9th Science .

Aoms and Molecules class 9 Solved questions For FA3
CHEMISTRY Solved ASSIGNMENT-2 CLASS-9 ATOMS AND

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Q1 State law of conservation of mass.

Ans The mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Q2 State law of constant proportion.
Ans A pure chemical compound always consists of the same elements that are
combined together in a fixed proportion by mass.
Q4 Define atomic mass unit.
Ans The mass of one twelfth (1/12) of the mass of one atom of carbon taken as
12.
Q5 What are molecules?
Ans Molecules represents a group of two or more atoms(same or different)
chemically bonded to each other and held tightly by strong attractive forces.
Ans : Plants group with hidden reproductive organs are called cryptogamy eg.algae, lichens, mosses, etc.
The thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes(any one)
2 .What are the modification produced by Car Woese, in the classification proposed by
Whittaker
Ans : The modification Woese divide the kingdom Monera into Archaebacteria (or
Archaea) and Eubacteria (or Bacteria)
3 .Name one mammal that lay
eggs
Ans : The platypus and the echidna

4 . Classify the following into respective Phylum/class: jellyfish; Earthworm; cockroach;
Rat
Ans: Jellyfish - Coelenterate

Cockroach - Arthropoda
Rat - Mammalian

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Earthworm - Annelida
5 . Select the odd one out with respect to classification giving reason for your choice
(a) Mango, Gram , rice, Apple (b) Prawn, Scorpion, Octopus, Butterfly
Ans: (a) Rice a monocotyledonous other are dicotyledonous

(b) Octopus which belong to Mollusca other are Arthropoda
6. (a) Give one characteristic difference between primitive and advanced organisms.
(b) Name the phylum to which the following are included.
(i) Spider (ii) Cockroach (iii) Prawn (iv) Housefly[2]
Ans : (a) The activities of life are performed by a single cell in primitive organisms while there are different
organs for performing various functions in advanced organisms.
(b) (i) Spider Arachnida (ii) Cockroach Dictyoptera (iii) Prawn Arthropoda (iv) Housefly Arthropoda
7 . Enlist any two characteristics which are present in animals which belong to phylum
chordata.
Ans : All chordates possess the following features:
(i) have a notochord (ii) have a dorsal nerve cord (iii) are triploblastic (iv) have paired gill pouches
8. Write three distinguish feature of phylum Echinodarmata. Give one example.

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Ans : Three distinguish feature of phylum Echinodarmata :
(i) Free-living marine animals (ii) triploblastic (ii) have a coelomic cavity
Examples are starfish and sea urchins
9. Explain, What are organ specific manifestation and tissue specific manifestations?
Ans: When a microbe infects the specific organ of an individual in a particular type of disease, it is termed as
organ specific manifestation. For example, in tuberculosis the microbe infects the specific organ i.e. lungs of an
individual.
When a microbe infects the tissues of the body of an individual in a particular type of disease, it is termed as
tissue specific manifestation. For example, in HIV the virus infects the tissue and cells of the organism making
decreasing his/her immunity.
10. What are the advantage of classifying organism? (3 point)
Ans: Followings are the advantage of classifying organism
1. Classification helps in identify the living organisms easily.
2. It makes study of such a wide variety of bio-life in systematic manner.
3. Enables us understand how complex organisms evolve over the time.
4. Classification help us understand the inter-relationships among different groups.

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11 . Write one point difference between each , between the
following
(a) Annelids and arthropods (b) Thallophytes and petridophytes
Coelenterates
(c) periferan and
Ans :
(a) Annelids have closed circulatory systems in which the heart pumps blood into vessels where as Arthropods,
however, have open circulatory systems, so the blood actually pumps the blood into parts of the body cavity
known as sinuses
(b) Thallophytes do not have well-differentiated body design and petridophytes easily differentiated into roots,
stem and leaves
(c) Porifera have very minimal body design differentiation where as Coelenterates show more body design
differentiation.
12 . Write the appropriate term for
(a)Animals that are able to maintain a certain body temp over a wide range of temp in the environment
(b) Plants bear naked seeds
(c) Plants which have Pseudocoelom
Ans
(a) warm blooded animals- mammals and aves
(b) Gymnosperms

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(c) Nematode
13 . Write one point difference between each , between the following
(a) Amphibian and Reptiles
(b) Aves and mamals
(c) Gymnosperm and angioosperm
Ans: (a) Reptiles lay eggs with tough coverings and do not need to lay their eggs in water, unlike amphibians.
(b) Aves are warm-blooded animals and have a four-chambered heart. They lay eggs. Whereas mamals are
warm-blooded animals and have a four-chambered heart. They have mammary gland and give birth to child.
(c) Gymnosperm bear naked seeds where as angioosperm bear seeds inside fruit
14. Write three convention that are followed while writing scientific names of the species .
Ans : The system of scientific naming or nomenclature we use today was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus
Certain conventions are followed while writing the scientific names:
1. The name of the genus begins with a capital letter.
2. The name of the species begins with a small letter.
3. When printed, the scientific name is given in italics.
4. When written by hand, the genus name and the species name have to be underlined separately

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15 . Why is there a need for systematic naming of living organisms?
Ans : The scientific name for an organism is essential to identify living organisms anywhere in the world.
16 . In angiosperm, seeds are developed inside fruit. The seeds may have single or Double
cotylendon which becames green on germination
(i) what will happen if the cotyledon is not green ?
(ii) How the plants are classified on the basis of number of leaves ?
(iii) Seeds of pine tree are found to be naked. what do you call such tree ?
(iv) Can you identify a monocoatyledon or dicotyledon from their leaves ?
(v) What will happen if pollination doesnot take place in angiosperm ?
Ans
(i) seeds do not germinate
(ii) Cotyledon is a modified leaf of the embryo in seed-bearing plants, that emerges from a germinating seed.
Main purpose of cotyledon is storage or absorption of food reserves.
The angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the seed.
Plants with seeds having a single cotyledon are called monocotyledonous or monocots. Plants with seeds having
two cotyledons are called dicots
(iii) Gymnosperms
(iv) yes, If the leaves have parallel venations that are long and thin, then the plant is monocot. If the leaves
have a branched venation, then the plant is a dicot.
(v) If pollination does not take place in angiosperms, no seeds and fruits are produced by the plants because

