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Thermodynamics II
Exergy
Introduction
First law of thermodynamics
quantity of energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed.
merely serves as a necessary tool for the bookkeeping of energy
during a process
quality of energy
degradation of energy during a process, the entropy generation,
lost opportunities to do work;
offers plenty of room for improvement
powerful tool in the optimization of complex thermodynamic
systems
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Exergy
work potential of energy
also called the availability or available energy.
the maximum useful work that could be obtained
from the system at a given state in a specified
environment
upper limit on the amount of work a device can
deliver without violating any thermodynamic laws
Exergy Analysis
The initial state is specified, and thus it is not a
variable.
The work output is maximized when the process
between two specified states is executed in a
reversible manner.
All the irreversibilities are disregarded in
determining the work potential.
The system must be in the dead state at the end
of the process to maximize the work output.
is a property of the systemenvironment
combination and not of the system alone
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Dead State
The system is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the
environment it is in
At the dead state, a system is at the temperature and
pressure of its environment (in thermal and mechanical
equilibrium);
has no kinetic or potential energy relative to the
environment (zero velocity and zero elevation above a
reference level);
does not react with the environment (chemically inert).
There are no unbalanced magnetic, electrical, and surface
tension effects between the system and its surroundings.
T0 = 25C (77F) and P0 = 1 atm (101.325 kPa or 14.7 psia).
A system has zero exergy at the dead state.
Exergy Analysis
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Useful Work:
Wu = W
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Irreversibility (I)
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The second-law
efficiency applies only
to devices intended to
produce or consume
work
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Example 1
Work Potential of Compressed Air in a Tank
A 200-m3 rigid tank contains compressed air at 1
MPa and 300 K. Determine how much work can
be obtained from this air if the environment
conditions are 100 kPa and 300 K.
Example 2
Exergy Change during a Compression Process
Refrigerant-134a is to be compressed from 0.14
MPa and -10C to 0.8 MPa and 50C steadily by a
compressor. Taking the environment conditions
to be 20C and 95 kPa, determine the exergy
change of the refrigerant during this process and
the minimum work input that needs to be
supplied to the compressor per unit mass of the
refrigerant.
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Recall!!
ENTROPY BALANCE
Exergy Destruction
Recall:
1st Law of Thermodynamics
conservation of energy principle
energy cannot be created or destroyed during a process.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
increase of entropy principle,
entropy can be created but cannot be destroyed.
entropy generation Sgen must be positive (actual
processes) or zero (reversible processes), but it cannot be
negative.
decrease of exergy principle
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Exergy Destruction
Irreversibilities such as:
friction, mixing, chemical reactions, heat
transfer through a finite temperature
difference, unrestrained expansion,
nonquasiequilibrium compression or
expansion always generate entropy,
anything that generates entropy always
destroys exergy.
Exergy Destruction
The exergy destroyed is proportional to the
entropy generated, as can be seen from Eq. 8
31, and is eNote that exergy destroyed is a
positive quantity for any actual process and
becomes zero for a reversible process. Exergy
destroyed represents the lost
work potential and is also called the
irreversibility or lost work.xpressed as
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Exergy Destruction
Exergy Destruction
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Exergy Balance
exergy can be destroyed, but it cannot be created.
the exergy change of a system during a process is less
than the exergy transfer by an amount equal to the
exergy destroyed during the process within the
system boundaries.
Exergy Balance
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Exergy Balance
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Example
Exergy Destruction during Expansion of Steam
A pistoncylinder device contains 0.05 kg of steam at 1
MPa and 300C. Steam now expands to a final state of
200 kPa and 150C, doing work. Heat losses from the
system to the surroundings are estimated to be 2 kJ
during this process. Assuming the surroundings to be
at T0 = 25C and P0= 100 kPa, determine:
(a) the exergy of the steam at the initial and the final
states,
(b) the exergy change of the steam,
(c) the exergy destroyed, and
(d) the second-law efficiency for the process.
Example
An insulated pistoncylinder device contains 2 L
of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure of
150 kPa. An electric resistance heater inside the
cylinder is turned on, and electrical work is done
on the water in the amount of 2200 kJ. Assuming
the surroundings to be at 25C and 100 kPa,
determine (a) the minimum work with which this
process could be accomplished and (b) the exergy
destroyed during this process.
Answers: (a) 437.7 kJ, (b) 1705 kJ
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Recall!!
ENTROPY BALANCE
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Bonus quiz
(15 pts to be added to your LQ1 exam)
Liquid water at 200 kPa and 20C is heated in a
chamber by mixing it with superheated steam at
200 kPa and 300C. Liquid water enters the
mixing chamber at a rate of 2.5 kg/s, and the
chamber is estimated to lose heat to the
surrounding air at 25C at a rate of 600 kJ/min. If
the mixture leaves the mixing chamber at 200
kPa and 60C, determine (a) the mass flow rate of
the superheated steam and (b) the wasted work
potential during this mixing process.
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