Emissivity Table E4

17
Emissivity tables
This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and
measurements made by Flir Systems.
17.1 References
1. Mikal A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press,
N.Y.
2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Extension, Department of Engineering and Applied Science.
4. William L. Wolfe: Handbook of Military Infrared Technology, Office of Naval Research,
Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
5. Jones, Smith, Probert: External thermography of buildings..., Proc. of the Society of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, vol.110, Industrial and Civil Applications of
Infrared Technology, June 1977 London.
6. Paljak, Pettersson: Thermography of Buildings, Swedish Building Research Institute,
Stockholm 1972.
7. Vlcek, J: Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities
at = 5 m. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.
8. Kern: Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather
satellites, Defence Documentation Center, AD 617 417.
9. hman, Claes: Emittansmtningar med AGEMA E-Box. Teknisk rapport, AGEMA
1999. (Emittance measurements using AGEMA E-Box. Technical report, AGEMA
1999.)
10. Matte, S., Tang-Kwor, E: Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811-21
between 36C AND 82C.
11. Lohrengel & Todtenhaupt (1996)
12. ITC Technical publication 32.
13. ITC Technical publication 29.
Note
The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave (SW) camera. The values
should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution.
17.2 Tables
Table 17.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 25 m; LW: 814 m, LLW: 6.520 m; 1: Material; 2: Specification;
3:Temperature in C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference
1
3M type 35
Vinyl electrical
tape (several
colors)
< 80
LW
Ca. 0.96
13
3M type 88
Black vinyl electrical tape
< 105
LW
Ca. 0.96
13
3M type 88
< 105
MW
< 0.96
13
3M type Super 33
+
< 80
LW
Ca. 0.96
13
Aluminum
anodized sheet
100
0.55
Aluminum
anodized, black,
dull
70
SW
0.67
Aluminum
anodized, black,
dull
70
LW
0.95
Aluminum
anodized, light
gray, dull
70
SW
0.61
Aluminum
anodized, light
gray, dull
70
LW
0.97
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17
Emissivity tables
3:Temperature in C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued)
1
Aluminum
as received, plate
100
0.09
Aluminum
as received,
sheet
100
0.09
Aluminum
cast, blast
cleaned
70
SW
0.47
Aluminum
cast, blast
cleaned
70
LW
0.46
Aluminum
dipped in HNO3,
plate
100
0.05
Aluminum
foil
27
10 m
0.04
Aluminum
foil
27
3 m
0.09
Aluminum
oxidized, strongly
50500
0.20.3
Aluminum
polished
50100
0.040.06
Aluminum
polished plate
100
0.05
Aluminum
polished, sheet
100
0.05
Aluminum
rough surface
2050
0.060.07
Aluminum
roughened
27
10 m
0.18
Aluminum
roughened
27
3 m
0.28
Aluminum
sheet, 4 samples
differently
scratched
70
SW
0.050.08
Aluminum
sheet, 4 samples
differently
scratched
70
LW
0.030.06
Aluminum
vacuum
deposited
20
0.04
Aluminum
weathered,
heavily
17
SW
0.830.94
20
0.60
Aluminum bronze
Aluminum
hydroxide
powder
0.28
Aluminum oxide
activated, powder
0.46
Aluminum oxide
pure, powder
(alumina)
0.16
Asbestos
board
0.96
Asbestos
fabric
0.78
Asbestos
floor tile
35
SW
0.94
Asbestos
paper
40400
0.930.95
Asbestos
powder
0.400.60
Asbestos
slate
20
0.96
LLW
0.967
Asphalt paving
20
Brass
dull, tarnished
20350
0.22
Brass
oxidized
100
0.61
Brass
oxidized
70
SW
0.040.09
Brass
oxidized
70
LW
0.030.07
Brass
oxidized at 600C
200600
0.590.61
Brass
polished
200
0.03
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Emissivity tables
1
Brass
polished, highly
100
0.03
Brass
rubbed with 80grit emery
20
0.20
Brass
sheet, rolled
20
0.06
Brass
sheet, worked
with emery
20
0.2
Brick
alumina
17
SW
0.68
Brick
common
17
SW
0.860.81
Brick
Dinas silica,
glazed, rough
1100
0.85
Brick
Dinas silica,
refractory
1000
0.66
Brick
Dinas silica, unglazed, rough
1000
0.80
Brick
firebrick
17
SW
0.68
Brick
fireclay
1000
0.75
Brick
fireclay
1200
0.59
Brick
fireclay
20
0.85
Brick
masonry
35
SW
0.94
Brick
masonry,
plastered
20
0.94
Brick
red, common
20
0.93
Brick
red, rough
20
0.880.93
Brick
refractory,
corundum
1000
0.46
Brick
refractory,
magnesite
10001300
0.38
Brick
refractory,
strongly radiating
5001000
0.80.9
Brick
refractory, weakly
radiating
5001000
0.650.75
Brick
silica, 95% SiO2
1230
0.66
Brick
sillimanite, 33%
SiO2, 64% Al2O3
1500
0.29
Brick
waterproof
17
SW
0.87
Bronze
phosphor bronze
70
SW
0.08
Bronze
phosphor bronze
70
LW
0.06
Bronze
polished
50
0.1
Bronze
porous, rough
50150
0.55
Bronze
powder
0.760.80
Carbon
candle soot
0.95
Carbon
charcoal powder
0.96
Carbon
graphite powder
0.97
Carbon
graphite, filed
surface
20
0.98
Carbon
lampblack
20400
0.950.97
Chipboard
untreated
20
SW
0.90
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20
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17
Emissivity tables
1
Chromium
polished
50
0.10
Chromium
polished
5001000
0.280.38
Clay
fired
70
0.91
Cloth
black
20
0.98
20
0.92
Concrete
Concrete
dry
36
SW
0.95
Concrete
rough
17
SW
0.97
Concrete
walkway
LLW
0.974
Copper
commercial,
burnished
20
0.07
Copper
electrolytic, carefully polished
80
0.018
Copper
electrolytic,
polished
34
0.006
Copper
molten
11001300
0.130.15
Copper
oxidized
50
0.60.7
Copper
oxidized to
blackness
0.88
Copper
oxidized, black
27
0.78
Copper
oxidized, heavily
20
0.78
Copper
polished
50100
0.02
Copper
polished
100
0.03
Copper
polished,
commercial
27
0.03
Copper
polished,
mechanical
22
0.015
Copper
pure, carefully
prepared surface
22
0.008
Copper
scraped
27
0.07
Copper dioxide
powder
0.84
Copper oxide
red, powder
0.70
Ebonite
Emery
coarse
Enamel
0.89
80
0.85
20
0.9
Enamel
lacquer
20
0.850.95
Fiber board
hard, untreated
20
SW
0.85
Fiber board
masonite
70
SW
0.75
Fiber board
masonite
70
LW
0.88
Fiber board
particle board
70
SW
0.77
Fiber board
particle board
70
LW
0.89
Fiber board
porous, untreated
20
SW
0.85
Gold
polished
130
0.018
Gold
polished, carefully
200600
0.020.03
Gold
polished, highly
100
0.02
Granite
polished
20
LLW
0.849
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17
Emissivity tables
1
Granite
rough
21
LLW
0.879
Granite
rough, 4 different
samples
70
SW
0.950.97
Granite
rough, 4 different
samples
70
LW
0.770.87
20
0.80.9
Gypsum
Ice: See Water
Iron and steel
cold rolled
70
SW
0.20
Iron and steel
cold rolled
70
LW
0.09
Iron and steel
covered with red