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fruit development is triggered by pollination and seeds are produced through fertilisation which only happen if
pollination takes place.
17.
(a)Write any four feature that all chordates posses

(b) Deffrentiate b/w aves and mammals any threee point
Ans :Following are the four feature that all chordates posses
(a) ll chordates possess the following features:
(i) have a notochord
(ii) have a dorsal nerve cord
(iii) are triploblastic
(iv) have paired gill pouches
(v) are coelomate.
(b) Aves group
Most birds have feathers and they possess a beak. They lays eggs, hence are oviparous.
Mammalian group
They do not have feathers and beak is also not present. Some of them lay eggs and some give birth to young
hence they are both viviparous and oviparous
18. Prove that Labio Rohita (rohu) is a chordeta.
Ans : Presence of the following four characters proves that Labeo (Rohita) is a chordate:
(a) Notochord: A solid notochord is present on the dorsal side between the nerve cord and the alimentary canal.

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(b) Dorsal hollow nerve cord: A hollow nerve cord lies dorsal to the notochord.
(c) Pharyngeal slits: A series of paired narrow openings called the gill slits are present on the lateral side of the
pharynx.
(d) Tail: It is present in postanal part of the body.
19 . (a) State two characteristic feature of Annelida
(b) Identify on the basis of following features:
(i) Organism without well defined nucleus and organelles
(ii) Heterotrophic eukaryotic organism
(iii) Multicellular eukaryotic organism without cell wall
Ans :
(a) bilaterally symmetrical ,triploblastic and have a true body cavity.
(b) (i) prokaryote [monara] (ii) fungi ,yeast
(iii) Animallia [man]
20: (a) Define the following terms:
(i) Lichens (ii) Cryptogamae (iii) Phanerogams
(b) Why whales are not grouped in the fishes? (c) What is bilateral symmetry?
Ans : (a) (i) Lichens: Some fungal species live in permanent mutually dependent relationships with blue-green
algae. Such relationships are called symbiotic and the symbiotic life forms are called lichens.
(ii) Cryptogamae: The reproductive organs of the thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes are very
inconspicuous and are therefore, called 'cryptogamae'. It means the plants with 'hidden reproductive organs'.

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(iii) Phanerogams: The plants with well differentiated reproductive tissues that ultimately make seeds are called
'phanerogams'.
(b) Whales can swim in water like the fishes but are not fish as they respire with lungs and have four chambered
heart and mammary glands, so they are mammals.
(c) When the body of an organism can be cut into two similar halves which are mirror image of each other, only
by one plane then the organism is said to have bilateral symmetry
21 . (a) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Bryophytes are called amphibians of plant kingdom.
(ii) From Phylum Platyhelminthes onwards, animals are categorized as 'triploblastic'.
(iii) The presence of 'coelom' in an animal's body is considered as advantageous.
(b) What are oviparous animals?
(c) Name the phylum in which pharyngeal gill slits are present.
Ans : (a) (i) Just like amphibians, bryophytes require water for fertilization as their gametes require aqueous
medium for movement.
(ii) There are three layers of cells from which differentiated tissues can be made. This allows inside and outside
body linings as well as some organs to be made. There is thus some degree of tissue formation.
(iii) Coelom is a true internal body cavity in which well-developed organs can be accommodated.
(b) The animals which lay eggs are known as oviparous animals.

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(c) Chordata.
22 . Moss is brophytes . the feature that confirm this fact is

(a) undiffrentiated plant body called thallus (b) presence of false root rzizoid and spore bearing capsule
(c) true root ,leaves and spore baring sori (d) nacked seeds
ans: [c]
23 . in angiospermic plant the part that develop into root is
(a) Radicle
(b) Node
(c) Cotylendon
(d) Plumule
Ans: (a)
24. Broad leaves are characteristics feature of plant with:
(a) fibrous root system (b) trimerous flower (c) parallel venation (d) reticulate venation
[c]
25. Dicot plants in their seeds have
(a)one cotyledon (b) two cotyledon (c) Many cotyledon
(b)
(d) No cotyledon
26.Q. Associate the following feature with group in which they first appear [2014]
a. Vascular tissue
b. Notochords
c. seeds inside fruit
ans:
Ans

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Ans:
a. pteridophyta
b. Protochordata
c. angiosperms.
27. Q. Identify the organ shown in fig write common name and scientific name. Name its
phylum and kingdom. Which organ of digestive system normally harbors this organism.
Ans: a. Common Name: Roundworm
b. scientific name of roundworm : Ascaris lumbricoides Nematode
b. Phylum Nematoda and Kingdom Anamalia
28. Q.A pore bearing organism like creature A belong to a phylum B of kingdom Animalia. [
2014]
Ans:
A- Sponge
B- Porifera
Q. 29. Carolus Liniaus gave the two kingdom of classification. Latter it was changed by Ernst
Haikel (1894) and in 1959 , ,Whittaker gave the five kingdom classification. Do you think that
studying about the work done by earlier scientists or their obsolete theories is useful for
student of this generation? Give three reasons. 2014
Ans: Yes , absolutely studying the works of the earlier scientists is very much useful as it gives the information
about the basis of classification like how organisms were classified and the different types of organisms present
in this environment. It also helps them to do further studies and find out what the drawbacks were in those
systems and how one can overcome those problems which the earlier scientists faced. By studying the works of
the earlier scientists researchers will be able to make a much better and a easy method of classification and will
be able to add new species according to their respective kingdoms .

