SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)

Research Unit
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413]

Project 2 : Integration with Design Studio 5

Name: WONG JIA XIN

Student ID: 1101G13277
Tutor: Mr. Sanjay
1

Table of Content
1.0 LIGHTING
1.1 Artificial Light
1.1.2 Lumen Method Calculation
1.2 Daylight
1.2.1 Day lighting Factor Calculation

2.0 ACOUSTIC
2.1 Reverberation Time (RT)
2.1.1 Reverberation Time Calculation
2.2 External Noise Calculation
2.2.1 Sound Pressure Level Calculation
2.3 Internal Noise
2.3.1 Sound Transmission Loss Calculation

3.0 References

1.0 LIGHTING
1.1 Artificial Light
Artificial lighting is used in both enclosed space, Designer & Seamster Studio
(Second Floor) and Textile shop (First Floor). Although some of the natural light can
penetrated into these spaces, the amount of light is insufficient to support sewing
activities that are carried out within these spaces. Therefore, artificial lighting is
necessary in these spaces.
Some of the table are used to get the regulated data during calculations are shown below
in Figure 1 and 2.

Figure 1: Illuminance value of dining spaces

(Source: Code for lighting)

Figure 2: Utilization Factor Table

(Source: Summarized from SynthLight Handbook, Chapter 3)

1.1.2 Lumen Method Calculation

(a) Designer & Seamster Studio 1 at Second Floor

Figure 3 : Location of Designer & Seamster Studio 1 with indication of Tailor Pod

Materials
COMPONENT

Ceiling

MATERIAL

Metal
Roof
Decking
Wall
Exposed
Clay
Brickwall
Glass Pod for Glass
tailor
Panel
Floor
Concrete
Cement
Finish
Furniture
Timber
Timber

FUNCTION

COLOUR

AREA
(m)

SURFACE
TYPE

REFLECTANCE
VALUE (%)

Ceiling

Silver

253

Reflective

60

Wall

Brick
red

74.5

Reflective

30

Curtain
Wall
Floor

Transpa
rent
Grey

160

Reflective

6-10

253

Reflective

15-40

Chair
Table

Brown
Brown

1
35.23

Absorptive
Absorptive

15
30

Lumen Method Calculation (from 1.2m height)

Calculation for Tailor Pod of Designer Studio
Location
Tailor Pod (Designer & Seamster Studio at
1st Floor)

Dimension of Room, LxW

Total Floor Area (m2)
Mounting Height , hm (m)
Room Index, K

4x4
16
3.5 1.2 = 2.3
K =(
)
=(

Room Reflectance (%)

Utilisation Factor (UF)
Maintenance Factor (MF)
Standard Illuminance Level Required
(lux)
Number of Fittings Required, N

= 1.05
C:50, W:30, F:30
0.32
0.7
400
N=
=
=
= 7.14
8
8 Hanging Halogen Lights is needed to
meet the standard illuminance
required in the Tailor Pods according
to MS 1525, standard illuminance for
working area.
BUT, to make a proper layout, 9
luminaries are used.

Types of Light
TYPE

Pendant Halogen
Light

SPECIFICATIONS

QUANTITY

LUMINUOS FLUX(lm)

Wattage: 250W
Colour Temperature:
2950K
Bulb Finish: Warm White

4000

Proposed Arrangement Layout for Tailor Pod:

Figure 4: Reflected Ceiling Plan for Tailor Pod

Calculation for Waiting Area of Designer Studio

Location
Waiting Area (Designer & Seamster Studio
at 1st Floor )

Dimension of Room, LxW

Total Floor Area (m2)
Mounting Height , hm (m)
Room Index, K

11.9 x 21.3
253
3.5 1.2 = 2.3
K =(
)
=(

Room Reflectance (%)

Utilisation Factor (UF)
Maintenance Factor (MF)
Standard Illuminance Level Required
(lux)
Number of Fittings Required, N

= 4.01
C:50, W:30, F:30
0.58
0.7
160
N=
=
=
= 66.46
67
67 Hanging Halogen Lights needed to
meet the standard illuminance
required in Restaurant according to
MS 1525, standard illuminance for
lounge area

Types of Light
TYPE

SPECIFICATIONS

QUANTITY

LUMINUOS FLUX(lm)

Pendant Halogen
Light

Wattage: 100W
Colour Temperature:
2950K
Bulb Finish: Warm White

70

1500

Proposed Arrangement Layout for Designer Studio Waiting Area:

Now SHmRnom = 1
Hm = 2.3m
so nominal spacing should be closer than 2.3m.
Therefore, there must be at least
= 9.3
i.e. 10 luminaires along the long side,
and there must be at least
= 5.2
= 6 luminaires along the short side.
BUT, an array of 10 x 6 does not satisfy the uniformity requirement.
THEREFORE, an array of 7 x 10 is used.

