imposed on an IF signal and then the O/P is up converted to raise the frequently to RF.
Modulator is the digital part of the MW radio transmitter
Up conversion to RF:-This portion up converts the modulated signal to MW frequencies
by inserting the local oscillator frequency.
This part of transmitter is an analogue part. Similarly, the receiver down converts the RF
signal and produces the IF signal. The IF then demodulated by the digital demodulator.

16
4.2 Some Important Features of Digital MW Radio (18 GHz) :1) Range of microwave radio = 18.36 Hz to 19.04 GHz.
2) It is a low cost, easily transportable, lighter in weight, easy to install and highly
reliable Microwave Radio.
3) Range of distance (Hop distance) between two MW Stations vary from 3 KM to 17
KM. Hop distance is considered as 10 KM as a whole.
4) Different options are :-a) Monitored Hot stand by protection. (b) Antenna diameters
are 0.3m, 0.6 m, 1.2 m or 1.8 m, (c) Wave guide pressurisation.
5) Modulation is F S K (Frequency Shift Keying).
6) IF = 66 MHz.
7) Capacity 120 voice.
4.3 Other Features of 18 GHz Digital Microwave :1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
This is a way station to way station Radio Relay System.

Omnibus control and block circuits are operated on this system.
This has drop insert facility for the channels in each way station by PCM MUX.
Radio repeaters are regenerative type and so no accumulation of noise is there. It also
ensures an earror free output.
This system utilises 100 % stand by facility.
All the stations are channel dropping stations.
This system provides means of emergency communication by providing with VHF
base stations. Any intelligence sent from mobile VHF sets (Walkie Talkie) are
received by nearest VHF base station and the same is put through to PCM MUX to
send the same to the controllers (HQs) end. The controller can also call the mobile sets
selectively. Mobile VHF sets are handled by Drivers/Guards of the train and VHF sets
are fully duplexed to replace portable control phones.
Wave guide loss per metre = 1.2 metres. Hence, to minimise loss wave guide length is
minimised between 1 to 2 metres between Radio Set (18 GHz) and antenna. Hence,
radios are placed at tower top and other units are placed inside an equipment room.
Size of antenna is 1.2 m dia. Parabolic disc type antenna is utilised here and for VHF 1
m long whip antenna is provided.
Tower height is 30-35 metres.
Power supply arrangement :- MW stations is provided with battery of capacity 150
AH and 48 V DC supply.
Equipment earth resistance is 0.5 to 1.0 ohms.
Each control telephone contains 6 wires :- (a) 1 Pair for TX, (b) 1 Pair for RX and (c)
1 Pair for Signalling (E&M).
For Block working 11 Pairs from MW to cabin is provided with.
VHF Base Station :- One set is provided for every third MW station. That is spacing is
20-22 KM. It has 3 pairs of frequencies. Frequency separation is 0.1 MHz. Frequency
separation between TX and RX. Frequency Range = 146 to 152 MHZ, VHF coverage
range = 12-13 KM.
Operating frequency range = 18.36 to 19.04 GHz.
TX O/P Power = + 18 dBm (63 MW).
Modulation :- F S K.
Bit rate is 2.048 M Bits.

17
Advantages of 18 GHz Digital MW Radio :1. RF section is placed on tower top so power consumption is less and power gain is high.
2. Due to increase of frequency antenna size and weight is reduced so, tower structure may be
simple.
3. It is suitable for connecting both voice and D A T A.
4. Narrow beam width requires very little path clearance. Multipath effect has also been
reduced..

18
CHAPTER -5
5. Multiplexing Equipment :Introduction :- In strowger exchange it has been understood that multipled wiring are
there in different gears like Uni-selector, two motion selector and the like. That multiple
connection analogy has become fruitful in Multiplexing equipment.
5.1
Description of Multiplexing Equipment :- When several channels (Carrier
channels, speech channels utilised in UHF, MW etc.) are multiplied i.e. combined to form
a band (Of frequency/digits) i.e. base band then multiplexing equipment is formed.
In other words :- When an equipment combines several numbers of channels in one then
that equipment is called multiplexing equipment.
5.1.1 Types of Multiplexing Equipment :- Multiplexing equipments are of two types
according to construction viz. :- (a) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and (b) Time
Division Multiplexing (TDM).
In FDM, frequency domain is sub-divided into a huge nos. of parts i.e. Frequency Bands
(Each frequency band comprises a channel band).
In TDM, Time domain is sub divided into a huge parts i.e. time slices (Each time slice is
known as time slots) in general.
Difference between F D M and T D M :F D M
1. FDM is frequency division multiplexing.
2. FDM is generally applied in ANALOG.
DIGITAL case.
3. Its band width is lesser so better utilisation
utilisaof transmission medium capacity can be done.
practice4. Here, noise accumulates due to repeated
compared
amplification and length of the system.
regenerated
5. Prone to cross talk.
6. Equipment is bulky one.
7. This system consumes more power.
T D M
1. TDM is time division multiplexing.
2. TDM is generally applied in
3. As its band width is larger so better
tion of transmission medium is not
able here.
4. Here, noise accumulation is less
to FDM system as the signal is
enroute.
5. Immune to cross talk.
6. Equipment is lighter here.
7. This system consumes less power.
In present subject i.e. Digital Microwave communication, time division multiplexing

system should be utilised. In other words, TDM may be called as digital multiplexing.
5.1.2 Digital Multiplexing :- This is the type of multiplexing in which VF band (o.3 to
3.4 KHz band) is converted to digital form. A number of such digitised speech channels
are combined (Multiplexed) to form a single digital stream called Digital Base Band.
Thus in short, Digital MUX is utilised to form Digital Base Band.
Now, this digital multiplexing can be achieved by the principle of pulse code modulation.
19
5.1.3 Pulse Code Modulation :- Here, analogue signal (continuous electrical signal) is
broken vertically into a number of pulses known as samples (sampled pulses).
Now, these samples are not sent to the line. These samples are first converted to digital
signals (binary digits) and then sent to the line, That is, in short, sampled pulses are coded
binarily to sent on line. This process of modulation is known as pulse code modulation.
Now this type of digital transmission has some definite advantages. Those are :1. Easy to switching (Either 0 or 1 to be selected),
2. Easy to store binary information.
3. Data transmission become practicable in digital transmission.
4. Large scale integration (LSI) makes the system more economical and compact.
5. Digital system can work with ease in case of worst possible S/N ration also.
Now, in analogue system modulation techniques utilised are :1. Amplitude Modulation.
2. Frequency Modulation.
3. Phase Modulation.
But, in digital transmission system, TDM (Time division multiplexing) technique is
applied.
Thus we can conclude that PCM-TDM principle is applicable in case of digital
transmission system.
Thus we see that PCM system works on TDM techniques. We should try to establish the
fact.
Here, in TDM technique different subscribers share the same transmission medium for
different intervals of time in sequence. The same may be illustrated like this :SENDING END
RECIVING END
CH 1
CH 1
CH 2
CH 2
CH 3
CH 3
This system works like uniselector acting in strowger auto exchange where different
outlets are connected to the single transmission path.
In figure, output of CH1 is first connected to the common transmission medium for a fixed
time. In the next instant the CH2 is connected to the line and CH3 is also connected in
another instant sequentially.
In the 2nd. Rotation again the cycles are repeated sequentially.
20
From this we can conclude that a particular time interval may be subdivided into a large
number of mini-time intervals to transmit a large number of speech channels
independently.
Thus a trans MUX is formed by utilising different time intervals sequentially. This
expressed as time division multiplexing.
When these speech channels are transmitted sequentially one afteranother, a system should
be developed so that those speech channels may be received at the other end in toto. That
could be done if and only if proper synchronisation between trans and receive be achieved.
Now, we should investigate the generation of P C M :5.1.4 Generation of P C M : Generation of PCM is done stage by stage as described below :1. Analogue to digital conversation both for speech and signal.
2. Combining of digital outputs so formed into digital base band.
3. Processing of the final digital O/P into a suitable form for transmission over a
communication medium.
Here, to convert speech into digital form we should generate the following one after
another :
a)
Generation of PAM Signals and (b) Generation of Digital Output from PAM
Signals.
(a)Generation of PAM Signals :- PAM means pulse amplitude modulation. It is well

