Es 9-54 Fastener Installation and Torque Values

2012-08-29
SPECIFICATION
FASTENER INSTALLATION AND TORQUE VALUES
Data
Control
Level
SPECIFICATION NO. ES 9-54
ISSUED: 3/24/71
(Date and PRD No.)
1
REVISION:
(Letter, Date and PRD No.)
Release
Stamp
E; 8/6/96; PRD12730-1
F; 2/25/00; PRD14201-1
A; 6/15/72
B; 4/18/73; ERL 92506
C; 2/14/77; ERL 2212-1
D; 1/19/78; ERL 92506
Rev. Ltr.
CR #
Signature & Title
Date
Prepared By:
Mark Lipschutz
09-19-06
Sr. Principal Research Engineer
13773
Approved By:
Preston Montague
Group Manager
ATTENTION
This copyrighted work and the information herein is proprietary to Caterpillar Inc., Solar
Turbines Incorporated, and/or subsidiaries of either. Without express, written proprietor
permission, any copying, disclosure, or use except that for which it is loaned, is prohibited.
Caterpillar: Confidential Green
Specification No. ES 9-54G
CONTENTS
Page
Paragraph
1.0
SCOPE
1.1
Application
2.0
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
3.0
REQUIREMENTS
3.1
General Installation Procedure
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
1
2
2
3.2
3.3
3.4
Washers
Lubrication
Tightening Torque Values to Achieve Design Clamp Loads
2
3
3
3.4.1
Standard Torque Tables
3.4.1.1 Using the Standard Torque Tables
Empirical Torque Tables
3.4.2.1 Using the Empirical Torque Tables
Statistical Interpretation of Minimum Clamp Load

Torque Procedure and Auditing of Torque Values
Precautions
5
5
5
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
APPENDIX 1
Bolts and Screws

Exceptions and Modifications
Fastener Defects
Method for Determining Standard and Empirical Torque Values
ii
23
TABLES
Page
Table
1
Criteria for Using Standard Torque Tables
Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load - SAE J429

Grade 5 (Fine Threads)

Grade 5 (Coarse Threads)

Grade 8 (Fine Threads)

Grade 8 (Coarse Threads)
10
Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Nickel Plated (Fine Threads)
11

ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Nickel Plated (Coarse Threads)
12

ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Zinc Plated (Fine Threads)
13
Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load; ASTM A193

Grade B7 Zinc Plated (UNC Series Coarse Threads)
14
3
4
5
6
7
8
9A
9B

Zinc Plated or Stancoat Coated (UN Series Coarse Threads)
15

ASTM A193 - Grade B7M (Fine Threads)
16

ASTM A193 - Grade B7M (Coarse Threads)
17

ASTM A193 - Grade B8M (Fine Threads)
18

ASTM A193 - Grade B8M (Coarse Threads)
19

ASTM A193 - Grade B6 (Fine Threads)
20

ASTM A193 - Grade B6 (Coarse Threads)
21
16
Empirical Torque Table for Fine Threads (ANSI B1.1)
22
17
Empirical Torque Table for Coarse Threads (ANSI B1.1)
23
10
11
12
13
14
15
iii
1.0
SCOPE - This specification establishes a standard procedure for installation of fasteners
such as studs, bolts, screws, nuts and washers, and specifies the required torque values for the
commonly used fastener materials.
1.1
APPLICATION - Reference to this document in drawings and other documents shall be to
the titles of the specific paragraph or table, or by reference to Engineering Specification (ES) 9-54.
In cases of conflict, information contained in engineering drawings shall take precedence over the
requirements contained herein.
2.0
APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS - The following documents form a part of this specification to
the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise specified, the latest issue shall apply.
ANSI Publications
ANSI B1.1
ANSI B18.2.1
Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)

Square and Hex Bolts and Screws Inch Series
ASTM Publications
ASTM A193
Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting
Materials for High Temperature Service
SAE Publications
SAE J429
3.0
Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded

Fasteners, Standard
REQUIREMENTS
3.1
GENERAL INSTALLATION PROCEDURE - General rules specified herein, with noted
exceptions and modifications shall be observed when installing screws, washers, bolt-nut
combinations and stud assemblies.
3.1.1 BOLTS AND SCREWS - Bolts and screws shall be installed as specified in engineering
drawings or, where no specific instruction is given, bolts, and screws shall be installed as follows:
a.
Screws and bolts installed in a vertical or near-vertical position shall be installed with
head upward.
b.
Screws and bolts installed in a horizontal (forward-aft) position shall be installed with
heads forward.
c.
Screws and bolts installed in a horizontal lateral (inboard-outboard) position shall be

installed with heads inboard or inside, except as specified in paragraph 3.1.2.
3.1.2 EXCEPTIONS AND MODIFICATIONS - Exceptions and modifications not covered by this
specification shall be referred to the cognizant engineer(s). In general, the following exceptions to
paragraph 3.1.1 shall apply:
a.
Screws and bolts installed on exterior surfaces shall be with heads on outside.
b.
Screws and bolts piercing side or cover of junction boxes, except mounting side,
shall be installed with heads on outside of box. Length and location of screws and
bolts shall be such as to avoid possible damage to wiring or equipment within
junction box.
c.
Screws and bolts used for final mounting of electrical junction boxes shall be with
heads on inside of box.
d.
For equipment mounted in a limited access space, screws and bolts shall be
installed in a manner, which will facilitate their installation or removal.
3.1.3 FASTENER DEFECTS - Fastener hardware shall meet the quality requirements of the
controlling specification. Installation of a fastener represents the final opportunity for quality
assurance. All fasteners should be visually inspected before installation and any fastener that
appears defective should be evaluated per the controlling specification and dispositioned
accordingly.
3.2
WASHERS - Applicable drawings shall specify washer types to be used. This includes but
is not limited to, washers for structural and mechanical applications such as bearing washers for
bolts in tension, bushing retainers, spacers on bolts subject to movement and for use in slotted
holes.
a.
Washers may be used as fillers to accommodate the nearest standard bolt or screw
length to avoid use of a special bolt or screw.
b.
Use of washers for fillers shall be subject to the following restrictions:

1.
2.
3.
4.
c.
One washer under bolt head.