Proposed Arrangement Layout for Designer Studio:

Figure 5: Reflected Ceiling Plan

(b) Textile at Ground Floor

Figure 6: Location of Textile Shop at Ground Floor

Materials
COMPONENT

MATERIAL

FUNCTION

COLOUR

AREA
(m)

SURFACE
TYPE

REFLECTANCE
VALUE (%)

Ceiling

Concrete
Finish
Exposed
Clay
Brickwall
Concrete
Cement
Finish
Fabric
Timber
Timber

Ceiling

Grey

77.49

Reflective

15-40

Wall

Brickred

72.9

Reflective

30

Floor

Grey

102

Reflective

15-40

Chair
Chair
Table

Beige
Brown
Brown

3.36
3.4
54.84
6

Absorptive
Absorptive
Absorptive

25-35
15
30

Wall
Floor
Furniture

Lumen Method Calculation (from 1.5m height)

Calculations for Textile shop in Ground Floor
Location
Textile shop in Ground Floor
Dimension of Room, LxW
16.2 x 6.3
Total Floor Area (m2)
102
Mounting Height , hm (m)
4.5 1.5 = 3
Room Index, K
K =(
)
=(
Room Reflectance (%)
Utilisation Factor (UF)
Maintenance Factor (MF)
Standard Illuminance Level Required
(lux)
Number of Fittings Required, N

= 1.512
C:30, W:30, F:30
0.39
0.70
200
N=
=
=
= 46.7 working
47
47 Pendant Halogen light are needed
to meet the standard illuminance
required in textile shop according to
MS 1525, standard illuminance for
average functioning space.

Types of Light
Type
Copenhagen LED
BDS441

Specifications
Wattage: 19W
Colour Temperature:
3000k
Bulb Finish: Warm White

Quantity Luminous
Flux(lm)
47
1600

Proposed Arrangement Layout for Textile Shop:

Figure 7: Reflected Ceiling Plan for Textile Shop

10

1.2 Daylight
Daylight (Natural lighting) is used in spaces where applicable to reduce the
energy consumption of the market. The chosen spaces are Permanent Market at Ground
Floor and the Temporary Market & Cafe located on the First Floor.
Daylight factor (DF) is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance (Ei) to
available outdoor illuminance:

DF =
Where EH is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance. The daylight
factor concept is applicable only where the sky luminance distribution is known or can
reasonably be estimated. In this case, the average day light level in Malaysia (EH) is
assumed to be 20000 lux.
The CIBSE Lighting Guide 10 (LG10-1999) broadly bands average daylight
factors into the following categories:

<2 Not adequately lit artificial lighting will be required.

2-5 Adequately lit but artificial lighting may be in use for part of the time.

>5 Well lit artificial lighting generally not required except at dawn and dusk
but glare and solar gain may cause problems.

1.2.1 Day lighting Factor Calculation

1.2.1.1 Cafe at First Floor

Figure 8: Location of Food Market at Ground Floor

11

According to the Ecotect Simulation, the first floor cafe has an average lux
reading of 910 lux.
Average Lux Reading at Zone (Ei) = 910 lux
Day Light Level in Malaysia (EH) = 20000 lux
Day Light Factor = (Ei/EH) 100%
= 910/ 20000
= 4.55%
From the calculation, the day light factor achieves 4.55%, which achieves the
standard required daylight factor of an open space, it is well lit and artificial lighting
may be used only when preferable. Light fixtures may be fixed are areas where needed.

1.2.1.2 Permanent Market at Ground Floor

Figure 9: Location of Permanent Market at Ground Floor

Average Lux Reading at Zone (Ei) = 1214.32 lux

Day Light Level in Malaysia (EH) = 20000lux
Day Light Factor = (Ei/EH) 100%
= 1214.32 / 20000
= 6.07 %
12

From the calculation, the day light factor achieves 6.07%, which means that the
day lighting level is suitable to have activities. Sun glares and excessive sun light
penetration will be only minor problem for this space as it is a market place where
trading is always on going.