rust
20
0.610.85
Iron and steel
electrolytic
100
0.05
Iron and steel
electrolytic
22
0.05
Iron and steel
electrolytic
260
0.07
Iron and steel
electrolytic, carefully polished
175225
0.050.06
Iron and steel
freshly worked
with emery
20
0.24
Iron and steel
ground sheet
9501100
0.550.61
Iron and steel
heavily rusted
sheet
20
0.69
Iron and steel
hot rolled
130
0.60
Iron and steel
hot rolled
20
0.77
Iron and steel
oxidized
100
0.74
Iron and steel
oxidized
100
0.74
Iron and steel
oxidized
1227
0.89
Iron and steel
oxidized
125525
0.780.82
Iron and steel
oxidized
200
0.79
Iron and steel
oxidized
200600
0.80
Iron and steel
oxidized strongly
50
0.88
Iron and steel
oxidized strongly
500
0.98
Iron and steel
polished
100
0.07
Iron and steel
polished
4001000
0.140.38
Iron and steel
polished sheet
7501050
0.520.56
Iron and steel
rolled sheet
50
0.56
Iron and steel
rolled, freshly
20
0.24
Iron and steel
rough, plane
surface
50
0.950.98
Iron and steel
rusted red, sheet
22
0.69
Iron and steel
rusted, heavily
17
SW
0.96
Iron and steel
rusty, red
20
0.69
Iron and steel
shiny oxide layer,

