In-Plane Stability of Portal Frames

SCI PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION P292
Charles King
KingBSc
BScMSc
MScDIC
DICMlStructE
MlStructE
Charles
Published by:
The Steel
Steel Construction Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park
Park
Ascot
Berkshire SL5
SL5 7QN
70N
Tel:
Tel:
Fax:
01344 623345
01344623345
01344622944
01344
622944
Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004
In-plane Stability
In-plane
Stability of
of
:2000
Portal Frames
Framesto
to BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1:2000
0 2001
2 0 0 1 TThe
h e SSteel
t e e l CConstruction
o n s t r u c t i o n I nInstitute
stitute
Apart
from any
anyfair
fairdealing
dealingfor
forthe
thepurposes
purposesofofresearch
research
private
study
criticism
review,
Apart from
or or
private
study
or or
criticism
or or
review,
as as
permitted
p e r m i t t e du nunder
d e rt h eCthe
o p y rCopyright
i g h tD e s i g n sDesigns
a n dP a t e n tand
sA c t ,1Patents
9 8 8 ,t h i spAct,
ublic1
a t i988,
o nm a ythis
n o tb epublication may not be
reproduced, stored
or or
transmitted,
n y f form
o r m oor
r b yby
a nany
y m emeans,
a n s , w i t hwithout
o u t t h e pthe
r i o rprior
p e r mpermission
ission
in
reproduced,
stored
transmitted, in aany
in
writing
off tthe
of reprographic
reprographicreproduction
reproductiononly
only in accordance
with
writing o
h e ppublishers,
u b l i s h e r s , oor
r in
inthe
the case
case of
accordance w
i t h tthe
he
terms ofofthe
licences
issued
terms
the
licences
issued by the
t h e UUK
K CCopyright
o p y r i g h t L i cLicensing
e n s i n g A g eAgency,
n c y , o r or in
in aaccordance
c c o r d a n c e wwith
i t h t hthe
e
Enquiries concerning
concerning reproduction
reproductionoutside
outsidethe
theterms
termsstated
statedhere
hereshould
should
sent
to the
publishers,
bebe
sent
to the
publishers,
The
T h e Steel
S t e e l Construction
C o n s t r u c t i o n Institute,
I n s t i t u t e , at
a t the
t h e address
a d d r e s s given
g i v e n on
o n the
t h e title
t i t l e page.
page.
Although
that all data and
A l t h o u g hc a care
r eh a sbhas
e e nt abeen
k e nt oe ntaken
s u r e ,t otto
h ebensure,
e s to fo u rk nto
o wthe
l e d gbest
e ,t h a taof
l ld our
a t aa nknowledge,
d
information
i n f o r m a t i o n ccontained
o n t a i n e d hherein
e r e i n a rare
e a caccurate
c u r a t e t o tto
h ethe
e x t extent
e n t t h a tthat
t h e ythey
r e l a trelate
e t o e i tto
h eeither
r m a t t ematters
r s o f f a c tof fact
oraccepted
accepted
practice
or matters
of atopinion
atpublication,
the time of
publication,
The Steel Construction
practice
ormatters
ofopinion
thetimeof
The
SteelConstruction
Institute,
or
I n s t i t u t et h
, aeuthe
t h o rauthors
asntdhree v i e wand
e rass sthe
u mnereviewers
roe s p o n s i b i l i tassume
fyoarneyr r o r s no responsibility for any errorsinin or
misinterpretations
damagearising
arising
from
or related
m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s oof
f ssuch
u c h d data
a t a a nand/or
d / o r i n finformation
o r m a t i o n o r aor
n yany loss
loss or damage
from
or related
to
t o their
t h e i r use.
use.
Publications
P u b l i c a t i o n s supplied
s u p p l i e d to
t o the
t h e Members
M e m b e r s ooff tthe
h e IInstitute
n s t i t u t e at
a t a discount
d i s c o u n t are
a r e not
n o t for
f o r resale
r e s a l e by
b y them.
them.
P u b l i c a t i o n Number:
N u m b e r : SCI
SCI P
292
Publication
P292
ISBN
ISBN 118859421237
5 9 4 2 123 7
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication
Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.
Data.
A catalogue
catalogue record
record for
forthis
thisbook
bookisisavailable
availablefrom
fromthe
theBritish
BritishLibrary
Library.
terms of
of licences
licences issued
issued by
bythe
theappropriate
appropriateReproduction
ReproductionRights
RightsOrganisation
Organisationoutside
outside
the
UK.
the
UK.
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
Thechecking
the in-plane
in-planestability
of single-storey
single-storeyportal
frames
requires
different
checking of
of the
stability of
portal
frames
requires
different
BS 5950-1:2000
introduces more
morerigorous
rigorousrecommendations
recommendations
the stability
stabilitychecks
checksfor
forportal
portalframes
frames than
than
forfor the
the
version.
This isisnecessary
because
portal
frames have
have proved
proved
be such
sucha a
the 1990
1990version.
This
necessarybecause
portal
frames
to to be
successful
structural
form that
that more
moreframes
frames
with geometries
that
successfulstructural
form
areare being
being constructed
constructed with
geometriesthat
are beyond
foreseen when
BS5950-1:1990
5950-1: 1990 were
were
beyond the
the range
rangeforeseen
whenthe
therecommendations
recommendations in
in BS
prepared.
prepared.
approaches
to to those
those commonly
commonly used
used for
for
multi-storey
buildings.
approaches
multi-storey
buildings.
design of portal frames used for

This document
document is intended for the design
for single-storey
single-storey buildings
buildings
loaded predominantly
moments
loaded
predominantly with
with roof
roof loading
loading that
that cause
causelarge
largebending
bending
momentsinin the
the rafters
rafters
and the external
colunms.It It
portals used
buildings,such
such
external columns.
is is not
notintended
intendedfor portals
used to
tostabilisebuildings,
as used where cross-bracing
cross-bracingisisnot
notpossible,
possible,but
but the principles described
describedare
areapplicable
applicabletoto
the design of such frames.
This publication was written by Mr Charles

Charles King
King of
of The
The Steel
Steel Construction
Construction Institute.
The SCI
SCI would like to acknowledge
with special
special thanks,
thanks, the
the extensive
extensive work
work conducted
conducted by
by
acknowledge with
CSC
particularlyMrMr A JJ Rathbone,
ofthe
the
CSC (UK)
(UK) Ltd,particularly
Rathbone, in
in the
the development
development and
and checking
checking of
methods and checking the contents of the document.
document.
The SCI would

to:
would also like to express its thanks to:
Professor
Davies
(University of
of Manchester)
and Mr
Mr Y
Y Galea
(CTICM)
MDavies
(University
Manchester)and
Galea(CTICM)
for for
Professor JJ M
review of the
the document and the methods,
methods, as they were developed.
developed.
MrM
MBarkus
Barkus
Professor D
D A Nethercot
andand
Mr Mr JJ Knott
Knott (both
(both of
of Wescol
Wescol Glosford),
Glosford), Professor
Nethercot
Funding
for this project was
received
of the
Funding
for
this
project
was gratefully
gratefully
received
from from the
the Department
Department the
of
Environment, Transport
Transport and
and the Regions (DETR)
(DETR) and
andCorus
Corns(formerly,
(formerly, British Steel)
...
III
111
(Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine)

Bennett (Quickport
(Quickport
Medicine) and
and Mr
Mr PP Bennett
Software) for their comments on the draft documents.
iv
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page
Page
...
FOREWORD
iii
Ill
SUMMARY
vii
INTRODUCTION TO IN-PLANE STABILITY

2.1
2.1 Why are
are therein-plane
stability
checks?
in-plane
stability
checks?
2.2
compressive
forces
in frames
2.2 Axialcompressive
forces
inframes
2.3
buckling
of frames
2.3 Elastic
Elastic criticalbuckling
offrames
2.4
2.4 Secondorder
order
(P-delta)
(P-delta)
effects
effects
SWAY-CHECK METHOD
METHOD
3.1
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Geometrical
limitations
3.2
limitations
3.3
h/i 000 check
3.3 The
The h/1000
check
3.4
formula
method
3.4 The
formula
method
3.5
3.5 Snap-through
check
check
AMPLIFIED MOMENTS METHOD
4.1
4.1 Application
Application
- design
steps
steps
to method
4.2 Background
to
method
4.2
X, for
for BS
BS 5950-1
5950-i
4.3
4.3 Calculation
Calculationofof hcr
hand
solutions
4.4
4.4 Simplifiedhand
solutions
for for Xcr
hcr
1
1
1
4
4
5
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
ii1 1
1
2
12
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
28
28
31
31
33
33
34
35
35
38
38
SECOND-ORDER
ANALYSIS
SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS
5.1
5.1 Introduction
Introduction
5.2 Design
steps
5.2
steps
model
5.3
5.3 Structure
model
5.4
5.4 Analysis
methods
methods
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
47
47
MEMBER CHECKS
6.1 General
General
6.1
6.2
bending
moments
strut action
6.2 Additionalbending
moments
fromfrom
strutaction
6.3 In-plane
member
checks
member
checks
6.3
6.4
6.4 Bending
Bending moments
using
plastic
design
momentsfor
forframes
frames
using
plastic
design
6.5 Bending momentsfor
using
elastic
design
6.5
forframes
frames
using
elastic
design
member
checks
6.6
6.6 Other
member
checks
53
53
53
53
53
53
54
54
57
57
59
59
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
61
61
THE IN-PLANE
~2000
THE
IN-PLANE STABILITY
STABILITYCHECKS
CHECKSININBS
BS5950-1
5950-1:2000
1 .1
.l
Checksfor
for
portal
portal
frames
frames
11.2
.2
Themethods
methods
inbrief
in brief
1
.3
1.3
Selectingmethods
methods
forfor
different
different
types
types
offrames
of frames
11.4
.4
factor,
hr
Requiredload
load
factor, X1
11.5
.5
Base
Base stiffness
stiffness
1
.6
Notional
horizontal
forces
1.6
horizontal
forces
11.7
.7
Localconcentrated
concentrated
lateral
lateral
loads
loads
inbuildings
in buildings
63
63
63
63
64
64
69
72
72
78
78
78
APPENDIX
Second
order
analysis
ofportals
tied portals
'by hand'
APPENDIX BBSecond
order
analysis
of tied
'by hand'
B.1
B.l
Range
of
application
and
design
steps
Range of application
design steps
B.2
Basis of
method
method
B.3
Bending
deflections
of'elastic'
the 'elastic'
Bendingdeflections
ofthe
frame frame
B.4Bending
deflections
ofthe'plastic'
frame
Bending
deflections
of the
'plastic' frame
B.5
Deflections
rafters/tie
system
Deflectionsofof
thethe
rafterdtie
'truss''truss'
system
B.6
Axial
forces
forces
B.7
Reserve
factor aatt Ultimate
UltimateLimit
Limit
State
Reserve factor
State
79
79
79
79
80
80
APPENDIX
92
members
CC
ofstiffness
Effective stiffness of members
APPENDIX
Effective
92
APPENDIX
Deflections
from
horizontal loads
second-order
APPENDIX DDDeflections
from
horizontal
loads for 'hand'
'hand' second-order
calculations
D.1
D.
on
sway frame 'Elastic' D.2
ction
sway frame'Plastic' D.3
D.4
nned
Nominally
General
General
'Elastic' frame sway deflection

'Plastic' frame sway deflection
bases
Nominally pinned bases
81
81
81
81
86
86
90
90
91
91
9595
95
95
100
103
103
APPENDIX EE Hinge
Hingedeflections
interpolation
APPENDIX
deflectionsbyby
interpolation
E.1
E. Vertical
1
deflections
Vertical
deflections
E2
Horizontal
deflection
E.2
deflection
104
104
104
1
04
105
WORKED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
Single span
span steep
steeproof
roofportal
portalframe
frame
Tied portal
portalframe
frame
Two-span portal frame
Two-span portal
portal frame
frame with
with hit/miss
hit/miss internal
internal columns
columns
107
1
07
109
1 27
127
151
151
1173
73
vi
APPENDIX
of'by
common portals 'by hand'
APPENDIX Second-order
AA Second-order
analysis
common
ofanalysis
portals
hand'
A.1
A . l steps
design
Range
application
andof
Range
of application and design steps
Basis
of method
method A.2
A.2
Basis of
A.3 Deflections
69 frame
'elastic' the
Deflections
of
of the 'elastic' frame
A.4
Deflections of the 'plastic' frame
ame
'plastic' the
Deflections
of
A.4
A.5 Axial forces
A.6 Reserve
factor aat
Ultimate
Limit State
Reserve factor
State
t Ultimate
Limit
SUMMARY
Thisdocument
introduces
designers
to
the in-plane
in-plane stability
stability calculation
calculation methods
document
introduces
designers
to the
methods in
in
BS 5950-1:2000
single-storey
portal
framesframes designed
plastic
BS
5950-1:2000forfor
single-storey
portal
designed using
using either
either elastic
elastic or
or plastic
analysis.
These
calculations
are anpart
essential part of
the Ultimate
analysis.These
calculations
areanessential
ofthe
Ultimate Limit
Limit State
State (ULS)
(ULS)
verifications of
In addition
addition to a review
review of
of all
all these
these methods,
methods, it shows
verifications
of portal
portalframes.
frames. In
shows how
second-order
calculations
be performed
performed
even when
when second-order
softwareisis not
not
second-ordercalculations
can canbe
even
second-ordersoftware
available.
This document includes:
AnAn
introduction
introduction
to to
the
thein-plane
in-planestability
stabilityofofsingle-storey
single-storeyportalframes.
frames.
A commentary
three
methods
Acommentaryonon thethe
three
methodsofofchecking
checkingthe
thein-plane
in-plane stability
stability of portal
portal
frames given in BS 5950-1:2000, that is:
TheSway-check
Sway-check method
method
(a) The
(b) The
The Amplified
AmplifiedMoment
Moment method
method
Second-orderanalysis
(c) Second-order
analysis
Workedexamples
examples of
of a simple
simple method for second-order
second-ordercalculations
calculations that
that can
can be
be used
used
where second-order analysis
analysis software
software isis not available.
Stabilit
Stabilit6 en Plan
Plan des
des Portiques
Portiquesselon
selonlalaNorme
NormeBS
BS 5950-1:2000
5950-1:2000
R6sum6
Rsum
Ce document
prsente aux
aux calculateurs
calculateurs les
les mkthodes
mthodesde
de calcul
calcul de
de stabilitk
stabilit en
en plan
plan selon
se/on
document prksente
la norme
BS
5950-1:2000
pour
des
portiques
a
un
niveau
calculs
en
utilisant
soit
une
norme BS 5950-l:2000 pour des portiques a
niveau calculks
utilisant soit une
klastique, soit une
analyse plastique.
plastique. Ces
Ces calculs
calculs sont une
une partie essentielle
essentielle des
analyse elastique,
une analyse
des
verifications
Etats Limites
U)des
desportiques.
portiques. En
En
complement
vkrijications aaux
m Etats
Limites U/times
Ultimes (EL
(ELU)
complkment
dela de Ia
presentation
ii estmontrk
montrcomment
commentdes
des calculs
calculsau
ausecond
secondordre
ordre
prksentation de toutes
toutes ces mthodes,
mkthodes, il
&re effectues
efSectuks sans avoir recours aa un
peuvent tre
un logiciel
logiciel dd'analyse
'analyse au
au second ordre.
Ce document comprend
comprend::
introductionaa la stabilitk
stabilit en plan
plan des portiques
portiques aa un niveau.
niveau.
Une introduction
Descommentaires
commentaires sur
sur les trois mthodes
de la
Iastabilitk
stabilit
mkthodes de verification
vkrijication de
en en plan des
portiques donnes
donnkes dans
dans la norme BS
BS 5950-1:2000, cc'est--dire:
'est-a-dire:
dplaables.
(a) La
Lamthode
mkthodede
de verification
vkrijication avec
avec longueurs
longueurs de
de flambement
Jambement a noeuds diplqables.
(b)
(b) La
Lamthode
mkthodepar
paramplification
ampl@cationdes
desmoments.
moments.
(c) L'analyse
L 'analyse au
second ordre.
au second
vii
vii
The instances
instances in
need to be checked
in which
which individual
individual members need
checked for in-plane
in-plane buckling
buckling are
analysis
by application
application of
the energy
energy method
method is
is explained
alsoexplained.
explained.Second-order
Second-order
analysis by
of the
explained
that can
in aa form that
and this
thisisisillustrated
illustrated by four
can be
be applied
applied in
in hand
hand calculations,
calculations, and
four worked
worked
examples.
Des exemples
d 'applicationd'une
d 'une dmthode
simplede
decalcul
calculau
au second
second ordre
ordre qui peut
peut
exemples d'application
t h o d e simple
etre utilise
utiliske en l'absence de logiciel
logiciel d'analyse
tre
d'analyse au second
second ordre.
ordre.
Les cas pour lesquels

lesquels les
les barres
barres doivent
doivent tre
ktre vrfies
vkrifikes vis--vis
vis-a-vis du jlambement
Les
flambementdans
dans lele
sont aussi
aussi explicits.
explicites. L
L'analyse
d t h o d e de
plan sont
'analyseau
au second
second ordre
ordre par
par application
application de
de la mthode
de
1l'tnergie
'nergieest
est decrite
dcrite de
de fagon
facon a ce
qu 'elle
puisse tre
est
cequ'elle
puisse
2tre applique
appliqute manuellement
manuellement etet est
illustree par
quatre exemples.
exemples.
illustre
par quatre
Stabilitat von Rahmentragwerken