known that span of human speech band i.e. VF band is from 0.3 KHz to 3.4 KHz. This is
analogue signal and it is sine wave in nature.
PAM streams so formed coded binarily to form digital stream which is also known as
PCM digital output. Now, the above informations are explained as detailed below :5.1.5 (a) Generation of PAM Signal Stream :- This involves the following stages :1) Equalizing, (ii) Filtering and (iii) Sampling.
(i) Equalising :- It is the process of correcting the frequency response characteristics of
the incoming signal.
(ii)
Filtering :- It is meant for limiting the voice frequency band to 3.4 KHz.
(iii) Sampling :- It is the process of slicing VF analogue signal at equal intervals (125 s)
to generate the pulses required for pulse code modulation. This is done by channel gates
actuated by clock pulse (Timing pulses) at the correct instants.
These samples are amplitude modulated to get PAM signals.
Defination of PAM Signals :- PAM signal means pulse amplitude modulated signalSampled pulses when amplitude modulated by varying I/P speech signal amplitude at the
respective instants of sampling, PAM signal is produced.

21
b) Generation of PCM Digital Output :- This is done in the following stages (i)
Quantising , (ii) Encoding.
(i)
In this process sampled pulse amplitudes are subdivided into a finite number of steps
for the purpose of assigning a digital status (Binary code).
(ii) In this process varying amplitude samples of PAM signal are assigned a digital status.
Conversion of Signalling :- Here, all the signalling parts of all the channels are processed
to get a combined ( MUXED)digital out put.
5.1.6 Combiner (Digital Processor) :- This unit processes the digital O/Ps of the
encoded speech and signalling parts of the VF channels into a combined digital base band.
After this operation the digital base band is put through to line. Now, to put it through to
line with ease, the following operations should be done prior to sending the same to the
line.
BIPOLAR CONVERSION :- This process converts unipolar binary output into bipolar
code so that the same may be sent easily to the transmission line. This process is also
known as line coding.
Stage by stage formation of PAM signals are given in the following :
2)
Continuous Analogue Signal
3)
Pulse Sampled Signal
4)
Pulse amplitude modulated Signal -
A detailed study of the following operations should be completed to attain pulse code
modulated signal at the output of multiplexing equipment in digital MW Communication.
1. Sampling,
2. Quantization, 3. Encoding,
4. Line coding of MUX output.
5.1.7 SAMPLING :- Sampling literally means to collect samples (in any case). In the
present case collection of pulse samples should be done from VF signal/speech signal.
Now, to collect the same we should know the sampling theorem first.
Sampling Theorem :- To state sampling theorem we should first know about sampling
frequency.
Sampling frequency is the base of sampling theorem. This is actually twice of the
maximum frequency of VF band.
We know, span of VF band is 0.3 to 3.4 KHz. In that case maximum frequency of VF band
should be 3.4 x 2 = 6.8 KHz but we should consider VF band as 0-4 KHz and in that case
sampling frequency should be 4x2 = 8 KHz.

22
Now, sampling frequency has been considered as 8 KHz to (i) Simplify filter design and
(ii) To allow leakage frequency (if any) to fall outside voice channel.
STATEMENT OF SAMPLING THEOREM :- This theorem states that in case of band
limited signal if twice or more of the highest frequency be considered as sampling
frequency then only a few number of samples (Pulse) contain the total information of the
voice frequency signal.
Sampling Operation :- Here, the VF signal is taken and sliced at regular intervals to get
pulse samples at different instants.
Here we see that sampling frequency is 8 KHz = 8000 Hz.
i.e. 8000 Hz are transmitted in 1 sec.
So, 1 Hz is transmitted in 1/8000 sec. = 125 s.
This 125 s is the sampling time period i.e. a period between two consecutive samples
(Pulses).
In general clock pulses are utilised sequentially to form different channels at different
instants of times by opening the gates sequentially.
Thus a time division multiplexing results as a outcome of pulse samples and sequentially
served clock pulses.
Like speech samples, signalling samples may also be generated by sampling operation.
Sampling rate of signalling is 500 samples/seconds.
MAIN POINTS TO NOTE REGARDING SAMPLING :1. If it is supposed that two consecutive channels are required after a period of 125 s
then the pulse duration will be 125 s.
2. If 5 speech channels be required to be sampled then pulse duration for speech channel
will be 125 5 = 25 s as 125 s is the sampling time period. Here, pulse duration will
also be 25 s.
3. If 10 speech channels be required to be sampled then pulse duration for each speech
channel will be 125/10 = 12.5 s = Pulse duration.
Figure will clear the idea of sampling different nos. of speech channels (as described
above):a) Pulse duration for 1 Channel.
(Duration between two consecutive pulses)
125s
b) Pulse duration for 5 Channels.

25s
-------------12.5s
10th
The figures show that if it is required to sample 30 channels then the sample time
period must be divided by 30 i.e. 125 / 30 = 4.16 s.
c) Pulse duration for 10 Channels.
But if 30 channels be considered to transmit and receive than other two separate channels
must also be considered for :-

23
Signalling of all the 30 channels.

Synchronisation (Tx to Rx) of all the 30 channels.
Thus 30 channel PCM will contain 32 channels. In that case pulse duration = 125/32 =3.9
Us = Pulse per channels.
Figure supporting Sampling :Here, 15 channels have been studied and found that sampling is done sequentially by
opening gates sequentially.
CH1 Speech
CH1
clock pulse
CH2 Speech
CH2
clock pulse
CH15 Speech
CH15
clock pulse
5.1.8 Quantisation:Quantisation means to assign a quantity to the pulses. If the sampled pulses of different
heights i.e. different amplitudes be quantised than each and every samples may be assigned
a discrete value to differentiate among the sampled pulses.
In this way perfect levelling of speech/signal samples should be done and the next stage
may be approached later on.
A concrete figure is drawn to show quantisation of Sampled Pulses.

24
The figure shows different sampled pulses of different heights i.e. amplitudes.
8
+Ve
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
-Ve
quantising level
S7
S8
Some reference levels known; as Quantising levels have been drawn towards positive and
negative side of the Axis.
Now, the samples are quantised by comparing with quantising levels as in the following :Sample
Nearest quantising levels
Remarks
S1
S2
3
4
Here, S3 and S4 have the

same quantising level no
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
6
6
5
0
-5
-5
means of seperation so
error is there. It is quantising error.
Here, for S3 and S4 as quantisation level is same as quantising error results and the
distortion so formed is quantising noise.
To minimise this quantising ;noise, quantising levels should be increased to an optimum
value. Presently, 256quantising levels are considered for proper quantisation. Here, 128
quantising levels are (+)ve and next 128 quantising levels are (-)ve. Here, the code
becomes
Log2 256 = log2 (2)8 = 8log 2/2 = 8x1 = 8bits.


25
26
Quantisation is of two types :- 1) Linear quantisation and 2) Non-Linear quantisation.

(1)
Here, quantisation is done in equal steps and as a result steps remain uniform whether the
strength of signal is high or low. Due to this differentiation of two samples in same range
but slight unequal amplitudes become impracticable.
Here, same problems of quantising noise exists. To over come this problem, Non Linear
quantising process has been developed.
(2) Here, in Non-Linear quantisation more quantum steps have been provided to weaker part of
signals and less quantum steps have been provided to stronger part of signals. Thus
quantisation levels of low amplitude values have been done closed i.e. compressed.
128
112
96
80
64
48
32
16
0
Quantisation levels
segment-1
16
segment-1
32
Input signal levels
48
64
80
96
112
128
13 Segmented compressed curve ( two segments each above zero and below zero
considering as single segment this 16 segmented curve appears to be 13 segmented
curved).
In the 13 segmented compressed curve two examples are given whose segment numbers
and position numbers are found out from the curve.
Side of the Curve
Positive side (Upperside).
Negative side (Lowerside).