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Q. 30.What are phanerogams? Name its two groups along with the criteria of division
Ans: Plants with well differentiated reproductive tissues that ultimately make seeds are called phanerogams.
This group is further classified, based on whether the seeds are naked or enclosed in fruits, giving us two
groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms
Q. 31.What are phanerogams? Name its two groups along with the criteria of division?
Ans: Plants with well differentiated reproductive tissues that ultimately make seeds are called phanerogams.
This group is further classified, based on whether the seeds are naked or enclosed in fruits, giving us two
groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms
Q. 32. Represent feature of following Fish, Frog, Snake, sparrow and Bat
Ans:
Fish
Frog
Snake
sparrow
Bat
lay eggs
lay eggs
lay eggs
lay eggs
give birth young ones
cold-blooded
cold-blooded
cold-blooded
warm-blooded
warm-blooded
Q. 33. State any two characteristics of mammalian. Name two egg laying mammals.

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Ans: Two characteristics of mammalian - give birth young ones, warm-blooded and have a four-chambered
heart. The platypus and the echidna are two egg laying mammals
Q. 34. Name the largest group of animals. Write the salient features of this group. Give two
examples
Ans: Arthropoda is probably the largest group of animals. These animals are bilaterally symmetrical and
segmented and having coelomic cavity filled with blood. They have jointed legs . Examples : prawns,
butterflies, houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs
Q. 35. Q. Answer these Questions:
a)Which division has the simplest plants?
b) To which division pinus and cycas belong?
c) What is the other name given to the flowering plants? Classify them on the basis of number of
cotyledons present in the seed
Ans:
(a) Thallophyta
(b) Gymnosperms
(c) angiosperm is the other name given to the flowering plants. The angiosperms are divided into two groups on
the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the seed.
Plants with seeds having a single cotyledon are called monocotyledonous or monocots.
Plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called dicots

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36. Q. Define Taxonomy. Who is known as father of taxonomy?
Ans: The branch of science that classify living organisms among different categories or groups is called
taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species and organising them into systems of
classification.
Carl Linnaeus is known as father of taxonomy
37. Q. Name the book written by Carolus Linnaeus on classification of organisms. In how many
kingdoms Carolus Linnaeus diving living beings?
Answer: Systema Naturae. Two kingdoms i.e. Plantae (Plants) and Animalia (Animals)
38. Q. Name the scientist who created the third kingdom for all microscopic unicellular
organisms. What did he call it?
Answer: After Linnaeus proposed two kingdoms, German biologist, Ernst Haeckel proposed third kingdom for
all microscopic unicellular organisms and called it Protists.
39. Q. Name the organisms which are outside the classification.
Answer: Viruses and Prions
40. Q. Classify the following organisms into their respective kingdoms as per Whittaker's five-

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kingdom system.
humans, mushroom, herbs, amoeba, E.coli, euglena, mold, birds, insects, bushes, paramecium, trees, dogs,
streptococcus.
Answer:
Kingdom Monera:
E.coli, streptococcus (bacteria)
Kingdom Protista:
amoeba, euglena, paramecium
Kingdom Fungi:
mushroom, mold,
Kingdom Plantae:
herbs, bushes, trees
Kingdom Animalia:
humans, birds, insects, dogs
41. Q. Why are bryophytes called the amphibians of the plant kingdom?
Answer: Bryophytes are known as 'amphibians of the plant kingdom' because these plants can live in soil but
are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.Usually they are found in humid and damp areas
42. Q. Needle shaped structure in pines plant is (a) Leaf (b) Shoot (c) Stem (d) Reproductive
part
Ans: leaf
43. Q. Protochordotes posses a notochord in larva form . Appraise use of this feature in these
animal.
Ans: The notochord is a long rod-like support structure (chord=string) that runs along the back of the animal

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separating the nervous tissue from the gut. It provides a place for muscles to attach for ease of movement.
44. Q. Write four conventions are followed while writing the scientific names of organism.
Write the scientific names of tiger?
Ans: Certain conventions are followed while writing the scientific names of organism are as follows:
1. The name of the genus begins with a capital letter.
2. The name of the species begins with a small letter.
3. When printed, the scientific name is given in italics.
4. When written by hand, the genus name and the species name have to be underlined separately
The scientific names of tiger is Panthera tigris
and the scientific names of lion is Panthera leo
Importance The scientific names are unique, understood and followed all over the
world. They are not changed easily.
45. Q. Purpose three examples of characteristics used for hierarchical classification. Based on
these, develop the definition of characteristics. Why the characteristics of body design used for
classification of plants is different from those used for classifying animals

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Ans:
a. Characteristics used for hierarchical classification of living organisms are:(i) They are unicellular or multicellular.
(ii) The mode of nutrition.
(iii) The mode of reproduction.
b. Characteristics mean features or qualities of any organism.
c. The characteristics of body design used for classification of plants is different from those used for classifying
animals because the basic body designs are different based on the need to prepare food or obtain it by
consuming other organisms. Organisms that produce their own food have structures like chloroplasts which
contain pigments like chlorophyll necessary for synthesis of food.
Organisms that acquire food lack structures for the production of food and completely dependent on the others
organisms for their nutrition.
46. Q. What is the scientific name of human ,pea ,peacock and ostrich ?
Ans. Homo sapiens sapiens
Pea - Pisum sativum
Peacock - Pavo cristatus
Ostrich - struthio.
47. Q. (i) Identify the class of animals having the following characteristic features.
(a) The warm blooded animals that lay eggs and have four chambered heart and a
covering of
feathers.
(b) The cold blooded animals having scales and they breathe through lungs.
(ii) Give one example of an animal belonging to each of these classes.
Ans. (i) (a) Aves
(b) Reptilia
(ii)
(b) Aves Example Duck
Reptilia Example Lizard