BS 5950-1:2000
5950-1:2000
Ebene Stabilitt
Rahmentragwerken nach BS
Zusammenfassung
Dieses
fuhrt Tragwerksplaner
in die Berechnungsmethoden
der Stabilitat
Stabilitt in
Dieses Dokument
Dokument fuhrt
Tragwerksplaner in
Berechnungsmethoden der
derTragwerksebene von
eingeschossigen Rahmentragwerken
5950-1:2000 em,
ein,
derTragwerksebene
von eingeschossigen
Rahmentragwerkennach
nach BS
BS 5950-1:2000
die entweder
entweder elastisch
elastisch oder
oder plastisch
plastisch berechnet
berechnetwurden.
wurden.Diese
DieseBerechnungen
Berechnungen sind
sindem
ein
von
wichtiger Tell
Teil der
der Uberprufung
Uberpriifung des
Grenuustands
desGrenzzustands der
derTragfahigkeit
Tragfiihigkeit
von
wichtiger
Rahmentragwerken.
Zustzlichzum
zumUberblick
Uberblickdieser
dieser Methoden
Methodenwird
wird gezeigt,
gezeigt, wie
Rahmentragwerken. Zusatzlich
wie
Berechnungen nach
Theorie II.
Berechnungen
nach Theorie
II. Ordnung
Ordnung durchgefuhrt
durchgefuhrt werden
werden kOnnen,
kiinnen, auch
auch wenn
wenn
entsprechende Software
Software nicht
vequgbar ist.
ist.
entsprechende
nicht verfgbar
Dieses Dokument
enthlt:
Dokument enthalt:
eine Einfuhrung
ihrer
Einfuhrung in die
die Stabilitt
Stabilitat von
von eingeschossigen
eingeschossigen Rahmentragwerken
Rahmentragwerken inin ihrer
Ebene,
einen
zu den
den drei
einen Kommentar
Kommentar zu
drei Methoden
Methoden der
der Uberprqfung
Uberpriifung der
der Stabilitt
Stabilitat in
in
Tragwerksebene von
von Rahmentragwerken
Rahmentragwerken nach BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1:2000,
:2000, weiche
welche sind:
(c) Berechnung
Berechnung nach
nach Theorie
Theorie II. Ordnung.
Ordnung.
(c)
Berechnungsbeispiele einer
Berechnungsbeispiele
einer einfachen
einfachen Methode
Methodefur
fr Berechnungen
Berechnungen nach
nach Theorie
Theorie II.
benutzt werden kann,
kann, wenn
wenn entsprechende
entsprechende Software
Software nicht verfllgbar
vequgbar ist.
Ordnung, die benutzt
Falle, ininweichen
welchenfr
fureinzelne
einzelneBauteile
Bauteileem
einKnickKnick- / /Biegeknicknachweis
Biegehichachweis eiforderlich
eqorderlich
Die Flle,
werden erklrt.
erklart. Die
Die Berechnung
Berechnung nach
nach Theorie
Theorie II.
II. Ordnung
Ordnung durch
durch Anwendung
Anwendung der
ist, werden
der
Energiemethode
wird in einer weise erklrt,
sie von
von Hand
Hand durchgefuhrt
durchgefuhrt werden
werden kann;
kann;
Energiemethode wird
erklart, daJ3
d@ sie
dies wird anhand von
illustriert.
von vier Berechnungsbeispielen
Berechnungsbeispielen illustriert.
Estabilidad de p6rticos
prticos en su
supiano
plan0segtin
s e g h BS
BS 5950-1:2000
5950-1:2000
Resumen
Con este documento
documento se
se describen
describen aa los
10s proyectistas
proyectistas 10s
los dmtodos
t o d o s de
de calculo
cdlculo de
de estabilidad
estabilidad
laBS
5950-1:2000 para pbrticos
sencillos de una
una planta
planta calculados
calculados segn
segun mtodos
dtodos
de Ia
BS 5950-1:2000
porticos sencillos
elasticos o plsticos
elsticos
plasticos que
que son
son una
una parte
parteesencial
esencialde
delas
lascomprobaciones
comprobacionesde
deestados
estadosiilimite
mite
ultimos (EL
(ELU).
U). Ademis
Ademsde
derevisar
revisaresos
esos &todos
mtodosse
se muestra
muestra como
cOmosesepueden
puedenllevar
lievaraa cabo
cabo
calculos de
cOlculos
de segundo
segundo orden
orden incluso sin software de segundo orden.
viii
viii
(a) Uberprufung
Uberprufungder
derSeitensteijheit/-weichheit,
Seitensteifheit/-weichheit,
(a)
(b)
erungsfaktor erhhten
(b) Methode
Methodeder
dermit
miteinem
einemVergroJi
VergrMerungsfaktor
erhohten Momente,
Momente,
La
publicacion incluye:
incluye:
La publicacin
Una introduccion
introduccin aa la
Ia estabilidad
estabilidad en
en su
su plano
piano de
de porticos
prticos de
de una planta.
pianta.
10s tres
tres mtodos
mktodos de
de comprobacin
comprobacion incluidos
incluidos en BS
BS 5950-1:2000,
5950-1:2000,
Comentarios sobre
sobre los
esto es:
Elmtodo
mktodo de
de la
la comprobacin
comprobacibn de la
(a) El
ia deriva
(b)
(b) ElElintodo
d t o d ode
deamp4ficaciOn
ampl@acidn de
de momentos
momentos
(c) Ca/cub
Calculoenensegundo
segundo orden.
orden.
Ejemplos
desarrolladosde
de un
un mtodo
para clculos
Ejernplos desarrollados
mktodo sencillo
sencillo para
calculos de
de segundo
segundo orden
orden
sofmare de segundo orden.
utilizable sin software
Tambin
se explican
explican 10s
los casos
casos en que piezas individuales
deben comprobarse
comprobarseaa pandeo.
pandeo.
TambiCn se
individuales deben
Los
basados en
en la EnergIa
puedan ser
Los mtodos
mktodos basados
Energasese explican
explican de
de forma que
quepuedan
ser aplicados
aplicados
manualmente, lo que se ilustra con
con cuatro
cuatro ejemplos
ejemplos totalmente
totalmente resueltos.
manualmente,
resueltos.
Stabiit
Stabilithnel
ne1piano
piano di
di portali
portali in
in accordo
accordo alla BS 5920-1:2000
5920-1:2000
Sominario
Sommario
un introduzione
'introduzionealla
aiia stabilita
stabilit ne1
nelpiano
piano di
di portali
portaii in acciaio.
un commentario
tre metodi
di verfica
'instabilitne1
neipiano
piano dei
dei portali
portali in
in
commentario aiai tre
metodi di
verifica per 1l instabilita
alla BS
accordo a/la
BS 5950-1:2000,
5950-1:2000; cio:
ciot?:
(a)
(a) il metodo
metododidicontrollo
controllo dello
dell0 spostamento
spostamento trasversale;
metododidiampitficazione
amplijicazione dei
dei momenti;
momenti;
(b) iiilmetodo
'analisi del
del secondo ordine.
(c) 1lanalisi
(c)
esempi
appiicativididi un
un metodo
semplficatoper
per i caicoli
esempi applicativi
metodo sernplifcato
calcoli del
del secondo
secondo ordine
ordine da
usare quando
quando non
usare
non sono
sono disponibiii
disponibili metodi
metodipiu
pi
rafinati
raffinatiinin grado
grado di
di tenere
tenere
direttamente in conto gli effetti
efSetti del secondo ordine.
Viene
anche trattato
trattato ilit cas0
caso in cui
Viene anche
cui iele verifiche
verifiche di
di stabiiit
stabilita nel
ne1 piano
piano debbano
debbano essere
essere
condotte
sui sin
go/ielementi.
elementi.InInaggiunta,
aggiunta, t proposta
proposta lanalisi
/ 'analisi del
del secondo
secondo ordine
ordine sulla
suiia
condotte sui
singoli
base dei
dei metodi
metodi energetici
energetici in
in una
una forma
forma anche
ancheapplicabile
applicabile manualmente,
manualmente, con
con esplicito
esplicito
esempi applicativi riportati
riportati net/a
nella pubblicazione.
riferimento ai quattro esempi
ix
Questa pubblicazione
pubblicazione affronta
affronta ililproblem
problemadella
deliastabilita
stabilit ne1
nelpiano
piano di
di portali
portali in
in acciaio e,
rivolta
prevalentemente
ai
progettisti,
riporta
i
metodi
di
ca/cob
per
ia
progettazione
sia
rivolta prevalentemente ai progettisti, riporta i metodi di calcolo per la progettazione sia
elastica sia plastica in accordo
in accordo
accordo a tali
accordo a/la
allaBS
BS 5950-1:2000.
5950-1:2000. 1I caicoli
calcoli effettuati
effettuati in
metodi costituiscono
costituiscono una
essenziale del/a
della verfica
verificaagii
agliStati
StatiLimite
LimiteUltimi
Ultimi(S.L.
(S.L. U.)
metodi
una parte
parte essenziaie
di portali
portaliinin acciaio.
acciaio. In
Inaggiunta
aggiuntaad
aduna
una presentazione
presentazione generate
generale di
di questi
questi metodi,
metodi, viene
viene
mostrato come effettuare
effettuare analisi del secondo
secondo ordine
ordine anche
anche quando non
non si siano disponibili
disponibili
specifici strumenti
effettuare automaticamente
automaticamente tale
analisi.
specifici
strumenti software
software in
in grado
grado di effettuare
tale tip0
tipo di anaiisi.
Questa pubblicazione
pubblicazione include:
STABILITY
CHECKS IN
IN
THEIN-PLANE
IN-PLANE
STABILITY CHECKS
BS
5950-1:2000
BS 5950-1
:ZOO0
Checksforportal
frames
1.1 Checks
portal
frames
proportions need
need to
to be
be checked
Single-storey
portal frames
frames of economic
economic proportions
checked to
Single-storey portal
ensure that they
they have
have adequate
adequate in-plane
in.-plane stability,
whether
designed
by
stability, whether designed by elastic
elastic or
or
plastic
This type
of frame
the simple
plastic methods.
methods. This
typeof
framecaimot
cannot be
be checked
checked by
bythe
simple methods
methods
for multi-storey
frames in
in BS
5950-1 Clauses
multi-storey frames
BS S9S0-1r1
Clauses 2.4.2.6
2.4.2.6 and
and 2.4.2.7
2.4.2.7 because
because
structural
axial compression
compression in
in the
the rafter
rafter isisnot
not considered
consideredininthat
thatmethod.
method.The
The structural
phenomena involved
involved in in-plane stability
stability of
of single-storey
single-storey frames
frames are
are described
described in
in
comparison with multi-storey frames.
Section 2 together with a comparison
BS
BS 5950-1:2000
5950-1:2000gives
givesthree
three methods
methods for
for checking
checking the
the in-plane
in-plane stability
stability of
of
frames:
single-storey frames:
TheSway-check
Sway-check method
TheAmplified
Amplified
Moment
Moment method
method
Second-order analysis
Themethods
portal frames
frames designed
designed either
either by
by elastic
elastic design
design (see
(see
The
methods apply
apply to portal
Clause 5.5.2
BS 5950-1)
plastic design
design (see
(see Clause
Clause 5.5.3
of
Clause
5.5.2ofof BS
5950-1)oror by
by plastic
5.5.3 of
5950- 1).
BS 5950-1).
It will almost
almostalways
always be
be preferable
preferabletotoperform
performthese
thesechecks
checksbybysoftware.
software. ItIt isis
possible
to perform
perform the
the checks
by 'hand',
the results
possible to
checks by
hand, but
but the
results will
will almost
almost invariably
invariably
be less
less economical.
economical. The
The only
only benefit
benefitofof the
the 'hand'
handmethod
methodofofsecond-order
second-order
analysis is
gain aa greater
greater understanding
understanding of
response of
the
analysis
is to gain
ofthe
the response
ofthe
the frame to the
second-order
(P-delta)effects
effectsand
and
loss of stiffness
second-order (P-delta)
the the loss
stiffness resulting
resulting from
from the
the
1 .2 The
1.2
Themethods
methodsinin brief
brief
1.2.1 The
method
TheSway-check
Sway-checkmethod
Range of
Range
of application
application
Sway-check
methodmay
maybe
be used
used for
for portals
portals that
that are
are not
nottied
tied portals
method
portals and
and
The Sway-check
following geometrical limitations:
which satisfy the following
Span/height
to eaves isnot
not more than
than 5.
Spadheight to
5.
Rise of
above
column tops
of apex
apexabove
column
topsisis not
not more
more than
than span/4
span/4 for
for symmetrical
symmetrical
value given
given by aa formula
formula for
for asymmetric
asymmetric rafters.
spans or a value
Either the
the notional
notional sway
sway deflection
deflection from notional
notional forces (calculated
(calculated by firstorder
is not
ratio of
the
order analysis)
analysis) is
not more
more than
than h/bOO,
h/1000, or the
the span/depth
spanldepth ratio
ofthe
rafters is within
within aa limit
limit given
given by aa formula.
formula. The
The stiffness
stiffness of
of the
the cladding
cladding is
not
not to
to be
beconsidered
considered inincalculating
calculating the
the notional
notional sway
sway deflection
deflection for
for
Combination 1).
1).
predominantly gravity
gravity load
load cases (e.g. Combination
disadvantages
Advantages and disadvantages
The Sway-check
Sway-check method
methodisisthe
the simplest method and
and gives economical designs
designs ifif
the
stiff to
tosatisfy
satisfy either
either the
the h/1000
check or
or the
the frame is sufficiently
sufficiently stiff
h/1000 check
the formula
formula
1
formation of plastic hinges.
check because
because of the section
section sizes
sizes selected
selected either to give
give the
the necessary
necessary strength
strength
ortoto satisfy
requirements. This
(SLS) requirements.
This method
method
satisfy the
the Serviceability
Serviceability Limit
Limit State
State (SLS)
will often
designs for
for single
single span
span portals
portals that
thattend
tend to
to
often give
give the
the most
most economical
economical designs
relatively stiff. Economy
Economy isisachieved
achieved because
because there is
is no
reduction in frame
be relatively
no reduction
strength
for the gravity
(Load combination
of Clause
Clause 2.4.1.2
2.4.1.2 and
and
strength for
gravity load cases(Load
combination l1 of
Crane
of Clause
Crane combination
combination 11 of
Clause 2.4.1.3)
2.4.1.3) that
that are
are generally
generally the
the critical
critical design
design
load
cases.
load
cases.
Many
multi-span frames
not satisfy
satisfy the
the notional
notional
sway
Many multi-span
frames will
will not
sway
requirements without increasing
the size
sizeofofthe
the members
size required
increasing the
members above the size
for strength
strength or
or for
for SLS
SLS requirements.
requirements. When
Whenusing
usingthe Sway-check
Sway-check method,
method, the
the
steel strength
strength(e.g.
steel
(e.g. S275
S275 or S355)
S355) has
has no
no effect
effect on
onthe
thein-plane
in-plane
stability
stability
calculation.
given inin
design steps for this
this method
method and further details
details of the method
The design
method are given
Section 3.
1.2.2
1.2.2 TheAmplified
method
AmplifiedMoment
Moment
method
Range of
Range
of application
The Amplified
Moment method
method isis a method
that may
beused
used where
Amplified Moment
method that
may be
where the
the frame
frame
doesnot
meet the limitations
limitations of
used
does
not meet
ofthethe sway-check
sway-checkmethod.
method. ItIt may
maybebe
used for
for
portals that are not
ratio,
not tied
tied portals
portals and
and which
which have
have an
an elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling ratio,
A,,,not less
less than
than 4.6.
4.6. The
Theelastic
elasticcritical
criticalbuckling
buckling ratio,
ratio, 2cr,
IC,,,is described
described in
2cr,
Section 2.3
disadvantages
Advantages and disadvantages
When software
available, then
thenthe
the formulae
formulae in
in Section
Section 44 may
maybe
be used,
used, but
but
software is not available,
they are
are complex
complex and
and several
several formulae
formulae need
need to be
beapplied
for aamulti-span
multi-span
they
applied for
frame.
TheThe method
methodgives
givesreasonably
reasonably economical
economical designs
frame is
frame.
designsifif the
the frame
is
relatively stiff
ofthe
section sizes
sizes required
required either
required
relatively
stiffbecause
because
of the section
eithertoto givethe
the required
satisfy the
In particular,
particular, where
where 2cr
A,, 210,
10, there
strength or to satisfy
the SLS requirements.
requirements. In
reduction in frame
framestrength.
Thus,Thus, the
themethod
willgive
economical
isnono reduction
strength.
method
will give economical
designs for
tend
tobeto
relatively
designs
for most
most single
single span
span portals
portalsbecause
becausethey
they
tend
be relativelystiff.
stiff. ItIt
will also
also give
give reasonably
reasonably economical
economical designs
designs for multi-span
multi-span frames
frames that
will
that are
relatively stiff.
stiff.
However,
multi-span frames
satisfy
the the
However, many
many multi-span
frames will
will not
not satisfy
relatively
ofthe
the members
the
that 2cr
Acr 2 4.6,
4.6, unless
unless the
the size of
members isis increased
increased above
above the
requirement that
size required
required for strength
strength or SLS requirements.
requirements. The
The method
method does
does recognise
recognise the
improvement
inin-plane
in-plane
stability
of the frame
frame resulting
resulting from
from the
theuse
use
of higher
improvement in
stability
of the
ofhigher
strength
steel (grade
(grade S355
S355 steel).
steel). This
comesfrom
from an
an increase
increase in
in
This improvement
improvement comes
strength steel
of the change
steel grade.
,l,,, not from 2cr,
A,,,which is independent
independent of
change of steel
The design
thismethod
method are given
in
design steps
steps for
for this
this method
method and further
further details
details of this
given in
Section 4.
11.2.3
.2.3 Second-order
analysis
Range of
Range
of application
Second-order
analysis is
another alternative
alternative method
frame does
doesnot
is another
method where
where the
the frame
not
meet
ofthe
the Sway-check
Sway-checkmethod.
method. ItIt may
maybebe
used
used for
for all portals
portals
meet the limitations
limitations of
including tied
tied portals.
portals. Tied
Tied portals
portals must
must be
be
designed
using using second-order
second-order
designed
including
analysis. For
analysis.
Fortied
tiedportals,
portals,the
theanalysis
analysismethod
method must
must also
also be
be able
able to
to calculate
calculate the
the
non-linear
capability that
in in
non-linear behaviour
behaviour of
ofthe
the apex
apex drop,
drop, a capability
that may
may not
not be
beincluded
included
all packages
that describe
themselves as
as second-order
'second-order'..
packages that
describe themselves
The Amplified
Amplified Moment
simple method
thethe
value
of of
Moment method
method isis aa simple
method to
toapply
applywhen
when
value
known.
If
easy-to-use
software
is
available,
the
method
is
easy
to
use.
A,,
is
known.
If
easy-to-use
software
is
available,
the
method
easy
to
use.
2cr
and disadvantages
disadvantages
Advantages and
analysis is
simple to apply
apply ifif there
thereisiseasy-to-use
easy-to-use software
software
is simple
available. It will
will give
give the
themost
economical designs
designs for
for more
more flexible
flexible frames
frames
most economical
multi-span frames.
may give
give less
lesseconomical
economical designs
designs than
than the other
other
suchasas multi-span
frames. ItItmay
stiffer frames
frames because
always calculate
calculate a reduction
reduction of
methods for stiffer
because it will always
of frame
strength from
second-order (P-delta)
The other
other methods
methods have
threshold
strength
from second-order
(P-delta)effects.
effects. The
have threshold
stiffness values
strength is not
not reduced.
reduced. The
TheSecond-order
stiffness
values above
abovewhich
which the
the strength
Second-order
methoddoes
recognise the
improvementin in in-plane
in-plane stability
thethe frame
frame
method
does recognise
the improvement
stability of
of
higher strength
strength steel (grade S355 steel).
resulting from the use
use of
of higher
details of
of this
this method
method are given
given in
in Section
Section 5.
Further details
Selectingmethods
methods for
for different
differenttypes
of of
.3 Selecting
types
11.3
frames
1.3.1Single-span
frames
(nottied
1.3.1
Single-span
frames
(notportals)
tied portals)
Single-span frames
frames may
may be designed
designed by
by any
any of
ofthe
the three
three methods
methods described
described
Single-span
above.
Where the
the frames
frames
areare within
within the
the geometrical
geometrical limitations
limitations of
the
Where
of the
Sway-check
methodand
andpass
passeither
eitherthe
the h/1000
hIl000 check
check or
or the
the formula check
check (see
(see
Sway-check method
Section
does not give any reduction
Section 1.2.1 above), the method
method does
reduction of frame strength
strength
for
are outside
for the
the gravity
gravity load
load cases.
cases. Where
Wherethe
theframes
framesare
outside the
thegeometrical
geometrical
limitations of
Sway-check method
checks, another
another method
method must
limitations
ofthe
the Sway-check
method or
or fail
fail the checks,
be used.
may be
be
used. For
Forframes
frames slightly
slightlyoutside
outside the
thegeometrical
geometrical limitations,
limitations, itit may
worth making
makingminor
minor alterations
to the
the scheme
scheme to
to fit
fit into
into the
the limitations,
limitations, such
such as
as
alterations to
an increase
check, or setting
increase in stiffness
stiffness of the
the frame
frame to
to satisfy
satisfy the
the deflection
deflection check,
setting
the bases deeper
deeper to suit the span to height ratio
ratio or a change
change of rafter
rafter geometry.
geometry.
Where the
Moment
the Sway-check
Sway-check method
method is not
not satisfied,
satisfied, either
either the
the Amplified
AmplifiedMoment
method or Second-order
Second-order analysis should be used.
frames often
often have
have relatively
relatively low
low stiffness.
stiffness.
Although some
some
Although
Multi-span frames
multi-span frames
sufficiently stiff
Sway-check method,
multi-span
framesmight
might be
be sufficiently
stiff for
for the Sway-check
method, many
many
will not. Where
Wherethe
theframes
framesare
aretoo
tooflexible
flexibleand
andhave
haveslender
slenderinternal
internal columns,
columns,
most efficient
efficient way
waytoto improve
improve the frame
frame stiffness
stiffness will
will often
often be
increase
the most
be to increase
internal column
column stiffness.
stiffness.
the internal
The amplified moment method

method may
may give
give an economical frame
framewhere
where the frame
of
has
valueofofA,,
2, 2 4.6.
has aa value
4.6. Where the value
value of
of 2cr
Acr 2 10, there
there is no reduction
reduction of
design
strength in
inthis
this method.
method.However,
However,
many multi-span
will have
have aa
design strength
many
multi-span frames
frames will
value
,, less than
be applied.
applied. This
value ofofAcr
than 4.6, so
so this
this method
method cannot
cannot be
This leaves
leaves the
the
using second-order
choice between stiffening the frame and
and using
second-order analysis.
analysis.
1.3.3Tied
Tied portals
Tied portals
portals should
should always
always be
designed using
The
be designed
using second-order
analysis. The
solution method
specified in
solution
method for
for this
this analysis
analysis is
is not specified
in BS
BS 5950-1,
5950-1, leaving
leaving freedom
freedom
low
to choose
choose aa suitable
suitable routine.
routine. It should
should be noted
noted that
that for tied
tied portals
portals with
withlow
roof slopes,
inthethe apex
apex deflections.
deflections. This
roof
slopes, there
there is an
an important
important non-linearity
non-linearity in
This
arises because
because the compression
of the
the rafter
the stretching
thetietie
reduce
rafter and the
stretching of the
reduce
compression of
the height of the
the apex,
apex, which
which reduces
reduces the vertical component
component of
of the
the rafter
rafter force.
force.
To maintain
an increased
rafter force
maintain equilibrium,
equilibrium, an
increased rafter
force is required,
required, which
which increases
increases
the apex deflection until
until either
either equilibrium
equilibrium is
is reached
reached or
or the
the apex
apex snaps
snaps through.
through.
11 .3.2
. 3 . 2 Multi-span
Multi-spanframes
frames(not
portals)
(nottied
tied
portals)
Therefore,
take account
thenon-linear
non-linear
Therefore, whatever
whatever routine
routineisis selected,
selected, it must
musttake
account of
ofthe
behaviour of
rafter and
andtie
system, which
whichwill
almost certainly
certainly involve
involve an
behaviour
ofthe
the rafter
tie system,
will almost
iterative procedure.
Tied portals
portals of
of economical
economical proportions
proportions will
normally
have have very
highaxial
Tied
will
normally
very high
axial
forces
the rafters.
forces inthe
rafters. These
Theseforces
forcesoften
oftencause
cause aasignificant
significant reduction
reduction in
inthethe
stability
of the frame.
Therefore, rafters
rafters will
will
often
stability the
of
frame.
Therefore,
often
need
be
to
made need to be made
significantly stiffer
significantly
stiffer than the
the section that would
wouldsatisfy
satisfy a first-order analysis.
11.3.4
Stabilityportals
or 'wind
'wind portals'
portals'
.3.4 Stability
portals or
are outside
the scope
scope of
of this
this document.
are
Stability portals
portals are
outside the
document. Stability
Stability portals
portals are
portals
stabilise structures
structures where
where cross-bracing
cross-bracingisis
acceptable. Such
Such
portals used
usedtoto
stabilise
notnotacceptable.
frames have little
alongthe
the beam
little vertical
vertical loading
loading distributed
distributed along
beam element,
element, so have
have
small axial
the
beam. The
Thedominant
dominant failure
failure mode
mode is
is
by by sway.
sway.
small
axial loads
loads in
in the beam.
Second-order analysis,
Amplified Moment
Moment method
method or the
the Sway-check
Sway-check
Second-order
analysis, the
the Amplified
method
(lateral
load
case)
would
be
appropriate
for
checking
stability
frames,
method (lateral load case) would be appropriate for checking stability frames,
but
the Sway-check
but the
the gravity
gravity load
load case
case of
ofthe
Sway-check method
method should
should not
notbebe used.
used.
Alternatively,
where the
the axial
axial force
force in
in the
thebeam
beamis is very
very low,
low, it is reasonable
to
reasonable to
Alternatively, where
design such frames according
according to the
the rules
rules for
for multi-storey
multi-storey sway-frames
sway-frames rather
rather
design
than the
the rules for ordinary portal
portal frames.
11.4
Requiredload
loadfactor,
.4 Required
factor,
h
Ar
A. This
This
A.
factor to
to allow
allow for
forP-delta
P-delta effects
effects where
where these
these have
have not
notbeen
calculated in
is aa factor
been calculated
BS 5950-1
Clauses 5.5.2
5.5.2 and
and 5.5.3
5.5.3 introduce
introducethe
therequired
requiredload
loadfactor
factor
5950-1 Clauses
the global
global analysis.
For elastic
elastic design
design of
of portal
portal frames,
frames, the
the output
output from
from a
the
analysis. For
.5 Base
Basestiffness
stiffness
11.5
5950-1 Clause
gives guidance
guidance on
thebase
stiffness
thatmaybethat
BS 5950-1
Clause 5.1.3
5.1.3 gives
on the
base
stiffness
may be
assumed
in design.
design. This
assumed in
This may
may be
besummarised
summarised as follows
follows for the
the cases
cases most
most
frequently occurring
occurring in portal
frequently
portal frame design.
Base with
with a
a pin or rocker
rocker
The base stiffness should
should be
be taken
taken as zero
pinnedbase
base
Nominally pinned
If
Ifthe
moment is
assumed to
zero, thebase
should be
assumed to
the base moment
is assumed
to be
be zero,
base should
be assumed
to be
be
pinned inthe
global analysis
analysis used
used to
to calculate
calculate the
the moments
moments and forces
forces around
around
pinned
the global
the frame.
frame. However,
thebase
stiffness maybe
tobeto be equal
the
However, the
base stiffness
beassumed
assumed
equaltoto 10%
10%ofof
the column
column stiffness
stiffness when
when checking
checking frame
frame stability
stability or
or determining
determining in-plane
in-plane
the
effective
lengths,which
whichform
form
of
the ULS process.
using
effective lengths,
part part the
of
ULS
process. When
When
using
elastic-plastic design,
elastic-plastic
design, an appropriate base capacity
capacitymust
must also be specified.
calculating deflections
deflections at SLS, the base
For calculating
basestiffness
stiffnessmay
maybebe assumed
assumed to
to be
be 20%
column stiffness, but this
this should
should not be
in-plane stability
stability checks.
of the
the column
be used
used for in-plane
checks.
first-order global
global analysis
analysis with
ULS loads must bemultiplied
byby 2r
/i, before the
the
first-order
with ULS
multiplied
resistances are
For plastic
plastic design,
design, the
theplastic
collapse factor,
member resistances
arechecked.
checked. For
plastic collapse
factor,
A,
4,calculated
calculated by
by first-order
first-order global
global analysis
analysis with
withULS
ULS
loads
loads must
must not
not beless
less
4.Member
Memberstrength
strengthand
andstability
stability calculations
calculations should
than 2.
shouldbebemade
madeatat/2,2 xx ULS
ULS
rather
than 1.0 x ULS.
ULS.
rather than
Other types of base

BS 5950-1 Clause
Clause 5.1.3 also
rigid bases
bases
also gives guidance
guidance for the use of nominally
nominally rigid
and nominal semi-rigid bases.
Application
these provisions
provisionsforfor base
base stiffness
tothethe different
methods of
of
Applicationofof these
stiffness to
differentmethods
checkingframes
is is given
Section3.3.4
for for the
the Sway-check
Sway-checkmethod,
checking
frames
given in
in Section
3.3.4
method, in
in
Section
4.3.5
methodand
and inin Section
Section
5.3.4
Section4.3.5
for for the
the Amplified
Amplified Moment
Moment method
5.3.4
for for
Second-order
methods.
The application
to the
Second-ordermethods.
Theapplication
to
the hand
hand method
method of
of second-order
second-order
is given
is
given in Appendix
Appendix A.2.4
A.2.4
for
common
portals
calculations
for
common
Appendix
B.2.4
for
tied
portals.
Appendix B.2.4 for
and
portals and
1
.6 Notional
horizontal
forces
1.6
Notionalhorizontal
forces
General
1.6.1 General
BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
uses
uses notional
notionalhorizontal
horizontal
forces,
forces,which
whichare
aretaken
takenasas 0.5%
0.5% of
ofthethe
factored
vertical dead
deadand
andimposed
imposedloads.
loads.
They may
may be
be applied
appliedatat the
the tops
tops of
of
factored vertical
They
columns for
or ator at the point
point of application
application of
shown in
the columns
forsimplicity,
simplicity,
of load,
load, as
as shown
in
Figure1.1.
1.1.
0.05 A 2
0.05 R 1
0.05 (R3- C1)
0.05 (R4- C2)
C2
C1
0.05 (RTQ2)
0.05 (A
(R 5- Q 1)
0.05
0.05 Q
-*. 0.05 C2
-+-0.05 R
-b
0.05 Q 2
tR6
A5
Figure 1.1 Notional