13

2.0 ACOUSTIC
2.1 Reverberation Time (RT)
Reverberation time is defined as the time it takes for sound energy in an
enclosed space to decay by a factor of one million or 60 dB. It is dependent on the
volume and amount of acoustical absorption in the space.
It can be calculated using the formula:
RT = (0.16xV) / A,
Where V = Volume of space
A = Total absorption (s1a1+s2a2++snan)
(s= surface area, a= absorption coefficient)
Some of the table are used to get the standard data during calculations are shown below:

Table 1: Recommended RT for Indicative Spaces

Figure 10: Recommended SPL for different sources

14

Table 2: Absorption Coefficient of Materials

Figure 11: Maximum dB for spaces

15

2.1.1 Reverberation Time Calculation

Designer Studio at First Floor

Figure 12: Location of Design Studio at 1st Floor

In this project, reverberation time is calculated to determine the space quality in

relation to human comfort. Therefore, the Designer Studio at the First Floor because it is
an enclosed area where the tailors carry out their tailoring and designing works.

Calculation:
Reverberation time is calculated based on Material Absorption Coefficient at
2000Hz during peak hour. According to Table 1, the standard reverberation time for a
workspace (open plan) is 0.8-1.2s.
Volume of Designer Studio at 1st floor: 3.5m (H) x 253.5m (A) = 887 m

Room Height, H
(m)
3.5

Room Area, A (m)

Room Volume (m)

Number of people

253.5

887

15

16

Wall Components:
AREA (M)

MATERIAL

REMARKS

Wall 1

74.55 - 2.0 = 72.55

2.0 m of Timber
Door

Wall 2
Wall 3
Wall 4
Wall 3 (4x Tailor
Pod)

41.65
74.55
41.65
14 x 4 = 56

Exposed Clay
bricks
Timber Cladding
Timber Cladding
Timber Cladding
Glass Curtain Wall

Materials:
COMPONENT

MATERIAL

FUNCTION

AREA, A
(m)

ABSORPTION
COEFFICIENT,
S
(2000Hz)

SOUND
ABSORPTION,
SA

Ceiling

Metal
Roof
Decking

Ceiling

253

0.02

5.06

Wall

Exposed
Clay bricks
Glass

Wall

72.55

0.04

2.902

Curtain
Wall
Column

56

0.07

3.92

6.44

0.02

0.128

Floor

253

0.02

5.06

Chair
Chair
Table

270.7
32.8
72

0.70
0.1
0.1
Total Sound
Absorption
by materials

189.5
3.28
7.2
217.05

Structural
Component
Floor
Furniture

Steel
Concrete
Cement
Finish
Fabric
Timber
Timber

Number of People during Peak and Non-peak hour:

TIME

NUMBER OF
PEOPLE

ABSORPTION
COEFFICIENT, S
(2000Hz)

SOUND
ABSORPTION, SA

Peak hour
Non- Peak hour

20
5

0.51
0.51

10.2
2.55

17

Total Absorption at Peak Hour: 217.05+10.2= 227.25

Total Absorption at Non-Peak Hour: 217.05+2.55= 219.6

Reverberation Time (Peak Hour)

RT = (0.16xV) / A
RT = (0.16 x 887) / 227.25
RT = 0.62S
Reverberation Time (Non-Peak Hour)
RT = (0.16xV) / A
RT = (0.16 x 887) / 219.6
RT = 0.65S

Summary of Reverberation time calculation:

Reverberation Time

PEAK HOUR

NON-PEAK HOUR

0.62

0.65

The reverberation time for Designer Studio at First Floor during peak hour is
0.62s. According to Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008), the reverberation time of Designer
Studio at First Floor during peak hour achieved the optimum reverberation time for
a workplace which is 0.8-1.2s. The reverberation time for Designer Studio at First Floor
during non-peak hour is 0.65s. According to Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008), the
reverberation time of Designer Studio at First Floor during non-peak hour achieves the
reverberation time which is 0.8-1.2s.

18

2.2 External Noise Calculation

2.2.1 Sound Pressure Level Calculation
Permanent Market at Ground Floor

Figure 13: Location of Permanent Market at Ground Floor

The sound level assumption are made during peak hour, which is lunch time
(12pm) and during non-peak hour (3pm). Noise sources has been categorized as
external traffic noise and internal noises which create by human activities along the
busy street, at the intersection of Jalan Gereja and Jalan Tun HS Lee.