Maximum of three washers under non-locking nuts.
Maximum of two washers under self-locking nuts.
Both self-locking nuts and non-locking nuts must have three complete
threads of the mating fastener extending through the nut.
When washers are used to span elongated or enlarged holes for alignment, the
thickness of the washer must conform to the following equation:
t = 1/2 (D-d)
t = The washer thickness
D = The minimum dimension of the slot or enlarged hole
d = The nominal bolt or screw diameter
3.3
LUBRICATION - The relationship between applied torque and the resulting clamp load is
dramatically affected by lubrication. Accordingly, the Torque Tables (Tables 2-17) are based on the
following criteria and are only accurate when these lubrication requirements are met:
a.
All bolts, socket head cap screws, and studs with thread sizes greater than or equal
to one-half inch (1/2") are to be lubricated with Solar P/N 917427C1. If P/N
917427C1 is unavailable, Solar P/N 980376C1 or P/N 915793C1 may be used. Use
of these lubricants should be in accordance with the following operating
temperatures:
Lubricant
P/N 917427C1
P/N 980376C1
FSP-400-001
b.
Operating Temperature Range

-95 F to 2400 F
-325 F to 600 F
Ambient temperature only
All bolts, socket head cap screws, and studs with thread sizes less than one-half
inch (2 in.) are not to be lubricated.
3.4
TIGHTENING TORQUE VALUES TO ACHIEVE DESIGN CLAMP LOADS
3.4.1 STANDARD TORQUE TABLES - The Standard Torque Tables (Tables 2-15 & Appendix I)
shall be used for determining torque values when (must meet all criteria):
a.
The fastener is a hexagonal head bolt.
b.
The fastener is in accordance with ANSI B1.1 and ANSI B18.2.1.
c.
The joint is not gasketed.
d.
For the specific bolt material, the joint will not be exposed above the maximum
usage temperature indicated in Table 1.
e.
For the specific bolt material, the nut material must meet or exceed the minimum
proof load strength indicated in Table 1.
3.4.1.1 USING THE STANDARD TORQUE TABLES - If the requirements of paragraph 3.4.1 are
met, then the procedure for using The Standard Torque Tables (Tables 2-15) is as follows:
a.
Determine which Torque Table identified in Table 1 corresponds to the bolt material
and thread type in question.
b.
As indicated on the specified Torque Table (Table 2-15), identify the fastener thread
size, the corresponding torque requirement, and the resulting Minimum Clamp Load
produced by the specified torque.
3.4.2 EMPIRICAL TORQUE TABLES - The Empirical Torque Tables (Tables 16-17 & Appendix
1) shall be used for determining torque values when (must meet all criteria):
a.
The specific fastener type or material does not meet the requirements of the
Standard Torque Tables (para. 3.4.1 and Tables 1).
b.
The fastener is a screw, bolt, socket head screw, or stud that has external threads in
accordance with ANSI B1.1.
c.
The joint is not gasketed.
d.
The joint will not be exposed to temperatures above 1000 F.
3.4.2.1 USING THE EMPIRICAL TORQUE TABLES - If the requirements of paragraph 3.4.2 are
met, then the procedure for using The Empirical Torque Tables (Tables 16 & 17) is as follows:
a.
Determine the proper table to use with respect to thread type (Table 16 - Fine
Threads; Table 17 - Coarse Threads).
b.
From the proper table, identify the specific Torque Constant (TC) and Clamp
Constant (CC) that correspond with the specific thread size.
c.
In accordance with the applicable specification, identify the minimum required yield
strength of the fastener and the nut.
d.
Calculate the required torque using the prescribed constants according to the
following equation:
T = (min) / (TC)
where:
T
= Torque Value in inch-pounds
min = Yield Strength in pounds per square inch (psi) of the component
(fastener or nut) with the lowest yield strength
TC = Torque Constant for the specific fastener (Table 16-17)
(All calculated torque values are to be rounded up to the nearest inch-pound and
any value over 240 inch-pounds may be rounded to the nearest foot pound.)
e.
Calculate the resulting Minimum Clamp Load using the prescribed constants and the
Torque Value ("T" - determined in paragraph 3.4.2.1-section c) according to the
following equation:
MC = (T) x (CC)
where:
MC = Minimum Clamp Load in pounds
T
= Torque Load in inch-pounds (Calculated in paragraph 3.3.2.1- sec.

a)
CC = Clamp Constant for specific fastener (Table 16-17)

3.4.3 STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF MINIMUM CLAMP LOAD - The minimum clamp
load identified in The Standard Torque Tables (Tables 2-15) and calculated using the values from
The Empirical Torque Tables (Tables 16-17) is greater than two sigma below the expected mean
clamp load (see Appendix I). Accordingly, the resulting clamp load at a prescribed torque has been
statistically reduced to determine a specific minimum clamp load value. It is not recommended that
the minimum clamp load value be further reduced.
3.4.4 TORQUE PROCEDURE AND AUDITING OF TORQUE VALUES - In each case, a fastener
shall be tightened to the prescribed or calculated torque value (Tables 2-17) and not to a torque
range. The tightening tool shall be properly calibrated in accordance with current Solar
specification(s) and ISO procedure(s).
In order to audit tightened bolts for quality control, any fastener may be checked with a properly
calibrated tool to determine if it has been correctly torqued. A properly tightened fastener must be
within 5 percent of the prescribed or calculated torque value.
3.4.5
PRECAUTIONS
a.
Torque wrenches shall be calibrated according to current Solar standards to ensure

accuracy.
b.
Torque shall be measured while nut is continuously tightened in one direction.
Table 1. Criteria for Using Standard Torque Tables

Bolt Type
Thread
Type
Nut Minimum
Proof
Load (psi)
Maximum Usage
Temperature (F)
Torque
Table
SAE J429 - Grade 5

(0.25"-1.0" Diameter)
Fine
92,000
600
SAE J429 - Grade 5

(Greater than 1.0"
diameter)
Fine
81,000
600
SAE J429
(0.25"-1.0" Diameter)
Coarse
92,000
600
SAE J429 - Grade 5

(Greater than 1.0"
diameter)
Coarse
81,000
600
SAE J429 - Grade 8
Fine
130,000
600
SAE J429 - Grade 8
Coarse
130,000
600
ASTM A193 - Grade B7

(Nickel Plated)
Fine
95,000
600

(Nickel Plated)
Coarse
95,000
600

(Zinc Plated)
Fine
95,000
600

(Zinc Plated or Stancoat
Coated)
Coarse
95,000
600
ASTM A193 - Grade B7M
Fine
80,000
600
10
Coarse
80,000
600
11
Fine
30,000
800
12
Coarse
30,000
800
13
Fine
85,000
1000
14
Coarse
85,000
1000
15
Table 2. Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

SAE J429 - Grade 5
(Fine Threads)
Fastener Type: SAE J429 - Grade 5 Bolt (Unlubricated - Thread Size Smaller than 1/2")
Threads*
UNF
1/4-28
5/16-24
3/8-24
7/16-20
Tensile
Area (in2)
0.03637
0.05807
0.08783
0.11872
Yield
Strength
(psi)
92,000
92,000
92,000
92,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
120,000
120,000
120,000
120,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.165
0.14
0.14
0.14
Torque
(in-lbs)
133
237
414
647
Torque
(ft-lbs)
------35
54
Minimum
Clamp
Load
(lbs)
1480
2817
4215
5713
Fastener Type: SAE J429 - Grade 5 Bolt (Lubricated -Thread Size 1/2" or Greater*)
Threads*
UNF
1/2-20
9/16-18
5/8-18
3/4-16
7/8-14
1-12
1 1/8-12
1 1/4-12
1 3/8-12
1 1/2-12
Tensile
Area (in2)
0.15995
0.20298
0.25596
0.37296
0.50947
0.66304
0.85572
1.07295
1.31471
1.58102
Yield
Strength
(psi)
92,000
92,000
92,000
92,000
92,000
81,000
81,000
81,000
81,000
81,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
120,000
120,000
120,000
120,000
120,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.073
0.088
0.088
0.088
0.088
0.103
0.103
0.103.
0.103
0.103
Torque
(in-lbs)
655
960
1340
2325
3696
5042
7226
9960
13306
17330
Torque
(ft-lbs)
55
80
112
194
308
420
602
830
1109
1444
Minimum
Clamp
Load
(lbs)
11317
10065
12578
18243
24885
22168
28343
35268
42944
51369
Based on Dimensions for Class 2A External Thread Series, ANSI B1.1. Bolt thread size less than 1/2" to
remain unlubricated, bolt thread size 1/2" or greater must be lubricated according to paragraph 3.3.