Section
Notionalhorizontal
horizontalforces
forces(for
(formezzanines
mezzanines etc, see Section
1.6.2)
1.6.2)
0.05
These notional horizontal forces are used

used for
for two
two completely
completely different
different purposes:
Forchecking
checking frame
frame strength
strength
(i) For
The notional
forces are
are applied
applied as
as a design
load to
to
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
design horizontal
horizontal load
allow
practical imperfection
allow for the
the effects
effects of
of practical
imperfection such
such as a lack
lack of
of verticality,
verticality,
given in Clause
Clause 2.4.2.4.
Thenotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces are applied
applied in
as given
2.4.2.4. The
in
Load combination
1.2, whichisis combination
combination 1 of Clause
Clause 2.4.
2.4.1.2,
combination of dead load
load
imposed loads
loads (gravity
(gravity loads).
loads).
plus imposed
checking frame
frame stiffness
stiffness
(ii) For
For checking
The notional
loading used in aa stiffness
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces are applied
applied as the
the loading
stiffness
check
of frames
such as
as in Clause
5.5.4.2.1. InInthis
this application,
check of
frames such
Clause 5.5.4.2.1.
application, the
the
notional
horizontalforces
forces
applied toto
notional horizontal
are are applied
thethe frame
frame without
without any
any other
other
loading to assess
assess the
the stiffness
stiffness of
of the
the frame
frame by
by calculating
calculating the
the horizontal
horizontal
loading
deflections the
of
column tops
tops assuming
assuming linear
linear elastic
elastic behaviour.
behaviour.
deflections
of the column
Clause
5.5.4.2.1says
saysthat
that
forces should
shouldbebe equal
equaltoto 0.5%
0.5% of
Clause 5.5.4.2.1
thethe forces
ofthethe
vertical
reaction at
at the
the base
baseofthe
of the respective
column. This
that
vertical reaction
respective column.
This assumes
assumes that
the column
notional horizontal
column reactions
reactions are
are known
known exactly
exactly before
before the
thenotional
horizontal
forces
are defined.
to the
forces are
defined. InInpractice,
practice, the
the deflections
deflections are not
not sensitive
sensitive to
the
distribution of
notional
Thus, some
some approximation
approximation
distribution
ofthethe
notional horizontal
horizontal forces.
forces. Thus,
made inthe
distribution of
The most
most important
important point
maybe
be made
the distribution
ofthese
these loads.
loads. The
point
is that
calculated from
from allthe
the
vertical
that notional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces must
must becalculated
vertical
loads on the
the
building
and this
this isismost
mostconveniently
conveniently calculated
calculated by
by
loads
building and
considering
considering the vertical reactions of the columns.
Although the
Although
the magnitude
magnitudeof
ofthe
the forces
forces in
in both
both (i)
(i) and
and (ii)
(ii) above
above is
isthe
the same, at
applied
in the
the case
case of
of crane
crane loads.
loads. In
applied in
In Clause
Clause 2.4.2.4, it isis clear
clear that
that the
the vertical
vertical
crane loads
notional horizontal
loads need
need not
not be
be included
included when
when calculating
calculating the
the notional
horizontal forces
for checking
frame strength.
strength. By
loads must
checking frame
By contrast,
contrast, all
all vertical
verticalloads
must be applied
applied
when
the frame
hence in
in the stiffness
notional
when checking
checking the
frame stiffness,
stiffness, hence
stiffness check,
check, the
thenotional
horizontal
forces must
mustinclude
include 0.5%
0.5% of
of the
the vertical
vertical crane
crane loads.
loads. However,
However, the
the
horizontal forces
in-planestability
ofthe of the frame
isnot
affected by dynamic
dynamic loading,
loading, so
in-plane
stability
frame
is not affected
so the
the
notional
horizontal force
force should
shouldbe
be taken
taken as
as 0.5% of the
notional horizontal
the factored
factored crane
crane load
load
impact effects.
without dynamic or impact
1.6.2 Mezzanines
Mezzaninesand
other
connected
structures
and
other
connected
structures
Where a mezzanine
mezzanine floor
structure is connected
connected to
floor or other structure
to the
theportal
portal frame, the
stability
boththe
the
stability of the connected
connected structure must be considered
considered when checking
checking both
strength and the stiffness
of the
the portal.
portal. Where
stiffness of
Whereaaconnected
connected structure
structure contains
contains its
own stability
stability system
system (e.g.
(e.g. cross-bracing,
cross-bracing, stability
stability portal
rigid moment
moment
own
portal or
or rigid
connections) that
the portai
portal
connections)
that makes
makes the
the connected
connectedstructure
structureatatleast
leastas
as stiff
stiff as
as the
frame, then
then the
the portal
portal need
need not
not resist
resist notional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forcesfrom
the
frame,
from the
connected structure.
Where the
the connected
connected structure
structure is
restrained by
connected
structure. Where
is not restrained
byany
any
stability system,
system, the sum
sum of
of the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces from
from the
the connected
connected
stability
structuremust
portal frame.
intermediate condition,
condition,
structure
must be
be applied
applied to
tothethe portal
frame. InInthe
the intermediate
where the connected
connected structure
stiff as the
where
structure provides
provides some
somestability
stabilitybut
butisis not
not as
as stiff
frame, the
the notional
horizontal forces from the connected
connected structure
portal frame,
notional horizontal
structure may
maybebe
shared.
stiffness of
of the
connected structure
structure and the
the portal
portal frame
frame may
may be
The stiffness
the connected
becalculated
calculated
in terms of
of the
the slope
slope of
of the
columns
induced
by
the
notional
horizontal
forces.
the columns induced by the notional horizontal forces.
Alternatively,
maybebe calculated
Alternatively, itmay
calculated in
in terms
terms of
of the
thedeflection
deflection at
at the
theconnection
connection
points induced
induced by
findthese
points
by the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontalforces.
forces. It
It is raretoto find
theseslopes
slopes
0.5% of
in the
the loads
loads to
to be
of factored
factored loads,
loads, there
there is
is an
an important
important difference
difference in
be
or deflections
uniform
throughoutaastructure,
structure,so
so the
the mean
mean or
or median
ofthethe
deflectionsuniform
throughout
median of
calculated values may be used.
1l .7
Local concentratedlateral
lateralloads
loads
in in buildings
buildings
subjecttoto local concentrated

loads, such
such as
ascrane
crane
Building structures
structures are oftensubject
concentrated loads,
loads.Where
these cause
cause sway
sway deflections
deflections(e.g.
surge
loads or
or notional
notional
loads.
Where these
(e.g.crane
crane
surge loads
horizontal
forces), these
these loads
loads may
may be
be shared
by the
frames in
horizontalforces),
shared by
the adjacent
adjacentframes
buildings with metal roof sheeting or with continuous bracing.
bracing.
2 INTRODUCTION
TO IN-PLANE
INTRODUCTION
TO
IN-PLANE
STABILITY
2.1 Why
Why
are
therein-plane
in-planestability
stability checks?
checks?
2.1
are
there
All slender
slender members
members resisting
resistingaxial
compression would
buckle
applied
axial compression
would
buckle ififthethe
applied
axial
force
were
large
enough.
Stability
checks
calculations
verify
that
axial force were large enough. Stability checks calculations verifythatthe the
resistance
to buckling
buckling isisgreater
greater than
thanthethe
applied forces.
forces. When
checking
resistance to
applied
Whenchecking
the the
stability
about
stabilityofof a column,
column, the
the buckling
buckling resistance
resistance is calculated
calculated for
for buckling
bucklingabout
both the major axis and the minor axis.
frames, the
the stability
stability checks
checks must
must also
also verify
verifythe
adequacy of
ofthe
buckling
In frames,
the adequacy
the
buckling
resistance
about both
both the
the major
resistance about
major axis
axis and
and the
the minor
minor axis.
axis. In normal
normal portal
portal
frames, buckling
buckling out
ofthe
frame is checked
checked in
wayway as
frames,
out of
ofthe
theplane
plane
of the frame
inthe
thesame
same
as
any other
other beam-column,
beam-column, considering
considering buckling
buckling between
between lateral
lateral restraints
restraints and
and
for any
between torsional
bracings make
makethe
between
torsional restraints
restraints provided
provided by
by bracings
bracingsetc.
etc.These
These bracings
the
effective
lengths of
of each
each element
easily identifiable.
identifiable. However,
effective lengths
element easily
However, buckling
bucklinginin
thethe
plane of the
the frame
more complicated
frame is more
complicated than
than in
in normal
normal beam
beam column
column elements.
elements.
because there is normally
normally no bracing
bracing in the
thethe frame,
frame, and
and thus
This is because
theplane
planeofof
restraint to any
any column
column depends
depends on
stiffness of
the restraint
onthe
the stiffness
ofthe
the rafters
rafters and
and the
theother
other
columns. Equally,
Equally, the
the restraint
restraint to
toany
rafter depends
depends on
on the
thestiffness
oftheof the
columns.
any rafter
stiffness
columns
and the
the other
other rafters.
rafters. Therefore,
stability
of the frame
columnsand
Therefore, checks
checks for
for the
thestability
ofthe
frame
stiffness. Although
Although engineers
engineers are
accustomedtoto
must consider the entireframe
frame stiffness.
are accustomed
resistance of
checking the buckling resistance
of columns using
using effective
effective lengths,
lengths, the
the effective
effective
lengths
of portal
can only
defined correctly
correctly ifif the
thestiffness
stiffness
lengths of
portal frames
framescan
onlybebe
defined
oftheof the
entire frame
frame is
is considered.
considered.
2.2 Axial compressive

frames
compressive forces inframes
2.2.1 General
General
In-plane stability
stability depends
depends
onon the
themagnitude
magnitude
oftheof the axial
axial compression
compression in
inthethe
In-plane
members,
to understand
relative magnitude
these forces
forces
members, so itit is
is important to
understand the relative
magnitude of these
in the
the rafters and
and columns.
Most frames
frames have
The
Most
have axial
axial compressive
compressiveforces
forcesininsome
someofof the
the members.
members. The
distribution
applied loads,
the
distribution of
of forces
forces depends
depends not
not only
only on
on the
the applied
loads, but
but also on the
structural
structural form
form of the
the frame
frame and
and the
thebending
bending moments
moments throughout
throughout the frame.
frame.
The magnitude
effects depends
depends not
notonly
only
on the
magnitude of the
the second-order
second-order buckling
buckling effects
onthe
magnitude
of the
the force,
the elastic
load
magnitude of
force, but also
also on
onthe
elastic critical
critical buckling
bucklingload
oftheof the
members
and the
the elastic
elastic critical
criticalbuckling
buckling
theentire
entireframe.
frame. This
members and
loadloadofofthe
This is
is
discussed in
Section 2.4.2
andand Section
The
lower the
theelastic
critical
discussed
in Section
2.4.2
Section2.4.3.
2.4.3.
The lower
elastic
critical
buckling loads,
the greater will
willbe
second-order effects
effects from a given
givenaxial
buckling
loads, the
bethethe second-order
axial
compressive force.
Where there
thereisis axial
axial tension
tension in
in the
the members,
members, the
thesecond-order
effects increase
increase
Where
the stiffness of the
the frame, so
be considered.
so no
no reduction
reduction in
in frame
frame capacity
capacity need be
considered.
88
The in-plane
checks for
for portal
differ from those
in-plane stability
stability checks
portal frames
frames in BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1 differ
those
for beam and column
column buildings.
buildings. This
the axial
portal rafters
This isis because
because the
axial loads in portal
rafters
have a much
stabilityofofthethe frame than
than the
the axial
axialloads
loads
that
much greater effect on the stability
that
might occur in the beams
beams of
of common
common beam
beam and
and column
column buildings.
2.2.2 Ordinary
Ordinary
portals
portals
A typical bending
diagramfor
forananordinary
ordinary
portal
frame
under
vertical
bending moment
moment diagram
portal
frame
under
vertical
loadingisisshown
Thereis
reaction
at at the bases
bases of
loading
shown in
in Figure
Figure 2.1.
2.1. There
isaahorizontal
horizontal
reaction
of
the columns
to maintain
in the columns.
columns to
maintain equilibrium with the bending
bending moments
moments in
maintain the horizontal
horizontal equilibrium
these horizontal
horizontal reactions,
To maintain
equilibrium of
of these
reactions, the
the rafters
carryan
axial
compression
These axial
axial compressive
compressive
carry
an
axial
compression as
as shown
shown inin Figure
Figure 2.2.
2.2. These
forcesare
are not
be significant
compared with
not large
large in
in magnitude,
magnitude, but
but they
they may
maybe
significantcompared
the elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling load
load of
of the
the rafters, because the rafters are
arerelatively
relatively
long. This
Thiseffect
effect isis considered
2.4.2
considered in Section
Section 2.4.2
The axial
axial compressive
compressiveforce
force in
in the
the rafter is seriously affected
affected by
bythe
the ratio of the
the
portal
span
height.
This
is because the
at the
the
portalspan
to to the
the column
columnheight.
This
isbecause
the bending
bending moment
moment at
column
on the span and
and the
reactionatatthe
thecolumn
column base
column top depends
depends on
the horizontal
horizontal reaction
depends
on the
the moment
momentatat the
the column
columntop
topand
andthe
theheight
heightofofthethecolumn.
column.The
The
depends on
moment at the column top is given approximately by:
WL
Column top
M =Column
topmoment,
moment, M
12
12
where:
w
W
is the distributed load

load on
on the
the rafter
rafter
is the span
span of the portal.
The horizontal reaction for

for a piimed
given by:
pinned base is then given
H = -M= - wL2
H=-L----
H
H 12h
12h
where:
is the height of the column.
Therefore, for
foraagiven
givenloading
loading and span,
in the
the rafters isis
span, the
the axial
axial compression
compression in
low frame.
less for a high
high portal
portalframe
frame than
than for
for aa low
frame.
The axial compression
compression in the
the rafters produces
produces second-order
second-ordereffects
effects in
in the
the rafters,
rafters,
which reduces the in-plane
stability of
ofthe
the frame in addition to
to the second-order
in-plane stability
second-order
effects from the
the axial
axial compression
compression in
in the
the columns.
columns.
Figure
Figure 2.1 Bending
Bendingmoments
moments in
in aa typical
typical frame
frame
99
Figure
Figure 2.2
2.2 Horizontal
Horizontal reactions and rafter axial
axial force
force
2.2.3
2.2.3 Tied
Tiedportals
portals
Tied portals in which
which the
the tie
tie is
is near
near the
the eaves
eaves level
level behave
behave very
very differently
differently from
ordinary portals.
structural
behaviour isis more
more like
like that
that of
ofaarigidly-jointed
rigidly-jointed
ordinary
portals.The
The
structural behaviour
truss on posts.
posts. The
The axial
are much
than
axialcompressive
compressive forces in the
the rafters
rafters are
much higher
higher than
especially for portals with
with low roof slopes.
slopes.
in ordinary portals, especially
The bending
bendingmoments
a a tied-portal
tied-portal are
Figure 2.3.
The
moments for
for
areillustrated
illustrated in
in Figure
The
bending
moment diagram
diagram isis similar
similar to
to aa pair
pair of fixed ended
ended beams,
beams,each
eachwith
with aa
bending moment
toapex.
Therefore,
thebending
bendingmoments
both
spanfrom
fromeaves
eaves
to apex.
Therefore, the
moments
both in the rafters
adinin the
areapproximately
approximately
a quarter of the
moments in
in an
the columns
columnsare
aquarter
the bending
bendingmoments
ordinaryportal.
ThisThis reduction
reduction in
in the
the bending
bendingmoment
ordinary
portal.
moment allows
allows the
the use
use of
of a
rafter with
muchsmaller
smaller bending
bending
moments
with aamuch
bending resistance.
resistance. The
The reduced
reducedbending
moments
consequence of
The
axial loads
loads are
areaa consequence
of the
the truss
truss action
actionofofthe
the tied
tiedportal.
portal.
The axial
are
Figure 2.3
Bendingmoments
moments in a tied portal
Figure
2.3 Bending
portal
a
7-0-
Figure 2.4 Column shears

shears and
and rafter
rafter and
and tie
tie axial
axial forces
forces
Figure
Thehigh
axial loads
loads on
onrafters
thatrequire
require only
onlyrelatively
relatively small
small bending
bending
The
high axial
rafters that
resistance
are seriously
resistance means
means that the rafters
rafters are
seriously affected
affected by
by second-order
second-order effects.
effects.
this reason,
reason, ititisisrecommended
recommended that
that tied-portals
tied-portals are always
alwayschecked
by by
For this
checked
10
Figure 2.4.
shown in Figure
second-order
analysis.
However, if this
no
However,
this is to
to be
be done,
done, the
the checks
checks should
should be no
less
than the
the in-plane
checks
onrafter.
a truss rafter. In addition,
less rigorous
rigorous than
in-plane checks
onatruss
addition, the
the
calculations
must allow
allow for
for the
the increase
increase in
in axial
arisingfrom
froma a reduction
calculations must
axial forces arising
reduction
the height
height between
betweentheapex
and the
the tie.
tie. This
This reduction
reduction in
isa is a
in the
the apex and
in height
height
consequenceof ofthe
consequence
thestrains
strainsininthe
the rafters
rafters and
and tie.
tie. AAconvenient
convenient method
method of
of
avoiding this
this reduction
reduction in
in height
height is
is to
to install
install aa strut
strut between
between the
the apex
apex and
and the
the tie
tie
to maintain
constant height
between the
the apex
apex and
and the
the tie.ThisThis
maintain aconstant
height between
must must be
be
properly restrained
restrained against
againstout-of-plane
properly
out-of-planedisplacements
displacementsofofthe
theframes
frames atat both
both
ends.
2.3
2.3 Elastic critical buckling of frames
Struts have
have a theoretical
theoretical elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
bucklingload,
load, or
or Euler
Eulerload,
load, which
which
infinitely high
buckling
could only bereached
reached ifif the strut has an infinitely
high strength.
strength.The
The buckling
for aa pin-ended
pin-ended strut is given
load, or Euler load, for
givenby:
by:
'icr
n;2E1
L2
where:
is the Young's
Youngs
modulus
modulus
IZ
is the inertia of the strut
is the length of the strut.
buckling load
theoretical load
load and exceeds
exceeds the actual
actual failure
failure
Thecritical
critical buckling
load is
isaa theoretical
load
2.5. InInthe
thefigure,
figure,both
both Pcr
P,, and
and the
the
load of
of a real
real strut
strut as
as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 2.5.
squash load
yield stress)
stress) are shown.
shown.
squash
loadP,,
P, (=
(= Area x yield
ci)
cr
Py
r'fail
Slenderness
Slenderness
critical buckling
buckling load
load of
of aa strut
strut
Figure 2.5 Elastic critical
11
11
C-)
U-
Similarly,frames
theoretical elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling load,
whichcould
Similarly,
frames have a theoretical
load, which
could
only be reached
reached if
ifthe
frame has
hasan
aninfinitely
infinitelyhigh
strength. This
This will
willbebe
only
the frame
high strength.
expressed inin aa ratio
referredtoto in
in this
thisdocument
document as
asVcr.
V,,. This is commonly
commonly expressed
ratio
referred
called
lambda
crit,
Acr,
is
defined
which
is
defined
as:
called 'lambda crit', 2cr,
vcr
cr
VULS
where:
V,,
Vcr
isthe
the elastic
load
elastic critical
critical buckling
bucklingload
Vu,,
VULS
is the applied loading at ULS.
The value
of load
load on
on the
the frame,
frame, so
so A,,
2, should
value of
ofVcr
V,, depends
depends on the distribution
distribution of
should
be calculated
of Vcr
that have
have proportionately
proportionately the
thesame
same
calculated from
from values
valuesof
V,, and
and VULS
VuLs that
distribution of load.
distribution
The value
value of A,varies
varies according
according to the magnitude
magnitude of the applied
applied ULS
ULS loading,
loading,
A
large
value
of
2,
indicates
that
the
loading
on
the
frame
is
well
below
Vu,,,.
ACr
indicates
that
the
loading
on
the
frame
is
well
below
VULS.
the buckling
resistance. AA value
value of
of 2cr
Acr just above
above unityindicates
indicates that
that the
the frame
frame
buckling resistance.
its failure
failure load.
load. ItItmust
mustbe
beremembered
remembered that
thatfailure
failure will
will usually
usually occur
occur
is near
near to its
well below Vcr
duetoto bending
bending stresses
stressesin
inthe
the frame,
frame, initial
initial imperfections
imperfections and
and the
the
V,, due
finite
valueofof yield
yieldstress.
stress. However,
,l. is aa very
both as
as an
an
finite value
However, Ac,
very useful
useful ratio,
ratio, both
indicator
of
the
sensitivity
of
the
frame
to
buckling
and
in
calculating
indicator of
the
sensitivity of
the
frame
to
buckling and in
calculating
amplification
amplification factors.
factors.
2.4 Second
Second order (P-delta)
(P-delta) effects
effects
2.4.1 General
General
The strength
strength checks
checks for any structure
theglobal
global analysis
structure are valid
valid only if
if the
analysis gives
gives
When any
anyframe
frame is loaded,
loaded, itit deflects
deflects and its shape
shape under load isis different
different from
from
the undeformed
shape. The
the members
undeformed shape.
Thedeflection
deflection causes
causes the
the axial
axial loads
loads in
in the
members to
act
act along
along different
different lines
lines from
from those
those assumed
assumed in the
the analysis,
analysis, as
as shown
shown
diagrammatically ininFigure
deflections are small, the
diagrammatically
Figure2.6
2.6 and
andFigure
Figure2.7.
2.7. IfIf the
the deflections
consequences are
small and a first-order
first-order analysis
analysis (neglecting
(neglectingthe
consequences
are very
very small
the effect
effect of
of
the
shape) isis sufficiently
accurate. However,
the deflections
are
the deflected
deflected shape)
sufficiently accurate.
However, ifthe
deflections are
axial load
load on
on the
the deflected
deflected shape are large
large enough to
such that the effects of the
the axial
cause
furtherdeflection,
deflection,thetheframe
frameis
is said to
to be
sensitive
to
cause significant
significant further
said
sensitive
to
second-order
effects.
These second-order
effects, or
or P-delta
effects, can
can
These
second-order effects,
P-delta effects,
bebe
resistance of the frame.
frame.
sufficient to reduce the resistance
Second-order effects
confused with
Second-order
effects are
are geometrical
geometrical effects
effects and
and should
should not
not be
be confused
with
material-non-linearity.
material-non-linearity.
are two
two categories
categories of
of second
second order
order effects:
effects:
There are
Effects of
deflections within
length
of ofmembers,
Effects
of deflections
withinthethe
length
members,sometimes
sometimescalled
calledP.6
P.
(P-little
delta)
effects.
(P-little
Effects of
ofdisplacements
displacements of
of the
intersections of
of members,
members, sometimes
sometimes called
called
(ii) Effects
the intersections
P.d
(P-big
delta)
effects.
P.4 (P-big delta) effects.
(i)
12
12
good representation
representation of the
behaviour of the actual
actual structure.
structure.
a good
the behaviour
It'
VvYTh
Figure
Figure 2.6
2.6 Asymmetric
Asymmetric or
orsway
sway mode
mode of
of deflection
deflection
Figure 2.7
Symmetric mode
mode of
of deflection
Figure
2.7 Symmetric
The practical
consequenceofofP.
P.S
and PP.zl
effects isis to
to reduce
the stiffness
of
practical consequence
S and
. A effects
reduce the
stiffness of
frames below
below that calculated
calculated by
first-order analysis.
analysis. Single-storey
Single-storey portals
portals
the frames
by first-order
are sensitive
to the
the effects
effects of
ofthe
the axial
axial compression
compressionforces
forcesininthe
therafters.
rafters. These
These
sensitive to
forces
ofthe
the order
order of 10%
load
forces are
are commonly
commonly of
10%of
of the
the elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling load
(or Euler
the rafters,
aroundwhich
which level
Euler load)
load) of
ofthe
rafters,around
level the
the reduction
reduction in
in effective
effective
stiffness becomes
Tied portals
portals are especially
especially sensitive
sensitive to
stiffness
becomes important.
important. Tied
tothe
the effects
effects
because the axial
axial compression
compression forces
rafters are
arecommonly
many times
times
because
forces inthe
the rafters
commonly many
higher than in ordinary
ordinary portals.
portals.
Becauseofof the
the rafter
rafter compression,
compression, the
simple
Because
the second-order
effects due
due to
to the
the simple
check
for Ac,
2. of multi-storey
buildingsinin Clause
Clause2.4.2.6
2.4.2.6 of
of BS
5950-1 is
is
check for
multi-storey buildings
BS 5950-1
unconservative for portal frames.
unconservative
P.6 (P-little delta)

effects
2.4.2 P.8(PIittle
delta)
effects
P.S
P. S effects
effects on
on member
member behaviour
behaviour are
are due
due to displacements
displacements at
at right-angles
right-anglestoto aa
member. Typical
Typical displacements
displacements are shown
between the
straight line between
the ends
ends of
of the member.
shown
in Figure 2.8
13
13
Figure 2.8
Typicaldisplacements
displacements d (little
Figure
2.8 Typical
(little delta)
These
maybe
be the
the result
result of
of an
an external
external load
load or
or moment,
These displacements
displacements may
moment, oror may
may
be
to buckle
buckle under
underpure
pureaxial
axialload.
load. The
bethethe result
result of
of the
the natural
natural tendency
tendency to
The
displacements
are the
the sum
sumofthe
of the initial
ofthethe member
andthethe
displacements are
initial deformation
deformation of
member and
deflection due
The result
result of
ofthe
effects is
increase
deflection
due to
to loading.
loading. The
the second-order
is to increase
bending moment
the bending
moment when
whenthe
the axial
axial load
load isis compressive
compressive(see
(seeFigure
Figure2.9).
2.9). This
increase
moment increases
increase in the
the bending
bendingmoment
increases the
the curvatures,
curvatures, which
which reduces
reduces the
the
effective stiffness
Conversely, when
when the
effective
stiffness of
of the
the members.
members. Conversely,
theaxial
axial load
load isis tensile,
tensile, itit
increases
the effective
stiffness, though
though the
the effect
effect will
will generally
beminimal
minimal
increases the
effective stiffness,
generally be
in in
common single-storey
single-storey portal
frames.
portal
M2
M1
p4*
.4_p
/
1st
1st order
order moments
moments
and
and forces
forces
1st
order bending
bending moments
moments
st order
1st
1st order displacements
1st order moments
\
2nd order
order equilibrium moments
moments
P.
P.6moments
moments
Figure
Figure 2.9
2.9 P.S
P. 6(P
(P
- little
little delta) effects
A simple illustration
S effects
effects is
is the
the behaviour
behaviour of
of a simply supported
beam
illustration of P.
P .6
supported beam
carrying a distributed
load that
that varies
varies as
as aa sine
sine curve,
curve, as
asshown
showninin Figure
Figure 2.10.
2.10.
distributed load
The deflected
shape is
is also
also a sine curve. The central deflection
when there
there isis no
no
deflected shape
deflection when
axial force is defined as do.
14
14
[jJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJIftft]
I
I
l
I
_,4
-
Figure 2.10
2.10 P.S
P. S effects
effects in
in aa simply
simply supported
supportedbeam
beam
Elastic
theory'2 shows
when an
an axial
axial compression,
compression,PP,, is applied,
applied, the central
Elastic theoryrz1
showsthat
thatwhen
deflection
increasestoto dp
6p where:
where:
deflection increases
S,
Lip
60
'Cr
11 - P / P c r
where:
p
P
cr
n 2EI the Euler buckling load

