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References
1. Part 5 of the AISC LRFD Manual
2. Chapter F and Appendix F of the AISC LRFD Specifications
(Part 16 of LRFD Manual)
3. Chapter F and Appendix F of the Commentary of the AISC
LRFD Specifications (Part 16 of LRFD Manual)
Basic Theory
If the axial load effects are negligible, it is a beam; otherwise it is a
beam-column.
BeamDesign.doc
Shapes that are built up from plate elements are usually called plate
girders; the difference is the height-thickness ratio
h
5.70
tw
h > 5.70
t
w
E
Fy
beam
E
Fy
plate girder
h
of the web.
tw
Bending
M = bending moment at the cross section under consideration
y = perpendicular distance from the neutral plane to the point of
interest
I x = moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis
S x = elastic section modulus of the cross section
For elastic analysis, from the elementary mechanics of materials, the
bending stress at any point can be found
fb =
My
Ix
f max =
Mc
M
M
=
=
Ix
I x / c Sx
This is valid as long as the loads are small and the material remains
linearly elastic. For steel, this means f max must not exceed Fy and
the bending moment must not exceed
M y = Fy S x
BeamDesign.doc
M p = plastic moment
A = total cross-sectional area
a = distance between the resultant tension and compression forces
on the cross-section
A
Z = a = plastic section modulus of the cross section
2
Shear
Shear stresses are usually not a controlling factor in the design of
beams, except for the following cases: 1) The beam is very short. 2)
There are holes in the web of the beam. 3) The beam is subjected to a
very heavy concentrated load near one of the supports. 4) The beam is
coped.
BeamDesign.doc
fv =
VQ
Ib
This equation is accurate for small b . Clearly the web will completely
yield long before the flange begins to yield. Therefore, yield of the
web represents one of the shear limit states. Take the shear yield
stress as 60% of the tensile yield stress, for the web at failure
fv =
Vn
= 0.60Fy
Aw
Vn = 0.60Fy Aw
This will be the nominal strength in shear provided that there is no
shear buckling of the web. This depends on
h
, the width-thickness
tw
h
E
2.45
tw
Fy
Vn = 0.60 Fy Aw
BeamDesign.doc
h / tw
E
h
E
<
3.07
Fy t w
Fy
E
h
<
260
Fy t w
4.52 E
Vn = Aw
2
(h / t w )
Failure Modes
Shear: A beam can fail due to violation of its shear design strength.
Flexure: Several possible failure modes must be considered. A beam
can fail by reaching M p (fully plastic), or it can fail by
BeamDesign.doc
If the maximum bending stress is less than the proportional limit when
buckling occurs, the failure is elastic. Otherwise, it is inelastic.
Local Buckling
The hot-rolled steel sections are thin-walled sections consisting of
a number of thin plates. When normal stresses due to bending and/or
direct axial forces are large, each plate (for example, flange or web
plate) may buckle locally in a plane perpendicular to its plane. In
order to prevent this undesirable phenomenon, the width-to-thickness
ratios of the thin flange and the web plates are limited by the code.
AISC classifies cross-sectional shapes as compact, noncompact
and slender ones, depending on the value of the width-thickness
ratios. (LRFD-Specification Table B5.1)
= width-thickness ratio
BeamDesign.doc
p < r
> r
Flange
bf
2t f
Web
h
tw
0.38
E
Fy
3.76
E
Fy
0.83
E
Fy 10
5.70
E
Fy
BeamDesign.doc
Design Requirements
1. Design for flexure (LRFD SPEC F1)
Lb
Lp
Lr
Cw
Mr
M p plastic moment,
M p = Fy Z 1.5M y
BeamDesign.doc
M p = Fy Z 1.5M y or Fy Z 1.5Fy S or
Z
1.5
S
Design equation
Applied factored moment moment capacity of the section
OR
Required moment strength design strength of the section
M u b M n
In order to calculate the nominal moment strength Mn, first calculate
E
- a section property
Fy
L p = 1.76ry
Lr =
ry X1
FL
M r = FL S x - section property
BeamDesign.doc
X1 =
Sx
EGJA
2
4C S
X2 = w x
I y GJ
Sx
Iy
ry
M
M n = Cb M p M p M r
p
L L
p
r
Note that Mn is a linear function of Lb.
10
BeamDesign.doc
M cr = Cb
=
Lb
E
EI y GJ + I y Cw M p
L
b
Cb S x X 1 2
Lb / ry
1+
X 12 X 2
2 Lb / ry
11
BeamDesign.doc
M n = Cb M p M p M r
12
Lb L p
M
p
L L
p
r
BeamDesign.doc
Lb
E
EI y GJ + I y C w M p
L
b
critical stress
13
BeamDesign.doc
Vu
Vn
h
260 :
tw
Vu vVn
The design shear strength of unstiffened web is vVn , where
0.60Fyw Aw
2.45 E / Fyw
Vn = 0.60Fyw Aw
h / tw
4.52E
Aw
2
(
)
h
t
/
h
E
2.45
tw
Fyw
2.45
3.07
E
h
E
< 3.07
Fyw t w
Fyw
E
h
< 260
Fyw t w
h
> 260 , web stiffeners are required, and the
tw
14
BeamDesign.doc
Design Procedure
15
BeamDesign.doc