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48. Q. In the hierarchy of classification, which grouping will have the smallest number of
organisms with maximum characteristics in common and which will have the largest number
of organisms?
Ans. In the hierarchy of classification, the category species has the smallest number of organisms with a
maximum of characteristics in common. On the other side, the category kingdom has the largest number of
organisms as it is at the top level of the hierarchy.
49. Q. On the basis of seed how a maize plant is different from a pea plant?
Ans: Maize plant is different from a pea plant because in maize seeds contain only one cotyledon in the embryo.
While in pea plants seeds contain two cotyledons in the embryo.
50. Q. Define the terms and give one example of each (i) Bilateral symmetry (ii) Coelom (iii)
Triplobastic
Ans. (i) Bilateral symmetry When the body of an organism can be cut into similar halves which are mirror
images of each other, only by one plane. Example man
(ii) Coelom Body cavity of tripoblastic animals lying within the mesoderm and lined by it. Example
Annelida
(iii)Triploblastic Animals having a body made of three germ layers : ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

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IX Biology Solved Questions for class 9th

Chapter: Why do we fall ill?
Example Fasciola (liver fluke)
Q1. What does the word health mean?

Ans: For our grandmothers, being able to go out to the market or to visit neighbours is .being well., and not
being able to do such things is .poor health.. Being interested in following the teaching in the classroom so that
we can understand the world is called a healthy attitude. While not being interested is called the opposite.
.Health is therefore a state of being well enough to function well physically, mentally and socially.
Q2. How does the health of an organism depend upon the surroundings?
Ans: Human beings live in societies. Our social environment, therefore, is an important factor in our individual
health. We live in villages, towns or cities. In such places, even our physical environment is decided by our
social environment. Consider what would happen if no agency is ensuring that garbage is collected and
disposed. What would happen if no one takes responsibility for clearing the drains and ensuring that water
does not collect in the streets or open spaces? So, if there is a great deal of garbage thrown in our streets, or if
there is open drain water lying stagnant around where we live, the possibility of poor health increases.
Therefore , public cleanliness is important for individual health.
Q3. What do we mean by disease?

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Ans: Disease (disturbed ease) in other words, literally means being uncomfortable. However, the word is used
in a more limited meaning. We talk of disease when we can find a specific and particular cause for discomfort.
This does not mean that we have to know the absolute final cause; we can say that someone is suffering from
diarrhoea without knowing exactly what has caused the loose motion When there is a disease, either the
functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body will change for the worse. These changes give
rise to symptoms and signs of disease.
Q4. What are symptoms?
Ans: Symptoms of disease are the things we feel as being .wrong.. So we have a headache, we have cough, we
have loose motions, we have a wound with pus; these are all symptoms. These indicate that there may be a
disease.
Q5. How do you distinguish between acute and chronic diseases?
Ans: Some diseases last for only very short periods of time, and these are called acute diseases. We all know
from experience that the common cold lasts only a few days. Other ailments can last for a long time, even as
much as a lifetime, and are called chronic diseases. An example is the infection causing elephantiasis. Acute and
chronic diseases have different effects on our health. Any disease that causes poor functioning of some part of
the body will affect our general health as well. This is because all functions of the body are necessary for general
health. But an acute disease, which is over very soon, will not have time to cause major effects on general
health, while a chronic disease will do so. As an example, think about a cough and cold, which all of us have
from time to time. Most of us get better and become well within a week or so. And there are no bad effects.

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Q6. What are the various causes of diseases?
Ans: It is useful to think of the immediate causes of disease as belonging to two distinct types. One group of
causes is the infectious agents, mostly microbes or micro-organisms. Diseases where microbes are the
immediate causes are called infectious diseases. This is because the microbes can spread in the community, and
the diseases they cause will spread with them. On the other hand, there are also diseases that are not caused by
infectious agents. Their causes vary, but they are not external causes like microbes that can spread in the
community. Instead, these are mostly internal, non infectious causes.
Q7. Name some common infectious diseases
Ans: Common examples of diseases caused by viruses are the common cold, influenza, dengue fever and AIDS.
Diseases like typhoid fever, cholera, tuberculosis and anthrax are caused by bacteria. Many common skin
infections are caused by different kinds of fungi. Protozoan microbes cause many familiar diseases, such as
malaria and kalaazar. All of us have also come across intestinal worm infections, as well as diseases like
elephantiasis caused by different species of worms.
Q8. Explain the effect of antibiotic penicillin on bacterial cells.
Ans: Taxonomically, all bacteria are closely related to each other than to viruses and vice versa. This means that
many important life processes are similar in the bacteria group but are not shared with the virus group. As a
result, drugs that block one of these life processes in one member of the group is likely to be effective against
many other members of the group. But the same drug will not work against a microbe belonging to a different
group. As an example, let us take antibiotics. They commonly block biochemical pathways important for