Segment No.
Position No.
Remarks
Represents amplitude of
sample P on the curve.
Represents amplitudes of
sample Q on the curve.
27
5.1.9 Some important terms regarding Quantisation :1)
Companding = Compressing + Expanding.

For non linear quantisation the signal is compressed at transmitting end and naturally the
signal is expanded at the receiving end with a view to normalise the signal.
Thus COMPANDING = COM pressing + Ex PANDING.
Prupose of Companding is to provide a uniform S/N ratio for low and high amplitude I/P
signal.
2) Band Width (BW) :B = f log2N

N = No. of quantising level. , f = Highest signal frequency.
Here, when pulse width is reduced then no.of channels will be more and so, frequency will
be more. If frequency be more.
B = f log2N will be more and as a result BW will be more.
3) Encoding / Coding :This is a process by which quantised samples are converted to binary signals by assigning
a binary code depending on its quantising level.
So, far it has been understood that if no. of quantising levels be 256 then the code will be 8
bit code among which.
i) First bit will represent polarity.
ii) Second, Third and Fourth bit will represent segment no. 0 to 7 and
iii) Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth bits will represent segment no. ( 0- 15) on the particular
segment.
Examples :Polarity
1)
2)
+
-
Segment No.
7
5
Step No.
8
6
Will be written in 8 bit code as in the following :1)

2)
1
0
111 (2 2 2 ) = 4+2+0=7
101 (2 2) = 4+1=5
This 8 bit code is called WORD. (One Time slot = 8 bit word).
N.B:- Practically, quantising and encoding is done by Coder.

1000 (2222)=8
0110 (2+2)=4+2=6
28
5.1.10 LINE CODING :- Coding when done for sending a signal to line comfortably
then that type of coding is known as line coding. So far, it has been observed that in PCM
system stage by stage processes viz. Sampling, quantisation, encoding are followed to
form :
i)
Pulse samples.
ii)
Quantising them according to quantising levels.
iii) Coding the quantised samples to a unipolar form i.e. unipolar binary coding
In such a binary coded condition also it is not possible to send the so converted samples to
the lines due to the following reasons :i) Presence of DC component and
ii) Presence of a long sequences of 1s and os, clock recovery becomes difficult due to poor
content of timing information
.
To over come these difficulties the unipolar O/P of PCM coder is converted into a signal,
suitable for transmission on line. This process is known as line coding and this is done by
line coder.
Popular Line Codes are :a)
AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion).
b)
HDB3 (High Density Bipolar code).
c)
CMI (Coded mark inversion).
5.1.11 AMI Code :- Mark Binary 1 and space = Binary O

+5V 1
1
I. Unipolar Binary Code :0
0
0
0 0
1
0
+5V 1
II. Biplolar AMI Code :-
-5V
0 0
Process is Binary to AMI conversion:Here, mark is alternately inverted according to (+) ve and (-) ve voltages and as a result
average voltage comes near to zero and the problem of DC component is almost
neutralised.

29
Moreover, this alternate mark inversion affords inbuilt error monitoring facility to which
any shortfall observed in time of mark inversion will be treated as error. But one problem
here is that timing is lost in case of large nos. of zero and to overcome this a scrambled
will be needed to return back the timing pulses.
5.1.12 HDB3 :- This code also follows the theory of alternate mark inversion but avoids
long series of zeros. It allows consecutively three zeros In a series of 4 zeros 3 zeros will
be allowed consecutively and the 4th. Zero will be replaced by 1.
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1
V
Specialities of V- Bit :1.

2.
3.
4.
In HDB3 code each 4th. Zero is replaced by 1. This 1 is V.

It attains same polarity as the proceeding mark.
It will attain (+) ve and (-) ve polarity alternately.
Polarity of V bit will be same as B bit in the same block.
Specialities of B-Bit :1. If no. of 1s between two consecutive Vs be even then first zero of 4 consecutive zeros
will attain 1s. This 1 is B.
2. It attains the opposite polarity of the immediately proceeding mark.
5.1.13 Coded Mark Inversion :- Here, in coded mark inversion the following cases as
given in the figure happens :1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

1
0
1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1 1
0

30
1.
2.
31
Binary 1s are given (+) ve and (-)ve polarities alternately.

Binary zeros are given (-) ve and (+)ve polarities alternately for each half of zero
durations.
5.1.14 SOME SPECIALITIES OF LINE CODE :1.

2.
3.
4.
Line code AMI (Alternate Mark inversion) need scrambler to attain perfection.
Line code HDB3 is best suited for lower bit rates.
Line code CM1 (Coded mark inversion) is best suited for higher bit rates (140 Mb/s).
Line code is used as interface panel in between MUX panel and LTE panel (LTE =
Line terminal equipment panel).
5. Block codes are also available in Line code those are :
(i)
i.
ii.
4B/3T and (ii) 5B/6B.

4B/3T = 3 level code i.e. (+)ive level, o level and (-)ive level.
5B/6B = Binary code suitable for optical communication. Light = 1 and No Light =
0.
2. Any violation of code at receiving end can be used for error monitoring.
Thus stage by stage description is given regarding sampled pulses, their quantisation and
coding of the pulses and their conversion in the interface panel between MUX and LTE
i.e. line coding for sending on the line with ease.
Now, after the theoretical discussion done so far we should try to establish the fact in
practical circuitry i.e. in different components of the MUX EQUIPT.
Now, before starting modular description regarding the MUX EQUIPMENT, the following
terms to be understood, so that modular description may be practically understandable
perfectly.
Those terms are :1)
2)
3)
4)
Time slot or channel slot.

Frame.
Multiframe.
Digital Base Band.
5.1.15 DESCRIPTION OF THE TERMS :Time slot/channel slot :- Time slot literally means the slot or span or time interval present
in time domain. It may be explained in the following way :Pulse of each channel should be transmitted at a particular time interval. This time interval
is known as time slot (for channel) or channel slot. Nos. of this type of time slots should be
kept in a frame or several frames to form a multiplexed group to transmit through
transmission medium.
Now, if we want sampling of some nos. of channels then we should sample them one by
one but at the same rate as given in sampling theorem.

32
CHAPTER-6
6. RADIO BLOCK INTERFACE

Introduction The terms Radio Block Interface is self explanatory. This means the unit
which interfaces between Radio and Block Instrument.
So far the block working was going on through RE Communication cable. But it has been
observed that tendency of generation of noise is taking the Block Working from bad to
worse. This is as usual as any type of leakage of cable can caused power hum and the like
problems.
Now, to eliminate the complication of power hum and surge voltage Radio Block Interface
circuit has been taken into consideration.
In such a circuit digital radio is a must because digital radio is immune to any type of
noise.
6.1 Need for Universal Radio Block Interface :- As Digital Microwave has come into
picture so the days for block working through RE cable is gone. Now, these RE cables
should be replaced by digital microwave link as is going on in the Eastern Railway. Hence
forth, the station to station block working has been established replacing RE cable (as
medium).
Now, in the existing block working system through LEEMAH some deficiencies have
been observed. Those are :1) Availability of DATA bits is only 14 which is insufficient to accommodate 10 digit count
of axle counter together with 11 DC Signals.
2) As the system utilised only one parity bit so it is insufficient to carry on block working
through out the Block Sections unless different FSK frequencies for different block
sections are considered.
3) For heavier traffic when we go in for IB signalling and block working by axle counters, the
channel should be very reliable of the order of 99.5% availability.
Now, to carry on point to point block working properly Leemah Equipment should also be
provided with Radio patch facility.
Thus the Leemah system of block working is not suited where an omnibus type of Block
circuit is required which can be radio patched.
4) The Leemah signals after binary coding are sent out as analogue FSK signals and require a
modem at each station. Since use of modem in each station is a costly affair and as Axle
Counter data and control signal data are digital so it will be economic to transmit signals as
DIGITAL DATA.
Hence, it is needed to develop a radio block interface capable of working on an omnibus
channel in the VF band and it is preferred to use data transmission.
6.1.1 Method of Block Working using Radio Block Interface :- As Omnibus channel
is to be used for Block working. So, RBI should be worked on a system of time sharing of
the channel by each Block Section in a cyclic order so that Block Message of only one
block section is operated at any given time and others are blocked out at that time.

