Chapter-II

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General:
The study of durability studies of concrete made by using
manufacture sand and natural sand has achieved great importance in
recent times due to huge quantity of sand is consumed by construction
industry.
A brief review on literature related to durability studies of natural
sand and manufacture sand which initiates scope for further study.

2.2 Durability studies of the concrete

Emmanuel K. Attiogbe, Sami H. Rizakalla (1988) [5] studied the
response of concrete to Sulphuric acid attack of different concrete mixes
to acid attack an accelerated laboratory test program was conducted.
Alternate acid immersion and drying of test specimens were done.
Increase in sulphur content of the test specimens as measured with a
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive
x-ray analyser was used to evaluate the chemical change in the concrete.
For SEM each concrete mix has approximately 6mm12mm6mm high.
A magnification factor 550X using computer software available on
energy dissipation system. The results shows that variation in the sulphur
concentration with distance from the acid exposed surface of test
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specimen shows that deterioration of concrete due to H2SO4 attack starts

at the surface and progress inwards.
Shahul Hammed M and sekar A.S.S (2009) [6] investigated the
usage of quarry rock dust and marble sludge possible substitutes for
natural sand in concrete. They also carried out durability studies on green
concrete they found that the compressive, split tensile strength and
durability concrete were good when the fine aggregate was replaced with
50% marble sludge powder and 50% quarry rock dust the resistance of
concrete to sulphate enhanced generally.
R. Ilangovana et al., (2008) [7] investigate on the strength and
durability properties of concrete by replacing the fine aggregate with
quarry dust. In experimental program they determined the physical and
chemical properties of the quarry dust and they casted concrete cubes,
beams M20, M30, M40 quarry dust concrete & normal sand concrete and
they conducted workability, compressive strength, dry shrinkage, water
absorption test and also durability test are conducted by immersing the
cubes in MgSO4 and H2SO4 after 28 days curing and they determined the
weight loss in concrete specimens. They reported that weight loss in
conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete is similar. In water
absorption test they found that quarry dust concrete are high absorbers
when compared to conventional concrete and water permeability test they
found that the quarry dust concrete are low permeability when compared
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to conventional concrete in compressive strength test and flexural

strength they found that quarry dust concrete increase in strength 10-12%
when compared to conventional concrete. Finally it is concluded that
hundred replacement of fine aggregate with quarry dust is possible.
M.G. Shaik, S. A. Daimi (2011)[8] investigated on the durability
studies of concrete made by using artificial sand with dust and natural
sand. In experimental program they carried out compressive strength,
permeable voids, and water absorption, acid attack studies test are
conducted to the artificial sand dust concrete and natural sand concrete
cubes. In water absorption test they found that the conventional concrete
and artificial sand concrete are low absorbers and in chloride permeability
test they found that artificial sand blocks and natural sand blocks are
moderate. in acid attack test they found that the both conventional
concrete and artificial sand blocks weight loss are same. In compressive
strength test fine aggregate replaced with artificial sand dust gives
consistently higher strength when compared to conventional concrete.
Finally it is concluded that hundred percent replacement of natural sand
by artificial sand is possible.
NimithaVijayaraghavan, Dr.A.S.Wayal (2013) [9] studied effect of
manufacture sand on durability properties of concrete. In experimental
work they casted concrete cubes with different replacement levels of
(0%, 50%, 100%) by replacing fine aggregate with manufacture sand they
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conducted water permeability, chloride permeability, test to the concrete

specimens. From the experimental test results they reported that
manufacture sand have a irregular shape provide better packing than
conventional concrete. Finally concluded that natural sand fully replaced
by manufacture sand.
Er. Lakhan Nagpal et al., (2013) [10] studied on evaluation of
strength characteristics of concrete using crushed stone dust as fine
aggregate. In experimental work they casted concrete cubes, beams,
cylinders by replacing fine aggregate with quarry dust partially and fully
and similarly they casted conventional concrete cube, beams, cylinders.
They conducted compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile
strength, sulphate attack test, chloride permeability, water absorption test
to the both concrete specimens. In the experiment test results they found
that the strength of quarry dust concrete increases 10-12% when
compared to conventional concrete. In water absorption test they
concluded that quarry dust concrete is high absorbers when compared to
conventional concrete. In sulphate attack they reported that weight loss in
quarry dust is less when compared to conventional concrete. In chloride
permeability test they found that quarry rock dust concrete is less when
compared to conventional concrete. Finally it is concluded that hundred
percent replacement of fine aggregate is possible.