,rEI
=
=the Euler buckling load
is Young's
modulus
Young's
modulus
II
is the inertia
is the length.
L2
L2
$1
decreases
decreases
'icr
so SP will
The
stiffness, EZ,
El, of
of
will increase.
increase.The
stiffness,
the beam affects not

not only
only the
the deflection
deflection So,
5, but
but also itit affects
affects the
the increase
increase of the
the
deflection{1/[1
{ 1/[1- (P/Pc)]}.
deflection
difference in
in bending
bending moment
moment between
between the
the first-order
first-orderanalysis
analysis and
and the
Thedifference
M , is:
second-order analysis,
second-order
analysis, SSM,
SM =
=
-
P(SS0)
[P,,
IPSO
1\
P
PC,
Writing a=
=
P
SM =
P/P
p/pcr
1 - P/Pcr
1P/Pcr
Acr
2cr
then:
PS0
2cr
15
As PP increases,
increases, [l1
-
2.4.3P.A
P.A(P-big
(P-bigdelta)
delta)effects
effects ininpurely
purely elastic
2.4.3
elasticframes
frames
P.4
of
P . A effects
effects are the
the effects
effects on
on overall
overall frame
frame behaviour
behaviour due to
to displacements
displacements of
the ends of members
at right-angles
right-anglestototheir
theirlengths.
lengths. PP.4
in
members at
. A effects
effects are shown
shown in
their simplest
simplest form
1. A
their
form in
in Figure
Figure2.1
2.11.
A vertical
vertical load
load P
P is applied
applied to
to the
thetop
topofof aa
cantilever
colunmininwhich
which
colunmtop
top
offset by
by aa distance
cantilever column
the the column
is is offset
distance A4 from
from aa
vertical line
through the
Therefore, the
thecolumn
must
notonly
vertical
line through
the column
column base.
base. Therefore,
column
must
not only
resist
length to a
resist the axial
axial load
load P but
but also
also aamoment
moment that
that increases
increases along
along itslength
value
P.4A at
value of P.
at the
the base.
base.
A iP
< >4,
j
j
I
I
I!
If
/
P. A
Figure
Figure 2.1
2.111 P.
P. 4
A effects
effects on
on aa cantilever
cantilever column
column
A2
. 1 2 Typical
displacements A
in a Sway
Figure 22.12
4 (big delta) in
sway mode
16
16
displacements, A4,, are

are the
the sum
sum of
ofthe
deformation ofthe
frame and
and
The displacements,
theinitial
initial deformation
the frame
the deflection
due to
to loading.
loading. For
principal modes
of
For pitched
pitched roof
roof portals,
portals, the
theprincipal
modes of
deflection due
deflection
are lowering
lowering of
ofthethe apex
apex and
and sway,
sway, as shown
deflection are
shown in Figure
Figure 2.12 and
and
Figure 2.13.
A3
K
displacements zl
A (big delta) in
in aa symmetrical
symmetrical mode
mode
Figure 2.13
2.13 Typical
Another
possiblemode
modeofof failure
failure that
that isissensitive
sensitive
P.zl effects
effectsisarching
is 'arching
Another possible
to to P.A
failure or
failure'
orsnap-through
'snap-through' of
of aapair
pair of
of rafters,
rafters, see
see Figure
Figure2.14.
2.14. In thisform
form of
of
so
failure,
the
spread
of
the
valleys
allows
the
apex
of
the
roof
to
drop,
failure, the spread of the valleys allows the apex of the roof to drop,
reducing
the archingeffect
effectand
and
increasing the bending
reducing the
increasing
bending moments
moments in the rafters
rafters
and columns.
Tension
forces tend
tend to
to
increase the
stiffness,but
but this
this
is rarely
Tensionforces
increase
the effective
effectivestiffness,
israrely
structures..
significant in common structures.
Frames
Frames have
have critical
critical buckling
buckling loads,
loads, Vcr,
V,,, similar
similarinin concept
concept to
to the
the critical
critical
struts
as described in
in Section
Section2.3.
2.3.
the
forstruts
asdescribed
TheThe
ratioratio of
ofthe
buckling loads,
loads, P,,, for
buckling
load VULS
Vu,, , ,is expressed as A,,,
elasticcritical
elastic
critical buckling
bucklingload,
load,Vcr
V ,, tothe
the ULS, load
the critical buckling ratio.
In most
single-storeyportal
portalframes,
frames, the
the first
first mode
mode and
and second
second mode
mode of
of
most practical single-storey
buckling
are the
the most
most important.
important.This
This
buckling are
is is because
because the
the first
first mode
modeofof buckling,
buckling,
shapeto
tothe
thetypical
typicalsway
swaydeflections
deflections shown
shown
shown in Figure 2.15,
2.15,isissimilar
similar ininshape
in Figure
2.16,
Figure 2.6. Also,
Also,the
thesecond
secondmode
modeofof buckling,
buckling, shown
shown in Figure
Figure2.16,
is is
shape to the typical symmetrical deflections
similar in shape
deflections shown
shownininFigure
Figure 2.7.
2.7.
I
I
Figure
2.15
load V W I )
Figure 2.1
5 First mode
mode of buckling (buckling load
17
17
failure or
or snap-through
snap-through
Figure 2.14 Arching failure
2.1 6 Second
Secondmode
mode of
of buckllng
buckling(buckling
(bucklingload
loadVcr2)
VCR)
Figure 2.16
The deflected
form of
of aa frame
canbebe considered
as the
the sum
sum of
of aa number
number of
of
deflected form
frame can
considered as
component deflected
component
deflected forms,
forms, where
where each
each component
component isis in
in the
the shape
shape of
of one
one of
of the
the
buckling modes. Each
Eachcomponent
component of
ofthe
deflection will
willbe
increased according
according
buckling
the deflection
be increased
to
theAcr
,, for that
that mode.
mode.Therefore,
Therefore,
if ifa a
particular
particular
deflection,
deflection,
6, is,
made
is up
made
of up of
to the
from
buckling
mode
2,
then
the
6,
from
buckling
mode
1,
and
d2
buckling
mode
2,
the
components
components 1 from buckling mode and 82
dV,including
including second-order
effects, will
deflection, 8,
actual deflection,
willbe
begiven
givenby:by:
cr
cr
1+821
2cri 1)
12cr2
VcrZ, is
isatat
Normally in portal
portalframes,
thebuckling
load
thesecond
secondmode,
mode,Vcr2,
Normally
frames, the
buckling
load ininthe
least twice the
following conclusions
V,,,, so the
the following
conclusions
the buckling
buckling load
load in
in the first
first mode,
mode, Vcri,
can be drawn:
drawn:
(i)
If V >>
cr2
Vcr1 , then
cr2
>>
cr1
, so
that
7Lcr2
2cri
1
'cr1
This means
similar to
to the
buckling
means that
that deflections
deflections similar
the first
first mode
mode of
ofbuckling
will will
introduce
bigger
P-delta
effects
than
deflections
similar
to
the
second
mode
introduce bigger P-delta
deflections similar to, second mode
buckling.
of buckling.
[h)
2 cr
2cr -1
for
for
that mode of buckling.
In many
for ULS
themainly
mainly
gravity
ULS is
isthe
gravity
many practical
practical frames,
frames, the critical
critical load casefor
load case:
1.4 x dead load

load +
+ 1.6
load +
+ NHF
1.6 x imposed
imposed load
where:
NHF isisthe
notional horizontal
the very small
the sum
sumof
of the
the notional
horizontal forces (which is the
small
load of 0.5%
0.5%of
of the factored
factored vertical
vertical loads).
loads).
For
the second
For this
this load
load case,
case, the
the deflection
deflection form
formis is similar
similar to
tothesecond
modeof mode of
formation of
buckling, the
the symmetrical
symmetrical mode
buckling,
mode shown
showninin Figure
Figure2.16,
2.16, up
up to the formation
of
the first
first plastic
plastic hinge.
hinge. This
Thisbuckling
bucklingmode
normally has
has aa relatively
relativelyhigh
the
mode normally
high
critical buckling
buckling load,
load, Vcr,
V,,, giving aa relatively
relatively high
high value
valuefor
forAcr.
A,,. Thus, this load
load
critical
small magnifications
magnifications of
casecommonly
commonly has
has only small
ofP-delta
P-delta effects
effects up
up to
to theload
load
level at which the first hinge forms.
involving lateral
horizontal
Load cases
cases involving
lateral loads,
loads, such as lateral wind loads or crane horizontal
loads, deflect
deflect into
shape similar
similar to
the the first
first mode
mode of
of buckling,
buckling, the
the
loads,
into aa shape
to
18
18
thedeflections
deflections from
from aaload
loadcase
case are
arealmost
almost entirely
entirely similar
similar to
to one
one mode
(ii)IfIf the
mode
of buckling, the
be dominated
by
the P-delta
P-delta effects
effects will be
dominated by
asymmetrical mode
2.15.
This This buckling
buckling mode
asymmetrical
modeshown
shownininFigure
Figure
2.15.
mode often
often has
has aa
V,,, giving
value for
for Acr.
&.
critical buckling
buckling load, Vcr,
relatively low critical
givingaarelatively
relatively low value
Therefore,this
load case
casecommonly
has significant
significantmagnification
P-delta
Therefore,
this load
commonly has
magnification of
of P-delta
effects.
2.4.4 P.IX
effectsininframes
frames
with
plastic
hinges
P.A effects
with
plastic
hinges
When aplastic
hinge has
has formed
formedsuch
that the
theframe
framebecomes
becomesasymmetrical,
plastic hinge
such that
asymmetrical,
very significant
significant sway
sway deflections
increased,
there will be very
deflections as
as the
the vertical
vertical load
loadisis increased,
shown in Figure
Figure 2.14.
swayoccurs
occursbecause
becauseasymmetric
asymmetric frames
frames deflect
as shown
2.14.This
This sway
deflect
horizontally when
when vertical
and
plastic hinge changes even
horizontally
verticalloads
loadsare
areapplied
applied
and the plastic
even
stiffness.
symmetric frames to being asymmetric in terms of stiffness.
addition, the
the reduction
reduction of
framestiffness
formation of hinges
hinges
In addition,
of frame
stiffness due
due tothe
the formation
changes the buckling
reduces the value
V,,, so the
the magnification
magnification
buckling modes and reduces
value of
of Vcr,
of P-delta
P-delta effects
effects is
is increased.
increased.
II
7 Significant
Significant sway deflections due to plastic
Figure 2.1
2.17
plastic hinge
hinge formation
formation
#gravityload'
load' combination
combination (the
(the lateral load is
in a 'gravity
is the
the very
very
small notional
notionalhorizontal
horizontalforce)
force)
2.4.5 Different
onthe
the
same
structure
Differentload
loadcases
cases on
same
structure
Themagnitude
magnitude of
ofthe
the P-delta
determines whether
whether these
these effects
effectscan
can be
be
P-delta effects
effectsdetermines
neglected
in the
of aframe,
frame,
neglected in
the verification
verification of
or or whether
whether they
they must
must be
be explicitly
explicitly
It is
is the
combined with
withthe
the magnitude
of the
the axial
axial
the magnitude
magnitude of
of the
the deflection,
deflection, combined
magnitude of
the same
same frame may
maybe
insensitive to P-delta
P-delta
load that is important.
important.Therefore,
Therefore, the
be insensitive
effects
butsensitive
sensitive
to P-delta
effects in
effects in one
one load
load case,
case,but
toP-delta
effects
in another
another load
load case.
case.
For example,
example, aaframe
frame loaded
symmetrically, such
such as
as the
the frame
frame
loaded so that it deflects symmetrically,
in Figure
Figure 2.7,
2.7, might
might be
berelatively
relatively insensitive
insensitive to
to P-delta
P-deltaeffects
because the
effects because
the
deflection
ofthethe apex
apexdoes
does
affect the
the forces
forcesand
and moments
momentsmuch.
much.
This is
deflection of
notnot
affect
This
because the column
column spread
opposite,
tendency to
because
spread is
isequal
equaland
and
opposite, so
so there
there is not a tendency
fall
over
over
sideways.
sideways.
However, However, the
the same
same frame
frame loaded
loaded so
so that
that itit
deflects
deflects
asymmetrically,
the frame in Figure 2.7,
2.7, might
asymmetrically, such as the
might be
be relatively
relatively sensitive
sensitive to
P-delta
the sway
sideways.
P-delta because
because the
sway causes
causes
a a tendency
tendency to fall
fali over
over
sideways.
This This
difference in sensitivity
forsymmetric
symmetricand
andasymmetric
asymmetric load
load cases
cases is
is common
common in
in
sensitivity for
portal structures with
with either
either single-span
single-span or multi-span
multi-span frames.
2.4.6 Differencesbetween
betweenportals
portals
and
multi-storey
frames
and
multi-storey
frames
stability checks
The differences
differences between
between the
the stability
stabilitychecks
checksfor
forportals
portals and the stability
formulti-storey
multi-storeyframes
frames often
often cause
causeconfusion.
confusion. The
differentchecks
checks
The reason
reason for
fordifferent
is because
the difference
because of the
difference between
between the P-delta
P-delta effects
effects of the
the axial
axial compression
compression
the beams
beams of
of multi-storey
multi-storey frames and
in the
and the P-delta effects of
of axial compression
compression
in portal rafters.
rafters.
19
19
the verification.
verification.
included in the
The bending moment diagram for

for a multi-storey
18.
multi-storey frame is
is shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 2.
2.18.
The bending
the columns
bending moments
moments in the
the columns
columns induce
induce shear
shear forces in
inthe
columns that
that
act in
above and
andbelow
below each
eachbeam.
beam.
These opposing
in opposite
opposite directions
directions above
These
opposing shear
shear
forces
tend to cancel
axial force
the floor
so the
theaxial
force induced
induced inthe
floor beams
beamstoto
forces tend
cancel out,
out, so
maintain
horizontalequilibrium
equilibriumisissmall.
small. These
forces
maintain horizontal
Theseforces
are are shown
shown in Figure
Figure
2.19.
less
2.19. In
In addition,
addition, the
the span/depth
span/depth ratio
ratio of
of floor
floor beams
beams is
is normally
normally much
muchless
than
ratio of
of portal
portal rafters.
rafters. This
thanthethe span/depth
span/depth ratio
Thisisis because
because floor
floor loading
loading is
than normal
normal portal
portal roof
and floors
floors generally
generally have
have greater
greater
much greater than
roofloading
loading and
stiffness
to limit deflections
Therefore
stiffness requirements
requirements limit
to
deflections or
or vibrations.
vibrations.
Therefore the
the
floor beams
beams in
frames of
ofmodest
spans
second-order
effects in the floor
inmulti-storey
multi-storey frames
modest spans
are usually
affect the
the stability
small that they
they do not
not affect
stability of the frame.
usually so small
The
formula
calculatingAc,, for multi-storey
buildings in
inClause
Clause 2.4.2.6
2.4.2.6 of
of
multi-storey buildings
Theformula
forforcalculating
BS
5950-1 isis acceptable
for multi-storey
buildings, but
but not
for
BS 5950-1
acceptable for
multi-storey buildings,
not acceptable
acceptable for
-_-
calculating /lcr
for single-storey
single-storey portal
portal frames
frames because
because ignores
it ignores
any
calculating
2, for
it
any
second-order effects in the

the beams.
LLL
AL
p.
_lI
4
. 1 9 Column
Column shear
shear and beam axial forces in
in a rigidly-jointed
Figure 22.19
frame
multi-storey frame
multi-storey
20
Figure 2.1
8 Typical
Typical bending
bendingmoments
momentsinina rigidly-jointed
rigidly-jointed multi-storey
multi-storey
Figure
2.18
frame
3 SWAY-CHECK
SWAY-CHECKMETHOD
METHOD
3.1
3.1
Introduction
TheSway-check
Sway-check method
methodfor
forchecking
checking the
the in-plane
in-plane stability
stability of
of aaportal
portal
frame
frame
requires only
simpleanalysis
The method
method isderived
fromfrom the
the
requires
only simple
analysistechniques.
techniques. The
derived
in-plane stability
checks
thethe 1990
1990 version
version of
of BS
in-plane
stability
checks of
of
BS 5950-1.
5950-1.Itapplies
to
It applies to
pitched-roof,monopitch
andflat-roofed
portalframes.
Thecheck
identifies
pitched-roof,
monopitch
and flat-roofed
portal
frames.
The check identifies
frames in which
which the second-order
second-ordereffects
gravity load
Dead
frames
effects inin the
the gravity
load case
case (1.4 Dead
Load
+ 1.6
1.6Live
LiveLoad)
Load)are
aresufficiently
sufficiently
small
small that
that they
they may
may be
be ignored.
ignored.This
This
Load +
restriction
achieved by
the geometrical
limitationsdescribed
described
in Section 3.2
restrictionisis
achieved
bythe
geometricallimitations
inSection
and by aa check
check on
on sway
sway stiffness.
stiffness.
method may be
by:
The method
be applied either by;
the h/1000check
check (Section
(Section 3.3) or
the Formula method (Section 3.4).
multi-span frames,
rafters in
internalspans
checked by
the
For multi-span
frames, the
the rafters
in internal
spans must
must be
be checked
by the
snap-through check
check (Section
S).
(Section 33.5).
This method is not suitable for tied portals (see Section

Section 5.3.5).
3.2 Geometrical
limitations
limitations
The Sway-check
Sway-check method
method of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1 isis only
only valid
valid when
when applied
applied to frames
frames in
which the
the spanscomply
with
the following
following limitations,
which
comply
with the
limitations, shown
showninin Figure
Figure 3.1.
3.1.
These limits
limits are
are defined
defined in BS 5950-1 Section
Section 5.5.4.2.1.
5.5.4.2.1.
L5/z
Ls5h
asymmetric
rafters
(h,/s,) +(hr
+(h,fsb)2
/S$
5 0.5 for
forasymmetric
rafters
(hr/Sa)2
where:
L
is the span,
span, taken
taken as
as between
between centre-lines of the columns
is the columnheight,
height, taken as the height from thetop
topofthe
of the
foundation to
to the
the point
point of
of intersection
intersection of
ofthe
the centre-line
centre-line of
of the
the rafter
rafter
and the centre-line of
of the column; and
and
h,, Sa
S, and Sb
S b are
are as defined in Figure 3.1.
3.1.
h,
21
21
h, L/4 and
and
hrL/4
'i';I:,
Figure 3.1
3.1 Geometric
Geometricparameters
parameters for
forsingle-span
single-span frames
frames
Where the internal columns are of similar stiffness
to the
the external
external columns,
columns, each
each
stiffness to
span should be considered

considered as if it were
were aa separate
separate single
single span frame.
Where
are significantly
Where the internal
internal columns
columnsare
significantly more
more flexible
flexible than
than the external
external
columns, the
height h canbe
taken from
from aa straight
straight line
line between
between the
the column
column
columns,
the height
be taken
bases, as shown
Figure 3.2.
3.2. AAtypical
typicalexample
examplewould
would be aaframe
frameusing
usingLJBs
UBs
bases,
shown in Figure
valleys are supported
supported on valley beams, the Sway-check
Sway-check method
Where valleys
method may
maybebe
used,
provided that
thatthethe above
limitationsare
are observed.
observed. Although
there isisnono
used,provided
above limitations
Although there
column,
column height
height must
must be
beassumed.
assumed. This
the distance
column, column
This height
height is
isthe
distance from
from the
the
intersection
of the
the rafters
valley above
rafters at the
thevalley
above the
the straight
straight line
line between
between the
the
intersection of
column bases
bases (see Figure
Figure 3.2).
3.3
3.3 The
ThehIl000
h/1000check
check
3.3.1
3.3.1 General
General
The stiffness
stiffness of
ofthe
the frame is assessed
assessed by a check
check on the
the sway
sway deflection
deflection due to
the notional
forces.
notional horizontal
horizontal forces.
The design
design steps
steps for
for 'gravity
gravity load'
load cases,
cases, asasdefined
defined ininBSBS5950-1
The
5950-1
Clause 5.5.4.2.2,
given in
Section 3.3.2.
The design
design steps
steps for
for 'horizontal
horizontal
in Section
3.3.2. The
Clause
5.5.4.2.2, are given
load cases,
cases, as
as defined
defined in
in BS
BS5950-1
5950-1 Clause
Clause 5.5.4.2.3,
given in
load'
5.5.4.2.3, are
are given
Section 3.3.3.
3.3.3.
22
for the
the external
external columns but UCs for the
the internal
internal columns.
internal
Slender
internal
column
----_
valley beam
beam
Valley
------ ---------
:'="'-
-----
<
<
.
I
.
I
7 .
.
I
LI 1
1 7 .
LI 2
>
>
Figure
3.2 Geometry
the top
top of the
Figure 3.2
Geometryofofframes
frames(h
(his
is measured
measured from the
foundation)
foundation)
3.3.2
load
steps
3.3.2Gravity
Gravity
loadcases
cases - design
designsteps
ThisSection
givesgives the
the steps
stepsrequired
to to satisfy
satisfy Clauses
Clauses 5.5.2
5.5.2 or
or 5.5.3 of
This
Section
required
BS
5950-1 using
using the
the Sway-check
methodfor
for
gravity
as given
BS 5950-1
Sway-check method
gravity
loads, loads, as
given in
are those
Clause
5.5.4.2.2.TheThe loads considered
Clause5.5.4.2.2.
consideredare
those in Load
Load combination
combination11 (see
combination1 (see
1 (see
Clause
2.4.1.3 of
Clauses 2.4.1.2
2.4.1.2 of
BS 5950-1)
5950-1) and Crane combination
Clause
2.4.1.3
of BS
BS 5950-1).
5950- 1).
In the design check,

check, notional
notional horizontal
horizontalforces
forcesare
are
considered.
Clause 5.5.4.2.2
5.5.4.2.2
considered.
Clause
states
deflections, 8,
states that the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontal deflections,
S, should
should be
be calculated
calculated using
using the
the
steel frame
framealone,
any stiffening
stiffeningeffects
reducing sway,
bare steel
alone,ignoring
ignoring any
effects reducing
sway,such
such as
plan bracing
bracing in
inthe
theroof
roof or roof sheeting.
This isis because
sheeting. This
because the
the sway
sway deflection
deflection isis
acting
as
an
indicator
of
the
sensitivity
of
the
frame
to
P-delta
effects
inthe
the
acting
an indicator
the sensitivity of the frameto P-delta effects in
23
23
symmetric
modeofof failure
failureshown
shownininFigure
Figure3.3.
3.3. In
this symmetric
symmetric mode
Inthis
symmetric mode
modeof of
failure, roof
plan-bracing or roof
give very little
the
roofplan-bracing
roof sheeting
sheeting willgive
little assistance
assistance tothe
action of the
the bare steel
steel frame.
Figure
Figure 3.3
3.3 Symmetric
Symmetricmode
mode of
of failure
failure
Out-of-plane stability
of of members
checked, as
required by
by
Out-of-plane
stability
membersmust
mustalso
also be
be checked,
as required
5 , but
but isis outside
outside the
the scope
scope of
of this
this document.
document.
BS 5950-1, Chapters 44 and 5,
Note that the

the gravity
gravity load
load case
case is
is not
not suitable
suitable for
for stability
stability portal
portal frames
frames used
used
Note
instead of
crossbracing,
instead
of cross
bracing, which
which should
should be
bedesigned
designedasas aa lateral
lateral load
load case
case as
as
Section
3.3.3 or
analysis.
or by
by the Amplified
Amplified Moment
Moment method
Second-order analysis.
Section 3.3.3
alternative method
method of
checking the
stiffnessusing
thethe span
An alternative
of checking
the frame
frame stiffness
using
span to
todepth
depth
ratio of the rafters
rafters is
is given
given in Section 3.4.
3.4.
Design steps
steps for
for plastic design
design
Design
1.
1.
Check
the frame
the geometrical
(see
Check that the geometry
geometry ofthe
frameisis within
withinthe
geometrical limits
limits(see
Section 3.2). IfIfallthe
spansininthe
theframe
frameare
are satisfactory,
satisfactory, the
theSway-check
Sway-check
Section
the spans
method may
may be used
used for this frame.
(a) Calculate
forces (see
(see Section
Section1.6).
1.6). For this
Calculatethe
thenotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
check for the
the critical
critical buckling
buckling ratio,
ratio, 2cr)
check (which is aa check
A,,) 0.5%
0.5% of
loads should
should be included
applicable.
vertical crane loads
includedifif applicable.
Applythe
thenotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces in-plane
in-plane (all
direction) to
(b) Apply
(allininone
one direction)
to
the bare steel
top deflections,
deflections, 6,
5, as
steel frame
frame and calculate the column top
shown in
in Figure
Figure 3.4.
(c) Check
h/bOO, where
where
Checkthat
thatthe
thecolumn
column top
top deflections
deflections 6Sdo
d o not exceed
exceed h/1000,
is the
the height
height of
of the
the column
column from the top of the foundation
foundation to
h is
to the
the
point of intersection
centreintersection of the rafter centre-line
centre-line and the column centreline. Note
stiffnessofofthe
the cladding
Notethat
thatthe
the stiffness
cladding (or
(or other
other structure
structure giving
giving
stiffness not
sway stiffness
not arising
arising from
from the
the portal
portal frame)
frame) must
must not
not be
be
considered when calculating 5.
6.
If all
the above,
all the
the column
column deflections
deflections in the
the frame
frame satisfy
satisfy the
above, the
the Sway-check
Sway-check
method is
Inthis
case, the
the value
value of
of 2r,
method
is valid
valid for
for the
the frame.
frame. In
this case,
A, the
the required
required
load
may be
be taken
taken as
as 1.0 for
the gravity
load factor
factor for frame
frame stability,
stability, may
forthe
gravity load
load
case.
24
Checkthe
thesway
swaystiffness
stiffnessof
ofthe
frame.
2. Check
the frame.
-r
NHF
NHF
Figure 3.4
Deflectionfrom
fromnotional
notionalhorizontal
horizontalforces
forces (NHF)
(NHFI
Figure
3.4 Deflection
3. For
more
check thethesnap-through
Forframes
frames ofofthree
threeoror
morebays,
bays,check
snap-throughstability
stability (see
(see
Section 3.5).
4. Carry
Carryout
out
a plastic
analysis of
the frame.
a plastic
analysis
ofthe
frame.
Applythethe gravity
gravityloads
together
with the notional
notional horizontal
horizontalforces
(see
Apply
loads
together with
forces (see
Section
1.6) to
to
frames,
Section 1.6)
thethe frame.
frame. InInasymmetric
asymmetricframes,
it it will
will generally
generally be
necessary
apply two
two load
loadcases,
cases, one
one with
withthe
the NHF
NHF in one direction
and
necessary toto apply
direction and
the other
other with
withthethe NHF
NHF in
in the
the other
otherdirection
ensure that
that the
the most
most
the
direction to ensure
unfavourable load case is applied.