33
For this purpose only when the station concerned is polled the RBI shall send out the
data even if the message is ready duly encoded earlier.
The method of Block working should be devised in such a way that the system become
conformable to continue smoothly keeping an eye on the following factors :a) Use of an omnibus channel in 18 GHz link for a group of stations for station to station
communication.
b) Use of a common UHF frequency channel communication for intermediate Block signalling
with adjacent stations.
The system should contain :(1)
Master Computer at Control (HQ) end and (2) Slave Computer at different way side
station at the block section .
Master to slave connection should be done by a separate omnibus channel. The system
should contain three (3) channels comprising of :- (1) One channel for poling and (2) Other
two channels to share Block working of 20 channels each.
The Master Computer shall allocate time slots to each slave computer which in its turn
suitably controls the block data communication on the 18 GHz digital channel between
block station for normal block working and the block data communication via UHF
channels between block stations and their adjacent intermediate block signalling posts if
any.
The Master system informs the slave system to take control by means of packet
information which is safety coded. An eight to ten byte packet shall be sent three times if
required and retransmission shall also be catered for. Thus a total of 60 bytes should be
sent to each slave computer.
The Master system will sequentially activate the slaves in different group in the
following fashion:1.
2.
3.
4.
Activate slave 1 at group 1.

Activate slave 1 at group 2.
Activate slave 2 at group 1 on receipt of message from slave 1, group 1.
Activate slave 2 at group 2 on receipt acknowledgement message from slave 1, group 2.
A PC based system for both master and slave is required which will contain the following
items :-
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
MP based system with 256 KB Memory (Microprocessor).

Floppy drive 5-1/4 (2).
Key Board.
Monitor (Monochrome).
Modem (4800 bbs).
Inverter.
Relay drive circuit.
The master in addition shall have a printer.

34
6.1.2 RBI-18 GHz Communication :- The information about relay logic and slave
evaluator should be sent in a 20 byte packet. This packet will be sent 3 times and at the
receiving RBI the information shall be accepted only if two pockets match. It shall also
cater for one retransmission. Thus a max.of 120 bytes has to be transmitted in a given time
slot. The transmission time for different band rate are in the following :BAND RATE
4800 bps
9600 bps
TIME (ms)
250
125
There may be 3 alternatives for RBI- 18 GHz MW Link those are :Alternative 1 :As RBI output is available in digital form an interface with the omniplexer through
interface data card taking digital input is preferred. By using this digital input interface
card the system should eliminate use of modem at each station. Also with use of higher
baud rate the system response time can be improved.
Alternative 2 :In case of semi conference TCM card of the amplifier is utilised at each station a modem
for interfacing RBI with omniplexer is required. This alternative is costlier (as modem is
needed in each station) so may be avoided.
Alternative 3 :Here RBI requires information about channel free condition from 18 GHz MW system.
This information can be suitably provided from the channel modules of the omniplexer.
After detection of channel free condition each RBI shall use this after a specified time
delay. After delay it will again search for the same (Channel free condition) and after
getting free RBI will exchange information through channel.
Time delay for each RBI is different. Here, one thing important to note is that after each
transmission RBI should wait for 8 seconds before retransmission.
6.1.3 Physical Configuration of RBI :The RBI system contains :- (1) Rack, (2) DC-DC Converter and (3) RBI Evaluator.
(1)
(2)
Rack Contains (19)

(a)
DC-DC Converter.
(b) RBI Evaluator and
(c) Input/Output connector interface.
DC-DC Converter :- This unit supplied power to RBI evaluator for its operation. This unit
gets an input of 24 V DC from a battery on float charge.

35
Outputs provided by DC-DC Converter are :a) + 5V (VCC-A) 7.5 Amps.

b) + 5V (VCC-B) 7,5 Amps.
c) + 5V (VCC-C) 7.7 Amps.
d) +5V (VCC-D) 5 Amps.

e) 12V 1.0 Amp.
f) +10 V ISO 1.5 Amps.
:: 28 ::
VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION CHART FOR RBI SYSTEM :SL

NO.
DC VOLTAGE
SUPPLY
DC VOLTAGE SUPPLIED TO THE UNIT
1.
2.
3.
4.
+ 5V (A,B,C)
+ 5V (D)
12V
+ 24V
Processor Cards A, B and C.

Communication Card D.
DATA Trans. (TTL) and DATA receive.
Drives relays, relay input card and relay output card.
3.
RBI EVALUATOR :- RBI has the following functions :-
i)
Receive/Feed information from/to relay logic.
ii) Receive count and status information from slave evaluator.
iii) Generate 5 KHz simulated signal for axle counter.
iv) Communication link for 18 GHz/UHF.
These functions are performed by the following units :(a)
(i) Relay input interface (RBI receives information from this unit)
(ii) Relay output interface (RBI sends commands to relays).
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Slave evaluator interface.

5 KHz simulator interface.
Radio communication interface.
Microprocessor circuit.
Mother Board.
Display Circuit.
6.1.4 Short Descriptions of the Units :OR

DIGITAL
(a)Relay
input
CCTS.
interfaces the analogue and
digital circuits through OPTO
coupler device. Status of 16 pairs
of optically isolated inputs
are received by this unit.

RELAYS
interface
THREE PROCESS
:RELAY
INPUT
INTERFACE
This
unit
(b) Slave Evaluator Interface :Here information is received
From slave evaluator in the
Form of packets in the process
2 out of 3. That is if 2 nos. of
packets of information be
received OK then RBI accepts
the information.
36
SLAVE
EVALUATOR
SLAVE
EVALUATOR
INTERFACE
MICRO
PROCESSOR
CCTS.
:: 29 ::
(C)5 KHz simulator interface :Here, count and status information
Send by slave evaluator of other
Stns. Arises at 5 KHz simulator
Interface through radio (of that
Station). Then it is sent to axle
Counter evaluator which accepts
TELECOM CABLE
SLAVE
RADIO
5 KHZ SIMULATOR
AXLE
COUNTER
Only 5 KHz AM signal (AM =
EVALUATOR
INTERFACE
EVALUATOR
Amplitude Modulated).
d) Radio Communication Interface :MP circuits(for reading of status)
e) Relay Output (Drive) Interface :- Relays
24V plug in
miniature
type relay
(sig. Relay)
Here 16 optically isolated outputs are

Interfaced to drive. 24 V plug in
Signalling relays. Its main function
is to drive.
f) MP-Circuit (Microprocessor circuit):Here, both the processors can exchange
Information with the communication
Card through their individual buses.
Relay driver
interface
MASTER MP
SLAVE MP
Functions :- (i) Controls, (ii) Supervises and (iii) Checks the function of all interfaces.
Function of Master MP :1.
2.
3.
4.
Controls communication with slave evaluator and other RBI over radio.
Controls relay drive circuit.
Processes information received from relay logic and slave evaluator.
Compares the received information.


37
38
Function of Slave MP :1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The information received/transmitted is verified by this unit.

Controls relay drive circuit.
Processes information received from relay logic and slave evaluator.
Compares the received information.
Formulates information packets.
Transmits packet information 3 times.
Reception of Information :- At the receiving end 3 packets of information are decoded

and verified and packed information is accepted if minimum two packets of information
matches otherwise ignored.
The information is feed to relay logic and axle counter through respective interfaces.
6.1.5
Equipments essential for Block Working in case of Intermediate Block
Signalling :Equipments at I B H (Intermediate Block Hut) :1) Slave Evaluators
2) Radio Block Interface
3) VHF Equipment
4) Relay logic system
5) Power supply system
6) Modem (2400 bps)
7) 24V DC/230V AC 250V A Inverter for Modem
- 4 Nos.
- 1 No.
- 2 Nos.
- 1 Set.
- 1 Set.
- 1 No.
- 1 No.
Equipment at Adjacent Station :- Equipment kept at adjacent stations are as in the

following :A. Equipments in Cabin :- 1. Axle Counters
2. Slave Evaluators
3. Relay logic system
4. Power supply system
- 2 Nos.
- 1 No.
- 1 Set.
- 1 Set.
B. Equipment in MW Equipment Room :1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
RBI 2 Nos. (1 where no IBH exists).