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bacteria. Many bacteria, for example, make a cell-wall to protect them. The antibiotic penicillin blocks the
bacterial processes that build the cell wall. As a result, the growing bacteria become unable to make cell-walls,
and die easily.
Q9. Why are human cells not affected by penicillin?
Ans: Human cells dont make a cell-wall anyway, so penicillin cannot have such an effect on us. Penicillin will
have this effect on any bacteria that use such processes for making cell-walls.
Q10.. Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?
Ans: Viruses have very few biochemical pathways of their own, and that is the reason why antibiotics do not
work against viral infections. If we have a common cold, taking antibiotics does not reduce the severity or the
duration of the disease. However, if we also get a bacterial infection along with the viral cold, taking antibiotics
will help. Even then, the antibiotic
will work only against the bacterial part of the infection, not the viral infection.
Q 11. How do communicable or infectious diseases spread?
Ans: Many microbial agents can commonly move from an affected person to someone else in a variety of ways.
In other words, they can be communicated, and so are also called communicable diseases. Such disease-causing
microbes can spread through the air. This occurs through the little droplets thrown out by an infected person
who sneezes or coughs. Someone standing close by can breathe in these Diseases can also be spread through
water. This occurs if the excreta from someone suffering from an infectious gut disease, such as cholera, get

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mixed with the drinking water used by people living nearby. The cholera causing microbes will enter new hosts
through the water they drink and cause disease in them. Such diseases are much more likely to spread in the
absence of safe supplies of drinking water. The sexual act is one of the closest physical contact two people can
have with each other. Not surprisingly, there are microbial diseases such as syphilis or AIDS that are
transmitted by sexual contact from one partner to the other. However, such sexually transmitted diseases are
not spread by casual physical contact. Casual physical contacts include handshakes or hugs .sports, like
wrestling, or by any of the other ways in which we touch each other socially.
Q 12.How does AIDS spread?
An: Other than the sexual contact, the AIDS virus can also spread through blood-to-blood contact with infected
people or from an infected mother to her baby, by sharing of same syringe and having unprotected sex.
Q13. What are vectors? Name some vector transmitted diseases.
Ans: Many diseases will be transmitted by other animals. These animals carry the infecting agents from a sick
person to another potential host. These animals are thus the intermediaries and are called vectors. The
commonest vectors we all know are mosquitoes. In many species of mosquitoes, the females need highly
nutritious food in the form of blood in order to be able to lay mature eggs. Mosquitoes feed on many warmblooded animals, including us. In this way, they can transfer diseases from person to person. Eg. Malaria,
rabies.
Q14. The disease-causing microbes enter the body through different means. Where do they go then?. Do all
microbes go to the same tissue or organ, or do they go to different ones?

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Ans: Different species of microbes seem to have evolved to home in on different parts of the body. In part, this
selection is connected to their point of entry. If they enter from the air via the nose, they are likely to go to the
lungs. This is seen in the bacteria causing tuberculosis. If they enter through the mouth, they can stay in the gut
lining like typhoid causing bacteria Or they can go to the liver,like the viruses that cause jaundice. But this
needn.t always be the case. An infection like HIV, that comes into the body thru the sexual organs, will spread
to lymph nodes all over the body. Malaria-causing microbes, entering through a mosquito bite, will go to the
liver, and then to the red blood cells. The virus causing Japanese encephalitis, or brain fever, will similarly enter
through a mosquito bite. But it goes on to infect the brain.
Q15. The signs and symptoms of a disease depend upon the tissue or organ targeted. Explain.
Ans: The signs and symptoms of a disease will thus depend on the tissue or organ which the microbe targets. If
the lungs are the targets, then symptoms will be cough and breathlessness. If the liver is targeted, there will be
jaundice. If the brain is the target, we will observe headaches, vomiting, fits or unconsciousness.
Q16.How does HIV damage our body?
Ans: In HIV infection, the virus goes to the immune system and damages its function. Thus, many of the effects
of HIV-AIDS are because the body can no longer fight off the many minor infections that we face everyday.
Instead, every small cold can become pneumonia.
Q17.How do we kill microbes?
Ans: One way is to use medicines that kill microbes.Microbes can be classified into different categories. They

MOLECULES

12.
are viruses, bacteria, fungi or protozoa. Each of these groups of organisms will have some essential biochemical
life process which is peculiar to that group and not shared with the other groups. We can use a drug, that
blocks the bacterial synthesis pathway without affecting our own.
Q18. What feature of our body protects us from catching infectious diseases?
Ans: The immune system of our body is normally fighting off microbes. We have cells that specialise in killing
infecting microbes. These cells go into action each time infecting microbes enter the body. If they are successful,
we do not actually come down with any disease. The immune cells manage to kill off the infection long before it
assumes major proportions.
Q19. Describe the principle behind vaccination.
Ans: By providing vaccination, we can .fool the immune system into developing a memory for a particular
infection by putting something, that mimics the microbe we want to vaccinate against, into the body. This does
not actually cause the disease but this would prevent any subsequent exposure to the infecting microbe from
turning into actual disease.
Q20. Name some diseases for which vaccines are available.
Ans: Many such vaccines are now available for preventing a whole range of infectious diseases, and provide a
disease-specific means of prevention. There are vaccines against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles,
polio and many others.
Q21. Who were awarded nobel prize for discovery of treatment of peptic ulcer?
Ans: Robin Warren and Barry Marshall discovered for the first time, that the area of peptic ulcer contained

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12.
many small curved Bacteria named Helicobacter pyroli . They also found that amoxicillin an antibiotic effective
in killing the bacteria, could also cure the peptic ulcers.
Q22. List some general principles of prevention.
Ans:
1. prevention of overcrowding
2. sanitation
3. safe drinking water
nutrition
5. proper habits
6. freedom from addictions
8. relaxation
4. taking good
7. exercise
23. State any two conditions essential for good health.

Ans. Two conditions that are essential for good health are:
1. Person should be physically fit and fine.
2. He should have good social and economic conditions.
3. Clean environment.
24. State any two conditions essential for being free of disease.
Ans. Two conditions essential for being disease-free are:
1. Person should take balance diet.
2. Personal and community hygiene.
25. Are the answers to the above questions necessarily the same or different? Why?
Ans. To some extent they are the same, because if the conditions that are essential for good health are
maintained, then automatically the chances of getting a disease will be minimized. But at the same time, we
can say that they are different because being health or good health means physical, mental and social wellbeing while being disease-free means not suffering from a particular disease(s).