applied.
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
of the
theframe.
5. Check
frame.
Calculate
the plastic
plasticcollapse
collapsefactor,
factor, 3p
A (for
(for both
both directions
directions of NHF
NHF where
where
Calculate the
these
have been
beenapplied
appliedasastwo
twoload
loadcases),
cases),
and
check
2 (= 1.0).
these have
and
check
thatthat
.2,A
2 ;t,
1.0).
Design steps for elastic design
design
Design
steps
1,3for
2elastic
and 3 for elastic design
Designsteps
1,2and
design are
are the
the same
same as
as for
for plastic
plastic
design.
4. Carry
Carry outoutananelastic
the frame.
elasticanalysis
analysis of
ofthe
frame.
Apply
loadstogether
together with the notional
horizontalforces
forces to
tothe
the
Apply the gravityloads
notional horizontal
In
asymmetric frames,
necessary to apply
load cases,
asymmetric
frames, it will generally be necessary
apply two load
one with the
the NHF in one direction
direction and
and the
the other
other with
withthe
the NHF
NHF in the other
direction to ensure that the most
most unfavourable
unfavourable load case is applied.
5.
5 . Check
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
of the
the frame.
frame.
Calculate and
check the
the cross-sectional
cross-sectionalresistance
Calculate
and check
resistance using
using Clause
Clause4.8
4.8 of
of
BS 5950-1.
3.3.3
Lateral load
loadcases
cases
designsteps
steps
- design
This Section
gives the
the steps
steps
required
satisfyClauses
Clauses5.5.2
5.5.2
or 5.5.3 of
Section gives
required
to to satisfy
or5.5.3
BS
5950-1 using
using the
BS 5950-1
the Sway-check
Sway-check method
method for
horizontal
for horizontal
loads,
loads, as
to frames where
Clause 5.5.4.2.3. Itis is applicable
applicabletoframes
where the
the applicability
applicability of
ofthethe
Sway-check
methodhas
has
already been
been confirmed
confirmed(Steps
(Steps1and
1 and
Sway-check method
already
2 2 of
of Section
Section
those in
in Load
3.3.2). The loads
loads considered
consideredareare those
Load combination
combination2 2 and
and Load
Load
combination
3
(see
Clauses
2.4.1.2
of
BS
5950-1)
and
Crane
combination
2
and
combination 3 (see Clauses 2.4.1..2
BS
and Crane combination 2 and
Crane combination
combination 33 (see
(see Clause 2.4.1.3 of
BS 5950-1).
of BS
These
are those
externally
applied
horizontal
These load
load cases
casesare
those in
in which
which there
there are
areexternally
applied
horizontal
forces
acting in
inthe
the plane
plane of
ofthe
the frame, typified
by the
the loads
in Figure
Figure
forces acting
typified by
loads shown
shown in
3.5. ItItdoes
whichthethe only
forces
the
doesnot
notinclude
includeload
loadcases
cases in
inwhich
only horizontal
horizontal forces
areare the
notional horizontal
forces arising
arisingfrom
fromvertical
vertical loads
loads on
on this
this frame.
frame.
horizontal forces
25
frame
and calculate the
frame
and
calculate
the forces
forces
andand moments
moments around
around the
the frame.
frame.
PFigure 3.5
3.5Typical
Typical
externally
applied
horizontal
forces
Figure
externally
applied
horizontal
forces
The
of failure
failure isisthe
the sway
sway mode
modeshown
shownininFigure
Figure3.6.
3.6. Inthis
this mode,
the
The mode
mode of
mode, the
sway deflection
deflection causes
subject the
frame to
tomoments
andand
sway
causes P-delta
P-delta effects
effects that
that subject
the frame
moments
forces
greater than
those calculated
forcesgreater
thanthose
calculated by
by first-order
analysis. Therefore,
Therefore, the
the
resistance
of the
resistance of
the frame
frame must
must exceed
exceed the
the resistance
resistance required
required by
by first-order
first-order
analysis.
wwwl
I
Figure 3.6
Swaymode
mode of
of failure
failure
Figure
3.6 Sway
Clause 5.5.4.2.3 states

sway case,
states that,
that, when
when calculating
calculating the
the deflections
deflections for the sway
structure.
WhereWhere sheeting
sheeting used
is
toprovide stiffness,
stiffness, these
these structural
structural
is used toprovide
requirements
must be
benoted
noted in
in the
under the
the
requirements must
the Health
Health and Safety
Safety File
File required
required under
regulations.
CDM regulations.
BS 5950-1
5950-1
Member out-of-plane
out-of-plane stability
checked as required
required by
by BS
Member
stability must
must also
also be
be checked
5 , but
but is
is outside
outside the scope
scope of this document.
document.
Chapter 4 and 5,
Design steps
steps for
for plastic design
design
Design
1.
1. Calculate
Calculate the
approximate critical
buckling ratio
ratio for
for the
the
Sway-check
the approximate
critical buckling
Sway-check
method, A,,,
method,
2, for the frame.
Calculatethe
thenotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces from the
the loads
thethe
(a) Calculate
loadsapplied
appliedinin
load combination
combinationbeing
beinganalysed
analysed(see
(seeSection
Section1.6).
1.6).For
For this check
check
0.5% of
of vertical
vertical crane
crane loads
loads should
included.
0.5%
should be included.
Applythe
the notional
horizontal forces
forces in-plane
in-plane (all
(all in
direction) to
(b) Apply
notional horizontal
inone
one direction)
frame and
calculate the
(As noted
the frame
and calculate
the column
column top
top deflections
deflections 6.
8. (As
above, the
any associated structure or cladding
that reduces
reduces
the stiffness
stiffness of any
cladding that
the column top deflections
be included in the calculation
calculationofofthe
the
deflections may be
deflections.)
column top deflections.)
26
sway stiffness
stiffness of other
other structure,
structure, plan
plan bracing
bracing and
and roof-sheeting
roof-sheetingmay
be be
the sway
may
included. The
stiffness of the
included.
The inclusion
inclusion of
of the
thestiffness
the cladding,
cladding, etc. should,
should, however,
however,
only be considered
lifeofof
considered if itit can
can be
be guaranteed
guaranteed to
to remain
remain throughout
throughout the
the life
thethe
h
(c) Calculate
A,, =2 =-(c)
Calculate
2006
200 6
is the
the height
height of
of the individual
individual column.
where h is
Asc
approximation to
to the
thecritical
critical buckling
buckling ratio
ratio for the
the sway mode
mode
k isisananapproximation
of
shown
Figure
2.12.
2.12.Asc' iscalculated
calculated
from
from the sway
sway
of buckling
buckling shown
in in
Figure
deflectioncaused
application of
thethe notional
notional horizontal
horizontalforces
deflection
caused by
by application
of
forces
derived from this load case.
Asc is less
less than
than 5.0,
5.0, the
the Sway-check
Sway-check method
method should not be used.
Where ,%
2.
Calculate the required load

load factor
factorfor
Arframe
for stability.
frame stability.
2r
If
the loads are
aresuch
such that the axial forces
andcolumns
columns are
are
If the
forces in all the rafters and
tensile, then the required
shouldbe
betaken
takenas
as 11.0
required load
load factor
factor Ar
Ar should
.O
3. Carry
the frame.
Carryout
outaa plastic
plasticanalysis
analysisof
ofthe
frame.
Apply
loadstoto the
without any
any notional
notional
Apply the gravity
gravity and
and horizontal
horizontalloads
the frame,
frame, without
horizontal forces.
forces.
4. Check
the frame.
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
ofthe
frame.
(a) Calculate
collapse
factor42 and
andcheck
checkthat
that A2 2r.
Ar.
Calculate the
the plastic
plasticcollapse
factor
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthand
andout-of-plane
out-of-planestability
stability atat Ar.
A.
(b) Check
Design steps for elastic
elastic design
design
Design
Design steps
design are the
steps 11 and 2 for elastic design
the same as
as for
forplastic
plasticdesign.
design.
Design
Apply
the gravityand
andhorizontal
horizontal
loads
Applythe
loads
to to the
the frame
frame without
without any
any notional
notional
horizontal forces and calculate the forces and moments around the frame.
4. Check
the frame.
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
ofthe
frame.
(a) Calculate
Calculateand
andcheck
check the
using Clauses
Clauses 4.8
4.8 of
of
thecross-sectional
cross-sectional resistance using
BS 5950-1 and using amplified
moments and
and forces,
forces, taken
taken as the
amplified moments
by linear
linearelastic
elasticanalysis
analysismultiplied
multiplied by
byAr.
4.
values given by
theout-of-plane
stabilityatatAr.
A.
(b) Check
Check the
stiffnessfor
for
calculation
thenotional
notional
Base stiffness
calculation
of of
6 from the
3.3.4 Base
horizontal forces
forces
Clause 5.1.3
5.1.3 gives
on the
base stiffness
BS 5950-1
5950-1Clause
gives guidance
guidance on
thebase
stiffness that
that may
maybe be
assumed
design.
The provisions
for ULS
may
beinthe
used in the
assumed inin design.
Theprovisions
for
ULS analysis
analysis may
beused
analysis
model for
for the
the deflection
deflectionSScaused
causedby
by
notionalhorizontal
horizontal
forces. ItIt
analysis model
thethenotional
forces.
is important to note that the Sway-check
is to check
check the
the stiffness of
ofthe
the frame
frame at
Sway-check is
ULS, so
theULS
ULSbase
base stiffness
be used, not the
the SLS
so only
only the
stiffness values may
may be
SLS values.
27
3. Carry
out an
an elastic
Carry out
elasticanalysis
analysis of the frame.
Therefore, the
be used:
the following
following base
base stiffnesses
stiffnesses may
may be
used:
Base with
with aa pin or rocker
rocker
betaken
taken as zero in the
the calculation
should be
calculation of 8.
6.
Nominally pinned
pinned
base
Nominally
base
The base
may
be taken as
as 10%
for the
base stiffness
stiffness may
betaken
10% of
ofthethe column
column stiffness
stiffness for
the
calculation of
6. For the same
same frame,
frame, the
thebase
moments transmitted
transmittedtothe
calculation
of 8.
base moments
to the
foundation
may be
betaken
taken as
as zero
zero provided
the ULS
ULS analysis
analysis of
ofthe
the frame,
frame,from
from
foundation may
provided the
which
andforces
forces around
around the
the frame
are found,
thatthethe
which the
the moments
moments and
frameare
found, assumes
assumes that
bases are pinned.
pinned.
Nominal
Nominal semi-rigid
semi-rigidbase
base
A nominal
base stiffness
ofup
uptoto 20%
the colunm
beassumed
assumed
nominal base
stiffness of
20% of
of the
column stiffness
stiffness may
may be
for the
designed for the
the ULS
ULS calculations,
calculations, provided
provided that
thatthethe foundation
foundation isdesigned
the
moments
andforces
forces obtained
obtained in
in the
the analysis.
base stiffness
may
moments and
Therefore, the
thebase
stiffness may
be taken as
6, provided
provided that
as 20% of
of the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness for
for the
the calculation
calculation of 6,
foundations are designed to carry the
the moments
moments from the ULS
the foundations
analysis
ULS global
global analysis
load case;
case; there
there is
is aa cost
cost implication.
implication.
for every load
Nominally rigid
rigidbase
base
The base
base stiffness
stiffness should
should be
taken as equal
equal to
tothe
column stiffness
stiffness and the
the
be taken
the column
foundation must
Therefore,
foundation
must be
be designed
designed to
to resist
resist moments
momentsfrom
fromall
allload
loadcases.
cases. Therefore,
the
may
the column
the base
base stiffness
stiffness may
be be taken
taken as
as equal
equal to
tothe
column stiffness
stiffness for the
the
calculation
of 6. Note
thatthe
the bases
notbebe assumed
tobe
be rigid
rigid for
for this
this
calculation of
Note that
bases should
should not
assumed to
check.
3.4 The formulamethod

method
The Lb/D
LblD formula is aa stiffness
stiffness check
check which
which is
is approximately
approximately equivalent
equivalent to
tothe
the
Sway-check by
stiffness of
Sway-check
by calculating
calculatingdeflections
deflectionsininSection
Section3.3.
3.3. The stiffness
ofthe
the frame
frame
assessed by
formula.This
formula was
was derived
derived for
for regular
regular frames
frames with
with
is assessed
by a formula.
This formula
columns at every valley
valley and
Thus the
columns
and with
withroof
roof load
load as
as the
the only
only imposed
imposed load.
load. Thus
application of
method is restricted
restricted to
that are not
not subject
subject toloads
application
of this
this method
toframes
frames that
loads
from crane gantries
gantries or other
those from purlins.
other concentrated
concentrated loads larger than those
purlins.
3.4.2 Gravity load

- design
loadcases
cases
designsteps
steps
Thischeck
for load
load cases
cases with
with no
noexternally
externally applied
appliedhorizontal
loads
other
check is for
horizontal
loads other
horizontal forces (NHF).
than the
thenotional
notional horizontal
Note that this
this check
check is
is not
not suitable
suitable for
for stability
stability portal
portal frames
frames used
of of
Note
usedinstead
instead
cross-bracing, which
lateral
load
case
(see
cross-bracing,
whichshould
shouldbebedesigned
designedforfor aa lateral
load case (see
3.4.3) or
orby
by the
the Amplified
Amplified Moment
Moment method
Second-order analysis.
Section 3.4.3)
analysis.
for plastic
plastic design
designand
andelastic
elasticdesign
design
Design steps for
The design
steps for
for both
and elastic
elastic design
design are
are the
thesame
same as
as for
for the
design steps
both plastic
plastic and
h/1000
3.3.2), except
except that
that the check
sway stiffness,
h/1000 method
method (see
(see Section
Section 3.3.2),
check on
onsway
stiffness,
Step 2,
replaced by aa limitation
limitation onthe
span to
todepth
ratio of
ofthe
rafters,
Step
2, is replaced
the span
depth ratio
the rafters,
based on an
involves the
based
anexpression
expression that involves
the geometry
geometry of
ofthe
the frame,
frame, thestiffness
stiffness of
of
28
3.4.1 General
General
the columns
andrafters
rafters and
andthe
thestrength
strengthofofthe
therafters.
rafters. Step
Step 22ofof Section
Section 3.3.2
3.3.2
columns and
becomes:
satisfies:
Check that the
the span to depth ratio of the rafter satisfies:
D Qh 4+PLr/L Pyr
which:
in which:
r
Lb
-l
2Dh
D +Dh
21
s-
rLi
.0
R
is the arching ratio
h
'r []
L]
for a single-span frame
' [i
[hi
s-- for a multi-span frame
'r
==
==
W,
/W
Wr /
W0,
where:
is the cross-section
of the
the rafter
cross-section depth of
D1
is the
depth of the haunch (see
(see Figure
Figure 3.7)
the additional depth
'
is the in-plane second moment

moment of
of area
area of
of the
the column
colunm (taken
(taken as
as zero
zero ifif
the column
column is not
not rigidly
rigidly connected
connectedtotothe
the rafter,
rafter, or
or ifif the rafter is
valley beam)
beam)
supported on a valley
is the
of area of the rafter
the in-plane
in-plane second moment
moment of
the span
span of the bay
is the
Lb
effective span of the

is the effective
thebay
bay
length of the haunch
haunch (see Figure 3.7)
is the length
L1
is the total developed length

length of
ofthe
the rafters
rafters see
see (Figure
(Figure 3.8)
3.8)
p is theis design
strength
of of
the
the design
strength
therafters
raftersininN/mm2
N/m2
W0
W,for
for plastic
plastic failure
failure of the
rafters as
as aa fixed-ended
fixed-ended
is the value of W
the rafters
beam of span LL (see Figure
Figure 3.9)
3.9)
W is the
total
factored
vertical
is the
total
factored
verticalload
loadononthe
therafters
raftersofofthe
thebay
bay (see
(see Figure
Figure
3.9).
3.9).
Ifthe
thetwo
two columns
columns or thetwo
two rafters
rafters of aa bay
bay differ,
differ, the
the mean
mean value
valueofof 'C"r
ZJZr
should be used.
the haunches
haunches at
each side
side of the
If the
at each
bay are
thebay
are different,
different, the
the mean
mean value
valueofof Lb
L,
should be used.
29
is the
depth
of the
rafter,
allowingfor
foritsitsslope
slope(see
(see Figure
Figure 3.7)
D is the
depth
of the
rafter,
allowing
h
is the main
main column height
Thestrength
strength
checks for
for both
designare
are
carried out
checks
both plastic
plastic and
and elastic
elastic design
carried
out in the
the
same way as Steps 3 and 44 of
of the
the h/1000
h/1000 method.
method.
DST
J4L
Figure 3.7
3.7 Dimensions of a haunch
Wr
wo
Figure 3.9
Loadsfor
forcalculating
calculating the
Figure
3.9 Loads
thearching
archingratios
ratios
30
Figure 3.8
Developed length of rafter
Figure
3.8 Developed
rafter
3.4.3
load
steps
3.4.3 Lateral
Lateral
loadcases
cases
- design
designsteps
which there are externally
horizontal
Lateral load cases are load cases in which
externally applied
applied horizontal
forces acting
formula
method is
forces
acting ininthethe plane
plane of
ofthethe frame.
frame.The
The
formula method
is not
not for
for load
load
cases in which
which the
the only
only horizontal
horizontalforces
are are the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontalforces
cases
forces
forces
arisingfrom
vertical
loadsloads
applied
to
TheThe mode
modeofof failure
failure is
arising
from
vertical
applied
tothe
theportal.
portal.
isthat
that
thismode,
mode, the
thesway
swaydeflection
deflection causes P-delta effects
shown in
in Figure
Figure 3.6.
3.6. InInthis
effectsas
as
subject the
frame to
to moments
moments and
and forces
forcesgreater
than those
those calculated
calculated by
by
subject
the frame
greater than
Design steps
steps for
forplastic
plastic design
design and
and elastic
elastic design
design
Design
The design
design steps
stepsforfor both
both plastic
plasticand
and
elastic
elastic design
designare
are the
the same
same as
as for
for the
the
h/1000 method
method (see
(see Section
Section 3.3.3),
3.3.3), except
except that
that approximate
approximatecritical
buckling
hIl000
critical buckling
ratio for the

fromaaformula
formula that involves
involves
the Sway-check
Sway-check method,
method, A,,, is calculated from
same parameters as those used for the
the Lb/D
L,lD formula
the same
formula for
for the gravity load
load case
case
the method
method given
given in
in Section
Section 3.3.3 becomes:
becomes:
(see Section
Section3.4.2).
3.4.2).Step
Step 1I ofofthe
buckling ratio
Calculate the approximate critical buckling
2
p
ThL 4+/iLIL
220DL
2751
Where ,lsc ' is less than 5.0,

5.0, the
the Sway-check
Sway-check method should not be used.
Where
If the
wind loads are such
such that
that the axial forces in the rafters are tensile,
tensile, then
the wind
then the
the
,lr should
should be
taken as 1.0
1.0because
because tensile
tensileforces
required load
load factor
factor 2r
required
be taken
forcescause
cause no
additional destabilising forces.
3.5
3.5 Snap-through check
The snap-through
5.5.4.3,isistotocheck
check that
snap-throughcheck,
check, in
inBS
BS 5950-1
5950-1 Clause
Clause 5.5.4.3,
that internal
internal
pitched-roof portals,
In pitched-roof
portals,gravity
gravityloads
loads applied
applied to
to the
the rafters cause
cause the ends of the
the
rafters
to as
spread as the
deflects
downwards, see
3.10. In
rafters
to
spread
the rafter
rafter
deflects
downwards,
see Figure
Figure
3.10.
multi-span
frames, the
the internal
internal
spans
are restricted
from spreading by
by
multi-spanframes,
spans
arerestricted
fromspreading
thethe
stiffness
of the
the external
externalspans.
spans.The
The
horizontal reaction
stiffness of
horizontal
reaction from
from the
the external
external spans
spans
rafters in
in the
the internal
internal span
span causes
causes an arching
action
coupled with
with the
the rise of the
the rafters
arching action
internal span.
means that
that the
the vertical
vertical load
load capacity
capacity is
in the internal
span.This
Thisarching
archingaction
action means
greater than
capacity due
thethe rafters.
However,
this
greater
than the
the capacity
duetoto bending
bendingalone
aloneofof
rafters.
However, this
increased
capacity
depends
on the
the restraint
from the external
spans.
increasedcapacity
depends
on
restraintfrom
externalspans.
This This
restraint will not be available if
if the
the stiffness
stiffness of
ofthe
the frame
frame isis too
too low.
low.
Figure 3.10
3.10 Rafter
Rafter spread
spread in multi-span frames
frames
31
31
spans of a multi-span frame are adequately modelled in a first-order analysis.
Theformula
formula in BS
Clause
5.5.4.3
defines
a limit to
tothe
the span
BS 5950-1
5950-1Clause
5.5.4.3
defines
alimit
span to depth
depth
ratio of
of the
rafter
to
ensure
adequate
stiffness,
expressed
as:
the rafter
adequate
expressed as:
Lb
22(4+L!h)
4(121)
I 275
tan28
'r
Pyr
in which
as defined in
in Section
3.4, except
exceptforfor B8 which
is
which the symbols
symbolsareare
asdefined
Section 3.4,
which is
below.
defined below.
8
B
is the slope
the rafters
forasymmetrical
a symmetrical ridged span.
slope ofthe
raftersfor
9
B
=
= tan'
tan-' (2hr!L)
(2h)L) for
forother
other roof
roof shapes
where:
h,
hr
isdefined
defined in Figure 3.1 and Figure
Figure 3.2.
Where
ratio 12
isless
less than
limit need
R is
than 1.0,
1.0, no
nolimit
need be
be placed
placed on
on Lb/D
L,lD
Where the arching
archingratio
load capacity
capacity from bending alone
more than
than sufficient.
sufficient.
because the vertical load
alone is more
LblD formula
the 2000
2000 issue of BS
BS 5950,
5950, given
given above,
above,differs
slightly
The Lb/D
formula in
in the
differs slightly
from the
onlyonce
once in
inthe
the formula
in 2000issue.
issue.
the 1990
1990 issue
issue in
in that
that 2
l2 appears
appears only
formula in
This change has been made to
to ensure that the elastic critical buckling
factor, 2cr
buckling factor,
/lc,,,
remains equal
equal to or greater
greater than
than 10,
10, to
to ensure
ensure that
that the
the second-order
effectsare
are
insignificant.
insignificant.
The
Snap-through
checkisismost
most likely
likely to
to be
be significant
where the
the rafters
rafters in
in
TheSnap-through
check
significant where
internal
spans have
lower plastic
internalspans
have alower
plastic moment
moment of
of resistance
resistance than
than required
requiredforfor
external
spans.The
The lower
more ofthe
the vertical
external spans.
lowermoment
moment resistance
resistance would
would cause more
vertical
be carried
carried by
by arching
arching action,
which creates
creates significant
loadstoto be
action, which
significant axial
axial thrusts
thrusts in
in
the rafters
snap-through (see
(see Section
Section 2.4.3).
2.4.3).
rafters and could cause snap-through
32
AMPLIFIED
MOMENTSMETHOD
4 AMPLIFIED
MOMENTS
METHOD
4.1
4.1
Application
- design steps
Application
The amplified
amplified moment
moment method
method isis appropriate
appropriate where
where the
the frame
frame does
does not
not meet
meetthe
the
~~
Sway-check limitations.
permits the
the calculation
calculation of
Sway-check
limitations. It permits
ofthe
the load
load factor
factor for
for frame
frame
stability,
whichisis
used to
to account
account for
for the
the deflections
ofthethe frameunder
under
A, which
used
deflections of
stability, AT,
load.
method requires
the lowest
load. The
Themethod
requires the
thedetermination
determination of
ofthe
lowest critical
critical buckling
buckling
ratio, 2cr,
A,,, for the particular
particular load
load case
case on the
the frame. No
Nomethod
method of
ofdetermining
determining
Acr
is
given
in
BS
5950-1.
A,, is given in BS
There is a limit
limit on the
the application
application of
ofthe
the method.
method. IfIf AT
Acr < 4.6, the
the frame
frame is
is too
too
A,, 2 10,
10, the
the frame is considered
considered
flexible to
designed using
flexible
to be designed
usingthis
this method.
method. IfIf Ar
to be 'stiff'
'stiff' and
andAT is taken
taken as 1.0.
This
method is
is not suitable
Thismethod
suitable in general
general for tied
tied portals
portals because
because it does
does not
not
account for non-linearity
non-linearity in
account
inthe
the rafter-tie
rafter-tie system
system (see
(see Section
Section 5.3.5).
5.3.5).
This
gives the
the steps
steps required
requiredtoto satisfy
satisfy Clauses
Clauses5.5.2
5.5.2
or 5.5.3 of
This Section
Section gives
or5.5.3
BS
5950-1, using
using the
the Amplified
Amplified
moments
method,asasinin Clause
Clause 5.5.4.4
5.5.4.4 of
of
BS 5950-1,
moments
method,
BS 5950-1.
BS 5950-1,
5950-1, the
of buckling
buckling
In BS
the critical
criticalbuckling
bucklingratio,
ratio,A,,2 from the lowest mode of
is required,
required, as
as it isispossible
possible totoproduce
produce unconservative
unconservative designs
designs if higher modes
modes
Thelowest
lowestmode
modeis
usually the
the sway
Moments
are used. The
is usually
sway mode.The
TheAmplified
Amplified
Moments
check
TheSnap-through
Snap-through
checkofof Clause
Clause 5.5.4.3
5.5.4.3 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1 does
does not
not need
need to
to be
Amplified moment
moment method.
method.
applied when using
using the
the Amplified
Out-of-plane
required by BS
stability members
members must
must also
also be
be checked
checkedas
as required
BS 5950-1
5950-1
Chapters
and 5,
this document.
Chapters 4 and
5 , but
but this
this isis outside
outside the
the scope
scope of
of this
document.
design
Design steps for plastic design
1.
1.
Calculate
Calculate the critical
critical buckling
buckling ratio,
ratio, A,,,for the lowest
lowest buckling mode
mode from
the load
load case
case being
being analysed.
analysed. See
Section
4.3.3
or
Section
4.3.4.
See Section
or Section
2.
Calculate the required