VHF Equipment 2 Nos. ( NIL where IBH does not exist).
Power supply system 1 set.
Interface relay logic system 1 Set.
Channel protocol system (Slave PC) 1 No.
Modems 1 No. (One 2400 bps for VHF NIL where no IBH exists).
24 V DC/230 V AC 250 VA inverter for modem and channel protocol system.

39
6.1.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BLOCK WORKING ON RADIO THROUGH R B I :-
Block
Relay
Instrument
RBI Eqpt.
MUX
Logic
Radio
(18 GHz)
Block
Instrument
Relay
Logic
Block diagram of Radio Block Interface uniformly:-
P1
Radio
(18 GHz)
RBI Eqpt.
MUX
Power supply
Monitor card
P2 P3
Communication
Relay input Processor cards (3Nos)
Card (1No) Operation 2 out of 3
card(1No)
Relay out put

card (1No)
The figure reveals the following particulars :1. CPU is composed of three processors. P1, P2 and P3.
2. CPU get inputs from RI card (Relay input card).
3. Processors send command to relay output cards and thus relays are driven accordingly.
6.1.7 Functions of different units incorporated in Radio Block Interface System :RI Card :- It performs following functions :a) Reads relay ground from either front or back contact of relay to decide the condition of
relay and passes on the information to the processor card.
b) Reads 32 inputs from 16 relays to know about their status.
c) A packet from other end is decoded only when the address contained in the packet
matches with ID code. Thus RI card reads ID code only when it is matched one.
PROCESSOR CARD :a. Receives input from RI card.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
40
Sends command to RO Card.

Communications with communication card.
Communications with other processor card.
Forms packets with the obtained information.
Decodes packets received from other end by communication card.
Here, processor card 1 is considered as Master; processor card 2 is considered as slave

but when PC-1 fails it becomes Master; processor card 3 is always slave.
Another thing important to note is that 2 out of 3 processor cards should work to run the
system.
SLOT POSITIONS :Card with A-ROM should be placed in slot -1.
Card with B-ROM should be placed in slot -2.
Card with C-ROM should be placed in slot -3.
Communication card must always remain in slot -4.
COMMUNICATION CARD :a)
b)
c)
Communicates with the three processor cards.

Transmits information in form of packets.
Receives information in form of packets.
RO CARD :Relay output card receives information from processor cards and picks up a particular relay
as per decisions made by processor card.
PSM CARD (POWER SUPPLY MONITOR CARD) :a)
b)
c)
Monitors input 24V (VR) for relays and cuts it off if it is below 22V or above
30V.
Monitors 5V supply to MP (Microprocessor) cards 1,2 and 3 and communication
card signals being designed as VMA, VMB, VMC and VMD.
Switches the regulated 24V path through switching relays so that high current
drainage through one path does not result in welding of the contacts of PSM supply
switching relays.
PARTICULARS OF PSM (POWER SUPPLY MONITOR) CARD :Circuits/Components incorporated in P S M Card :1. Independent voltage monitoring circuits 5V DC A, 5V DC B, 5V DC C, (for 3
processor cards) and one +5 V DC D (for communication card).
2. Inbuilt regulator supply for relay drive.
3. Voltage monitor +24V DC for high and low voltage trip.
4. Safety shut down.
FUNCTIONS OF PSM CARD :1. Voltage monitoring of processor cards.
41
2. +24 V DC regulation and protection.

3. Relay status monitoring.
4. Opto isolation of relay actuation signals (for voltage below +19.5 V).
6.1.8 DESCRIPTION OF SOME ITEMS IN PARTICULAR :(I). VOLTAGE MONITORING CIRCUIT :- This is a stable multivibrator, initiated to
oscillate by the reset signal from its processor. The output of the astable multivibrator is
amplified, rectified and filtered to provide the voltage monitoring signal.
Besides, these three 8255 programmable peripheral interfaces provided to monitor
different signals in the PSM Card.
Again, 8255 PPI also provides relay actuation signals optically isolated to actuate relays.
(II) WORKING OF RELAY LOGIC :- Let us consider a concrete example to know
about working of relay logic :When station A wants to send a train to station B then the sequences of operations are as in
the following :1. Station A exchanges private No. with station B.
2. Station Master of Station B moves the handle of the block instrument from line closed to
line clear position.
3. With the former operation, LCR Relay pick up at Relay room (at Station B), as a result M1
relay picks up at microwave equipment room.
4. M1 picked up state is read by RBI at Station B and sent to the RBI at station A through
LS
DCM for which M5 relay picks up at MW of station A.
5. With this, Top Needle of Block Instrument of Station A move to line clear position picking
up M7 relay in series. Here, needle voltage is 72 V DC (48-72 converter) supplied by MW
from DC-DC converter.
6. With acknowledgement of M5 & M7 picked up at station A M3 picks up at station B taking
the bottom needle of station B to line clear position.
7. After this operation the last stop signal can be lowered at station A for starting the train.
8. In the next the train starts and hits the advance starter track circuit at Station A. As a result
SR relay drops at the cabin and SBPR relay at microwave picks up at station A.
9. In the next M4 relay of the station B i.e. receiving station picks up and buzzer operates at
cabin of station B and confirms entry of the train in the section.
10 After this SM at station B turns the handle of the Block Instrument to TOL, resulting
TOLR
Relay pick up & LCR Relay drops at Relay Room and Bottom NDL goes to
TOL .
11 Due to picking up of TOLR Relay, M2 picks up and dropping of LCR Relay drops M1 at
MW of Station B.
This relay condition is read at stn B and communicated to station A through microwave.
13 At station A M5 drops and M7 picks up in series with M6 due to this the Top Needle of the
station A goes to TOL (Train on Line).

42
14 In the next M3 drops & M4 picks up at station B due to M5 drop & M6 pick up at station
A. Resulting bottom needle of station B goes to TOL position .Then SR Relay picks up at
Relay Room and SBPR Relay drops at MW of Station A.
15 After complete arrival of train at Station B, Commutator of Block Instrument turn to Line
Close position. As a result TOLR Relay and M2 Relay drops at Station B.
16 Finally, M4 at station B & M6 Relay at Station A drop and Bottom Needle of Station B &
Top NDL of Station A come to line closed position.
Operation of different units right from RBI to cabin is as in the following Block
Diagram :-
RBI unit
LSDCM
E1IM
2W/4W TCM
CABIN
PLS
CT Box
TAG block
Surge arrestor
TOL & LC code

cabin
relays
CODE
GeneraTN
TN-tion
feed
BN
feed
and
BN
ReceptCOM to ion unit
CO LC
(relay
block to TOL rackW)
instrument
TN- top needle
BN- bottom needle
COM- commutator
Serial converter and

FSK modulAtor (LeemAh TX)
FSK demod
And parallel
Converter
(Leemah
RX west)
TX A OW E
TX
PAD
TX B OW E
TX A OW W
TX B OW W
RX A OW W
RX B OW W
RX A OW E
RX B OW E
Branching and
combining net work.
Equipment as
above for east side.
CHAPTER 7
7.
EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION
Introduction :- This is the communication which is taken into consideration during any
type of calamites like flood, Accident, Landslide and the like. In brief, this may be taken
up during emergency when immediate remedy is a striking requirement. This is a
communication between site (affected area) and Headquarters during emergency. Now a
days this communication is set up through a particular type of equipment in which both
portable and stable (Base) equipments are utilised.