Combined SPL calculation during Peak hour (12pm)

1. External noise sources:
Traffic noise from main road: 75 dB
External traffic noise:
75 = 10 log (Itraffic/Io)
Log (Itraffic/1x10-12) = 7.5
Log-1Log (Itraffic/1x10-12) = Log-17.5
(Itraffic/1x10-12)=3.16x107
Itraffic= 3.16x10-5

Human activities noise: 80dB

Human activities:
80 = 10 log (Ihuman/Io)
Log (Ihuman/1x10-12) = 8
Log-1Log (Ihuman/1x10-12) = Log-18
(Ihuman/1x10-12)=1x108
Ihuman= 1x10-4

19

Total intensities, ITotal

= 3.16x10-5+1x10-4
= 1.3161x10-4
Combined SPL
=10 log (Itotal/Io)
= 10 log (1.3161x10-4/1x10-12)
= 81.193dB

2. Internal noise sources:

Trading Area: 85dB
Trading Area noise:

Public Realm (Human activities) : 75dB

Public Realm Zone:

85 = 10 log (Itrade/Io)
Log (Itrade/1x10-12) = 8.5

75 = 10 log (Ihuman/Io)

Log-1Log (Itrade/1x10-12) = Log-18.5

Log-1Log (Ihuman/1x10-12) = Log-17.5

(Itrade/1x10-12)= 3.16x107

(Ihuman/1x10-12)=3.16x107

Itrade= 3.16x10-4

Ihuman= 3.16x10-5

Log (Ihuman/1x10-12) = 7.5

Total intensities, ITotal

= (3.16x10-4 + 3.16x10-5)
= 3.48 x 10-4
Combined SPL
=10 log (Itotal/Io)
= 10 log (3.48 x 10-4/1x10-12)
= 85.4dB
Combined SPL for ground floor permanent market during peak hour:
External Noise Source:
85.4 = 10 log (Iextermal/Io)
Log (Iexternal /1x10-12) = 8.54

Internal Noise Source:

75 = 10 log (Iinternal/Io)
Log (Iinternal/1x10-12) = 7.5

Log-1Log (Iexternal/1x10-12) = Log-18.54

Log-1Log (Iinternal/1x10-12) = Log-17.5

(Iexternal /1x10-12)=1.346x108

(Iinternal/1x10-12)=3.16x107

Iexternal =3.47x10-4

Iinternal = 3.16 x10-5

20

Total intensities, ITotal

= 3.47 x10-4 + 3.16 x10-5
= 3.786 x 10-4
SPL=10 log (Itotal/Io)
= 10 log (3.786 x 10-4/1x10-12)
= 85.8dB

Combined SPL calculation during Non-Peak hour (3pm)

1. External noise sources:
Traffic noise from main road: 71 dB
External traffic noise:

Human activities noise: 30dB

Human activities:

71 = 10 log (Itraffic/Io)

30 = 10 log (Ihuman/Io)

Log (Itraffic/1x10-12) = 7.1

Log (Ihuman/1x10-12) = 3

Log-1Log (Itraffic/1x10-12) = Log-17.1

(Itraffic/1x10-12)=1.259x107
Itraffic= 1.259x10-5

Log-1Log (Ihuman/1x10-12) = Log-13

(Ihuman/1x10-12)=1x103
Ihuman= 1x10-9

Total intensities, ITotal

= 1.259x10-5+1x10-9
= 1.2591x10-5
Combined SPL
=10 log (Itotal/Io)
= 10 log (1.2591x10-5/1x10-12)
= 71dB

2. Internal noise sources:

Public Realm (Human activities) : 70dB
Public Realm Zone:

Trading Area: 66dB

Trading Area noise:

70 = 10 log (Ifood/Io)

66 = 10 log (Idining/Io)

Log (Ifood/1x10-12) = 7

Log (Idining/1x10-12) = 6.6

Log-1Log (Ifood/1x10-12) = Log-17

Log-1Log (Idining/1x10-12) = Log-16.6

(Itraffic/1x10-12)=1x107

(Idining/1x10-12)=3.981x107

Itraffic= 1x10-5

Idining = 3.981 x10-5

21

Total intensities, ITotal

= 1x10-5 + 3.981x10-5
= 1.398 x10-5

Combined SPL
=10 log (Itotal/Io)
= 10 log (1.398 x10-5/1x10-12)
= 76.97dB

Combined SPL for ground floor permanent market during non-peak hour:
External Noise Source:

Internal Noise Source:

71 = 10 log (Iextermal/Io)
Log (Iexternal /1x10-12) = 7.1

76.97 = 10 log (Iinternal/Io)

Log-1Log

(Iexternal/1x10-12)