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Ramadevi et al., (2014)[11] studied on determination optimum

percentage replacement of fine aggregate in concrete using GBFS(
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag).In experimental work they casted
concrete cubes, cylinders, prism by adopting water cement ratio 0.5 with
different replacement levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) of GBFS they
conducted compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity,
EDOX test to the concrete specimens. From the experimental test results
they reported that ideal replacement of fine aggregate with GBFS is 50%.
Finally it is concluded that GFS is alternative material for natural sand.
2.3 Compressive strength studies
Bahar Demirel (2010)[12] investigated the effect of using waste
marble dust (WMD) as a fine material on the mechanical properties of
concrete for this purpose four different series of concrete mixtures were
prepared by replacing the fine sand (passing 0.25 mm sieve ) with WMD
at proportions of 0, 25, 50 and 100% by weight. In order to determine the
effect of the WMD on the compressive strength with respect to curing age
compressive strength of the samples recorded at the curing ages 3,7,28
and 90 days. In addition the porosity values, ultrasonic pulse velocity,
dynamic modulus and unit weights of concrete are determined. They
observed that the replacement of fine material passing through 0.25mm
sieve with WMD at particular proportion has displayed an enhancing
effect on compressive strength.
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Priyanka A. Jadhava , Dilip k. Kulkarni (2013)[13] study shows

the effect of partial replacement of natural sand by manufacture sand on
the compressive strength of cement mortar of proportion 1:2, 1:3 and 1:6
with water cement ratio as 0.5 and 0.55are studied. Results are compared
with reference mix of 0% replacement of natural sand by Robo Sand. The
compressive strength of cement mortar with 50% replacement of natural
sand by Robo Sand reveals higher strength as compared to reference mix.
The overall strength of mortar linearly increases for 0%, 50%
replacement of natural sand by Robo Sand as compared with reference
mix (Mix 1). Robo Sand has a potential to provide alternative to natural
sand and helps in maintaining the environment as well as economical
balance.
Vinayak R. Supekar, Popat D. Kumbhars (2012) [14] study shows
the replacement of natural sand by 60% artificial sand results in
producing the concrete of satisfactory workability and strength properties.
It is also possible to minimize the area of surface cracks of concrete, thus
achieving the durable concrete. However, for more than 60% replacement
of natural sand by artificial sand causes reduction in compressive strength
of concrete mixes with increase in the area of cracks. The replacement of
natural sand with artificial sand will help in conserving the natural
resources of sand and maintain the ecological balance of the nature.

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Kanmalai Williams C et al., (2008)[15] examined the performance

of concrete made with granite powder as fine aggregate. Sand was
replaced with granite powder in steps of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% and
cement was replaced with 7.5%Silica fume, 10% fly ash and 10% slag.
They added 1% super plasticiser to improve the workability. The effects
of curing temperature at 32 C and 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days
compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, drying
shrinkage and water penetration depth were found. Experimental results
indicated that the increase in the proportions of granite powder resulted in
a decrease in the compressive strength of concrete. The highest
compressive strength was achieved in samples containing 25% granite
powder concrete, which was 47.35 KPa after 90 days. The overall test
performance revealed that granite powder can be utilized as a partial
replacement of natural sand in high-performance concrete.
Dr.G.Prince Arulraj et al., (2013)[ 16]

studied on granite powder

concrete by replacing fine aggregate with granite powder of varying

percentage (0%, 5%,10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) and super plasticizers are
added to improve the workability of concrete. In experimental program
they casted 54 cubes and 36 cylinders and they conducted compressive
strength, split tensile strength test to the concrete specimens. Finally
concluded that replacement of sand with granite powder has beneficial

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effect on the mechanical properties such as compressive strength and split

tensile strength to the concrete.
Mahesh Patel et al., (2013) [17] investigated on strength of high
performance concrete with GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace
Slag) and crusher sand. They casted concrete cubes, cylinders by
replacing fine aggregate with crusher sand(0% to 30%) and cement
replaced with GGBS (30% to 50%) and they conducted compressive,
split tensile strength. From the test results they found that ideal
replacement of fine aggregate with crusher sand is 20% and GGBS
replaced with cement is 40%. They reported that the workability of
concrete decreases with increase in percentage of crusher dust. Finally
concluded that GGBS is alternative material for cement and crusher sand
is available substitute for natural sand.
Rajendra P.Mogre, Dhananjay K. Parbat (2013)[18] studied on
optimum replacement of natural sand with artificial sand in concrete. In
experimental work they casted concrete cubes, beams, cylinders with
different replacement levels of fine aggregate with artificial sand (0%,
20%, 40%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%,80%,100%) with different grades of
concrete M20,M25,M35, M40 and they conducted compressive strength,
flexural strength, split tensile strength, to the concrete specimens. From
the experimental test results they reported that optimum replacement of
natural sand with artificial sand is 65% and also they found that artificial
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sand provide better bond in cement than natural sand. Finally it is