43
7.1 SET UP OF COMMUNICATION LINE (DURING EMERGENCY) :Here, portable VHF sets (Mobile sets) are used from accident site to VHF base stations
near by and that base station is then connected with existing microwave links to put the
communication through to the head quarters stations.
In Headquarters station control exchange is existing. When site is connected with control
exchange, the control exchange operates a push button to make the transmission of the
accident site MW station ON remotely and thus duplex working is established between
the accident site and control exchange.
7.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION :-
MOBILE
SEMI CONF
VHF SET
CARD
(PATCHCOM /
MELTRON)
VHF BASE
DIGITAL
STATION
RECEIVE
MODE
RADIO
BASE
SEMI CONFE- DROP/INSERT

RADIO BASE
RANCE CARD
RADIO
RADIO
D/I CARD
CARD
(18GHZ)
CONTROL
CNLTROL
CONTROL
DRBC
CONSOLD
EXCHANGE
ANTENNA
Diagram of portable VHF sets with PTT switch in brief:-
FM
VOICE
RF POWER
AMPLIFIER
MODULATOR
OPERATED
TX/RX
SWITCH
PAIRS
Diagram of portable VHF set in stage by stage : ANTENNA
AF
AMP
MIC
VOICE OPERATED SWITCH
BUFFER
AMPL
IFIER
FM
MOD
OSC

+12 v dc
R
E
L
A
Y
RF
PRE
AMP
RF
PWR
AMP
44
7.1.2 SOME SPECIAL POINTS TO NOTE REGARDING PORTABLE VHF SET

1. Mobile VHF is a duplex type set.
2. PTT is pressed only for talking and not to be pressed during listening. Otherwise power
drainage will be maximum due to presence of RF power AMP stage.
3. To solve the problem, voice operated switching arrangement may be attached so that
the switching will be done only when speech will be made on microphone. At that time
only supply will be applied on RF power amplifier stage via operated contact of a relay.
ONE TO ONE CORRESPONDANCE IN DIFFERENT CHANNELS :SL
NO.
MELTRON
1.
2.
3.
PATHCOM
CH1
CH2
CH3
=
=
=
CH1
CH3
CH5
RADIO BASE
=
=
=
CH1
CH2
CH3
7.1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MOBILE VHF SET (DUPLEXER) :- VHF ANTENNA

AMPLIFIRE
TRANS
1st
OSC
MOD
MULTIPLIER
2nd
MULTPLIER
INTER
MEDIATE
P0WER
AMP.
POWER
AMP.
DUPLEXER
MIC
LOUD
RFA
SPEAKER
AF AMP
DISCRI-
LIMITER
2nd IF AMP
2nd MIXER
1st IF AMP 1st MIXER
MINATOR
SQUELCH AMPLIFIER
2nd LOCAL OSC
1s t LOCAL OSC
Characteristic Features of VHF set :- Mobile V H F :a) Trans power 10 Watts 1 Watt.
b) Frequency 41.1 to 146 MHz, (c) Working Mode = Duplex.
d) Antenna Used = Whip Antenna (e) Receiver Threshold= 110 db without squelch.
f) Power supply = 12V/10A NICAD battery.
g) Current = 1.5 Amp.

45
CHAPTER 8
8. POWER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTS IN MW/DIGITAL COMMUNICATION :

In each Microwave station power supply arrangements is a must for running of different
power equipments like light, fan, exhaust fan, air cooler, battery charger, voltage stabilizer
and the like.
Provision of diesel generator is also a must mainly for the microwave stations where
emergency power supply is not available (either from traction or from centralised diesel
generator of the place).
Moreover, for running of different units/equipments concerning communication a fool
proof and systematic distribution of power is also most essential.
Thus a systematic distribution of power supply for both AC and DC supply is required in
each and every microwave station.
A pictorial description of power supply arrangements in a microwave station is given stage
by stage in the following :8.1 1st
Stages :-
Distribution of AC supply at Microwave premises
LOCAL
POWER
SUPPLY
( 220V,50 HZ )
TRACTION
POWER SUPPLY
( 220V, 50 HZ )
1st CHANGE OVER

PANEL
FUSE BOX
TO LIGHTS,FANS,
EXHAUST FANS,
AC MACHINES Etc.
PREMISES
DIESEL SET
2nd CHANGE OVER

PANEL
SURGE
PROTECTOR
VOLTAGE
STABILIZER
SURGE
PROTECTOR

AVIATION
LAMPS
Extra provision
For AC machine
Float cum Boost

CHARGER
46
8.2 2nd Stage :- Distribution of DC Supply at Micro Wave premises ( in block )
FCBC
BATTERY
( 48V DC )
SET-1
BATTERY
( 48V DC )
CONTROL
PANEL
SET- 2
FUSE BOX
( BASE WITH GRIP )
MICROWAVE RADIO
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
( PSU )
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
( PSU )
FOR MULTIPLEXING EQUPT.
8.3 3rd Stage :- ( I.) Power Supply arrangement for Microwave Equipment ( DM 18)
:-Ve 48V
+7.5V
O
PSU A
O
+Ve 48V
PSU B
O
SUPPLY
FROM
BATTERY

0
-21V
+7.5V
-21V
RADIO TRANSRECEIVER A
RADIO TRANSRECEIVER B
47
SPECIAL NOTE
Three core power cable
right from equipment
room to tower top.
1) +7.5V is meant for OSC-MOD and other digital

circuits.
2) 21V is meant for Analogue circuit.
3) +Ve is Grounded here .
4) PSU Power Supply Unit which is nothing but
DC.-DC. Converter.
( II ) Power Supply arrangement for DC-DC. Converter (At Equipment room) :- Ve 48 v
Special notes
MODEM
A
MODEM
Modem Unit Contains :In built DC-DC. Converter.

Out put of DC DC. Converter are,
i) + 5 Volts for digital circuits
ii) +
18 Volts for Analogue circuit.
+ Ve 48 v
DC Supply from Battery.

( III )
Stage :- Power Supply arrangement for DMC Radio ( continued ) :(At Radio (Microwave Radio Equipment ) Placed at Tower Top.
- Ve 48 v
+ Ve 48v
DC Supply from Battery

PS A
TX/RX
A
PS B
TX/RX
B
48
SPECIAL NOTE
1) Three core cable from Equipment Room to Tower Top.

2) PSU -A and PSU B are DC-DC. Converters in built .
3) Voltages are, (a) + 5v DC supplied for OSC- MOD and digital circuit.
(b)
+ 18 v DC supplied for Analogue circuit.
CHAPTER- 9
9. Test and Measuring Set Up
In case of
required:1. DTA
2. DMSA
3. DMPM
measurement of digital MW signals the following measuring instruments are

- Digital Transmission Analyser.
- Digital MW System Analyser.
- Digital MW Power Meter.
9.1 Brief Description of Measuring Instruments :1.

D T A This instrument has the following functions :a)
Error detection function.
b)
Measurement function.
c)
Filter modulation and measurement function.
d)
Multiplexer test function.
Description of Functions :a)
b)
Bit error, Parity error, Frame error, Polar violation error.

Measurement functions are :-
(i) Error Rate, (ii) Error Count, (iii) Error Seconds, (iv) % of error free seconds,
(v) Threshold error seconds, (vi) Alarm seconds, (vii) Filter measurement.
Besides these, the DTA can conduct the following functions :a) Commissioning Test, (b) Production Test and (iii) Maintenance and trouble shooting in
digital
radios and MUXs.
Contents of D T A :1. A transmitter part.
2. A RX Part.
3. A built in printer and recording arrangement.
N.B:During occurrence of error/alarm the printer gives print out and records the
measured Values automatically.

49
9.2. DIG/MW SYSTEM ANALYSER ;- This instrument measures the following :a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Delay/amplitude characteristics.
Two route propagation delay time differences.
Harmonic distortion.
Third inter modulation distortion.
Spectrum analysis.
Return loss.
S.D propagation delay time difference.
IF transmission band characteristics.
Amplitude linearity of R/Equipment.
9.3 DMSA is applicable only over IF range but not over RF ranges measurement done by
DMSA are :
1.
Power
2.
Frequency
IF Range.
3.
AGC and squelch characteristics.
4.
Return loss.
5.
Amplitude frequency response.
6.
Delay characteristics.
7.
Frequency deviation (Analogue service channel)
8.
Inter modulation distortion.
9.
Transmission delay difference.
9.4
DIG/MW POWER METER :-
For MW PWR meter a thermistor mount is necessary to show change of resistance due to
temperature rise. But as thermistor itself is also affected by temperature. So thermocouples
associated power meters are utilised now a days. This is done as temperature rise is
detected electrically in thermo couple.
Different sensors are utilised here to sense different frequency and level ranges. The ranges
are 100 KHz to 32 GHz and 30 dBm to +20 dBm respectively.
Hybrid ICs are used for stable readings. Built in MP provides compensation for the non
linearity of the sensors at high power.
Now coming the case of measurements. How we should know how measurements are
done.