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12.
26 . List any three reasons why you would think that you are sick and ought to see a doctor. If only one of these
symptoms were present, would you still go to the doctor? Why or why not?
Ans. Common symptoms which indicate sickness are:
(i) Headache (ii) Cough and (iii) Dysentery
If I see any one of the above symptoms, Ill immediately go the doctor. It is because any of these symptoms can
be the sign of sickness or disease. Ignoring it may lead to increase in the disease. The doctor will make his
diagnosis and if need be, hell get some tests done and then start medication, if need arises.
27. In which of the following case do you think the long-term effects on your health are likely to be most
unpleasant?
a) if you get jaundice,
b) if you get lice, c) if you get acne. Why?
Ans. a) In case of jaundice as liver does not functions properly so it will have drastic long term effect on the
body.
b) In case of lice it can remain for long time but will not have an adverse effect on the body.
c) Acne can remain for a long time but will not affect the body adversely.
28. Why we are normally advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick?
Ans. When we are sick the normal body functions get disturbed. In such situation food that is easily digestible
and contains adequate nutrients are required for the speedy recovery. Thus bland and nourishing food is given
during sickness
29. How are acute diseases different from chronic diseases?

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12.
Ans: Acute disease Diseases which last for short periods of time and are severe are called acute diseases.
Chronic disease Diseases which are long lasting are called chronic diseases.
30. What is the full form of AIDS? Name the causal organism.
Ans: AIDS Acquired Immuno deficiency syndrome It is caused by HIV Human Immuno deficiency virus.
31. State two conditions essential for keeping good health.
Ans: Conditions for keeping good health are
(a) Public and personal hygiene
(b) Regular exercise, sleep and relaxation.
(c) Proper habits.
(d) Nutrition
32. Define (a) health (b) disease.

Ans Health It is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.
Disease A disease in the malfunctioning of body organs due to one reason or the other.
34. Why are antibiotics not effective for viral disease?
Ans: Antibiotics block the bacterial pathways without affecting the pathways of humans. In the case of viruses,

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12.
they have very few biochemical pathways of their own. They use the metabolic machinery of host and grow and
reproduce.
35. Explain giving reasons
(a) Balanced diet is necessary for maintaining health body.
(b) Health of an organism depends upon the surrounding environmental conditions.
Ans: a) Balanced diet contain all the nutrient required for maintaining proper health as well as needed for
growth and repair. Lack of single nutrient causes deficiency diseases.
b) surrounding environmental conditions plays an important role in the maintenance of health.
For ex we feel depressed if
(i) surrounding are dirty or polluted
(ii) garbage is not collected or disposed off
(iii) drains are not cleaned and water collects in the streets or open spaces.
Unclean surrounding causes the entry of germs via air, water, food or vectors and makes the person unhealthy

MOLECULES

12.
Q. What is an antibiotic? Give its one example

Ans: Antibiotic is a chemical substance that kill bacteria, secreted by microorganisms which can kill the
pathogens Example Penicillin
Q. (i) Which disease is more harmful : Acute or Chronic disease ? Why?
(ii) Why are we advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick?
Ans: (i) Chronic disease
Because chronic diseases have drastic long term effects on peoples health as compared to acute disease

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12.
(ii) (a) Such food does not contain oil or fat and spices so it is digested easily
(b) It provides sufficient energy for recovery after the disease
(c) It provides adequate amount of nutrients required for regeneration of cells and tissues.
Q. (i) How atmospheric inert nitrogen gas is converted into usable nitrogenous form for the various life forms?
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show nitrogen cycle in nature
Ans: (i) (i) By the help of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria or nitrogen fixing bacteria found in roots of
legumes.
(b) Physical process : During lighting, the high temperatures and pressures created in the air convert nitrogen
into oxides of nitrogen. These oxides dissolve in water to give nitric and nitrous acids and fall on land along
with rain.
Q. (i) What are the consequences of Global warming (ii) Why is water essential to life?
Ans: (i) Rise in temperature (ii) Melting of glacier
(ii) (a) All life processes require water. (b) Water is needed for transportation of substances from one part of
body to other in dissolved farm.
Q. Name the causal organism of AIDS. Why a person suffering from AIDS cannot fight even very minor
infections ?
Ans: HIV (virus)

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12.
The virus goes to the immune system and damages its function. So the body can no longer fight off even minor
infections.
Q. Write the symptoms when following organs are targeted by microbes. (a) Lungs (b) Liver (c) Brain.
Ans: Lungs cough , breathlessness. Liver Jaundice Brain Headache, vomiting, fits
Q. What is immunization? List two diseases against which vaccines are available.
Ans: Immunization is the process in which a person's immune system is enhanced by giving inactive form of
the disease causing agent ( immunogen). This agent develops the human immune system to fight against that
agent and if attacked again by the same agent the immune systems give a more stronger response and eliminate
the disease.
Two diseases for which vaccines are available are Polio and Diphtheria.
Q. Write the full form of AIDS. List four modes of transmission of virus of this disease.
Ans: Aquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
Modes of transmission of virus of this disease
a) Through sexual contact
b) Through blood trsnsfusion From mother to child

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12.
c) Through infected needled or syringes
Q. Health workers are exposed to more sick people than others in the community. Write any four preventive
measures they take to avoid sickness.
Ans: Preventive measures:
(i) Hand washing after any direct contact with patients
(ii) Wearing gloves while treating or examining the patient.
(iii) Proper disposal or sterilizing the instruments.
(iv) Immunisation.
Q. Same drug does not work against the microbes belonging to different groups. Why? State the mechanism of
antibiotics in killing bacteria.
Ans: Every micro organism has its own biochemical cycle. So one type of antibiotic can stop or block
biochemical cycle of one type of micro organism only but not all type of micro organisms. Antibiotic destroy the
cell wall during the asexual reproduction cycle hence the bacteria can be easily killed.
Q. Water is essential for living organisms. State two reasons to justify this statement.
Ans: Water is needed by organisms to maintain their body temperature. Water is needed by organisms to
perform many biochemical reactions.