sheet,
20
0.82
Iron and steel
shiny, etched
150
0.16
Iron and steel
wrought, carefully
polished
40250
0.28
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17
Emissivity tables
1
Iron galvanized
heavily oxidized
70
SW
0.64
Iron galvanized
heavily oxidized
70
LW
0.85
Iron galvanized
sheet
92
0.07
Iron galvanized
sheet, burnished
30
0.23
Iron galvanized
sheet, oxidized
20
0.28
Iron tinned
sheet
24
0.064
Iron, cast
casting
50
0.81
Iron, cast
ingots
1000
0.95
Iron, cast
liquid
1300
0.28
Iron, cast
machined
8001000
0.600.70
Iron, cast
oxidized
100
0.64
Iron, cast
oxidized
260
0.66
Iron, cast
oxidized
38
0.63
Iron, cast
oxidized
538
0.76
Iron, cast
oxidized at 600C
200600
0.640.78
Iron, cast
polished
200
0.21
Iron, cast
polished
38
0.21
Iron, cast
polished
40
0.21
Iron, cast
unworked
9001100
0.870.95
Krylon Ultra-flat
black 1602
Flat black
Room temperature up to 175
LW
Ca. 0.96
12
Krylon Ultra-flat
black 1602
Flat black
Room temperature up to 175
MW
Ca. 0.97
12
Lacquer
3 colors sprayed
on Aluminum
70
SW
0.500.53
Lacquer
3 colors sprayed
on Aluminum
70
LW
0.920.94
Lacquer
Aluminum on
rough surface
20
0.4
Lacquer
bakelite
80
0.83
Lacquer
black, dull
40100
0.960.98
Lacquer
black, matte
100
0.97
Lacquer
black, shiny,
sprayed on iron
20
0.87
Lacquer
heatresistant
100
0.92
Lacquer
white
100
0.92
Lacquer
white
40100
0.80.95
Lead
oxidized at 200C
200
0.63
Lead
oxidized, gray
20
0.28
Lead
oxidized, gray
22
0.28
Lead
shiny
250
0.08
Lead
unoxidized,
polished
100
0.05
Lead red
100
0.93
Lead red, powder
100
0.93
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17
Emissivity tables
1
Leather
tanned
Lime
0.750.80
0.30.4
Magnesium
22
0.07
Magnesium
260
0.13
Magnesium
538
0.18
20
0.07
0.86
Magnesium
polished
Magnesium
powder
Molybdenum
15002200
0.190.26
Molybdenum
6001000
0.080.13
7002500
0.10.3
Molybdenum
filament
17
SW
0.87
Mortar
dry
36
SW
0.94
Nextel Velvet
811-21 Black
Flat black
60150
LW
> 0.97
10 and
11
Nichrome
rolled
700
0.25
Nichrome
sandblasted
700
0.70
Nichrome
wire, clean
50
0.65
Nichrome
wire, clean
5001000
0.710.79
Nichrome
wire, oxidized
50500
0.950.98
Nickel
bright matte
122
0.041
Nickel
commercially
pure, polished
100
0.045
Nickel
commercially
pure, polished
200400
0.070.09
Nickel
electrolytic
22
0.04
Nickel
electrolytic
260
0.07
Nickel
electrolytic
38
0.06
Nickel
electrolytic
538
0.10
Nickel
electroplated on
iron, polished
22
0.045
Nickel
electroplated on
iron, unpolished
20
0.110.40
Nickel
electroplated on
iron, unpolished
22
0.11
Nickel
electroplated,
polished
20
0.05
Nickel
oxidized
1227
0.85
Nickel
oxidized
200
0.37
Nickel
oxidized
227
0.37
Nickel
oxidized at 600C
200600
0.370.48
Nickel
polished
122
0.045
Nickel
wire
Mortar
2001000
0.10.2
Nickel oxide
10001250
0.750.86
Nickel oxide
500650
0.520.59
20
0.27
Oil, lubricating
0.025 mm film
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17
Emissivity tables
1
Oil, lubricating
0.050 mm film
20
0.46
Oil, lubricating
0.125 mm film
20
0.72
Oil, lubricating
film on Ni base:
Ni base only
20
0.05
Oil, lubricating
thick coating
20
0.82
Paint
8 different colors
and qualities
70
SW
0.880.96
Paint
8 different colors
and qualities
70
LW
0.920.94
Paint
Aluminum, various ages
50100
0.270.67
Paint
cadmium yellow
0.280.33
Paint
chrome green
0.650.70
Paint
cobalt blue
0.70.8
Paint
oil
17
SW
0.87
Paint
oil based, average of 16 colors
100
0.94
Paint
oil, black flat
20
SW
0.94
Paint
oil, black gloss
20
SW
0.92
Paint
oil, gray flat
20
SW
0.97
Paint
oil, gray gloss
20
SW
0.96
Paint
oil, various colors
100
0.920.96
Paint
plastic, black
20
SW
0.95
6
6
Paint
plastic, white
20
SW
0.84
Paper
4 different colors
70
SW
0.680.74
Paper
4 different colors
70
LW
0.920.94
Paper
black
0.90
Paper
black, dull
0.94
Paper
black, dull
70
SW
0.86
Paper
black, dull
70
LW
0.89
Paper
blue, dark
0.84
Paper
coated with black

