Design of Traffic Light Control

Prerit Rathi (1103031111)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDERPRASTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
GHAZIABAD-201010, UP (INDIA)

Design of Traffic Light Control

A Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering

By

Prerit Rathi (1103031111)

Under guidance of
Prof. M.S. Giri

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDERPRASTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
GHAZIABAD-201010, UP (INDIA)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDERPRASTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
GHAZIABAD-201010, UP (INDIA)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled Design of Traffic Light

Control, submitted by Prerit Rathi in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics
and Communication Engineering during session 2014-2015 at
Inderprastha Engineering College, Ghaziabad. A bonafide record of
work carried out by them under my supervision and guidance. The
candidates have fulfilled all the prescribed requirements.
The report which is based on candidates own work, have not
submitted elsewhere for a degree/diploma.
In my opinion, the report is of standard required for the award of a
bachelor of technology degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering.

Prof. M.S. Giri

(H.O.D ECE, EN)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to The Department of Electronics and communication

Engineering for giving me the opportunity to carry out this project. I
would like to express our heartfelt gratitude and regards to our project
guide, Prof. M.S. Giri, Department of Electronics and communication
Engineering, for being the corner stone of our project. It was his
incessant motivation and guidance during periods of doubts and
uncertainties that has helped us to carry on with this project .I am also
obliged to the staff of Electronics and communication Engineering
Department for aiding me during the course of our project. I offer our
heartiest thanks to my friends for their help whenever necessary. Last
but not the least, I want to acknowledge the contributions of my
parents and family members, for their constant and never ending
motivation.

Prerit Rathi (1103031111)

B.Tech (Electronics and Communication )

ABSTRACT
The fundamental idea of this simple electronic project is to control the
traffic. It can be used to avoid the vehicular collisions and traffic jams.
This project is just a one-way traffic controller, although it can be
further modified as well. Project will work in a way, it provides the
instruction to the driver whether to drive through the intersection or
yield at the intersection.

Content
Abstract
Contents

ii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of Traffic Light Control
1.2 Control Lights indication
1.3 Component Required
1.4 Circuit Diagram

CHAPTER-2
WORKING OF TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL
2.1 Description of 555 timer
2.2 Description of 4017 (counter)
2.3 Operation of traffic light control

CHAPTER-3
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

3.1 Mathematical Formulae

Refrences

CHAPTER

Introduction

1.1 OVERVIEW OF TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL

The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and
coordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and
that pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads. A variety of different
control systems are used to accomplish this, ranging from simple clockwork
mechanisms to sophisticated computerized control and coordination systems that
self-adjust to minimize delay to people using the road.

1.2 CONTROL LIGHT INDICATION

There are three control lights or signals, which will provide the instruction to the
driver.

RED light instructs the driver to STOP at the intersection.

YELLOW light instructs the driver to WAIT (If red light is next) or GET
READY (if green light is next)
GREEN light instructs the driver to GO through the intersection.

1.3 COMPONENT REQUIRED

There are quite a few components, which we will be using to make our Traffic
Light Control System. Following is the list of the components.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

9V Battery (Input Battery)

10K, 22K and 330 ohm resistors
47uF and 6.8nF capacitors
Six 1N4148 diodes
555 timer IC (As a pulse generator)
4017 IC counter (Main IC of the circuit)
Red, yellow and green LEDs. (Output)

1.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CHAPTER

WORKING OF TRAFFIC
LIGHT CONTROL

2.1 Description of 555 timer

These devices are precision timing circuits capable of producing accurate time
delays or oscillation. In the time-delay or monostable mode of operation, the
timed interval is controlled by a single external resistor and capacitor network. In
the astable mode of operation, the frequency and duty cycle can be controlled
independently with two external resistors and a single external capacitor.The
threshold and trigger levels normally are two-thirds and one-third, respectively, of
VCC. These levels can be altered by use of the control-voltage terminal. When the
trigger input falls below the trigger level, the flip-flop is set and the output goes
high. If the trigger input is above the trigger level and the threshold input is
abovethe threshold level, the flip-flop is reset and the output is low. The reset
(RESET) input can override all other inputs and can be used to initiate a new
timing cycle. When RESET goes low, the flip-flop is reset and the outputgoes low.
When the output is low, a low-impedance path is provided between discharge
(DISCH) and ground. The output circuit is capable of sinking or sourcing current up
to 200 mA. Operation is specified for supplies of 5 V to 15 V. With a 5-V supply,
output levels are compatible with TTL inputs. The NE555 is characterized for
operation from 0C to 70C. The SA555 is characterized for operation from 40C
to 85C. The SE555 is characterized for operation over the full military range of
55C to 125C.

2.2 Description of 4017 (counter)

The HC4017 is a high speed silicon gate CMOS 5-stagenJohnson counter with 10
decoded outputs. Each of the decoded outputs is normally low and sequentially
goes high on the low to high transition clock period of the 10 clock period cycle.
The CARRY (TC) output transitions low to high after OUTPUT 10 goes from high to
low, and can be used in conjunction with the CLOCK ENABLE (CE) to cascade
several stages. The CLOCK ENABLE input disables counting when in the high state.
A RESET (MR) input is also provided which when taken high sets all the decoded
outputs, except 0, low. The device can drive up to 10 low power Schottky
equivalent loads.

2.3 Operation of traffic light control

This traffic light is made with the help of counter IC, which is mainly used for
Sequential Circuits. We can also call it as Sequential Traffic Lights.
Sequential Circuits are used to count the numbers in the series.
Coming to the working principle of Traffic Lights, the main IC is 4017 counter IC
which is used to glow the Red, yellow and green LED respectively. 555 timer acts
as a pulse generator providing an input to the 4017 counter IC. Timing of glow of
certain lights totally depends upon the 555 timers pulse, which we can control via
the Potentiometer so if you want to change the time of glow, you can do so by
varying the potentiometer, having the responsibility for the timing. LEDs are not
connected directly with 4017 counter, as the lights wont be stable. We have used
the combination of 1N4148 diodes and the LEDs in order to get the appropriate
output. Main drawback of this circuit is that you can never have an exact timing
with this, however you will have best estimated.

CHAPTER

MATHEMATICAL
FORMULAE

3.1 Mathematical Formulae

These equations are designed to give timing values for the 555 timer, based on
the control capacitance and resistance. This particular configuration is for
an astable square wave calculation.
The positive output is high for T(h) seconds based on this formula:
Time High (secs) = 0.693 * (R1 + R2) * C
The negative output is low for T(l) seconds based on this formula:
Time Low (secs) = 0.693 * R2 * C
The frequency is derived by the formula:
Frequency = 1.44 / ((R1 + R2 + R2) * C)
The duty cycle percentage is the relationship of the high time to the overall cycle
time and is derived by the formula:
DCP = (T(h) / (T(h) + T(l))) * 100
Where resistance is in ohms and capacitance is in farads.

References
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/electronics/integratedrev4.s
html

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cd74hc4017.pdf
http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ne555.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light
http://www.555-timer-circuits.com/