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12.
Q. List the names of three diseases caused by virus stating their mode of communication in each case.
Ans: (1) Influenza (2) Hepatitis (3) AIDS
Mode of communication
(1) Blood transfusion (2) Unprotected sexual contact (3) Use of contaminated needles syringes etc. (4) From
mother to foetus thmyh placenta
Q. List four preventive measures against communicable diseases.
Ans: 1. Health education 2. Isolation 3. Proper sanitation 4. Sterilization of articles used by patients 5.
Vaccination 6. Provision of safe water supply
Q. A person has lost his power to fight infections. Name the disease the person is suffering from. State the
pathogen and modes of transmission of this disease.
Ans: Suffering from AIDS Name of pathogen is a virus known as HIV. Mode of transmission of HIV is :
1. Intimate sextual contact
2. Blood transfusions
3. Contaminated needles, syringes or razors (Any 2 points)
IX(9th)Chemistry Ch 03:Atoms and Molecules Solved Questions

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12.
1. Avogadros number represents the number of atoms in
(a) 12g of C12
(b) 320g of sulphur
(c) 32g of oxygen
(d) 12.7g of iodine
2. The number of moles of carbon dioxide which contain 8 g of oxygen is

(a) 0.5 mol
(b) 0.20 mol
(c) 0.40 mol
(d) 0.25 mol
(3) The total no of ions present in 111 g of cacl2 is

(a) One mole
(b) Two mole
(c) Three mole
(d) Four moles
(4) Which of the following weighs the most ?

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12.
(a) one g-atom of nitrogen
(b) One mole of water
(c) One mole of sodium
(d) One molecule of H2So4
(5) 5.0 litre of 0.4 M H2SO4 Contains(a) 2.0 Mole Of H2So4

(c) 5.0 mole H2So4
(b) 0.4 mole H2So4

(d) 2.0 moles H2O
Ans: (1) a (2) d (3) c (4) c (5) a

1. Find the ratio by mass of the combining elements in the compound C2H5OH.
Ans: C = 2x12=24; H = 6x1=6 ; O= 1x16=16
C : H:O =24:6:16 = 12:3:8

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12.
2. Give the formula of the compound formed by the elements calcium and fluorine.
Ans: Ca+2 F-1
CaF2
3. What is the acid radical present in sodium peroxide?

Ans: The acid radical present in sodium peroxide (Na202) is peroxide radical (02-2)
4. Carbon and silicon have the same valency. What is the formula of sodium silicate?
Valency of silicon and carbon is 4.
The formula of sodium silicate is Na+1 SiO3 -2 = Na2 SiO3
5. What is the ratio by number of atoms in mercurous chloride?

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12.
Ans: Formula of mercurous chloride is HgCI. Ratio of the atoms of Hg and CI in HgCI is
1: 1.
6. Name the element whose Latin name is Stibium.

Ans: Antimony (Latin: stibium); Mercury (Latin: hydragyrum); Gold (Latin: aurum);
Lead (Latin: plumbum).
7. What is the valency of a sulphide ion?

Ans: Valency of sulphide ion So 4 -2 is 2 eg.H2SO4
8. How many atoms of oxygen are present in 50g of CaCO3?
Molecular mass of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 3 X 16=100g
Atoms of oxygen are present in 100 g of CaCO = 3 x 6.022 x 1023 atoms

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12.
Atoms of oxygen are present in 50 g of CaCO = {( 3 x 6.022 x 1023) /100} x 50 atoms
= 9.033 X 1023
9. How many molecules are present in 1 ml of water?

Molecular mass of H2O =18gm also, Mass of 1 mole of water= 1gm
18gm of water contain = 6.022 x 1023 molecules
1gm of water contain = (6.022 x 1023 )/18molecules = 3.34 x 1022
10. What is the unit of measurement of atomic radius?

Ans: picometers (pm) or Angstroms ()
Empirical formula and molecular formula CSE Class 9th Chemistry :

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12.
Empirical formula :The empirical formula is the simplest formula for a compound in which atoms of
different elements are present in simple ratio. It shows the relative number of atoms of each element. For
example CH2O is the empirical formula of Glucose C6H12O6
Molecular formula : It is the formula in which the actual number of atoms of different element are
present. For example, if the empirical formula of benzene is CH where as molecular formula is C6H6 , etc.
An empirical formula is often calculated from elemental composition data. The weight percentage of each
of the elements present in the compound is given by this elemental composition.
Let's determine the empirical formula for a compound with the following elemental composition:40.00%
C, 6.66% H, 53.34% O.
Element
percentage
40
Atomic
Relative number of
Dividing by least
mass
Atoms
number
12
40/12 = 3.33
3.33/3.33
Simple ratio

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12.
H
6.66
6.66/1 =6.66
6.66/3.33
53.34
16
53.34/16 =3.33
3.33/3.33
Empirical formula =C1H2O1 ; Empirical formula mass = 12 + 2x1 +16 = 30 a.m.u

Given relative molecular mass = 180
Divide the relative molecular mass by the Empirical formula mass to find a multiple: 180/30 = 6
The molecular formula is a multiple of 6 times the empirical formula: (C1H2O1)x6 = C6H12O6
EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAE WORKSHEET
1.Whats the empirical formula of a molecule containing 65.5% carbon, 5.5% hydrogen, and 29.0%
oxygen?
2. If the molar mass of the compound in problem 1 is 110 grams/mole, whats the molecular formula?