lacquer
0.93
Paper
green
0.85
Paper
red
0.76
Paper
white
20
0.70.9
Paper
white bond
20
0.93
Paper
white, 3 different
glosses
70
SW
0.760.78
Paper
white, 3 different
glosses
70
LW
0.880.90
Paper
yellow
0.72
17
SW
0.86
20
SW
0.90
Plaster
Plaster
plasterboard,
untreated
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17
Emissivity tables
1
Plaster
rough coat
20
0.91
Plastic
glass fibre laminate (printed circ.

board)
70
SW
0.94
Plastic
glass fibre laminate (printed circ.

board)
70
LW
0.91
Plastic
polyurethane isolation board
70
LW
0.55
Plastic
polyurethane isolation board
70
SW
0.29
Plastic
PVC, plastic floor,

dull, structured
70
SW
0.94
Plastic
PVC, plastic floor,

dull, structured
70
LW
0.93
Platinum
100
0.05
Platinum
10001500
0.140.18
Platinum
1094
0.18
Platinum
17
0.016
Platinum
22
0.03
Platinum
260
0.06
Platinum
538
0.10
Platinum
pure, polished
200600
0.050.10
Platinum
ribbon
9001100
0.120.17
Platinum
wire
1400
0.18
Platinum
wire
5001000
0.100.16
Platinum
wire
50200
0.060.07
Porcelain
glazed
20
0.92
Porcelain
white, shiny
0.700.75
Rubber
hard
20
0.95
Rubber
soft, gray, rough
20
0.95
0.60
Sand
20
0.90
Sandstone
polished
19
LLW
0.909
Sandstone
rough
19
LLW
0.935
Silver
polished
100
0.03
Silver
pure, polished
200600
0.020.03
Skin
human
32
0.98
Slag
boiler
0100
0.970.93
Slag
boiler
14001800
0.690.67
Slag
boiler
200500
0.890.78
Slag
boiler
6001200
0.760.70
Soil
dry
20
0.92
Soil
saturated with
water
20
0.95
Sand
Snow: See Water
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Emissivity tables
1
Stainless steel
alloy, 8% Ni, 18%