SAE J429 - Grade 5
(Coarse Threads)
Fastener Type: SAE J429 -Grade 5 Bolt (Unlubricated-Thread Size Smaller Than 1/2")
Threads*
UNC
1/4-20
5/16-18
3/8-16
7/16-14
Tensile
Area (in2)
0.03182
0.05243
0.07749
0.10631
Fastener Type:
Threads*
UNC
1/2-13
9/16-12
5/8-11
3/4-10
7/8-9
1-8
1 1/8-7
1 1/4-7
1 3/8-6
1 1/2-6
*
Yield
Strength
(psi)
92,000
92,000
92,000
92,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
120,000
120,000
120,000
120,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.165
0.14
0.14
0.14
Torque
(in-lbs)
121
222
384
605
Torque
(ft-lbs)
------32
50
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
1335
2603
3832
5254
SAE J429 - Grade 5 Bolt (Lubricated - Thread Size 1/2" or Greater*)
Tensile
Area (in2)
0.14190
0.18194
0.22600
0.33446
0.46173
0.60575
0.76328
0.96911
1.15488
1.40525
Yield
Strength
(psi)
92,000
92,000
92,000
92,000
92,000
81,000
81,000
81,000
81,000
81,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
120,000
120,000
120,000
120,000
120,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.073
0.088
0.088
0.088
0.088
0.103
0.103
0.103
0.103
0.103
Torque
(in-lbs)
629
924
1283
2240
3577
4880
6939
9622
12733
16674
Torque
(ft-lbs)
52
77
107
187
298
407
578
802
1061
1390
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
10255
9374
11608
17021
23385
21082
26612
33390
40050
48270
Based on Dimensions for Class 2A External Thread Series, ANSI B1.1. Bolt thread size less than 1/2" to remain
unlubricated, bolt thread size 1/2" or greater must be lubricated according to paragraph 3.3.

SAE J429 - Grade 8
(Fine Threads)
Fastener Type: SAE J429 - Grade 8 Bolt (Unlubricated - Thread Size Smaller Than 1/2")
Threads*
UNF
1/4-28
5/16-24
3/8-24
7/16-20
Tensile
Area (in2)
0.03637
0.05807
0.08783
0.11872
Yield
Strength
(psi)
130,000
130,000
130,000
130,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
150,000
150,000
150,000
150,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.221
0.181
0.181
0.181
Torque
(in-lbs)
232
407
715
1114
Torque
(ft-lbs)
---34
60
93
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
1747
4483
6731
9115
Fastener Type: SAE J429 - Grade 8 Bolt (Lubricated - Thread Size 1/2" or Greater*)
Threads*
UNF
1/2-20
9/16-18
5/8-18
3/4-16
7/8-14
1-12
1 1/8-12
1 1/4-12
1 3/8-12
1 1/2-12
Tensile
Area (in2)
0.15995
0.20298
0.25596
0.37296
0.50947
0.66304
0.85572
1.07295
1.31471
1.58102
Yield
Strength
(psi)
130,000
130,000
130,000
130,000
130,000
130,000
130,000
130,000
130,000
130,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
150,000
150,000
150,000
150,000
150,000
150,000
150,000
150,000
150,000
150,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.074
0.074
0.074
0.074
0.074
Torque
(in-lbs)
950
1374
1918
3327
5290
8193
11744
16190
21633
28177
Torque
(ft-lbs)
79
115
160
277
441
683
979
1349
1803
2348
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
17096
22482
28267
41128
56156
77600
99991
125210
153258
184132

SAE J429 - Grade 8
(Coarse Threads)
Fastener Type: SAE Grade 8 Bolt (Unlubricated - Thread Size Smaller Than 1/2"
Threads*
UNC
1/4-20
5/16-18
3/8-16
7/16-14
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.03182
0.05243
0.07749
0.10631
Fastener Type:
Threads*
UNC
1/2-13
9/16-12
5/8-11
3/4-10
7/8-9
1-8
1 1/8-7
1 1/4-7
1 3/8-6
1 1/2-6
Yield
Strength
(psi)
130,000
130,000
130,000
130,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
150,000
150,000
150,000
150,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.221
0.181
0.181
0.181
Torque
(in-lbs)
210
416
654
1032
Torque
(ft-lbs)
18
35
55
86
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
1570
2566
6064
8316
SAE J429 - Grade 8 Bolt (Lubricated - Thread Size 1/2" or Greater*)
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.14190
0.18194
0.22600
0.33446
0.46173
0.60575
0.76328
0.96911
1.15488
1.40525
Yield
Strength
(psi)
130000
130000
130000
130000
130000
130000
130000
130000
130000
130000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
150000
150000
150000
150000
150000
150000
150000
150000
150000
150000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.073
0.074
0.074
0.074
0.074
0.074
Torque
(in-lbs)
910
1320
1834
3203
5115
7924
11265
15625
20675
27079
Torque
(ft-lbs)
76
110
153
267
426
660
939
1302
1723
2257
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
15410
20599
25562
37729
52013
71371
89959
113995
135993
165214

ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Nickel Plated
(Fine Threads)
Fastener Type: ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Nickel Plated Bolt
(Unlubricated - Thread Size Smaller Than 1/2")
Threads*
UNF
1/4-28
5/16-24
3/8-24
7/16-20
Tensile
Area (in2)
0.03637
0.05807
0.08783
0.11872
Yield
Strength
(psi)
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
Torque
(in-lbs)
253
488
862
1343
Torque
(ft-lbs)
21
41
72
112
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
2354
3754
3652
7649

(Lubricated - Thread Size 1/2" or Greater)
Threads*
UNF
1/2-20
9/16-18
5/8-18
3/4-16
7/8-14
1-12
1 1/8-12
1 1/4-12
1 3/8-12
1 1/2-12
1 3/4-12
2-12
2 1/4-12
2 1/2-12
*
Tensile
Area (in2)
0.15995
0.20298
0.25596
0.37296
0.50947
0.66304
0.85572
1.07295
1.31471
1.58102
2.18726
2.89171
3.69431
4.59509
Yield
Strength
(psi)
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
0.085
Torque
(in-lbs)
826
1165
1628
2825
4492
6699
9604
13242
17696
23053
36327
55127
78705
108188
Torque
(ft-lbs)
69
97
136
235
374
558
800
1104
1475
1921
3027
4594
6559
9016
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
11978
15200
19065
27705
37814
49252
63273
79038
96547
115798
159586
210234
267910
332557
10

ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Nickel Plated
(Coarse Threads)
Threads*
UNC
1/4-20
5/16-18
3/8-16
7/16-14
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.03182
0.05243
0.07749
0.10631
Yield
Strength
(psi)
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.251
0.251
0.251
0.251
Torque
(in-lbs)
225
448
776
1225
Torque
(ft-lbs)
---37
65
102
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
2084
3422
5050
6926

(Lubricated - Thread Size 1/2" or Greater*)
Threads*
UNC
1/2-13
9/16-12
5/8-11
3/4-10
7/8-9
1-8
1 1/8-7
1 1/4-7
1 3/8-6
1 1/2-6
1 3/4-5
2-4 1/2
2 1/4-4 1/2
2 1/2-4
*
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.14190
0.18194
0.22600
0.33446
0.46173
0.60575
0.76328
0.96911
1.15488
1.40525
1.89946
2.49823
3.24769
3.99883
Yield
Strength
(psi)
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
Torque
(in-lbs)
786
1115
1549
2709
4327
6473
9203
12786
16892
22128
35050
52470
75481
103447
Torque
(ft-lbs)
66
93
129
226
361
539
767
1066
1408
1844
2921
4373
6290
8621
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
10885
13933
17273
25429
35006
45883
57865
73050
87327
105770
143174
188032
243034
299418
11

ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Zinc Plated
(Fine Threads)
Fastener Type: ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Zinc Plated Bolt
Threads*
UNF
1/4-28
5/16-24
3/8-24
7/16-20
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.03637
0.05807
0.08783
0.11872
Yield
Strength
(psi)
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
Torque
(in-lbs)
163
315
553
863
Torque
(ft-lbs)
---26
46
72
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
1724
2745
4109
5569
Fastener Type: ASTM A193 -Grade B7 Zinc Plated Bolt

Threads*
UNF
1/2-20
9/16-18
5/8-18
3/4-16
7/8-14
1-12
1 1/8-12
1 1/4-12
1 3/8-12
1 1/2-12
1 3/4-12
2-12
2 1/4-12
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.15995
0.20298
0.25596
0.37296
0.50947
0.66304
0.85572
1.07295
1.31471
1.58102
2.18726
2.89171
3.69431
Yield
Strength
(psi)
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.104
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
Torque
(in-lbs)
894
1082
1510
2619
4163
5152
7351
10096
13448
17470
27417
41447
59013
Torque
(ft-lbs)
75
90
126
218
347
429
613
841
1121
1456
2285
3454
4918
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
9455
13887
17391
25250
34454
57756
74278
92864
113513
136224
187887
247695
315803
2 1/2-12
4.59509
105,000
1250,00
0.058
80940
6745
392160
12
Table 9A. Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Zinc Plated
(UNC Series Coarse Threads)
(Unlubricated UNC Series Thread Sizes Smaller Than 1/2")
Threads*
UNC
1/4-20
5/16-18
3/8-16
7/16-14
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.03182
0.05243
0.07749
0.10631
Yield
Strength
(psi)
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.177
0.177
0.177
0.177
Torque
(in-lbs)
149
294
508
800
Torque
(ft-lbs)
---25
42
67
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
3341
5505
8136
11162

(Lubricated UNC Series Thread Sizes 1/2" or Greater*)
Threads*
UNC
1/2-13
9/16-12
5/8-11
3/4-10
7/8-9
1-8
1 1/8-7
1 1/4-7
1 3/8-6
1 1/2-6
1 3/4-5
2-4 1/2
2 1/4-4 1/2
2 1/2-4
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.14190
0.18194
0.22600
0.33446
0.46173
0.60575
0.76328
0.96911
1.15488
1.40525
1.89946
2.49823
3.24769
3.99883
Yield
Strength
(psi)
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.104
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
0.058
Torque
(in-lbs)
846
1042
1447
2527
4034
5078
7225
9667
13228
17249
27361
40899
58494
80213
Torque
(ft-lbs)
71
87
121
211
336
423
602
806
1102
1437
2280
3408
4875
6684
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
8678
12817
15881
23341
32105
53539
67504
85350
101946
123626
167282
219776
284484
350433
13
Table 9B. Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load
ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Zinc Plated or Stancoat Coated

(UN Series Coarse Threads)
Fastener Type: ASTM A193 - Grade B7 Zinc Plated or Stancoat Coated Bolt
(Lubricated UN Series Thread Sizes 1" or Greater*)
Threads*
UN
1-8
1 1/8 -8
1 1/4 -8
1 3/8 -8
1 1/2-8
1 5/8-8
1 3/4-8
1 7/8-8
2-8
2 1/4-8
2 1/2-8
*
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.60575
0.79045
0.99971
1.23350
1.49184
1.77473
2.08216
2.41413
2.77064
3.55730
4.44214
Yield
Strength
(psi)
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.0490
0.0481
0.0481
0.0481
0.0473
0.0582
0.0692
0.0658
0.0624
0.0678
0.0784
Torque
(in-lbs)
4047
5600
7656
10162
12747
19291
27996
33261
38927
60138
91212
Torque
(ft-lbs)
337
467
638
847
1062
1608
2333
2772
3244
5012
7601
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
41960
51954
64950
79373
91092
107682
125739
149272
176071
226361
257244
Based on Dimensions for Class 2A External Thread Series, ANSI B1.1. Bolt thread size less than 1/2" to
remain unlubricated, bolt thread size 1/2" or greater must be lubricated according to paragraph 3.3.
Stancoat is a trade name (also referred to as Xylon 1070/540 on Solar Engineering Preferred Parts and
Specifications drawings.
14

(Fine Threads)
Fastener Type: ASTM A193 - Grade B7M Bolt
Threads*
UNF
1/4-28
5/16-24
3/8-24
7/16-20
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.03637
0.05807
0.08783
0.11872
Yield
Strength
(psi)
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.118
0.118
0.118
0.118
Torque
(in-lbs)
108
208
363
567
Torque
(ft-lbs)
------30
47
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
2249
3993
5394
7300
Torque
(ft-lbs)
52
74
103
179
285
425
610
841
1124
1464
2307
3500
4997
6869
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
9787
12419
18893
22670
30946
40301
51816
64769
79160
94989
130997
172679
220148
273367

Threads*
UNF
1/2-20
9/16-18
5/8-18
3/4-16
7/8-14
1-12
1 1/8-12
1 1/4-12
1 3/8-12
1 1/2-12
1 3/4-12
2-12
2 1/4-12
2 1/2-12
*
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.15995
0.20298
0.25596
0.37296
0.50947
0.66304
0.85572
1.07295
1.31471
1.58102
2.18726
2.89171
3.69431
4.59509
Yield
Strength
(psi)
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
Torque
(in-lbs)
629
888
1240
2152
3422
5104
7317
10089
13483
17564
27678
42001
59966
82429
15

(Coarse Threads)
(Unlubricated - Thread Size Smaller Than 1/2"
Threads*
UNC
1/4-20
5/16-18
3/8-16
7/16-14
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.03182
0.05243
0.07749
0.10631
Yield
Strength
(psi)
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.118
0.118
0.118
0.118
Torque
(in-lbs)
99
195
336
530
Torque
(ft-lbs)
------28
44
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
1994
3273
4828
6622
Torque
(ft-lbs)
50
71
98
172
275
411
584
811
1073
1405
2225
3331
4793
6568
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
8855
11338
14062
20720
28539
37412
47175
59617
71228
86342
116846
153495
198601
244650