Log (Iinternal/1x10-12) = 7.697

Log-17.1

(Iexternal /1x10-12)=1.259x107
Iexternal =1.259x10-5

Log-1Log (Iinternal/1x10-12) = Log-17.697

(Iinternal/1x10-12) = 4.98x107
Iinternal = 4.98 x10-5

Total intensities, ITotal

= 1.259 x 10-5 + 4.98 x10-5
= 6.236 x 10-5

Combined SPL= 10 log (Itotal/Io)

= 10 log (6.236 x 10-5/1x10-12)
= 77.95dB

According to the calculations, the combined SPL of ground floor permanent

market is 85.8dB during peak hour and 77.95dB during non-peak hour. These sound
levels exceeded the recommended sound level for a shop by ANSI which is 57 - 67dB.
But, the overall noise level is acceptable as this is a open plan market place. There will
be pedestrian walking along the market and also the traffic that is just opposite the
market.

22

2.3 Internal Noise

2.3.1 Sound Transmission Loss Calculation
Cafe at First Floor

Figure 14: Location of cafe at first floor

Sound Reduction Index, SRI=10 log (1/TAV)

Wall type 1: Brick wall with insulation
SRIbrick=45
45 = 10 log (1/Tbrick)
Log-14.5 = (1/Tbrick)
Tbrick = 3.16x10-5
Wall type 2: Glass Panels (Curtain Wall)
SRIglass=26
26 = 10 log (1/Tglass)
Log-12.6 =(1/Tglass)
Tglass = 2.51x10-3
Wall type 3: Plywood door
SRIplywood=28
28 = 10 log (1/Tplywood)
Log-12.8 =(1/Tplywood)
Tplywood =1.58x10-3
23

1
Figure 15: First floor cafe

Figure 16: Material of surrounding walls of the cafe

SURFACE
MATERIAL

SURFACE AREA
(M2) [S]

Brick Wall 1
Brick Wall 2
Brick Wall 3
Brick Wall 4
Glass panel 1
Glass panel 2
Glass panel 3
Plywood Door
Total

10.8
19.6
8.64
36
25.2
13.44
20.16
2.4
136.24

TRANSMISSION
COEFFICIENT [TCN]

SURFACE AREA X TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT

[ST]

3.16x10-5
3.16x10-5
3.16x10-5
3.16x10-5
2.51x10-3
2.51x10-3
2.51x10-3
1.58x10-3

3.413 x10-4
6.193 x 10-4
2.73 x 10-4
1.137 x10-3
6.32 x10-2
3.37 x10-2
5.06 x10-2
3.792 x10-3
0.153

TAV = (S1xTc1+S2xTc2+SnxTcn)/Total Surface Area

Tav = (0.153/136.24)
= 1.128 x10-3
SRIn = 10 log (1/Tn)
Where S= surface area of material, T= transmission coefficient of material
SRIoverall = 10 log (1/Tav)
= 10 log(1/1.128 x10-3)
=29.47dB
As shown in calculations above, 29.47dB of noise level can be reduced during
transmission from the permanent market to the interior of the first floor Cafe.
Therefore, the noise source from Permanent Market (75 - 85 dB), is reduced by
29.47 dB during transmission, resulting in a sound level of 55.53dB when it reaches the
interior of restaurant. 55.53dB is within the range of recommend level for a cafe. Hence,
acoustical comfort can be achieved by having walls as external sound barriers.

24

3.0 References
CSA. (2014). Reverberation Time. Clarke Saunders Associates Acoustic. Retrieved from
http://clarkesaunders.com/reverberation-time/

Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007) Malaysian Standard MS 1525. (1st Edition)

DEL MAR. (2014). Del Mar Designs, Inc. Retrieved from

http://www.delmarfans.com/westinghouse-bulbs/halogen/04469/

PHILIPS. (2014). Copenhagen LED Small. Koninklijke Philips N.V.. Retrieved from
http://www.ecat.lighting.philips.com/l/outdoor-luminaires/road-and-urbanlighting/road-and-urban-luminaires/copenhagen-led/copenhagen-ledsmall/22414/cat/?t1=ProductList#t=ProductList&q=LED

THE ARC. (n.d.). Acoustics: Room Criteria. ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.

Retrieved from http://iit.edu/arc/workshops/pdfs/Workshop_-_Acoustic.pdf

WorkSafe. (2006). Officewise - A guide to health and safety in the office. A handbook for
workplaces Edition No. 5. Retrieved from
http://www.vwa.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/3634/Officewise_web.pdf

25