required load
load factor
factor for
forframe
framestability,
stability,AT:
h:
if Ac, 2
jf2cr
10
10
if 10 > 2cr4.6
I,
2r
=
=
Ar
1.0
0.92
2cr 1
Note:
if Ac,
IC,<<4.64.6thethemethod
methodisisnot
notapplicable.
applicable.
Note: if
3.
Carry out a plastic

ofthe
the frame.
plastic analysis
analysis of
33
Method is most accurate when the

the collapse
mode of
of the
the frame is the same as the
collapse mode
buckling
modefrom
from which
which IC,
2r is derived.
buckling mode
Moments
derived. Therefore,
Therefore,the
theAmplified
AmplifiedMoments
method
deflectioninin aa sway
mode, as
method is most accurate
accurate for load
load cases causing
causing deflection
sway mode,
exemplified
by Figure
Figure 2.6. For
For load
exemplified by
loadcases
casescausing
causing deflection
deflection in
in the
the symmetrical
symmetrical
mode,
Moment
method is
mode, the
the Amplified
AmplifiedMoment
method
is relatively
relatively conservative
conservative because
because the
the
deflection
mode is similar
deflection mode
similar to a higher mode
mode of buckling.
buckling.
Apply
the loads
tothethe frame.
For load
Load
Apply the
loads to
frame.For
loadcombinations
combinations other
other than
thanLoad
combinations
notionalhorizontal
horizontal
BS 5950-1),
5950-l), the
thenotional
combinations 1 (see
(see Clause
Clause 2.4.1.2
2.4.1.2 of
of BS
forces need
need not
not be
be applied
applied (see
(see Clause
Clause2.4.2.4
2.4.2.4 of
ofBS
BS 5950-1).
5950-1). Where
NHF
Where NHF
are applied
applied to
to asymmetric
asymmetric frames
framesororsymmetric
symmetric frames
frames with
with asymmetric
asymmetric
loading,
will generally
apply two load cases, one with the
the
loading, it will
generally be necessary
necessary to apply
NHF in one
the other withthe
the NHF in
the other
one direction
direction andthe
in the
other direction
direction to
that the
most unfavourable
unfavourable load case
ensure that
the most
case is applied.
applied.
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
ofthe
frame
4. Check
the frame
(a) Calculate
and check
check that
that 4
2,,,2 2.
Calculate2,,,
4and
4.
(b) Check
stability at 4.
Checkthe
themember
memberstrength
strength and
and out-of-plane
out-of-plane stability
Design steps for
for elastic
elastic design
design
Design
Design steps 11 and 2 for

for elastic
elastic design
design are the
the same
same as for
for plastic
plastic design.
design.
Design
3. Carry
loads as for
for plastic
Carryout
outananelastic
elasticanalysis
analysisofofthe
the frame,
frame,applying
applying the
theloads
plastic
design.
Calculate the
forces and moments
moments around
around the
the frame
frame using
using linear
linear elastic
elastic
Calculate
the forces
analysis (first-order analysis).
analysis).
4.
4.Check
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
ofthe
the frame
frame
(a) Where
calculate
Where,%
4 >>1.0,
1.0,
calculateamplified
amplifiedmoments
moments and
and forces, taken
taken as
as the
the
linear elastic
elastic analysis
analysis multiplied
multiplied by Ar.
4.
values given by linear
(b) Check
and
Checkthe
thecross-sectional
cross-sectionalresistances
resistances using
using the
the amplified
amplified moments
moments and
forces using BS 5950-1 Clauses
Clauses 4.8.
4.8.
4.2 Background to
tomethod
method
equation
equation as
as modified
modifiedby
byWood[81.
Woodt81.
ItistheIt is the same
same method
method as
as used
used for
for plastic
plastic
design of multi-storey
multi-storey frames
design
frames in
in Clause
Clause 5.7
5.7 of the
the 1990
of BS
5950-1.
1990 issue
issue of
BS 5950-1.
Merchant-Rankine equation
predicting the
factor against
against failure,
failure,
The Merchant-Rankine
equation for
for predicting
the load factor
accounting
effects, is:
accounting for second-order
1
1
- +1 - = - 1 = 11
2cr
'cr
p'
2p
',
2f
where:
;2l,,is the
is elastic
the elastic
critical
bucklingfactor
factor=Vcr/VULS
= V,, /V,,,
critical
buckling
the plastic
collapse factor
factor =
= VPI/VULS
A, isthe
plastic collapse
V,,/V,,,
A,is the
is load
theload
factor
against
failure,
accountingfor
forsecond-order
second-orderstability
stability
A
factor
against
failure,
accounting
effects
effects =
= VfIV,,s
V,/V,,
in which:
V,, is the
is the
elastic
critical
bucklingload
loadofofthe
the lowest
lowestmode
mode of
bare
V
elastic
critical
buckling
ofthe
the
bare
frame
V,,
V1
is load
the frame in the absence of second
second
load to
to cause
cause plastic
plastic collapse ofthe
order stability
stability effects
34
The Amplified
Amplified moment
moment method
method isisbased
based
on the
on Merchant-Rankinet3'4'5'6'71
the Mer~hant-Rankine[~~~~~~~~'
failure load
load accounting
accounting forsecond-order
is the failure
second-order stability effects
V,
Vf
VULS
V,,
isisUltimate
UltimateLimit
LimitState
Stateload
load for
for the
the load
load case
case being
being considered.
V,, differs
differsfrom
fromVULS
V,,, ininthat
Note that V
that V,,
V1isisthe
the load
load that
that the
the frame
framecan
cancarry
carryatat
VULSisisthe
to first
firstorder calculations)
plasticcollapse
collapse(according
(according to
calculations)whereas
whereas VULS
the load
that is applied at ULS.
The distribution
distribution of
of load
loadininVcr,
V,,, VlD
VpIand
andV,Vfshould
shouldbebethe
thesame
sameas
as the
the distribution
of
loadininVms.
V5.
of load
For 2A, 1.0,

thethe
Merchant-Rankine
equation
to:
2 1.0,
Merchant-Rankine
equationreduces
reduces to:
2Acr
2A, >-
Cl-
21
-1
Acr
Wood18
recommendedthat
thatthe
the beneficial
beneficialeffects
effects ofof cladding
Wood[*' recommended
cladding and
and strain
strain
modified version
thethe
hardening should
allowed for
bythethe following
following modified
hardening
should be
be allowed
for by
version of
of
Merchant-Ranking criterion:
'
cr
For 4 S I
10,
A, = A, (0.9+ A p /Acr )
2f=2P(0.9+2p/2cr)
P'
re-written in
in the
the form
form of
of the
the Merchant-Ranking
Merchant-Ranking equation:
equation:
This equation can be re-written
11
0.9
+- 11
2
A, 2p 2r
'cr
'p
As explained in Kirby
canbebeexpressed
expressedfor
forhf
X2 1.0
Kirby and
and Nethercot131,
NethercotC3', thiscan
1.0as
as the
the
requirement that:
0.92
0.9Acr
For
For 10
10 >>
A c2cr
r 2 4 .4.6,
6 , 2,
A P ->'cr
- 11
2cr
frame.
This requirement
requirement isis generalised
generalised in
in Clause
Clause 5.5.4.4
5.5.4.4 of
of BS
5950-1 as:
as:
BS 5950-1
AT
= 0.9 'icr
/2, =
A,, /(Acr
/(Acr-1)
1)
so that it can be
be applied
applied to
to both
both plastic
plastic and
and elastic
elastic design.
design.
4.3
4.3
Calculation of
of XC,
h,, for
Calculation
for BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
General
4.3.1 General
value of
of 2cf
Acr for use
use in Clause
Clause
The value
5.5.4.4
bethethe truevalue,
value, not
5.5.4.4must
must be
notthethe
approximate
value derived
derivedfrom
from the
the formulae
formulae in
in Chapters
Chapters 22 or 5 of
of BS5950-1.
BS5950-1.
approximate value
The elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
or the
the elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling factor Acr
2cr for
for
buckling load
load Vcr
V,, or
the
will
softwarepackages
packages that
the first
first mode
modewill
be be available
available ininnumerous
numeroussoftware
that perform
perform
elastic
analysis.
for the
ACTisis calculated
calculatedfor
the frame
frame assuming
assuming itit is
elasticanalysis.
TheThe value
value of
of 2cr
entirely elastic and that no plastic hinges exist.
Acr depends
depends on
the magnitude
magnitude of
thethe applied
Therefore,
value of
of 2cr
The value
on the
of
appliedload.
load.
Therefore,
unless the lowest

from all
all load
load combinations
combinations isis used
used throughout,
throughout, the
the
lowest value of 2cr
Acr from
35
in which
istaken
taken
modeofthe
of the bare
Acr is
as as the value
value for
for the
the lowest
lowest buckling
buckling mode
bare
which 2cr
calculated for
load
value
in the equation
for R,2 must becalculated
valueofof 2cr
RC,usedinthe
equation for
for each
eachload
loadcombination.
combination.
combination, giving different values
values of
Rr for each
each load
combination,
of 2r
4.3.2
detailsthat
that
lower
value
A,
4 . 3 . 2 Structural
Structural details
lower
thethe
value
of of A,,
The details
details of frames
framescan
affect the
thestability
significantly. Where
Where connections
connections
can affect
stability significantly.
are not stiff

stiff moment
connections, or
or where
where the
the arrangement
arrangement of
of aa frame
frame
moment resisting
resisting connections,
is irregular, the
the effects
shouldbe
be carefully
effects on
on stability
stability should
carefully considered.
considered.
Portals are sometimes
sometimes detailed
detailed with
with pin-ended
pin-ended props
serving as
theinternal
Portals
props serving
as the
internal
columns. AApin-ended
pin-ended prop
prop tends
tends to destabilise
destabilise the
the whole
structure because
because any
columns.
whole structure
any
lateral displacement
causes the
the prop
prop to induce an additional
lateral load,
load, instead
displacement causes
additional lateral
instead
restoring shear
shear that
thatwould
beinduced
by
continuous column,
column, (see
(see
ofthe
the restoring
would
be induced
by aacontinuous
Davie~''~~]).
Therefore,
correctly modelled
modelled as
Davies5'61).
Therefore, anypin-ended
pin-ended members
members must
must be
be correctly
as
pin-ended.
Valley
beams do not provide
stabilising effect
effect tothe
thewhole
whole structure, thus
Valley beams
provide any
anystabilising
they should
be modelled
modelled accordingly,
accordingly,e.g.
e.g. as
as sliding
slidingsupports.
supports. If a valley
beam
valley beam
should be
is free
twist at the
nolateral
lateral restraint
restraint to
tothe
the
free to
to twist
the frame
frame itit supports
supports and
and if there
there is no
top flange at this point, then
thevalley
valley beam will
then the
will act as a very
very short
short pin-ended
pin-ended
destabilise the frame, as discussed by Davies.
prop and destabilise
4.3.3 Computersolutions
A,,
solutionsfor
for ?.c,
preferable for design
design office use.
Computer solutions will normally be preferable
(buckling
may be
expressed as
as loads,
loads, Vcr,
V,,, or as the
the ratio
ratio of
of (buckling
The buckling modes may
be expressed
in Section
Section 2.3.
2.3. Only
the first
explained in
Onlythe
first buckling
buckling
load)/(applied load),
load)/(applied
load),A,,
2, as explained
mode is
required for
for the
theAmplified
However, itit can
can be
be
mode
is required
Amplified Moment
Momentmethod.
method. However,
helpful to
helpful
to the
the designer
designer to
to know
knowthethe mode
mode shape
shape of higher
higher modes
modes if 2cr
A,, is
unpleasantly
low. The
stiffen
unpleasantly low.
The mode
mode shape
shape helps
helps to show
show how
how and
and where
wheretotostiffen
thethe
structure.
4.3.4 Solutionswithout
withoutacomputer
a computer
computer solution
solution will
will normally
normally be
be preferable,
preferable, stability
stabilityfunctions
functions
Although a computer
can be
be used
used to
to calculate
calculate the
the elastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling loads
loads of
of frame
frame structures.
structures.
Unfortunately, a rigorous solution
solution is
and complicated.
complicated.
Unfortunately,
islong
long and
For hand
hand calculations
calculations using
using stability
stability functions,
functions, acceptable
acceptable approximations
approximations may
may
be introduced
introduced by making
making the
the following
following assumptions:
assumptions:
(i) The
Theelastic
elastic critical
critical buckling
buckling load
load is
is not
not affected
affected by
bythe
distribution of
(i)
the distribution
of
transverse load
load along
the
axial
transverse
along the
the members.
members. Only
Only
the
axial
loads
need
be loads need be
anold
oldand
and well-respected
well-respected assumption.
assumption.
considered. This
Thisisis an
Themaximum
maximum axial
axial load
loadinin each
each member
member is assumed
assumedtoto
actact
along
its its full
(ii) The
along
length. This
length.
Thisisisaaconservative
conservative assumption.
assumption.
(iii)
The stiffening
effect of
(iii)The
stiffening effect
of haunches
haunches is ignored.
ignored.
This
This is
is aaconservative
conservative
assumption.
Axial
loads should
Axial
loads
should be calculated
calculated from
fromanan elastic
elastic analysis.
analysis. They
They may
may
be be
calculated
from standard
standardresults,
results,
illustratedinin References
References9,9, 10,
10, 11,
calculated from
as as illustrated
11,
36
36
The most
the various
most obvious
obvious differences
differences between
betweenthe
various available
available computer
computer solutions
are the
in the
the output.
are the
of
the differences
differences in
output. The
Theprincipal
principal differences
differences are
the number
number of
buckling modes
buckling
modes calculated
calculated and
and the
the output
output of
of the
thebuckling
bucklingmode
modeshapes.
shapes.
assuming fully
the buckling
buckling analysis
analysis of
frames with
with
assuming
fuiiy pinned/fixed
pinned/fixedbases
bases for
for the
of frames
nominally pinned/fixed
pinned/fixed bases.
bases.
nominally
reduce the
the calculation
calculation to
simple process
process suitable
suitable for design
design office
office use,
use,
To reduce
to a simple
D a ~ i e s ' ~used
, ~ ] stability
calculate the
Davies5'6
used
stability functions
functions to
to produce
produce simple
simple formulae
formulae to
to calculate
infinitely rigid
approximate buckling
buckling load
load of
of portal
portal frames with
with pinned
pinned or
or infinitely
rigid bases.
bases.
The original
original work
work by Davies
Davieson
stability of portal
portal frames
frameswas
extended
The
on stability
was
extended by
King["] to
account for the partial fixity
fixity of nominally
nominally pinned
King21
to account
pinned bases
bases and the slight
flexibility
of
nominally
rigid
bases.
The
work
of
Davies
and
King is
is
The
work
of
Davies
and King
flexibility of nominally rigid bases.
summarised in Section 4.4 below.
The formula
formula in BS 5950-1,
5950-1, Clause
Clause 2.4.2.6,
2.4.2.6, isis not
not valid
valid for
for single-storey
single-storey portals
as itit ignores
intended for
ignores the
the compression
compression inthethe rafters.
rafters. That
That equation
equation is intended
multi-storey
buildings,
not
single-storey
pitched-roof
portals.
multi-storey buildings, not single-storey pitched-roof portals.
4.3.5 Base
Base stiffness
stiffness for
for calculation
calculation of
of A,
X,,
BS 5950-1,
5950-1, Clause
gives guidance
guidance on
thethe base
base stiffness
stiffness that
maybebe
BS
Clause 5.1.3,
5.1.3, gives
on
that may
assumed in
The provisions
provisions for ULS
ULS analysis
analysis may
usedinthe
assumed
in design.
design. The
may be
be used
in the
analysis
model
for
A,.
is
important
to
note
that
the
Amplified
Moment
It
is
important
to
note
that
the
Amplified
Moment
analysis model for 2cr.
method uses
stiffness of
ULS, so only
only the
the ULS
ULS base
base stiffness
stiffness
method
uses the
the stiffness
ofthe
the frame
frame at
at ULS,
values.
values may be used,
used, not the SLS values.
the following
following base stiffnesses may be
Therefore the
be used:
Base with
with a
a pin or rocker
The base stiffness
stiffness should be taken
taken as
as zero
zero in
in the
thecalculation
calculation of
of2cr
,lcr.
pinnedbase
base
Nominally pinned
foundation may
ULS analysis
analysis of
frame,
foundation
maybebe taken
taken as
aszero,
zero,provided
provided that
that the
the ULS
ofthe
the frame,
whichthe
moments and
found, assumes
assumes that
from which
the moments
and forces
forces around
around the
the frame
frame are
are found,
that
the bases are pinned.
Nominal
Nominal semi-rigid
semi-rigidbase
base
nominal base
column stiffness
stiffness may be assumed
assumed
A nominal
base stiffness
stiffness of
of up
up to 20% of the
the column
the ULS
ULS calculations,
provided that
that the
the foundation
foundation is
designed for
the
for the
is designed
for the
moments
and forces
forces obtained
obtained in
in the
the analysis.
for the
of
moments and
Therefore, for
the calculation
calculation of
base stiffness
maybebe taken
taken as
as 20% ofthe
the column
but at
at the
the
IC,,thebase
stiffness may
column stiffness
stiffness but
cost of
to carry
from the ULS
of designing
designing the foundations
foundations to
carry the moments
momentsfrom
ULS global
global
analysis for every load case.
rigidbase
base
Nominally rigid
The base
should be
betaken
taken as
as equal
base stiffness
stiffness should
equal to the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness and
andthethe
foundation
mustbebe designed
designedtoto resist
resist moments
momentsfrom
fromall
allload
loadcases.
cases. Therefore,
foundation must
Therefore,
the
base stiffness
may
thebase
stiffness may
be be taken
taken as equal
equal to
to the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness for
for the
the
basesshould
should not
not be
be assumed
assumed to
to be
be rigid for this
calculation of
calculation
of ,lcr. Note that the bases
check.
The above assumptions
assumptions have
have been
been used
used in
in deriving the approximate formulae
formulae for
for
Acr
given
in
Section
4.4.
4.4.
2cr given
37
The base
may be
be taken
as 10%
for the
base stiffness
stiffness may
taken as
10% of
ofthethe colunm
column stiffness
stiffness for
the
calculation
2c For the
base moments
the
calculation ofof A,,.
the same
same frame,
frame, the
thebase
moments transmitted
transmitted tothe
4.4
4.4 Simplified
Simplified
hand
handsolutions
solutionsfor
forXcr
L
4.4.1
4.4.1General
General
This section
is from Davies5'6'7
with
extensionsofofDavies'
Davies' work
work to
toother
other
section is
D a v i e ~ ' ~ ,with
~ . ~the
' the extensions
base conditions
conditions by
King'''].
by King'2.
method, the
the frame
frame is
is considered
considered as
as aa series
series of
of sub-divisions
In this
this method,
sub-divisions(see
(see Figure
including:
4.1) including:
(i)Rafter
(seeSection
Section 4.4.2).
4.4.2).
Rafterpairs
pairs (see
External column
column +
+ rafter
rafter (see
(see Section
Section 4.4.3).
(ii) External
4.4.3).
(iii) Internal
Internal column
column +
+ rafter
rafter each
each side
side (see
(see Section
Section 4.4.4).
4.4.4).
(iv)
(iv) Equivalent
Equivalentframe
framefor
frames
for frames with
with props
props or
or valley
valley beams
beams (see
(see
Section 4.4.5).
4.4.5).
For each ULS
found for each
ULS load
load combination
combination analysed,
analysed, 2cr
A,, shouldbebefound
eachofof
thethe
beused
used throughout
sub-divisions and
lowest 2cr
above sub-divisions
and the lowest
Acr shouldbe
throughout the structure
structure
particular load
very lowest
lowest Ar
for that particular
load combination.
combination. (The very
A. could
could be
beused
used for
for all
all
load combinations,
would result
resultinin aa conservative
combinations, but it would
conservative design).
design).
Column
and rafter
the
values calculated
Columnand
rafter loads
loads should
should be
bethe
values
calculated by
by elastic
elastic analysis,
analysis,
which
maybebe found
or bythe
the
formulae
which may
found by
by first-order
first-order computer
computer analysis
analysis or
formulae
in in
reference
reference bbooks9''.
o~ks[~,~~~ll~.
External column
column
rafter
Rafter pairs
Internalcolumn
column
,lnternal
+ rafter each side
l
I
I
l
l
I
Figure 4.1
Sub-divisionsof
of frames
frames for
for analysis
computer
Figure
4.1 Sub-divisions
analysis without computer
38
38
r------------
4.4.2
pairs
4.4.2Rafter
Rafterpairs
This Section checks
checks the
the rafter
'rafter pair'
ofthe
the structure.
pair sub-divisions
sub-divisions of
It checks
that the
the 'arch'
see Figure
Figure
checks that
arch formed
formed by
by each
each rafter
rafter pair does
does not collapse;
collapse; see
4.2.
The theory
to Horne'3'
forms the
basisofofthethe rules
rules of
of Clause
Clause 5.5.4.3
5.5.4.3
theory is due to
Horne[13]and forms
the basis
of BS
BS 5950-1.
5950-1. ItItisisre-expressed
re-expressedby
byDavies71.
DaviesL7I.
For roof
in the
therange
range00I 6
roof slopes
slopes in
8, I 200,
20,
2cr
Lb
[5s(4+L/h)] 1+s-
'r
tan2O
Pyr
where:
Lb is the
the effective
effectivespan
spanLL1,
L-L,,
and other symbols are as defined in Section
3.4.2, except for 819which
is defined
defined
Section 3.4.2,
which is
in Section 3.5.
Figure 4.2
Arching failure
of rafters
rafters
Figure
4.2 Arching
failure of
the 'external
column and
and rafter
rafter' sub-divisions
structure.The
The
This checks
checks the
external column
sub-divisions ofof
thethestructure.
theory
is due
Davies, but
to include an
theory is
due to
toDavies,
but modified
modifiedtoinclude
an explicit
explicit column
column base
base
stiffness in (b) and (c) below.
below.
(a)
(a)
Truly
pinned bases,
bases, or
or bases
of
Truly
pinned
bases with
with rockers,
rockers, as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.1
5.1.3.1 of
5950-1.
BS 5950-1.
3E1
3EI
A C T
2cr
( 1.2
s a3PrS+I 1+ Ic'
R)
[
This may be
be expressed in terms of the rafter
rafter and
and column
column Euler buckling loads
loads
as:
as :
2cr
11
r +(4+3.3R)I PC
c.crit
L r.crit J
39
39
4.4.3 External
rafter
Externalcolumn
column and
andrafter
Nominally
pinned bases, as Clause
Nominallypinned
Clause 5.1.3.3
5.1.3.3 of
of BS
BS 5950-1.
5950-1.
(b)
(b)
2crCF
(4.2 + 0 . 4 R ) E I ,
(4.2+0.4R)EIr
This may be expressed

expressed in terms of the
rafter and
column Euler
Euler buckling
buckling loads
loads
the rafter
and column
as:
as :
(1 +
0.1R)
(i
+o.1R)
(p
+ (2.9 + 2.7R)I
'r.crit
PC.Crit
Nominally
rigidbases,
bases, as Clause 5.1.3.2
Nominallyrigid
5.1.3.2 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
(c)
(c)
5 E(10 + 0.8 R )
5E(l0+0.8R)
[y]
2cr
cr
5Ps2
Ph2
+ (2.6R + 4)[%]
+(2.6R+4)
'C
This may be
be expressed
loads
expressed in terms of the rafter and
and column
column Euler buckling
buckling loads
as:
as :
(l + 0.08R)
(1+o.o8R)
+(o.8+o,52R)
'r.crit
1c.crit
Where (for the

the above
above expressions):
expressions):
is the Young's
ofsteel
steel
Youngs modulus
modulus of
Jr
is the
the rafter inertia in the plane of the
the portal
portal
is the column
inertia in the
the plane
plane of the
the portal
portal
column inertia
length along the slope (eaves to apex)

is the
the rafter length
apex)
is the
the column
column height
height
205 kN/mm2
kN/mm2
IC
column st?ffness
rafter stiffness
stiffness
rafter
JcS
1rh
S
P is the
compression
in in
column
is axial
the axial
compression
columnfrom
fromelastic
elastic analysis
analysis
Note: This
P. as the capacity
Thisdffers
d@ersfrom
fromBS
BS 5950-1
5950-1 notation
notation which
which defines
defines Pc
of
the
compression
member.
of the compression member.
P,.
Pr
isthe
the
axial compression in rafter from
axial
from elastic
elastic analysis
analysis
Pcr,I
=
P,.,.,,,
=
it2
n 2EElI C
,
~
Ii
h
== Euler buckling
load of the
column
bucklingload
thecolumn
40
P,,,.,, =
=
Prc,,I
2j
EI,
=
ofthe
the rafter.
= Euler buckling load of
22
4.4.4
4.4.4 Internal
Internalcolumn
rafter
each
side
columnand
and
rafter
each side
internal column
column and
sub-divisions of
This checks
checks the
the 'internal
and rafter
rafter' sub-divisions
of the
the structure.
structure.The
The
4.4.3 but
but modified
modified for
for internal
internal columns.
columns.
as in
in Section
Section 4.4.3
theory is as
(a)
(a)
Truly
Truly
pinned
pinned bases,
bases, or
bases
bases with
with rockers,
rockers, as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.1
5.1.3.1 of
of
BS 5950-1
5950-1
11
2 cr
P,
R+
Prr
Rr +(4r +3.3R2 )
'c.crit
'rr.crit
.crit
which, in the case of identical

identical rafter forces, sections
sections and lengths gives:
1
2cr
(4+3.3R2)
r.crit
1c.crit
Nominally
pinned
bases, as Clause
pinned
bases,
Clause 5.1.3.3 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
(b) Nominally
2cr
(l+O.lR,))
(1+o.1R2))
IR +1 _!L_ I'r +(2.9+2.7R2 )i