Threads*
UNC
1/2-13
9/16-12
5/8-11
3/4-10
7/8-9
1-8
1 1/8-7
1 1/4-7
1 3/8-6
1 1/2-6
1 3/4-5
2-4 1/2
2 1/4-4 1/2
2 1/2-4
*
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.14190
0.18194
0.22600
0.33446
0.46173
0.60575
0.76328
0.96911
1.15488
1.40525
1.89946
2.49823
3.24769
3.99883
Yield
Strength
(psi)
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
0.081
Torque
(in-lbs)
599
850
1180
2064
3297
4932
7012
9728
12870
16860
26705
39977
57510
78817
16

(Fine Threads)
Threads*
UNF
1/4-28
5/16-24
3/8-24
7/16-20
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.03637
0.05807
0.08783
0.11872
Yield
Strength
(psi)
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.187
0.193
0.193
0.193
Torque
(in-lbs)
57
107
188
293
Torque
(ft-lbs)
---------24
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
736
997
1498
2028
Torque
(ft-lbs)
---34
48
84
133
251
362
501
688
878
1390
2119
3034
4181
5592
7282
9283
11613
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
3307
4065
5101
7414
10120
12893
16583
20736
25350
30427
41977
55355
70593
87679
106612
127396
150028
174509
142651
17405
200838
229015

Threads*
UNF
1/2-20
9/16-18
5/8-18
3/4-16
7/8-14
1-12
1 1/8-12
1 1/4-12
1 3/8-12
1 1/2-12
1 3/4-12
2-12
2 1/4-12
2 1/2-12
2 3/4-12
3-12
3 1/4-12
3 1/2-12
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.15995
0.20298
0.25596
0.37296
0.50947
0.66304
0.85572
1.07295
1.31471
1.58102
2.18726
2.89171
3.69431
4.59509
5.59404
6.69117
7.88647
9.17995
Yield
Strength
(psi)
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.079
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
3 3/4-12
4-12
10.57161
12.06143
30,000
30,000
75,000
75,000
0.146
0.146
Torque
(in-lbs)
216
412
577
1003
1596
3008
4338
6008
8261
10535
16680
25424
36411
50176
67107
87389
111391
139353
171181
4
208859
17

(Coarse Threads)
(Unlubricated Thread Size Smaller Than 1/2")
Threads*
UNC
1/4-20
5/16-18
3/8-16
7/16-14
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.03182
0.05243
0.07749
0.10631
Yield
Strength
(psi)
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.187
0.193
0.193
0.193
Torque
(in-lbs)
51
99
171
270
Torque
(ft-lbs)
---------23
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
652
914
1347
1847
Torque
(ft-lbs)
17
32
45
79
126
236
336
469
618
815
1288
1932
2799
3833
5167
6778
8692
10935
13534
16515
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
3018
3721
4614
6794
9355
11956
18078
19056
22765
27601
37349
49067
63507
78229
96207
116035
137712
161239
186614
213839

Threads*
UNC
1/2-13
9/16-12
5/8-11
3/4-10
7/8-9
1-8
1 1/8-7
1 1/4-7
1 3/8-6
1 1/2-6
1 3/4-5
2-4 1/2
2 1/4-4 1/2
2 1/2-4
2 3/4-4
3-4
3 1/4-4
3 1/2-4
3 3/4-4
4-4
*
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.14190
0.18194
0.22600
0.33446
0.46173
0.60575
0.76328
0.96911
1.15488
1.40525
1.89946
2.49823
3.24769
3.99883
4.93401
5.96737
7.09891
8.32862
9.65651
11.08257
Yield
Strength
(psi)
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.079
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.112
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
0.146
Torque
(in-lbs)
208
388
540
947
1516
2837
4029
5630
7420
9776
15456
23180
33587
45998
62000
81330
104299
131224
162412
198185
18

(Fine Threads)
Fastener Type: ASTM A193 - Grade B6

Threads*
UNF
1/4-28
5/16-24
3/8-24
7/16-20
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.03637
0.05807
0.08783
0.11872
Yield
Strength
(psi)
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.206
0.193
0.193
0.193
Torque
(in-lbs)
194
342
604
940
Torque
(ft-lbs)
---29
50
78
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
2622
3883
5855
7920
Torque
(ft-lbs)
67
94
132
230
366
545
784
1083
1450
1892
2989
4545
6498
8943
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
9048
8816
11035
16019
21856
23056
29533
36805
44873
53735
73885
97132
123600
153248
Fastener Type: ASTM A193 - Grade B6 Bolt

Threads*
UNF
1/2-20
9/16-18
5/8-18
3/4-16
7/8-14
1-12
1 1/8-12
1 1/4-12
1 3/8-12
1 1/2-12
1 3/4-12
2-12
2 1/4-12
2 1/2-12
*
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.15995
0.20298
0.25596
0.37296
0.50947
0.66304
0.85572
1.07295
1.31471
1.58102
2.18726
2.89171
3.69431
4.59509
Yield
Strength
(psi)
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.108
0.119
0.119
0.119
0.119
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
Torque
(in-lbs)
803
1133
1587
2759
4390
6544
9407
12999
17404
22707
35863
54539
77980
107321
19

(Coarse Threads)
Threads*
UNC
1/4-20
5/16-18
3/8-16
7/16-14
Tensile
Area
in2)
0.03182
0.05243
0.07749
0.10631
Yield
Strength
(psi)
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.206
0.193
0.193
0.193
Torque
(in-lbs)
174
316
546
862
Torque
(ft-lbs)
---26
46
72
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
2306
3529
5209
7146
Torque
(ft-lbs)
63
89
124
218
348
521
740
1031
1361
1788
2829
4239
6118
8382
Minimum
Clamp
Load (lbs)
8217
8158
10105
14842
20408
21761
27460
34529
41367
49945
67674
88787
114316
140891

Threads*
UNC
1/2-13
9/16-12
5/8-11
3/4-10
7/8-9
1-8
1 1/8-7
1 1/4-7
1 3/8-6
1 1/2-6
1 3/4-5
2-4 1/2
2 1/4-4 1/2
2 1/2-4
*
Tensile
Area
(in2)
0.14190
0.18194
0.22600
0.33446
0.46173
0.60575
0.76328
0.96911
1.15488
1.40525
1.89946
2.49823
3.24769
3.99883
Yield
Strength
(psi)
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
Tensile
Strength
(psi)
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
110,000
Mean
Coefficient
of Friction
0.108
0.119
0.119
0.119
0.119
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
0.131
Torque
(in-lbs)
753
1070
1488
2610
4177
6252
8884
12366
16331
21450
33948
50863
73416
100583
20
Table 16. Empirical Torque Table for Fine Threads

(ANSI B1.1)
Fastener Thread Type: ANSI B1.1
Threads
UNF
Tensile Area
(in2)
Torque Constant (TC)

(in-3)
Clamp Constant (CC)