concluded that artificial sand can be recommended to competitive
substitute for natural sand.
Chandana sukesh et al., (2013) [19] studied on partial replacement
of sand with quarry dust in concrete. In experimental work they casted
concrete cubes with different replacement levels of fine aggregate with
quarry dust (0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) and they conducted slump
cone test during mixing and also compressive strength conducted to the
concrete specimens. From the test results they reported that the
compressive strength of concrete increases by increase in percentage of
quarry dust and ideal percentage replacement of fine aggregate with
quarry dust is 55% to 75%. Finally it is concluded that 100% replacement
of sand can be achieved by adding fly ash along with quarry dust to
improve the workability of the concrete.
Dr.P.B.Sakthivel et al., (2013) [20] studied effect of replacing river
sand by quarry dust in concrete. In experimental work they casted
concrete cubes, beams, cylinders with different replacements levels of
quarry dust (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) of M30 grade concrete and they
conducted compressive strength. flexural strength, split tensile strength
test to the concrete specimens from the experimental test results they
concluded that ideal replacement of fine aggregate with quarry dust is
10%.
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V. Bhikshma et al., (2010) [21] investigated on flexural behaviour

of high strength Robo Sand concrete. In experimental work they casted
concrete cubes, beams of different percentages replacing fine aggregate
with robo sand (0%, 25%, 50%,75%, 100%) by using super plasticizer.
They conducted compressive strength, flexural strength to the both
concrete specimens. From the experimental test results they reported that
compressive strength of concrete increases by increasing the percentage
of robo sand and similarly flexural strength also increases. Finally it is
concluded that manufacture sand can be used as alternative material to the
natural sand.
Priyanka A. Jadhav, Dilip K.Kulkarni (2012) [22] studied on the
properties of the concrete containing manufacture sand. In experimental
work they casted concrete cubes, beams, cylinders with by replacing of
fine aggregate with Robo Sand of varying percentages(0%, 20%, 40%,
60%, 80%, 100%) and with different water cement ratio 0.4, 0.45, 0.5,
0.55 and they conducted compressive strength, flexural strength, split
tensile strength to the concrete specimens. From the experimental test
results they reported that compressive strength of concrete increases by
increasing the percentage replacement of manufacture sand and similarly
split tensile strength, flexural strength also increases. They observed that
ideal replacement of fine aggregate with manufacture sand is 60%.

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Finally concluded that manufacture sand gives better finishing when

compared to conventional concrete and also available for natural sand.
Sachin Balkrishna Kandekar et al., (2012) [23] studied on strength
of concrete containing different types of fine aggregate. In experimental
work They casted concrete cubes, beams and cylinders by using different
types of fine aggregates such as natural sand blocks, artificial sand
blocks, grit blocks, combination of both natural sand and artificial sand
blocks of M20 grade concrete and they conducted compressive strength,
flexural strength, split tensile strength to the concrete specimens. From
the experimental test results grit and natural sand given maximum
strength when compared to conventional concrete. They reported by
using artificial sand the workability of concrete decreases when compared
to conventional concrete.
Sudhir S.Kapgate, S.R. SATONE (2013)[24] studied on the effect
of quarry dust as partial replacement of

sand in concrete. In the

experimental work They casted concrete cubes, beams, cylinders by

replacing with different replacement levels of quarry dust ( 0%, 20%,
25%, 30%, 35%) they conducted compressive strength, flexural strength,
split tensile strength test

and compaction factor test to the concrete

specimens. From the experimental test results they observed that the
compressive strength of concrete at 28 days increases up to 30%
replacement of quarry dust beyond 30% the strength of concrete
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decreases gradually when compared to conventional concrete. In

experimental program they observed that aggregates with higher surface
area required more water in the mixture to wet particle surface adequately
to maintain specific workability obviously increase in water content in
mixture will adversely affect the quality of concrete. Finally it is
concluded that the quarry dust is alternative material to the sand.
K. Subramanian, A. Kannan (2013) [25] studied on the usage of
quarry dust as partial replacement for sand in concrete and mortar. In
experimental program they casted concrete cubes, beams, cylinders with
different ratios of replacement of natural sand with quarry dust 100:0,
80:20,70:30, 60:40, 0:100 (quarry : river sand) and also they casted
cement mortar cubes. They conducted compressive strength, flexural
strength, split tensile strength to the concrete specimens. During mixing
program they conducted workability test to the different replacement
levels of quarry dust. From the experimental test results they concluded
that ideal replacement of fine aggregate with quarry dust is 70:30 and for
cement mortar ideal replacement fine aggregate with quarry dust is 50:50.
They observed that quarry dust concrete given good results when
compared to conventional concrete due to more SiO2, Fe2O3 and less
amount of fines up to 150 microns. Finally it is concluded that quarry
dust can be used as alternative material for natural sand.

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After having a thorough review of literature there are no studies

conducted on the durability of robo sand concrete. Hence the present
study aims to study the durability of robo sand concrete.

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