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12.
3 Whats the empirical formula of a molecule containing 18.7% lithium, 16.3% carbon, and 65.0%
oxygen?
4. If the molar mass of the compound in problem 3 is 73.8 grams/mole, whats the molecular
formula?
5.The percentage composition of acetic acid is found to be 39.9% C, 6.7% H, and 53.4% O. Determine
the empirical formula of acetic acid.
6. The molar mass for question #9 was determined by experiment to be 60.0 g/mol. What is the molecular
formula?
7. A 50.51 g sample of a compound made from phosphorus and chlorine is decomposed. Analysis of the
products showed that 11.39 g of phosphorus atoms were produced. What is the empirical formula of the
compound?

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12.
8. When 2.5000 g of an oxide of mercury, (HgxOy) is decomposed into the elements by heating, 2.405 g of
mercury are produced. Calculate the empirical formula.
9.The compound benzamide has the following percent composition. What is the empirical formula?
C = 69.40 % H= 5.825 % O = 13.21 % N= 11.57 %
10.A component of protein called serine has an approximate molar mass of 100 g/mole. If the percent
composition is as follows, what is the empirical and molecular formula of serine?
C = 34.95 % H= 6.844 % O = 46.56 % N= 13.59 %
Answer.
1. C3H3O mass = 55 g/mole
2. C6H6O2

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12.
3 Li2CO3
4 Li2CO3
5. CH2O
6. C2H4O2
7. PCl3
8. Hg2O
9. C7H7NO
10. C3H7NO3 empirical formula , C3H7NO3 molecular for

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12.
Laws of chemical combination and Landolt Experiment ( IX Atoms and

Molecules)
How and why elements combine and what happens when they combine. Antoine
L. Lavoisier laid the foundation of chemical sciences by establishing two
important laws of chemical combination.
(a) The Law of conservation of mass was stated by Antoine L. Lavoisier in

1785 as Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction [The

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12.
Law of conservation of mass is the 2nd postulate of Dalton's atomic theory. It
states that Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be created or destroyed
in a chemical reaction.]
Example:
Water forms by the union of hydrogen and oxygen. If we weigh the reactants
(hydrogen and oxygen) before the chemical reaction, we find the weight of the
product (water) equal to the combined weight of reactants.
The weight of iron increases on rusting. The increase in weight is equal to the
weight of oxygen added to iron.
Carbon combines with Sulphur to form Carbon disulphide. The mass of reactants i.e.
carbon and sulphur is same mass of products (carbon disulphide).
Carbon + Sulphur ----- Carbon DiSulphide
C
+ S
-----
C2S

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12.
1g
+ 5. 34g
=
6.34 g
LHS
RHS
The verification of the Law of conservation of mass by Landolt Experiment

H. Landolt was German Chemist. He proved the law of conservation of mass by
using an H-shaped glass tube. He filled silver nitrate in limb A and hydrochloric
acid in limb B. The tube was sealed and weighed before the chemical reaction.
The reactants were mixed by inverting and shaking the tube. A white precipitate
of silver chloride was formed along with Sodium nitrate . The tube was weighed
again. He found that there was no change in weight during the following chemical
reaction.
AgNO3 + NaCl
AgCl2 (white precipitate) + NaNO3

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12.
Limitations [Is there any exception to law of conservation of mass?]

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12.
In all the chemical reactions, energy is evolved or absorbed which would be at
the expense of change in mass. In ordinary chemical reactions, this change in
mass is so small that it cannot be registered on the most sensitive balance. This
suggests that some matter of the reaction mixture gets converted into energy
such as light, heat etc. Thus mass and energy are interconvertible. The mass is
converted to energy by Einsteins relation E = mc2.
(b) The law of constant proportions which is also known as the law of
definite proportions was stated by Proust in 1799 as In a chemical
substance the elements are always present in definite proportions by mass.
[The Law of constant proportions is the 6th postulate of Dalton's atomic theory.
The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.]

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12.
E.g. In a compound such as water, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to the mass
of oxygen is always 1:8, whatever the source of water. Thus, if 9 g of water is
decomposed, 1 g of hydrogen and 8 g of oxygen are always obtained.
if the element A and B combine chemically to form the compound AB, then in
whatever manner AB is formed, it is always composed of same two elements A
and B combined together in the same fixed ratio or proportion by weight.
For example: Sulphur dioxide can be obtained b following sources:
(i).
Sulphur is burnt in air,

S
(ii).
O2
--------- SO2
Copper is heated with conc. sulphuric acid

Cu
+ 2H2SO4
--------- CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
(iii). Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to sodium bisulphate

NaHSO3 + HCl
---------- NaCl + H2O + SO2

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12.
In each case, The ratio of sulphur and oxygen in the sulphur dioxide obtained is
of 32 : 32 or 1 : 1 by mass.
The Law of Multiple Proportions
when two elements A and B combine to form more than one compounds,
then the weight of one is constant and the other has a simple ratio. [The Law of
Multiple Proportions is the third postulate of Dalton's atomic theory. It states that
the masses of one element which combine with a fixed mass of the second
element are in a ratio of whole numbers.]
E.g. Two different compounds are formed by the elements carbon and oxygen.
C (12gm)
O2 (16gm)
C (12gm)
O2
(32gm)
---------
---------
CO (28gm)
CO2 (44gm)

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12.
Here, 12 gm of carbon combine with 16g and 32gm of Oxygen to form Carbon
monoxide and Carbon dioxide respectively. The ratio of oxygen combining with
12 gm of Carbon is 16: 32 or, 1:2 which is in a simple ratio.

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