Cr
500
0.35
Stainless steel
rolled
700
0.45
Stainless steel
sandblasted
700
0.70
Stainless steel
sheet, polished
70
SW
0.18
Stainless steel
sheet, polished
70
LW
0.14
Stainless steel
sheet, untreated,
somewhat
scratched
70
SW
0.30
Stainless steel
sheet, untreated,
somewhat
scratched
70
LW
0.28
Stainless steel
type 18-8, buffed
20
0.16
Stainless steel
type 18-8, oxidized at 800C
60
0.85
Stucco
rough, lime
1090
0.91
Styrofoam
insulation
37
SW
0.60
0.790.84
Tar
Tar
paper
20
0.910.93
Tile
glazed
17
SW
0.94
Tin
burnished
2050
0.040.06
Tin
tinplated sheet
iron
100
0.07
Titanium
oxidized at 540C
1000
0.60
Titanium
oxidized at 540C
200
0.40
Titanium
oxidized at 540C
500
0.50
Titanium
polished
1000
0.36
Titanium
polished
200
0.15
Titanium
polished
500
0.20
Tungsten
15002200
0.240.31
Tungsten
200
0.05
Tungsten
6001000
0.10.16
Tungsten
filament
3300
0.39
Varnish
flat
20
SW
0.93
Varnish
on oak parquet
floor
70
SW
0.90
Varnish
on oak parquet
floor
70
LW
0.900.93
Wallpaper
slight pattern,
light gray
20
SW
0.85
Wallpaper
slight pattern, red
20
SW
0.90
Water
distilled
20
0.96
Water
frost crystals
10
0.98
Water
ice, covered with

heavy frost
0.98
Water
ice, smooth
0.97
Water
ice, smooth
10
0.96
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Emissivity tables
1
Water
layer >0.1 mm
thick
0100
0.950.98
Water
snow
0.8
Water
snow
10
0.85
17
SW
0.98
19
LLW
0.962
0.50.7
Wood
Wood
Wood
ground
Wood
pine, 4 different
samples
70
SW
0.670.75
Wood
pine, 4 different
samples
70
LW
0.810.89
Wood
planed
20
0.80.9
Wood
planed oak
20
0.90
Wood
planed oak
70
SW
0.77
Wood
planed oak
70
LW
0.88
Wood
plywood, smooth,
dry
36
SW
0.82
Wood
plywood,
untreated
20
SW
0.83
Wood
white, damp
20
0.70.8
Zinc
oxidized at 400C
400
0.11
Zinc
oxidized surface
10001200
0.500.60
Zinc
polished
200300
0.040.05
Zinc
sheet
50
0.20
#T559828; r. AA/ 7052/7459; en-US
62

Emissivity Table E4

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Black vinyl electrical tape

Black vinyl electrical tape

Black vinyl electrical tape

#T559828; r. AA/ 7052/7459; en-US

#T559828; r. AA/ 7052/7459; en-US

rubbed with 80grit emery

Dinas silica, unglazed, rough

silica, 95% SiO2

#T559828; r. AA/ 7052/7459; en-US

electrolytic, carefully polished

#T559828; r. AA/ 7052/7459; en-US

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

covered with red

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

electrolytic, carefully polished

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

rusted red, sheet

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

shiny oxide layer,

Iron and steel

Iron and steel

#T559828; r. AA/ 7052/7459; en-US

Room temperature up to 175

Room temperature up to 175

Lead red, powder

#T559828; r. AA/ 7052/7459; en-US

#T559828; r. AA/ 7052/7459; en-US

Aluminum, various ages

oil based, average of 16 colors

oil, black flat

oil, black gloss

oil, gray flat

oil, gray gloss

oil, various colors

coated with black

#T559828; r. AA/ 7052/7459; en-US

glass fibre laminate (printed circ.

glass fibre laminate (printed circ.