1're .crit )
rr.crit )
c.crit
which in the case of identical rafter forces, sections

gives
sections and lengths gives
(i+o.i2)
+(2.9+2.7R2 )
'c.crit
1r.crit )
(c)
(c)
Nominallyrigid
rigidbases,
bases, as
as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.2
5.1.3.2 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
2cr
(1 + 0.08R, )
(1+o.o8R2)
R1 +
rr
Rr + (0.8 + 0.52R2 )
'c.crit
rr.crj(
.crit
which, in
in the
the case
case of
of identical
identical rafter
rafter forces, sections
sections and
and lengths gives
2cr
(1 + 0.8 R, )
(1+o.8R2)
+ (0.8 + 0.52R2
. 'r.crit
'c.crit
The symbols
expressions are
are the same
same as in Section 4.4.3, except:
symbols for the above expressions
except:
p,,
the axial
axial compression
analysis
is the
compression in left-hand rafter from
fromelastic
elastic analysis
P,
P,.
the axial
axialcompression
in right-hand
right-hand rafter from
elastic analysis
analysis
is the
compression in
from elastic
41
41
2cr
buckling load
load of
of left
left hand
handrafter
rafter =
= iZ2EIri/512
P,, .crit is
dEZrl/st
is the Euler buckling
load of
of left
left hand
hand rafter
rafter =
=
P,.,.,,.,, is the Euler buckling
buckling load
Prrcr,t
left hand rafter stiffness

total rafter stgfiess
stffiiess
- right hand
hand rafter
rafterst?ffness
stiffness
=
-
total rafter stg&ess

stffiiess
R2 =--
dEI,/s,2
El
Is
EIrC /st
( EZ,p /so ++ EIrr/Sr

EI /S , ))
(EIr/S
=
-
EI /sr
EIrr
(EZ,,ree
/S, +EIrr/Sr
+ EZ,, /S, ))
(El
El
EI c/h
/h
total rafter stflness
(EI /s
/S B +
+ Elrr
EI /Sr
/S, ))
st(fness (EIrp
column stffiiess
st$@ess
=
-
is the
the left hand rafter
plane of the
the portal
portal
rafter inertia in the plane
Irr
is the right hand rafter inertia in the plane

planeof
ofthe
the portal
portal
is the
the left hand rafter
alongthe
the slope (valley
toapex)
apex)
rafter length
length along
(valley to
Sr
is the right hand rafter length

length along the slope (valley
(valley to
to apex).
apex).
4.4.5 Portal frame

frame with
with props
beams
props or
or valley
valley beams
The theory
to include
theory is due
due to
to Davies5'6'7,
D a ~ i e s [ ~ .but
but
~ . ~modified
modified
],
include an
an explicit
explicit column
column
base stiffness
in (b)
(b) and
and (c) below.
below. ItItassumes
valleys are
stiffness in
assumes that
that all
all thevalleys
are supported
supported
beams.
either by props or by valley beams.
simple equivalent
equivalent frame
column pinned
bottom is used,
used,
A simple
frame with
withone
one column
pinned top
top and bottom
representing
anend
endbay.
bay.This
This isisloaded
thetotal
total
representing an
loaded by
by aashare
share(normally
(normally 50%)
50%) of
of the
the prop
prop loads
loads in the
the frame
frame on
pin-ended column.
Assuming that
of all the
on the pin-ended
column. Assuming
thatthethe
internal
loadistwice
is twice
load, the
equivalent frame
internal column
column load
the the external
external column
columnload,
theequivalent
frame
prop load
load is
prop
is NP,,
NP,
P
axialaxial
compression
in in
thethe
external
P,is the
isthe
compression
externalcolumn
columnfrom
from elastic
elastic analysis
analysis
N
isthe
thetotal
total number
N
number of props in the frame
The rafter
little
tosway
the sway stability,
so is
rafter beyond
beyond the
the first
first bay
bay contributes
contributes little
tothe
stability, so
ignored.
ignored.
Valley
beams do
do notadd
add appreciably
tothe
the
stability
do not
Valleybeams
appreciably to
stability
oftheof the portal
portal anddo
not
destabilise when
itit when
well well detailed
detailed with
rigid connection
connection to
the the eaves.
eaves.
destabilise
with aa rigid
to
Therefore, rigidly
valley beams
beams make
makeno
nocontribution
contributiontotoN.
N. A portal
rigidly connected
connected valley
with valley
valley beams
beams but
but no
no props
props has
hasNN =
= 0.
0.
(a)
(a)
Truly
Truly
pinned
pinned bases,
bases, or
or bases
bases with
with rockers
rockers as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.1
5.1.3.1 of
of
BS 5950-1
5950-1
24 cr,
3E I ,
3EIr
/,
2 [0.3PrS2 +
+1 (N+1)Ph]
which may
may be
be expressed
expressed in terms of the
the Euler loads as
which
42
where:
2Cr
/
(P
+(4+3.3R)(N+1)
'32r.crit
Pc.Crit
Nominally pinned
pinned bases, as
as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.3
5.1.3.3 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
(b)
(1 + O.lR, ))
(1+O.1R
2cr
P
'2r.crit
+(2.9+2.7R)(N+1)
P
c.crit
Nominally rigid bases, as

as Clause
Clause 5.1.3.2
5.1.3.2 of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
(c)
CC
/
1P
'2r.crit
(1+
+ O.O8R)
0.08 R , )
(1
/
(P
+(O.8+O.52R)(N+1)j
c.crit
where, for rafters

rafters of
of equal
equal cross-section
cross-section and equal length
Z2
'2
is the rafter
inertiainin the
the frame
rafterinertia
the plane ofthe
s2
s2
is the length
of rafter
rafterpair
pair(i.e.
(i.e.
eaves
to apex
to valley) but
but for
for
length of
eaves
to apex
to valley)
asymmetrical arrangements of rafters, 12/s2
the value
value that
that gives
gives the
the
12/s2isisthe
true ratio of column stiffness to stiffness of
of the
the pair
pair of rafters
(length =
= sum of rafter lengths,
forfor
(length
lengths, i.e.
i.e.eaves
eavestotoapex
apextotovalley)
valley)
rotation about the eaves.
P2r.crit
isisthe
P2r.crit
theEuler
Eulercritical
criticalbuckling
bucklingload
loadofofthe
thepair
pairofofrafters
raftersadjacent
adjacent to
tothe
the
external column
2
- irEI
n 2EZ
=
-~
for a symmetrical pair of rafters.
2
R,
=
=
stiffness of
of column
column
stiffness
stiffness of
of rafter pair
stiffness
43
=
=
(Elc/h)(E12
/ h ) ( E I 2 Is2
/ S 2 )1
(EI
(s2)
( S 2 )*
SECOND-ORDER
ANALYSIS
5.1
5 .l
Introduction
Second-order
the term used
to describe
whichthe
the
Second-order analysis is the
used to
describe analysis
analysis methods
methods in which
effects of increasing
increasing deflection
deflection under increasing load are considered
considered explicitly
explicitly in
the solution
method,
so
that
the
results
include
the
P.zl
(P-big
delta)
and P.
P.S
solution method, so that the results include the P . A (P-big delta) and
6
(P-little
delta) effects
effects described
describedinin Section
Section2.4.
2.4.The
The results
(P-little delta)
results will
will differ
differ from
from the
the
results
magnitude
results of first-order
analysis by an
an amount
amount dependent
dependent on themagnitude
of of
thethe
P.zl
P. A and P.S
P. 6effects.
effects.
Second
Second order
order analysis
analysis will
will normally
normally be more
more accurate
accurate than
than first-order
analysis
with magnification factors.
The
The method
method and
and limitations
limitationsof of a second
second order
order analysis
analysis should
should be
be clearly
clearly
understood before
before ititisused
is used and before
checks are
are applied
applied to
tothethe
understood
before resistance
resistance checks
results.
5.2 Design
Design steps
steps
gives the
the steps
steps required
required to
to satisfy
Clauses5.5.2
5.5.2
5.5.3 of
of
This Section
Section gives
satisfy Clauses
or or 5.5.3
BS
5950-1 using
using second-order
second-orderanalysis,
analysis,asasClause
Clause5.5.4.5
5.5.4.5ofofBS
BS5950-1.
5950-1. For
BS 5950-1
analysis, A.
second-order
/2, is
istaken
taken as
as 1.0.
Out-of-plane
stability member
member must
must also
also be
bechecked
checked as required
required by BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
5 , but
but is
is outside
outside the
the scope
scope of
of this
this document.
document.
Chapters 4 and 5,
Design steps for plastic design
Design
Carry out aa plastic

the frame.
plastic analysis
analysis of the
frame.
Apply
tothethe frame.
For load
Applythethe loads
loads to
frame.For
loadcombinations
combinations other
other than
than Load
Load
combination
1
(see
Clause
2.4.1.2
of
BS
5950-1),
notional
horizontal
forces
combination
Clause
of BS 5950-l), notional horizontal
(NHF)
need not
not be
2.4.2.4 of
of BS
BS 5950-1).
5950-1). Where
(NHF) need
be applied
applied (see
(see Clause
Clause 2.4.2.4
Where
NHF
NHF
areare applied
applied to
to asymmetric
asymmetric frames
frames or
or symmetric
symmetric frames
frames with
with
asymmetric loading,
generally be necessary
necessary to apply two load
load cases,
asymmetric
loading, it will
will generally
one with
the NHF in
the other
with the
in one
one direction
direction and the other with the NHF in the
direction to ensure that the
the most unfavourable
load case
case is
is applied.
applied.
unfavourable load
Checkthe
thestrength
strengthof
of the
the frame
frame
2. Check
i$,and
andcheck
check that
that A,,
4 21.0.
1.0.Note
Note
that
second-orderanalysis
analysis
Calculate A
(a) Calculate
that
second-order
should not
not give
give higher
higher values
values of
of i$,
A than
than first-order
analysis
Check the
the member
member strength
strengthand
1.01.0 xx ULS
ULS
(b) Check
and out-of-plane
stabilityatat
loads.
Design steps for elastic
elastic design
Design
1. Carry
1.
Carry
out out an elastic analysis
analysis of
ofthe
the frame.
frame. Loading
Loading should
should bethe
the same as
2.
given in Step 1 for

for plastic design.
Calculate the
moments and
forces
around the
the frame.
frame.
Check Check the
the
Calculate
the moments
and
forces around
cross-sectional resistances
output of
cross-sectional
resistances using
using BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1 Clause
Clause4.8
4.8 using
using the
the output
the second-order
analysis at
at 1.0 x ULS loads.
second-order analysis
44
1.
1.
5.3 Structure
model
Structure
model
5.3.1 Division
into
elements
effects
Divisionof
ofmembers
members into
elements
for for P.o
P.6 effects
In second-order
analysis of
of portal
portal frames,
frames, all the members in
in a frame
frame may
may need
need
to be divided
divided into
into several
several elements
elements along their lengths
lengths for an accurate
accurate analysis.
analysis.
P.6 (P-little
(P-little delta) effects
effects described
reason is that
that P.S
The reason
described in
in Section
Section2.4.2
2.4.2 have
have aa
significant
influenceonon the
the behaviour
behaviourofof practical
practical portal
portal frames,
frames, but
but most
most
significant influence
analysis
methodsdo
do not
not allow
allow for
for these
these effects
effects within
within the
themodel
modelelement.
element. The
analysis methods
P.S
are not
not the same
P. 6 (P-little
(P-little delta)
delta) effects
effects are
same as
as the
the P.zl
P.A (P-big
(P-big delta)
delta) effects
effects
described
in Section
described in
Section 2.4.3. Many
Manysoftware
software packages
packages include
include modules
modules of
of
'P-delta'
P-delta analysis,
analysis, but
but these
these are
are usually
usually designed
designed to
to consider
consider the
the relative
relative
displacements ofof
thetheends
thetheelement
only.
displacements
endsofof
element
only. This
This isisthethe same
sameasas the
the P.zl
P.d
(P-big delta)
member is divided
divided into
(P-big
delta) effects
effects on
on the
the element.
element. When a member
into aa number
number
of elements,
will approximate
approximatetoto the
the P.6
P.S
elements, then the P.zl
P.A effects of all the elements
elements will
effects
ofthethe entire
effects of
entire member.
member.AsAs the
thenumber
number of
of elements
elements is
is increased,
increased, the
the
It is recommended,
approximation is
improved. is
recommended,
as as a simple
simple guide,
guide, that
that
approximation
is improved.
members
should be
be divided
into 10 elements
elements for
for analysis
analysis of
of portal
portal frames,
frames,
members should
divided into
because portal
arecommonly
more
because
portal members
members
are commonlyslender
slenderand
andP.6
P.S effects
effects are
are more
There
are analysis
in which
the P.S
modelled within
Thereare
analysis methods
methods in
which the
P.6 effects
effects are
aremodelled
within the
the
length of each
each element.
element. Inthese
methods, the
the coefficients
coefficients of
length
these methods,
of each
each of
ofthethe
bending terms
terms in the stiffness matrix
matrix are
are modified
modified by
by factors
factors similar
similar to
to stability
'stability
functions'
functions such
suchasas those
those published
published by
by Livesiey
Livesiey and
and Chand1er14.
Chandler[l4I. Where
Where this
this
method is used, the
the member
member length
length need not be
be divided
divided into
into numerous
numerous elements
elements
to allow
of a member
allow for
for P.S
P . 6effects.
effects. Division
Division of
member into
into elements
elements may
may still be
be
required
to provide
nodes at
at which
loads can
can be
be applied
required to
provide nodes
which loads
applied ifif loads
loads are applied
applied
within the
important that
that the designer
designer is sure
within
the length
length of
of aa member.
member. ItIt isis important
sure that
that this
this
stability function'
function type
typemethod
is is incorporated
incorporated in an
an analysis
analysis method
method before
before
'stability
method
deciding
not to
to sub-divide
sub-dividemembers
membersinto
into10
10orormore
moreelements.
elements. An
An example
exampleof
ofaa
deciding not
stability function'
function type of solution
solution is provided
provided bythe
worked examples
'stability
the worked
examples ofthe
the
hand method.
method. InInthese
these examples,
examples, the
the stiffness
stiffness ofthe
'hand'
the members
members isis reduced
reducedby
byaa
factor
where PULS
theaxial
axialcompression
compressionatat the
the Ultimate
Ultimate Limit
Limit
factor (1 - PsIPT),
PLTLS/Pcr),
PuLs isisthe
State
the elastic
elasticcritical
criticalbuckling
bucklingload
loadofofthethemember.
member. Whilst
State and PC,
Pcr isisthe
Whilst this is
an approximation,
of the
the member
member stiffness
stiffness by
by aa
example of modification
modification of
approximation, it is an example
factor
to allow
allow for
for P.6
P. effects.
may
factor to
effects. An
Analternative
alternative factor
factor that
thatmay
be be used
used is
is
(1 - VULS/VCF)
2.3.
VuLS/Vcr)=
= (( 1/A),
l/&), where VULS,
VuLs, V,,,
Vcr,and
andA,,
,. are as defined in Section 2.3.
imperfectionsofof
frames
frames
5.3.2 Initialimperfections
All frames
must
be designed
to allow
frames must
be
designed to
allow for
for
initial imperfections.
BS 5950-1:
2000 requires
requires that
that the
the effects
these imperfections
are included
included by
by
5950-1: 2000
effects of these
imperfections are
application
ofthethe notional
notionalhorizontal
horizontalforces.
forces.
Theseare
are taken
takenatat 0.5%
0.5% of
of the
the
application of
These
factored loads
loads applied
applied in
combination l1 (gravity
factored
inLoad
Load combination
(gravity loads)
loads) in
in cases
cases without
without
significant
horizontal loads,
loads, as
as BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1Section
Section2.4.2.4.
2.4.2.4. Notional
Notional horizontal
horizontal
significant horizontal
forces are not
load combinations
horizontal loads.
loads.
not applied
applied in
in load
combinations including horizontal
The notional
horizontal forces
forces are
are assumed
assumed to
to act
act in any
any one direction,
notional horizontal
direction, thus two
analyses
are
required,
except
for
symmetrical
frames
with
symmetrical
loading.
analyses
required, except for symmetrical frames with symmetrical loading.
In one
notional horizontal
forces applied
applied in
in one direction
one analysis,
analysis, the
thenotional
horizontal forces
direction in the
the
plane
the portal
portal frame, and inthe
the other analysis,
the forces
forces are
are applied
applied in
in the
the
plane of the
analysis, the
opposite direction
theplane
plane of the portal frame.
direction in the
45
important on slender members.
5.3.3 Initial
Initialimperfections
imperfectionsofof
members
5.3.3
members
checksof
of members
membersisis covered
coveredinin
detail
in Section6.6. This
In-plane buckling
buckling checks
detail
inSection
This
In-plane
section only covers principles that affect the analysis model.
Where the buckling

bucklingresistance
resistance
member is
istotobebe checked
Where
of of aa member
checked by a method
method other
than direct application
ofthe
the buckling
buckling checks
checks in
in BS
BS 5950-1,
5950-1, ititisis important
that
than
application of
important that
residual stresses
initial
the effect of residual
stresses is included.
included. This
Thismay
maybe achieved
achieved by
by using
using initial
imperfectionsequivalent
equivalenttoto
those
used in BS
BS 5950-1,
5950-1,Annex
AnnexCC to
to define
imperfections
those
usedin
define the
the
Altematively,
the
moment
due
to
strut
action
can
be
buckling
curves.
Alternatively,
the
moment
due
to
strut
action
can
be
buckling curves.
calculated from BS 5950-1 Annex
Annex C.
C.3.
calculated
3.
Ifinitial
initial imperfections
imperfections of
of members
members are
are allowed
allowed for
for in
inthe
the analysis
analysis model
modelofof aa
complete frame,
frame, itshould
should be
complete
be remembered
remembered that
that these
these imperfections
imperfections might
mightbebe
either destabilising
or stabilising,
depending on
on the
the direction
ofthe
the deflections
either
destabilising or
stabilising, depending
direction of
deflections
induced by
Numerous analyses
analyses for
induced
by each
each load
load combination.
combination. Numerous
for each
each load
load case
case may
may
be required
required to ensure that
that the
worst case
case has
Because of
the worst
has been
been considered.
considered. Because
of this,
is recommended
recommended that the frame
frame is
is analysed
analysed assuming
assuming initially
it is
initially perfect
perfect members
members
the initial
imperfection effects
effects are then added
added in
in the
unfavourable
and that the
initial imperfection
themost
most unfavourable
direction
to each individual
member, in
in addition
tothethe
moments and
and forces
direction to
individual member,
addition to
moments
forces
from the frame analysis.
5.3.4 Base
stiffness
Base
stiffness
BS 5950-1
Clause 5.1.3
5.1.3 gives
gives guidance
guidance on
on
thestiffness
base that
stiffness
5950-1 Clause
thebase
maybe
that may be
assumed in
TheThe provisions
provisions for ULS
ULS analysis
analysis may
beused
assumed
in design.
design.
may
beinthe
used in the
analysis model.
important to
tonote
notethat
thatthe
thesecond-order
analysis uses
usesthe
analysis
model. ItItisisimportant
the
stiffness of
hence only the ULS
ULS base stiffness
may
be be
stiffness
of the frame at ULS, hence
stiffnessvalues
values
may
used, not
not the
the SLS
SLS values.
values.
maybe
beused:
used:
The following base stiffnesses
stiffnesses may
Base with
with a pin or rocker
Nominally pinned
pinnedbase
base
If
If a column
column is
is nominally
pin-connected to a foundation
foundation assuming
assuming that
base
nominally pin-connected
thatthethe
base
the base
should be assumed
assumed to be pinned in
moment is
is zero, the
base should
inthe
theglobal
global analysis.
analysis.
Therefore,
foundation
to be zero,
Therefore, where
where the moment
moment applied
applied to thefoundation
is is required
required to
the 10%
10% colun-in
column stiffness
applied
in
the
global
analysis.
the
stiffness value
value cannot
cannot be
be
applied
in the global analysis.
However, the 10%
10% colunm
column stiffness
stiffness can
calculations ofstability
However,
can be usedininthe
the calculations
stability
functions
that
allow
for
P.
8
(Plittle
delta)
effects.
This
is
the
reason
for the
the
functions that allow for 6 (P-little delta) effects. Thisis thereason for
reduction the
of
effective length
length of
of columns
columns when
when
calculating
in
reduction
of the effective
calculating P,,
Pcr in
Appendix A.3.2,
which isis also
reduction ofof
Appendix
A.3.2, which
alsoreferred
referredtoto in
inAppendix
AppendixB.3.2.
B.3.2.The
The reduction
effective length
also
applicable in
the
internal
column in-plane
in-plane checks
checks
effective
length is
is
also applicable
the internal column
recommended
recommended in Section 6.
semi-rigidbase
base
Nominally semi-rigid
A nominal
nominal base
stiffness of
of the
column stiffness
stiffness may
base stiffness
of up
up to 20% of
the column
maybebeassumed
assumed
the ULS
ULS calculations,
provided that
thefoundation
designed for
for the
that the
foundation is
is designed
for the
moments
inthe
the analysis.
moments and forces obtained
obtained in
46
betaken
taken as zero.
should be
Nominally rigid
rigid base
base
Nominally
should
be taken
as equal
the column
The base
base stiffness
stiffness should
betaken
as
equal tothe
column stiffness
stiffness and
and the
the
foundation
must be
bedesigned
designedtotoresist
resist moments
moments from all load
load cases.
foundation must
5.3.5
5.3.5 Tied portals
portals are
are especially
especially sensitive
effects because
because ofthe
Tied portals
sensitivetoto second-order
thehigh
high
axial
the rafters.
In addition,
tie portals
low pitch
axial forces
forces inthe
rafters. In
addition, tie
portals with
withlow
pitch rafters
rafters are
very
to the
vertical
deflection
apex. This
apex
very sensitive
sensitive to
thevertical
deflection
ofthe of the apex.
Thisisis because
because the
theapex
acts as a central
the rafters,
central support
support to the
rafters, which
which act as a two
two span
span beam
beam supported
supported
columns and
The axial
axial forces
forces in
inthe
rafters are
determined by
bythe
the columns
and the
the apex.
apex. The
the rafters
are determined
by
the
ofthethe
reaction from
from the
the vector
vector component
component of
reaction
the rafters
rafters acting
acting as aa two-span
two-span
beam. Therefore,
Therefore,the
theaxial
axial forces
forcesare
areinversely
inversely proportional
proportional to
to the
theactual
beam.
actualslope
slope
ofthe
the rafters
rafters in
in their
their loaded
loaded position.
position. As
As the
the apex
apex deflects,
deflects, the
the axial
axial force
force in
in
the rafters must increase
to provide
provide the
the same
samevertical
verticalreaction
reactionatatthe
theapex.
apex. This
This
increase to
phenomenon
is illustrated
must
is aanon-linear
non-linear effect
effect that
thatmust
be be
phenomenon is
illustrated in
in B.5.3. It is
accounted
accounted for.
additional consideration
An additional
consideration isisthat
thatthe
the rafters
rafters in
in a tied portal
portal may be
be so shallow,
relative
to their span
apex, that
the deflections
relative to
span from
from eaves
eavestoto
apex,
thatthe
deflections are
are significant.
significant.
Where
the end
end to end distance
of the rafter.
Where this
this occurs,
occurs, the curvature
curvature shortens
shortens the
distance of
effect adds to the
shortening effect
effect is
is illustrated
illustrated
This effect
the apex drop. This
Thiscurvature
curvature shortening
in B.5.3.
It Itis is
another
B .5.3.
anothernon-linear
non-lineareffect
effectthat
thatmust
mustbe
be accounted
accounted for.
Some
packages use
use a system
modification to
to the
stiffness matrix
Some software
software packages
system ofmodification
thestiffness
matrix
while
the original
originalgeometry
geometryofofthe
themodel.
model. This
This is
is often
often referred
referred to
to
while maintaining
maintaining the
as 'P-delta'
P-delta analysis.
analysis. This
This type
type
of of analysis
analysis routine
routine is
is not
not appropriate
appropriate for
for
analysis of
portals with
withlow
pitch rafters,
rafters, because
becauseofof the
thenon-linearity,
non-linearity,
analysis
oftied
tied portals
low pitch
unless
for this.
this. Equally,
stability
unless a routine
routine is added
added to account
account for
Equally, routines
routines that
that use
use stability
functions
but
retain
the
original
geometry
throughout
the
analysis
cannot
model
functions
the original geometry throughout the
cannot model
non-linearity of
deflection and
appropriate for portals with
the non-linearity
ofthe
the apex deflection
and are not appropriate
procedure is
is added
added to
to account
account for
for this.
this.
low pitch rafters, aa procedure
5.4
5.4 Analysis methods
methods
5.4.1 General
General
Second order analysis
analysis may
may be carried
carried out
out by
by numerous
numerous methods,
methods, including:
including:
Second
Closed solutions using