(in-1)
0-80
1-72
0.00180
0.00278
40640
22835
42.4526
36.8039
2-64
3-56
4-48
0.00393
0.00523
0.00660
14403
8672
6294
32.8945
26.1855
24.0973
5-44
0.00831
4639
22.3596
6-40
8-36
0.01014
0.01473
3250
1996
19.0546
16.9842
10-32
12-28
0.01999
0.02579
1244
880.1
14.3267
13.1046
1/4-28
5/16-24
0.03637
0.05807
514.1
279.8
10.6878
9.7506
3/8-24
7/16-20
0.08783
0.11872
159.1
102.0
8.3298
7.2355
Fastener Type: ANSI B1.1

Threads
UNF
Tensile Area
(in2)

(in-3)
Clamp Constant (CC)

(in-1)
1/2-20
9/16-18
0.15995
0.20298
122.8
82.62
14.1508
10.8738
5/8-18
3/4-16
0.25596
0.37296
59.05
33.99
9.7418
8.1473
7/8-14
1-12
0.50947
0.66304
21.37
13.54
6.9905
5.3317
1 1/8-12
1 1/4-12
0.85572
1.07295
9.420
6.820
4.7630
4.3047
1 3/8-12
1 1/2-12
1.31471
1.58102
5.096
3.907
3.9269
3.6094
1 3/4-12
2-12
2.18728
2.89171
2.475
1.628
3.1488
2.7274
2 1/4-12
2 1/2-12
3.69431
4.59509
1.139
0.8278
2.4305
2.1920
Bolt thread size less than 1/2" to remain unlubricated, bolt thread size 1/2" or greater must be lubricated
according to paragraph 3.3.
21
Table 17. Empirical Torque Table for Coarse Threads

(ANSI B1.1)
Fastener Type: ANSI B1.1 Threads
Threads
UNC
Tensile Area
(in2)

(in-3)
Clamp Constant (CC)

(in-1)
1-64
2-56
0.00262
0.00370
23911
15132
36.64
32.73
3-48
4-40
0.00486
0.00603
9189
6766
26.03
23.92
5-40
6-32
0.00796
0.00909
4801
3551
22.28
18.89
8-32
10-24
0.01401
0.01753
2077
1381
16.92
14.18
12-24
1/4-20
0.02416
0.03182
926.0
571.5
13.03
10.57
5/16-18
3/8-16
0.05243
0.07749
302.5
174.8
9.649
8.222
7/16-14
0.10631
110.8
7.150
Fastener Type: ANSI B1.1 Threads

Threads
UNC
Tensile Area
(in2)

(in-3)
Clamp Constant (CC)

(in-1)
1/2-13
9/16-12
5/8-11
3/4-10
7/8-9
1-8
1 1/8-7
1 1/4-7
1 3/8-6
1 1/2-6
1 3/4-5
2-4 1/2
2 1/4-4 1/2
0.14190
0.18194
0.22600
0.33446
0.46173
0.60575
0.76328
0.96911
1.15488
1.40525
1.89946
2.49823
3.24769
129.4
86.87
62.50
35.69
22.32
14.13
9.946
7.150
5.412
4.123
2.604
1.739
1.205
13.53
10.51
9.372
7.873
6.776
5.207
4.622
4.189
3.793
3.496
2.991
2.621
2.346
2 1/2-4
3.99883
0.8797
2.110
Bolt thread size less than 1/2" to remain unlubricated, bolt thread size 1/2" or greater must be lubricated
according to paragraph 3.3.
22
APPENDIX I
METHOD FOR DETERMINING STANDARD AND EMPIRICAL TORQUE VALUES
(ES 9-54, TABLES 2-17)
Part I. Standard Torque Values (ES 9-54, Tables 2-15)
The Standard Torque Tables (Table 2-15) were determined by a combination of experimental, statistical, and
mathematical processes that resulted in a usable relationship between applied torque and the resulting
minimum clamp load. This process was based on identifying the coefficient of friction and is summarized
herein.
Section 1. Experimental and Statistical Development of the Torque Curves

A)
Torque Testing
In order to identify the clamp load resulting from a specific torque, a calibrated donut shaped load cell was
placed in a bolted joint and the nut was tightened to a specified torque level using a calibrated torque wrench.
The resulting clamp load was then recorded.
This method was expanded so that a sound statistical torque curve could be created. For a given fastener
size, material type (7 types in all), and lubricant, thirty fasteners were tightened to four different torque levels
(120 tests for each material type). These data were then reduced and a master curve was derived (see Figure
A and Table A).
Figure A. Graphical Depiction of 4 Sets of Torque Tests
23
Table A. Raw Torque Data for UNC 1/2-13 Grade B6 Fasteners

Fastener
Number
Set 1
480 in-lbs
Set 2
660 in-lbs
Set 3
840 lbs
Set 4
1020 lbs
Resulting Clamp Load (lbs x 1000)
B)
3.99
6.88
8.99
10.16
4.61
6.28
7.52
8.76
4.24
6.17
7.67
9.51
4.61
6.31
8.41
9.91
4.84
5.71
7.42
9.31
3.73
5.56
6.84
8.32
4.78
6.44
7.99
9.56
4.00
5.35
6.81
8.55
4.28
5.96
7.55
8.66
10
3.58
5.41
6.35
8.30
11
3.84
5.83
7.04
8.25
12
4.37
5.72
7.28
8.60
13
4.97
6.81
8.19
9.52
14
4.36
5.86
6.96
8.82
15
3.97
5.28
6.32
7.95
16
4.01
5.87
6.83
8.51
17
4.21
5.84
7.31
8.44
18
4.36
6.24
8.02
9.23
19
3.56
5.23
6.51
7.47
20
4.25
6.17
7.43
8.51
21
4.12
5.81
7.17
8.79
22
4.16
5.66
7.26
9.09
23
3.58
5.02
6.47
7.82
24
3.83
5.57
7.16
8.61
25
3.66
5.03
6.73
8.19
26
4.48
5.39
6.42
7.81
27
4.34
5.99
7.48
8.80
28
4.76
6.12
7.56
9.16
29
4.01
6.05
7.49
9.91
30
4.64
6.57
7.98
9.18
Mean
4.20
5.87
7.31
8.79
Upper 97.5
Confidence
5.02
6.85
8.62
10.15
Lower 97.5
Confidence
3.39
4.89
5.99
7.43
Statistical Analysis
As depicted in Figure A and Table A, four sets of thirty fasteners were torqued to 480 in-lbs, 660 inlbs, 840 in-lbs, and 1020 in-lbs, respectively. Statistical analysis at each torque value produced a
mean clamp load and both an upper 97.5% confidence level and lower 97.5% confidence level.
The 97.5 confidence lines for each set of data were determined by using a Student's t Factor of
2.045 which corresponds to a sample size of 30. The lower confidence line is determined by
multiplying the standard deviation by the Student's t Factor and subtracting it from the mean. The
24
upper confidence line is determined by multiplying the standard deviation by the Student's t Factor
and adding it to the mean (See Equation 1A, 1B and Ref. 1).
UCL
M + (t)(sx)
Equation 1A
LCL
M - (t)(sx)
Equation 1B
UCL
LCL
M
t
sx
=
=
=
=
=
Upper Confidence Level