50
9.5 Different Test Set ups for Different Measurements :1. RF Power Measurement :-
RF ATTENU1.
ATOR (in DB)
RF OUT
(of Transmitter )
MW POWER
2. TX Frequency Measurement :-
RF ATTENU2.
RF OUT ATOR(in DB)
( of Transmitter )
FREQUENCY
COUNTER
3. RLO Frequency Measurement :-
3.
METER (in DBM)
RF IN
TX
FREQUENCY
RX
COUNTER
FREQUENCY
MONITOR
4. RX IF O/P Level Measurement :TX
RF IN
RX
RF ATTENUATOR
RF SWEEP
SIGNAL
GENERATOR
IF RX
RF. LEVEL METER SET RX FREQUENCY
5. BIT ERROR RATE MEASUREMENT :-
RX
TX
RF OUT
RF & N
RF ATTENUATOR
CHECK
METER
AGC-V
DATA IN
BIT ERROR RATE TEST SET

(SENDING UNIT)
DATA
OUT

BER TEST SET

(RECEIVING
UNIT )
FREQUENCY
SHIFTER
51
Let us now consider the cases of Bit error and BE rate. :BIT ERROR :- It is bit inversion in the binary sequence.
BIT ERROR :- It is the ratio between No. of errors and total no. of bits received.
No. of errors.
So, BER = ----------------Total no. of bits received.
N.B :- One error in 1000 bits is denoted as 1/1000 or 1 x 10 -3 or 10 -3 or IE 3.
9.6 Error performance of Digital TX System:1. Unavailable seconds (UAS) :- No. of seconds during which the error rate is above 10 for
10 consecutive seconds.
2. Error seconds (ES) :- No. of seconds affected by a minimum of one error during gate time.
3. Severely error seconds (SES) :- No. of seconds for which the error performance is IE 3.
4. Degraded Minutes (DM) :- No. of minutes which have error performance of IE 6.
5. Error free seconds (EFS) :- No. of seconds that are free from error.
Thus :- Total time = Available time + Unavailable time.
i) Acceptable, (ii) Degraded, (iii) Unacceptable quantity.

52
CHAPTER 10
10. MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT AND PRACTICES

Necessary particulars regarding control communication :Regarding Block Phone :- Block instrument sends signal in M lead which appears at the E
lead of the next station and that RX signal operate Block Bell Relay.
Problems Arising are
1. GND in E- lead
2. No GND extn. to E lead
3. No V in M lead of sending station.
Remedy
Card should be changed.
Take out the card & reinsert
Card should be changed.
10.1 Signalling Problems :- Sounder may not operate due to absence of S/Voltage
supplied by DPLS RX Card.
As per DPLS RX 4 phone lines are connected then if S/V for one line is absent then S/V of
another one among the other 3 lines are connected and sounder is operated.
Inter connection between D/I card and different modules.
DPLS
MODULE
D/I
CARD
TELEPHONE
DATA
BUS
DIGITAL
TCM
MODULE
1) If OEN relay problem is there, then we should check fitting between base and contact
points- if loose, to be fixed firmly.
What is the function of OEN relay ? Is it has another name ?
2) If switching panel (CNL Card) is creating problem then remedy is :AUTO
If auto fails manual
change
SWITCH
PANNEL

over is done by rotary

mechanism.
MANUAL
53
10.2 SPEECH PROBLEMS :- D/I RX DPLS RX CNL Phone DPLSR provides

48 V DC supply to CNL Phone TX.
1 DPLS RX 4 CNL Phone i.e. 48 V DC supply is present for each of 4 CNL phones.
So, if supply of one is out to be connected to the other. Card will never be taken out until
each phone is out of 48 V DC.
Sometimes barrator lamp is disconnected.
By DPLS RX CNL RX signal code is RX.
Fault localisation in 18 GHz communication :EAST BAS
STN. A
STN.B
STN.C
STN.D
WEST BAS
No indication is there in the faulty station. But the following cases will happen to wards
the next station forward and back.
1) In EAST CARD All ALM indication and (2) Other east ward stations up to nearest
break site will get remote ALM (Yellow).
In such a case the following remedial measures should be taken :1) At first testing should be done between the suspected station and next east ward station to
detect the faulty station i.e. A&B in the figure.
A will change its TX and effect on Bs RX will be observed.
B will change its RX (Set) and effect on the suspected (RX itself) station will be observed.
In the next case D/I east card of the faulty station will be taken out and reinserted.
If fault is existing, D/I EAST card should be changed.
4) In the mean time (before replacement of the card) by passing of D/I E card of the faulty
station will be done manually.
Same will be the case with WEST BUS.
Now, how BY PASS IS DONE?
-BY PASS
_______________________________
Manual SWC (Switch)
Digital SWC (Switch
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DATA from nearest E bass will come
Here, case is same as in Manual case.
up to D/I card then looped back to Radio
The only speciality is DATA will be shaped
by Manual switching.
and looped back.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

54
10.3 Kinds of Failure in 18 GHz (CC) :1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Link failure due to Radio :- (a) E-Bus, (b) W-Bus, (c) Both E&W Bus (Due to Rain).
Dislocation / Rotation of ANT.
Water infiltration into W/G.
Link failure (Due to MUX) (a) E-B, (b) W-B, (c) E&W-B, (d) Switching panel
problem.
Speech problem in CHL MODEM (TCM) card.
Signalling problem in CHL MODEM card.
Speech and ring problem in Block Working.
Lima problem affecting Block working :- (a) TX, (b) RX, (c) Common Unit, (d) CNL
CARD, (e) Y PAD, (f) IP 150 Relay, (g) DC-DC Converter (for 48 V DC- 72 V DC).
When this happens automatic change over of set takes places in radio.
This should be seen and rectified.
W/G pressure should be kept 2-5 PSI.
When E-BUS fails, D/I E card is responsible, remote ALM will come in the E direction
up to break site.
10.4 DESCRIPTION OF SOME UNITS IN M U X :TCM (Telephony CHL Module) 2W, 4W, CONF (Omnibus), Semi CONF, CNL Card.
RADIO
D/I
DROP INSERT
CONFERANCE CARD
Specialities :CONF CARD D/A CONVERTER

MULTIPLEXER A/D CONVERTER.
I/P Analogue signal O/P digital signal 2 MBIT.
Speech is via- TCM card (2W, 4W, CONF, Semi CONF, etc.)
DPLS DIS PATCH In CNLR Station.
DPLS RX In intermediate station.
DTC (Data transfer card) at break site.
D/I card contain :- E&M Card and END TERM CARD.

DPLS
55
10.5 PROBLEMS AND REMEDY IN 18 GHz MAINTENANCE :PROBLEMS

1. Telco connectors and kulka blocks loosen
periodically
And types of connectors to be changed.
2. Power cable to the radio may be damaged.
3. Malfunctioning of protection switch
I/C & O/G data passes through protection
Switch and selects wrong signals.
4. TX ALM
a) Shifting of trans. Freq..
b) AFC unlocking.
c) Dropping of O/P power.
RX ALM
a) Detuning of O/P freq.
5. Malfunctioning of D/I card
Function :- Data flowing through a particular
bus drops down at intermediate Station and
mixes up with local data and retransmitted .
REMEDY
1. Tightened by clamps, screws
due to passage of train (vibration).
2. Strongly insulated power cable
should be installed.
3. Manually this should be operated to
select proper TX/RX signal.
4. TX to be changed and faulty set to
be sent to Lab
Do on RX.
5. We should observe alms and will detect
the faulty stn. And replacement of D/I
card should be done.
If this malfunctions then remedy will be:

6. Break of data flow in a jack field :I/C and O/G data passes through jack
field to radio. Now for free setting some
contacts are kept in open air and so dust
accumulate and DATA interrupts.
6. Routine maintenance is required.
7. Mother board female connectors getting

loose due to vibration caused by passage
of train.
8. Malfunctioning of CHL modem cards
(introduces wrong data in wrong timeslot
and causes interruption of whole link).
7. Should be clamped tightly and routine

maintenance is required.
9. Intermittent noise in all CHLs.:- As it is a

digital system so over all CNL of circuit
is done from a particular point i,e. ET-End
Terminals BS/Break site.
10. Interruption in communication for a particular
control.