Lower Confidence Level
Statistical Mean
Student's t Factor (2.045 for a sample size of 30)
Standard Deviation
where:
At a specific torque value, the upper 97.5 confidence limit is the value where 97.5% of the fasteners
were below the corresponding clamp load while the lower 97.5 confidence limit is the value where
97.5% of the fasteners were above the corresponding clamp load.
C)
Establishment of Torque and Clamp Load Parameters
Using linear regression, both the confidence limits and the mean were interpolated/extrapolated so
a complete curve relating torque to clamp load was developed (see Figure B).
Fastener Test Results

UNC -13 Grade B6
Unlubricated
Figure B. Statistically Calculated Torque Curves
25
In order to optimize the joint, the fastener should be as tight as possible; however, common practice
is to use fasteners multiple times. Accordingly, if a fastener was turned too tightly, yielding could
occur and the fastener might be reused in the yielded condition. In an attempt to avoid yielding, the
yield load for a specific fastener was determined (line AC in Figure B) and a value at which 97.5%
of the fasteners were below the yield load (Upper 97.5 Confidence Limit - point B in Figure B) was
chosen for determining the torque value. For example, according to Figure B, the torque value for
the fastener (line BD) is 1212 in-lbs, the resulting mean clamp load is 10,440 lbs (line GH), and
97.5% of the fasteners tightened to 1212 in-lbs will be below the yield load of 12,060 lbs (line AB).
Due to the variance from fastener to fastener in clamp load at a given torque value (see Table A), a
method was established to guarantee that a specific minimum clamp load would prevail at a
prescribed torque load. The clamp value that was chosen is the point at which the torque value
(line BD in Figure B) intersects the lower 97.5 confidence line (point F in Figure B). Accordingly, in
Figure B, the minimum clamp load is identified by line FE and is 8,820 lbs. For each tested bolt
type and material the minimum clamp is reported in the Standard Torque Tables.
In that 30 fasteners were tested to develop each set of statistics, the difference between the mean
clamp load and the lower 97.5% confidence level is the standard deviation multiplied by 2.045 (the
corresponding Student's t factor). Accordingly, the resulting minimum clamp load value is 2.045
times the standard deviation below the mean clamp load. Therefore, no further reduction of the
resulting minimum clamp load value is recommended.
Section 2. Mathematical Development of Torque Curves for a Fastener Material
In Section 1, the torque value and the resulting minimum clamp load value for a specific fastener
type (UNC 1/2-13) and a specific fastener grade (Grade B6) were determined from testing fasteners
and then statistically evaluating the data. However, since several fastener sizes exist for each
material grade, it is impractical to test each type of fastener. Accordingly, a mathematical method
was developed to produce torquing information over the entire range of fastener sizes for a given
material grade.
A) Relationship Between Torque, Clamp Load, and Friction
The mathematical equation (Ref. 2) used to identify the relationship between torque, friction and
clamp load for an ANSI B1.1 thread is:
T={(F)(dm)/2} x [{tan + ()(sec)}/{1-()(tan)(sec)}] + {(F)(c)(dc)/2}
Equation 1
where:
T
F
dm
c
dc
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Torque
Clamp Load
Mean Bolt Diameter
Lead Angle
Bolt Coefficient of Friction
Thread Angle/2
Collar (Nut) Friction
Mean Collar (Nut) Diameter
Since a specific bolt and its mating nut have common coefficients of friction ( = c) due to both
common lubricants and material properties, the applicable equation is:
T={(F)(dm)/2} x [{tan + ()(sec)}/{1-()(tan)(sec)}] + {(F)()(dc)/2}
Equation 2
Equation 2 then represents a line relating torque to the resulting clamp load with both a specific
coefficient of friction and geometric features typical of the fasteners.
26
B) Establishing the Coefficient of Friction from Testing

For the specific bolted joint identified in Figure B, the coefficient of friction for the upper 97.5%
confidence line, the mean line, and the lower 97.5% confidence line were determined by using
Equation 2 with the proper geometric factors (dm , , , dc,) and then varying the coefficient of
friction () until a point on the line is identified.
For example, it was determined in Section 1 that at point B of Figure B the torque was 1212 in-lbs
and resulting clamp load was 12,060 lbs. By using this clamp load (F=12,060) and the geometric
constants typical of the 1/2-13 fastener into Equation 2 and then varying the coefficient of friction ()
until the torque (T) equaled 1212 in-lbs, a coefficient of friction (0.154) for the upper 97.5%
confidence line was identified. Using this procedure, the clamp load and torque values at points H
and F (Figure B) were used to determine the coefficient of friction for both the Mean Line and the
Lower 97.5% Confidence Line (see Table B).
Table B. Coefficient of Friction for UNC 1/2-13, Grade B6 Fasteners

Fastener
Diameter
Coefficient of Friction
()
Lubricant
(Inches)
None
1/2
97.5% Upper
Confidence Line
Mean Line
97.5% Lower
Confidence Line
0.154
0.181
0.218
For a given fastener material, 1/4" and 1/2" unlubricated bolts as well as 1/2" and 1" lubricated bolts
were tested (as described in Section 1) so that Torque vs. Clamp Load curves could be
constructed. In each case the coefficients of friction for the Mean Line, the Lower 97.5%
Confidence Line, and the Upper 97.5% Confidence Line were determined (see Table C).
Table C. Coefficient of Friction for Torque Tested Grade B6 Fasteners
Fastener
Diameter
Lubricant
(Inches)
97.5% Upper
Confidence Line
Mean Line
97.5% Lower
Confidence Line
1/4
None
0.189
0.206
0.226
1/2
None
0.154
0.181
0.218
1/2
P/N 917427C1
0.088
0.108
0.139
P/N 917427C1
0.088
0.131
0.231
27
C) Interpolating the Coefficient of Friction for Untested Fastener Sizes

Since fasteners less than 1/2" in diameter are unlubricated, the coefficient of friction for untested
fastener sizes less than 1/2" in diameter were determine by interpolating between the 1/4" and 1/2"
fasteners that were tested in an unlubricated condition. Likewise, since fasteners 1/2'' or greater in
diameter are lubricated, the coefficient of friction for untested fastener 1/2" or greater in diameter
were determined by interpolating between 1/2" and 1" fasteners that were tested in the lubricated
condition. For sizes greater than 1", the coefficient of friction values for the 1" fasteners were used
(see Table D).
Table D. Complete Coefficient of Friction Summary for Grade B6 Fasteners
Fastener
Diameter
Lubricant
(Inches)
97.5% Upper
Confidence Line
Mean Line
97.5% Lower
Confidence Line
1/4
None
0.189
0.206
0.226
1/4<&<1/2
-----
0.171
0.193
0.222
1/2
None
0.154
0.181
0.218
1/2
P/N 917427C1
0.088
0.108
0.139
1/2<&<1
----
0.088
0.119
0.185
P/N 917427C1
0.088
0.131
0.231
>1
----
0.088
0.131
0.231
D) Calculating Required Torque and Resulting Minimum Clamp Load Values