8. Thorough study of ALM in D/I card in

forward & back stn. should be done
and faulty stn. to be located and
card replaced.
9. In such a case ET/BS to be localised.
Then end cards should be checked up
and replaced.
10. Fault localisation and replacement is
required.
Problems
a) From CNL stn. To onwards culprits are :1) CNLRs console.
2) DPLS despatch card.
3) TCM.Card.
b) From a break site onwards problems are in :1) 2 CHL MODEM cards for either directions.
2) DPLS RX interfacing two directions.
c) From a particular site problems are in :1) CHL MODEM CARD.
2) DPL-SRX cards.
3) Telephones connected.
11. Problems in controllers console.
a) Dialler trouble.
b) Trouble in conversation unit.
(due to wrong handling by controller).

56
Remedy
Fault localisation and rePlacement is required.

Fault localisation and
replacement is required.
Replacement of controllers
Console is required.
57
CHAPER-11
11.
DOS AND DONTs IN MW WORKING :-
Digital Microwave Communication is the latest development in Microwave working

in which noise less communication has become practicable for speech, signal and DATA.
For smooth running of Microwave Digital Communication each and every units and
components inside MW equipment room should be kept fool proof. For such an
arrangement proper maintenance of different components along with the atmosphere inside
equipment room is a must.
Now, for proper maintenance of MW communication what should be done and what
should not be done to be considered; stage wise Dos and Dont are as listed below :11.1
Dos :-
1. Terminals of battery should be cleaned regularly to avoid sulphation at battery terminals.

2. In case of float mode battery both the battery sets and equipment load draws current
simultaneously. In such a position a close look should be maintained on ampearage of the
charger. More clearly current should be adjusted in such a way so that it becomes sufficient to
run the equipment as well as charges the battery with optimum ampearage.
3. Measurement of specific gravity, per cell voltage and terminal voltage should be done at least
once in each shift.
4. Working of DG set should be observed on load for at least 10 minutes per day to keep the DG
set in readiness so that the DG set can work on emergency immediately.
5. Each and every electrical equipments/units, their connections should be cleaned properly with
brush, vacuum cleaner and the like ailments.
6. Earthing of tower, cable/coaxial cable, antenna, radio equipment, Modem and MUX
equipment etc. should be done properly.
7. Radio patch circuit (if provided) should be checked periodically.
8. Dehydrator pressure should be checked properly. Aviation lamps should be made on during
evening and extinguishing at dawn.
9. Performance of radio patch circuits should be periodically checked so that they can work
smoothly during link failure at different Microwave Stations.
10. 10.Circuits concerning emergency communication should be checked properly and routine
tests should be done in each shift so that in case of emergency the circuit can work properly
and smoothly.
11. 11.In way side stations each and every plugging in type units should be checked periodically
and tightened if required as jerks may keep those units loosely fitted.
12. 12.AC machines should be maintained properly and in case of failure of AC Machines
immediate rectification should be done and in the mean time emergency fans should be made
on to keep the equipments cool.

58
11.2 DONTs :1. Entry with shoes is strictly prohibited inside equipment room to avoid entry of dust in
equipment room. The dust may cause harm to electronic components and AC Machines.
2. Smoking should be strictly avoided inside the equipment room as smoke can do harm to
sophisticated electronic units and components remaining inside the equipment room.
Moreover, fire may result inside equipment room due to smoking.
3. Doors and Windows of equipment room should not be kept open other wise it can do harm
to AC Machines.
4. Temperature of equipment room should not be increased above optimum temperature
(Temperature should be kept well below the normal temperature outside in the room).
5. Electronic units and other detachable parts should not be tampered (Opening and
reinserting unnecessarily) other wise frequency of failure will be increase abruptly.
6. As MW equipments rooms in way side stations are located beside the running lines so jerks
may cause different cards, fuses, GD tubes etc. components loose. So, checking of
tightness of components should not be avoided for long time other wise communication
may hamper every now and then.
7. Periodical check up of different attachments (Like coaxial cable, flexible wave guide,
antenna etc.) should not be delayed for long time. Other wise in time of failure prolonged
search of each and every component may cause long duration of RM thus efficiency will
be less.
8. Battery terminals should not be kept un maintained for long time other wise sulphasion
may damaged the individual cells and reliability of the system may be hampered.
9. Battery should not be maintained carelessly other wise in one fine morning a havoc failure
may occur due to loose connection of different components of battery.
10. As one set of charger is there in 18 GHz MW (Control Communication) system and as this
charger works on float mode in general so current adjustment should not be maintained
carelessly other wise in one fine morning communication may be stopped due to reaching
of battery set below standard capacity.
11.Irregularity in changing over the battery sets should be avoided. Otherwise efficiency of
battery sets will be go down.


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CAMTECH/S/2002/18GHZ/ER-2

18 Ghz Communication System

18 GHz COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND RADIO BLOCK INTERFACE

1. Basic concept of Digital Communication.

18 Ghz Communication System

-------------------------------------------------------------------------THEORY HOURS PRACTICAL HOURS TECHING AIDS

10. Maintenance Requirements

11. Dos and Donts.

18 Ghz Communication System

TRANING MODULE FOR 18 GHz COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Over Head Lines.

DIG MUX DIG MW

DIG MW DIG MUX

Here ON-OFF nature of binary signal produces keying effect.

18 Ghz Communication System

1.1.2 In case of digital communication system ( 18 GHz communication )frequency shift

Digital Modulated - FSK.

Digital Modulated - PSK

Basic idea regarding the above phenomenon in nut shell :1)

18 Ghz Communication System

Quantisation:- This is a process in which a continuous amplitude range is broken down to

(a) Attenuation(loss) (b) Ducting (c) Fading .

2.1.1 RefractionIt is known that

18 Ghz Communication System

18 Ghz Communication System

18 Ghz Communication System

HDB3 Receiver Digital

4.1 Description of Radio Transmitter:Block diagram of trans digital processor-

B-U converter Multiplexing

18 Ghz Communication System

Receive digital processor:-

Trans Code Converter :- In this unit the following should be inserted

18 Ghz Communication System

Digital Modulation :- Here, Modulation; may be in RF or in IF stage. Modulation in RF

18 Ghz Communication System

This is a way station to way station Radio Relay System.

18 Ghz Communication System

18 Ghz Communication System

In present subject i.e. Digital Microwave communication, time division multiplexing

(a)Generation of PAM Signals :- PAM means pulse amplitude modulation. It is well

18 Ghz Communication System

Continuous Analogue Signal

Pulse Sampled Signal

Pulse amplitude modulated Signal -

18 Ghz Communication System

b) Pulse duration for 5 Channels.

18 Ghz Communication System

Signalling of all the 30 channels.

18 Ghz Communication System

Nearest quantising levels

Here, S3 and S4 have the

18 Ghz Communication System

18 Ghz Communication System

Quantisation is of two types :- 1) Linear quantisation and 2) Non-Linear quantisation.

Input signal levels

18 Ghz Communication System

5.1.9 Some important terms regarding Quantisation :1)

Companding = Compressing + Expanding.

2) Band Width (BW) :B = f log2N

Will be written in 8 bit code as in the following :1)

18 Ghz Communication System

HDB3 (High Density Bipolar code).

CMI (Coded mark inversion).

5.1.11 AMI Code :- Mark Binary 1 and space = Binary O