Once the coefficients of friction for all fastener sizes of a specific material were determined,
Equation 2 can then be used to determine the torque value at the point where the 97.5% confidence
line intersect the yield point of the fastener (for example, point B in Figure B). This is done by
inputting into Equation 2 the geometric constants, the interpolated coefficient of friction (from Table
D), and the load to produce yield for the specific fastener, and then solving for the Torque.
After the torque at intersection of the 97.5% Confidence Line and the yield load is determined (point
B in Figure B), Equation 2 is manipulated and solved for clamp load (See Equation 3). The clamp
load at the lower 97.5% Confidence Line is determined by inputting the corresponding coefficient of
friction (from Table D), geometric constants, and the torque value produced from Equation 2.
F = (T)/[{(dm)/2} x {tan + ()(sec)}/{1-()(tan)(sec)} + {()(dc)/2}]
Equation 3
For each fastener material type included in The Standard Torque Tables (Tables 2-15), actual
torque testing combined with interpolation to identify coefficients of friction was the method for
determining the resulting minimum clamp load from a given torque value.
28
Part II. Empirical Torque Values (Tables 16-17)

Due to the wide variety of fastener materials that may be used in combination to tighten a joint, a
method of determining torque and resulting minimum clamp load values with respect to yield stress
is summarized herein.
Section 1. Determining Torque Values and Resulting Clamp Loads for Untested Fasteners
A)
General Torque Equation - Determining the Coefficient of Friction
As outlined, both the association between the confidence levels and torque values (Part I, Sections
A-C) and the mathematical relationship between torque and Clamp Load (Equations 1-3) are used
to form The Empirical Table; however the method for determining the coefficient of friction is
different.
In Part I, the coefficients of friction for the Standard Torque Tables were determine both by torquing
fasteners and by interpolating between established friction factors (see Part I, Section B-C). In the
case of untested fasteners, the empirical torque values are based on averaging the coefficients of
friction that were produced by the standard torque test. Therefore the coefficients of friction that
make up the Empirical Torque Table are typical for a specific fastener size, but less accurate for a
given material. The average coefficients of friction for the various fastener sizes are outlined in
Table E. It should be noted that the coefficients of friction for 1/4" bolts was also used for bolts
smaller than 1/4".
Table E. Average Coefficients of Friction Summary
Fastener
Diameter
Lubricant
(Inches)
Average Coefficient of Friction

()
97.5% Upper
Confidence Line
Mean Line
97.5% Lower
Confidence Line
<1/4
----
0.158
0.195
0.290
1/4
None
0.158
0.195
0.290
1/4<&<1/2
-----
0.150
0.181
0.261
1/2
None
0.141
0.169
0.232
1/2
P/N 917427C1
0.074
0.086
0.108
1/2<&<1
----
0.079
0.094
0.129
P/N 917427C1
0.084
0.102
0.149
>1
----
0.084
0.102
0.149
B) General Torque Equation - Torque Value and the Resulting Clamp Load
Once the coefficient of friction is determined, the relationship between Torque and clamp load is
calculated by using Equations 2. For example, the factor (or Torque Constant) for determining
torque requirements for a 1/4" ANSI B1.1 fastener consist of a geometric constants (as indicated in
Equation 2) and the coefficient of friction constant at the 97.5% Upper Confidence Line (0.158 from
29
Table E). This Torque Constant ("TC") is then divided into the yield strength (Point B in Figure B) of
the joint component that has the lower strength to produce the Torque Value (see Equation 4).
T
(min)/TC
Torque Value
min
Yield Strength of the weaker component
TC
Torque Constant
Equation 4
where:
After determining the Torque Value, the resulting minimum clamp load can be calculated by using
Equation 3. The same geometric constants for the 1/4" used previously combined with the
coefficient of friction constant at the 97.5% Lower Confidence Line (0.290 from Table E) determine
the Clamp Constant (CC). The Torque (T) determined from Equation 4 is then multiplied by the
Clamp Constant to calculate the resulting minimum clamp load (see Equation 5).
MC
=
(T) x (CC)
Equation 5
where:
MC
=
Minimum Clamp Load
T
=
Torque
CC
=
Clamp Constant
For the range of ANSI B1.1 fastener sizes, The Empirical Torque Table identifies the Torque
Constants and the Clamp Constants needed to determine torque values and the resulting clamp
load. Just like the Standard Torque Tables, the resulting minimum clamp load is at 2.045 times the
standard deviation below the mean clamp load (Part I, Section 1-C) and should not be further
reduced.
References
1.
A.C. Catland, "Measurement Uncertainty", Measurement Technology Company, Newbury

Park, California, 1993, pp. 4-2 to 4-4.
2.
J.E. Shigley and L.D. Mitchell, Mechanical Engineering Design, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, New York, 1983, pp 357-378
30

Es 9-54 Fastener Installation and Torque Values

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Es 9-54 Fastener Installation and Torque Values

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2012-08-29

SPECIFICATION NO. ES 9-54

Signature & Title

Sr. Principal Research Engineer

Caterpillar: Confidential Green

Specification No. ES 9-54G

General Installation Procedure

Standard Torque Tables

3.4.1.1 Using the Standard Torque Tables

Empirical Torque Tables

3.4.2.1 Using the Empirical Torque Tables

Statistical Interpretation of Minimum Clamp Load

Caterpillar: Confidential Green

Bolts and Screws

Method for Determining Standard and Empirical Torque Values

Specification No. ES 9-54G

Criteria for Using Standard Torque Tables

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load - SAE J429

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load - SAE J429

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load - SAE J429

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load - SAE J429

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load; ASTM A193

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

Torque to Produce Minimum Clamp Load

Empirical Torque Table for Fine Threads (ANSI B1.1)

Empirical Torque Table for Coarse Threads (ANSI B1.1)

Caterpillar: Confidential Green

Specification No. ES 9-54G

Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)

Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded

Screws and bolts installed in a horizontal lateral (inboard-outboard) position shall be

Caterpillar: Confidential Green

Specification No. ES 9-54G

Use of washers for fillers shall be subject to the following restrictions:

One washer under bolt head.

Operating Temperature Range

Caterpillar: Confidential Green

Specification No. ES 9-54G

TIGHTENING TORQUE VALUES TO ACHIEVE DESIGN CLAMP LOADS

The fastener is a hexagonal head bolt.

The fastener is in accordance with ANSI B1.1 and ANSI B18.2.1.

The joint is not gasketed.

The joint is not gasketed.

The joint will not be exposed to temperatures above 1000 F.

Caterpillar: Confidential Green

Specification No. ES 9-54G

= Torque Value in inch-pounds

= Torque Load in inch-pounds (Calculated in paragraph 3.3.2.1- sec.

CC = Clamp Constant for specific fastener (Table 16-17)

Torque wrenches shall be calibrated according to current Solar standards to ensure

Torque shall be measured while nut is continuously tightened in one direction.

Caterpillar: Confidential Green

Specification No. ES 9-54G

Table 1. Criteria for Using Standard Torque Tables

SAE J429 - Grade 5

SAE J429 - Grade 5