using a geometrical
geometrical or algebraic
algebraic function.
function.
Matrix methods.
methods.
methods.
Energy methods.
is important
important that
that the
the method
method chosen
chosen is
is suitable
suitable for
for the
the particular
particular application.
application.
It is
47
Because of
non-linear effects,
analysed using
using
Because
ofthe
the above two non-linear
effects, tied portals must be analysed
routines
these
non-linear effects.
routines that can
can model
modelthese
non-linear
effects. Itisis essential
essential that
that designers
designers
must
functionality
of their
must check
check the
the
functionality
of
their software
software with
with
thethe suppliers
suppliers before
before
It
is
unlikely
that
any
software
that
uses
the
original
designing
tie
portals.
is
unlikely
that
any
software
that
uses
the
original
designing tie portals.
geometry
ofthe
the rafters
the analysis
can be
bereliable
reliable for low
pitch
geometry of
rafters throughout
throughout the
analysis can
lowpitch
rafters, unless
used at some
unless an
an iterative
iterative modification
modificationofof
thethe rafter
rafter geometry
geometry isused
some
analysis.
point in the analysis.
One of
the most
effects isis a strut
ofthe
most common
common cases of
of allowing
allowing for second-order
buckling curve.
resistance of
of the
strutis reduced
reduced below
below its
squash load
load by
buckling
curve.The
The resistance
the strut
its squash
bending moments
case of
of second-order
second-order
the bending
momentscaused
causedby
bythe
theaxial
axialload.
load. This is aa case
analysis
geometrical function
function to produce
produce a closed
closed
analysis that can be performed
performed using a geometrical
solution. The
Theclassic
classicsolution
solution isis the Perry-Robertson
Perry-Robertson solution,
solution, which uses a sine
curvetoto model
form. However,
model the
the strut deflected
deflected form.
However, itit isisnot
not normally
normally practical
practical
accurate analysis
analysis of a frame
frame using
using geometrical
geometrical functions,
functions, although
although
to produce an
an accurate
an approximate
analysis can
canbe
be made
made using
usingthe
the first mode
of frame buckling
approximate analysis
mode of
buckling as
geometrical function.
An example
example of
ofthis
method
the amplification
amplification of
the geometrical
function. An
this
method is the
of
sway effects
effects in Clause
Clause 2.4.2.7 of BS
BS 5950-1.
Themore
more universally
method is by
universally applicable
applicable method
by iterative
iterative application
application of matrix
matrix
analysis described
Section 5.4.2.
5.4.2.
described in Section
Inthe
case of
ofsingle-storey
plastic portal
portal frames,
frames, the
the energy
energy method
method provides
provides
the case
single-storey plastic
one of the
the simplest
simplest solution
solution techniques.
techniques. Using
Using the
the energy
energy method,
method, it isis possible
possible
analysis without
without computer
computer software,
software, although
although the
toperform
perform aa second-order
the
solution is laborious
more conservative
conservative than
than aa computer
computer solution.
solution. Examples
laborious and more
Examples
of this method are given at the end of
of this document.
document.
In iterative
be sufficient to ensure that
iterative solutions,
solutions, the number of iterations
iterations should
should be
the stiffness
the frame
notoverestimated
overestimated as
as the
the loading
loading approaches
approaches the
stiffness ofthe
frame isis not
collapse load.
Thesolution
solution method
method should
shouldinclude
an equilibrium
equilibrium check
collapse
load. The
include an
check to
to
ensure that the applied
the frame
within
applied loads are in
in equilibrium
equilibrium with the
frame resistance
resistance within
a satisfactory
satisfactory tolerance.
5.4.2 Matrix methods

methods
There are
areatat least
ofsecond
second order
order analysis
analysisavailable.
available. One
One
least two
two matrix
matrix methods
methods of
often called
called P-delta
P-delta analysis,
analysis, uses
uses the
geometry throughout
throughout but
The other,
other, often
theinitial
initial geometry
modifies the
terms ofthe
stiffness matrix
matrix according
according to
tothe
displacements and
modifies
the terms
the stiffness
the displacements
axial load
load in
in each
each member
member but
but always
always referring
referring to
to
thethe original
original member
member
axial
geometry. There
specialrequirements
requirements for
for modelling
modellingtied
portals, which
whichare
geometry.
Thereare
are special
tied portals,
are
Section 5.3.5.
unlikelythat
that any
anyroutine
routine using
using the
the initial
geometry
given in Section
5.3.5. ItItisisunlikely
initial geometry
can be
bereliable
for tied
tied portals
portals with
withlow
pitches
unlessunless aa separate
separate iterative
iterative
can
reliable for
low
pitches
addition.
procedure is used
usedin
in addition.
Also, the
the analysis
analysis may
maybebe either
eitherelastic/perfectly-plastic
elastic/perfectly-plastic or elasto-plastic
elasto-plastic(in(in
Also,
which the modulus

modulusofof elasticity reduces
modelthe
the stress-strain
behaviour in
in a
reduces to model
stress-strain behaviour
member).
real member).
It isis very
allthethe issues
very important
important that
that aa matrix
matrix method
method addresses
addresses all
issues raised
raisedin in
Section
recognise
Section 5.1.
5.1. It isis equally
equally important
important to
to
recognise
that
the that the overall
overall frame
frame
behaviour
behaviour (the P.zl
P.d effects) cannot
cannot be correctly
correctly calculated
calculatedunless
unless
themember
the member
effects
P. 5 effects)
effects)are
arecorrectly
correctlyincluded.
included. For example,
if the
the column
column of
of aa
effects (the P.6
example, if
portal
as one
will
give unsafe answers
portal is modelled
modelled as
one element,
element, ititwill
giveunsafe
answers unless
unlessthethe
stiffness is correctly
correctly modified
modifiedto to allow
allow for
for the
theappropriate
appropriate column
column buckling
buckling
stiffness
mode.
48
modifies
the geometry
after each
recalculates
modifies the
geometry after
each load
load increment,
increment, and
and then
thenrecalculates
the the
stiffness
the
stiffness matrix
matrix using
usingthe
newnew geometry
geometry and
andunmodified
unmodified member
member properties.
properties.
Energymethods
methods
5.4.3 Energy
Theenergy
energy method
method is
is a long-established
method
long-establishedmethod
of
ofstructural
structuralanalysis.
analysis. The
The
method
usesthe
the principle
of energy,
energy, equating
the strain
method uses
principle of conservation
conservation of
equating the
strain energy
energy
structure under load with
in the
the structure
withthe
thepotential
potential energy
energy given
givenup
up by
bythe
theload
load as
as the
the
structure deflects.
It isis very
all the issues
raised
very important
important that
that an
an energy
energy method
method addresses
addresses all
issuesraised
in in
Section 5.5.1.
1. It
is is equally
equally important
important to
to recognise
recognise that
that the
the overall
overall frame
frame
member
behaviour (the P.zl
behaviour
P.d effects)
effects) cannot
cannot be correctly
correctly calculated
calculated unless
unless themember
effects
(the P.6effects)
P.8 effects) are
are correctly
correctly included.
included. For example,
example, if the column
of aa
effects (the
column of
portal ismodelled
one element,
element, ititwill
givegive unsafe
unsafe answers
answers unless
unlessthethe
portal
modelled as one
will
stiffness
is correctly
stiffness is
correctly modified
modified to allow
allow for
for the
the appropriate
appropriate column
column buckling
buckling
mode.
The strain
the area
strain energy in the
the structure
structure is
is given
given by
by the
area under the
the load-deflection
load-deflection
diagram.
Thisisis illustrated
diagram. This
illustrated for
for aatypical
typical single
single bay
bay portal frame
frame in Figure
Figure 5.1.
The load
the formation
the first
by
load factors
factors at the
formation of the
first and
and second
second hinges
hinges are
are denoted
denoted by
2, and
4.
2.
Load
I
I
op
6,
Deflection
Deflection
5.1
Figure 5.1
Typicalload-deflection
load-deflection diagram
effects reduce
reduce the
the resistance
resistance of
ofthe
the frame to externally
applied
The second-order
externally applied
loads.
the column
column of
of aa portal
portalframe.
frame.
The rotation
loads. This
Thisis simply
simply illustrated
illustrated bythe
The
rotation
of aa typical
column isis shown
showninin Figure
Figure5.2.
5.2. In
typical exterior
exterior column
In the
the deflected
deflected state, the
top of the
has moved
moved down
downby
by6.
8. This
is mostly
rotation 4
the column
column has
This is
mostly due to the
therotation
of the
top relative
to the
the column
columnbase.
base. In
deflection 68 is
is
the column
column top
relative to
In addition,
addition, the
thedeflection
partly
between
partly due
due to
to the
the curvature
curvature of
of the
thecolumn,
column, which
which reduces
reduces the
thedistance
distancebetween
the top
top to move
top and
and the
the bottom
bottom of
of the
the column,
column, causing
causing the column
column top
move down.
down.
This
the rafter
force, V.V ,downwards,
This column
column top deflection
deflection moves
moves the
rafter shear
shearforce,
downwards,
releasing
energy that
that is not
not calculated
calculated in
in first-order
analysis.
releasing potential
potential energy
49
Figure
5.2 Column
deflections
Figure 5.2
Columntop
topdeflections
by aa
By
By the
the principal
principal of
of conservation
conservation of
of energy,
energy, the
the potential
potential energy
energy released
released by
given
range
of
deflection
is
equal
to
the
strain
energy
absorbed
in
the
structure
given range of deflection is equal to the strain energy absorbed in the structure
over
rangeofof deflection.
over that
that same
same range
deflection. This
Thismay
may be
be written:
written:
Ep = E,
E=E,
where:
where:
EEpisis the
the potential
potential energy
energy released
released
the
strain
energy
absorbed
EE,isis the strain energy absorbed in
in the
the structure.
structure.
For
range ofofdeflection,
For
a a given
given
range
deflection, some
some potential
potential energy
energy is
is released
released by
by
second-order
deflections, which
Epz. The
The remaining
remaining potential
potential
second-order deflections,
which is
is defined
defined here
here as
as E2.
energy
and isis defined
here as
energy is
is released
released by
by first-order
first-order deflections
deflections and
defined here
as E1.
Epl.
Therefore,
Therefore,we
wecan
canwrite:
write:
EE,==EEp==E1
Epl++E2
Ep2
These
These energies
energies are
are illustrated
illustrated in
in Figure
Figure 5.3.
5.3.
Load
Ep2
Ep 1
Deflection
Deflection
Figure
5.3 Energy
Figure 5.3
Energy
At
At any
any point
point on
onthe
theload-deflection
load-deflection curve,
curve, the
theresistance
resistance to
toexternally
externally applied
applied
loads
found from
over ananinfinitesimal
loads can
can be
befound
fromthe
theconservation
conservationofofenergy
energyover
infinitesimal
increment
increment of
of deflection,
deflection, as
as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 5.4.
5.4.
50
50

This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Steelbiz Licence Agreement
Load
xp
Deflection
Energyover
over an
an increment
increment of deflection
Figure 5.4
5.4 Energy
deflection
The energy equation is:
dE,
= dE1
dEs =
dEpl +
+ dE2
dEQ2
where, at the
the particular
particular level
level of
of load
load being
being considered:
considered:
dE, ==
l(Mdk)
M4O
.frMdk) + CMQ,d8
=
dEQl =
dE1
dE2
dEp2 =
=
Xwdz1
3LiCWdd
CP2s4d4
+ J(P2ds)
CI(P2ds)
A,
A,
is the
the first-order
first-order load
load factor
factor at
at the
the load
load level
level considered
considered
w
W
the applied
applied loads
is the
dzl
dA
is the
the increments
increments of
of displacements
displacements at 2,
A,
P2
P2
loads in the
member including the
is the axial loads
the member
the effect
effect ofthe
the drop ofthe
the
apex
straight line
line distance between
is the straight
between the
the ends
ends of
of members
members (or
(or parts
parts of
members between hinges)
sS
ds
Cls
is the
the increment of shortening
of the distance
distance between
between the
the ends
ends of
of the
the
shortening of
members due to change of curvature
MPr
Mpr
is the plastic moment reduced

reduced by
byaxial
axial force
force at the hinges
hinges
d8
d8
is the increments of rotation ofthe

the hinges
hinges
between the
the 'frame
is the rotation of the memberbetween
frame unloaded'
unloaded position
and the position
position at
at A,
A,
d4
dq5
is the increment of rotation ofthe

the members
M
first-order
moments
M is the
is the
first-order
momentsthroughout
throughout the
the frame
frame
dk
increments of curvature.
curvature.
is the increments
51
51
d E s
The second-order
ofload
loadbeing
being considered
second-order load factor at the
the particular
particular level
level of
considered is:
is:
1
dE2
dE
The load
;IM
load factor
factor at
at failure
failure in
in each
eachload
loadcase
caseisistaken
takenasasthe
themaximum
maximumvalue
valueof
of 2M
found for that
load case.
that load
case.
The
energy method
for 'hand'
as shown
The
energy
method
is is convenient
convenient for
hand calculations,
calculations, as
shown in
in
Appendices AAand
Appendices
andB.
B. This
This application
application of the Energy
Energy Method
Methodisis similar
similar to
tothe
the
method given by Borne

butit
it is made more
more rigorous
rigorous by
including
Horne and
and Morris141,but
is
made
including
the
P.6 (P-little
(P-little delta)
delta) in
inthethe members
members and
and by
by more
more rigorous
rigorous
the effects
effects of
of P.S
calculation
ofthe
the deflections.
deflections. The
used in
in the hand method
calculation of
The energy
energy equations
equations used
method
are given
Appendix A.2.2.
A.2.2.
given in Appendix
Theenergy
energy method
has
methodhas
beenbeen calibrated
calibrated with
with rigorous
rigorous iterative
iterative second-order
second-order
elastic-plastic matrix
frames
which the
thesway-check
elastic-plastic
matrix analysis
analysis methods
methodson
on
frames in
in which
sway-check
deflections, 6S (calculated
not exceed
exceed h/500.
M.500. This
This
deflections,
(calculatedasas inin Section
Section 3.3.2),
3.3.2), do
do not
approximately 2.0.
recommended that
that the
the method
method is not
2.0. ItItisisrecommended
not
implies that Acr is approximately
applied for frames
frames with
applied
with greater
greater flexibility
flexibilitywithout
withoutdue
duecaution.
caution. Frames
Frames that
that are
are
more
and ititisadvisable
is advisable either
stiffen
more flexible
flexible are generally
generally inefficient
inefficient and
either tostiffen
thethe
frame or choose
choose a stiffer
stiffer structural
structural concept.
52
6 MEMBER
MEMBERCHECKS
CHECKS
6.1
6.1
General
This section
describes the
the member
member checks
checks that
that should
should be
be performed
performedand
and how
howtoto
section describes
calculate the bending
used for these checks.
bending moment diagram used
Section 6.2
general introduction
introduction tothethe differences
differences between
between the
the
Section
6.2 provides
provides aa general
first-order
in initially
actual
moments
first-order moments
moments in
initially straight
straight members
membersandand the
the
actual
moments
occurring,
second-ordereffects.
effects. Section
6.3 describes
the cases
cases in
in
describes the
occurring, including
Section 6.3
members may need in-plane
in-plane buckling
buckling checks,
whenthe
which the members
checks,even
even when
the frame
stable in-plane.
has been proved to be stable
6.2 Additional bending moments

momentsfrom
fromstrut
strut
action
action
The effects
and residual stresses must be
be included
effects of both geometry and
included in member
member
design. BS
BS5950-1
5950-1uses
uses the
the concept
concept of
of an
an equivalent
equivalent geometrical
geometrical imperfection.
imperfection.
Inthe
the elastic
can be
be proved
proved by
by a closed
elastic domain,
domain, the
the following
following relationship
relationship can
closed
pin-ended member supporting
supporting both an axial compressive force and
solution for a pin-ended
a distributed
lateral load
load in
in the
the form
form of
of a half
as shown
distributed lateral
half sine
sine curve,
curve, as
shown in
in Figure
Figure
6.1
___
---_-_____----------___----
<
Figure 6.1
Additional def/ections
deflections from
Figure
6.1 Additional
from strut action
action
maximum moment
The maximum
moment isis given by:
Mniax
M max
=
=
Px8+M1
P x S p + M , =Px(e0+60)
= P x ( e , +S,)
1--\
where:
is the
the axial
axial compressive
compressive force
eo
e0
is
thethe initial
initial imperfection
imperfection
53
P
'icr
pc,
MI
M1
isthe
the first-order bending
bending moment
So
00
isthe
the deflection from the first-order
first-order moments
moments
S,
O,
is the
the second-order
second-order deflection
deflection
Pcr
Pcr
isthe
the
Elastic Critical Buckling
Elastic
Buckling load.
Assuming
that
appliestoto other
other patterns
patterns of
ofloads
loads and
Assuming that
thethe above
above relationship
relationship applies
and
moments,
the equation
equationcan
canbe
be
used
to study
how the code
moments, the
used
tostudyhow
the
code value
value of strut
strut
imperfection should
bebe applied
analysis, thatused
initially
imperfection
should
applied to
to aa second-order
used
initially
straight members.
NAD] to
ENV1993-1gives aamethod
method of
ofanalysing
analysing members
members
TheFrench
French NAD'51
to ENV1993-1-l6'
gives
with
and bending
bending that
that relies
relies on
onthis
this equation
equation as
as an
an alternative
alternative
with axial compression
compression and
to ENV 1993-1-1
Clause 5.5.4.
5.5.4.
1993-1-1 Clause
Second-order
analysis assuming
assuming initially
initially straight
straight members
members will
will
calculate
calculate
the the
maximum moment as:
=
Mmax
Px(80)
1--fP
+M1
Therefore
only difference
order withthe
the strut
Therefore theonly
difference between
between second
second order
strut imperfection
imperfection
and second-order without the strut imperfection is:
SM
Px(e0)
1--
SinI2_
Therefore, all that

that is
is needed
needed to
to include
include the
the effect
effect of
of the
the code
code strut
strut imperfection
imperfection
istotoadd
add the
the second-order
theabove
abovemoments
moments totothe
second-order bending
bending moments
moments calculated
calculated
initially straight
straight members.
In external
external columns
columns of portals,
portals, this willusually
for initially
members. In
usually
be demonstrably
small. In
thisisis
demonstrably small.
Ininternal
internal columns
columns with
with no
no applied
applied moments,
moments, this
the
from the
the code
code imperfection.
imperfection. In
In rafters,
add a very
the strut moment
moment from
rafters, this
this will
will add
very
small
to the moments
that could
be considered
to be
be covered
by the
small amount
amount to
moments that
could be
considered to
covered by
strain hardening
hardening and the
the increased
increased reliability
reliability arising
arising from
factor that allows for strain
from
redundancy of a plastic
plastic design.
the redundancy
6.3 In-plane member checks

6.3.1 General
General
For most
most structures,
structures, all the
the members
members resisting
resisting axial
axial compression
compression must
must be
be
checked to ensure
ensure adequate
adequate resistance
resistance to
major and
and
checked
tobuckling
buckling about
about both
boththethe major
minor axes.
axes.However,
portalframes
frameschecked
checked for
for in-plane
in-planestability
bytheby the
minor
However, ininportal
stability
methods defined
publication, in-plane
in-plane buckling
methods
definedinin this publication,
buckling of
ofthe
the members
members is not
not the
critical design
design case
many members.
members.This
Section gives
givesguidance
critical
case for
for many
This Section
guidance for
for the
majority of
portal frames,
frames, that
that is
is the
the frames,
frames, ininwhich
whichthe
moments
majority
of portal
thebending
bending moments
frame, are
are predominantly
predominantly from loads distributed
distributed along
around the frame,
alongthe
the rafters
rafters so
cause relatively
relatively large
large bending
In members
members with both:
as to cause
bending moments.
moments. In
both:
(i) relatively
relatively low axial compression,and
and
54
'icr
p cr )
(ii) relatively
relatively large
large bending
bending moments
moments which
which occur
occur away
away from
from the
the maximum
maximum
(ii)
mid-length of
strut action moments at mid-length
of members,
strut action
action is
is so
the strut
the maximum
moments that buckling
is not
not
so low
low relative
relative to
to the
maximum moments
buckling is
the critical
critical failure
failure criterion.
criterion. Simplified
Simplified guidance
presented for common
common
guidance isis presented
portals in Section
Section 6.3.2
tied portals
portals in
guidance is
is
portals
6.3.2 and
and for
for tied
in Section
Section6.3.3.
6.3.3.The
The guidance
frame.
very different for the rafters of these
these two types of frame.
6.3.2
6.3.2 Common portals
Common portals
portals are portals
portals without
In these
these frames,
frames,
withoutties
ties atat or
or near
near rafter
rafter level.
level. In
in-plane buckling checks may be simplified

simplified as follows:
follows:
guidance on in-plane
Rafters and columns that resist the full

moment of the
full haunch moment
the
Figure 6.2
6.2 Members
Memberswith
withrelatively
relativelylow
lowmoments
moments at
at mid-length
mid-length
Figure
compared with the
the ends
ends
is at aa maximum
where the
In these
these cases
cases the
the strut action
action moment
moment is
maximumwhere
the first-order
first-order
bendingmoments
addition, the
the strut
bending
moments are
are approximately
approximatelyhalf
halfthe
themaximum.
maximum. In
In addition,
action moment
moment is relatively
relatively small
small compared
compared with
moment of
resistance of
action
with the
the moment
of resistance
of
the section.
these members
need not
not be
section. Therefore,
Therefore, these
membersneed
be checked
checked for
for in-plane
in-plane
buckling.
Columns that do
Columns
do not
not resist
resist the
the full
full haunch
haunch moment
moment of
of the
theadjoining
adjoining
rafter.
In members
members that
that do not resist the full
haunch moment
full haunch
moment of
of the
the adjoining
adjoiningrafter,
rafter, itit
is possible
the
possible that
that the
the strut
strut action
action moment
momentisis relatively
relatively large
large compared
compared with
withthe
applied
bendingmoment.
moment.The
The principal
thisisis
applied bending
principal example
example of this
thethe internal
internal columns
columns
These
members should
multi-span frames
asshown
Figure 6.3.
6.3.These
members
should be
be
of multi-span
frames
as shown in
in Figure
checked for in-plane
in-plane buckling.
Thesemembers
may be
be checked
checked by
by BS
checked
buckling. These
members may
BS 5950-1
5950-1
Clause
4.8.3.3.2(a)(i)using
usingsegment
length, LL,, defined
defined in BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
Clause
4.8.3.3.2(a)(i)
aa segment length,
55
rafter.
adjoining rafter.
Inthese
these members,
bending moments
moments atat the
the ends
ends of
of the members
members, the
thebending
members are very
large, but
bending moment
moment isismuch
much less.
less. Examples
shown
but at
at mid-length
mid-length the bending
Examples are shown
Figure 6.2.
in Figure
Clause
4.7.1.1, of
of the
the height
height from
from the
the base
base to
to the
of
Clause 4.7.1.1,
the eaves
eaves in
in the
the absence
absence of
intermediate
in-plane restraint.
restraint.The
The effective
LE,may
maybe
be taken
taken as:
as:
intermediate in-plane
effective length,
length, LE,
for truly pinned
pinned base columns
LE
LE
=
= 1.0
1.0 L
=
= 0.85 L
LE
LE
=
= 0.7 L
for nominally fixed base columns.
LE
LE
for nominally pinned

pinned base columns
These effective
lengths are
arenot
notfrom
from Annex
Annex E
effective lengths
Annex E of
of BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1 becauseAnnex
assumes the adjoining
beamsremain
remaingenerally
generally
elastic, which
which is
is not common
adjoining beams
elastic,
common in
portal rafter
portal
rafter design.
design.
The exceptions
columns that have
capacity to
to resist
exceptions arecolumns
have sufficient
sufficient bending
bending capacity
resist the
haunch moment.
of this
this exception
exception is
full haunch
moment.One
Oneexample
example of
is where
where an
an extension
extension of
of aa
frame
is constructed, so that
external column
frameisconstructed,
that the
the original
originalexternal
column has
has become
becomethethe
internal
column of
of the
the extended
frame. Another
example is where
internalcolumn
extended frame.
Anotherexample
where aa column
column
supports
rafters
to
supportsrafters
at at levels
levels so
so different
different that the
the column
column section
section is sufficient
sufficient to
resist
bending moment
and this section
resist the
the full
full haunch
haunchbending
momentand
section is continued
continued to the
the
shown in Figure
foundation, as shown
Figure 6.4.
6.4.
Figure 6.4
Internalcolumn
column supporting
supporting rafters
levels
Figure
6.4 Internal
raftersat
atdifferent
different levels
6.3.3
6.3.3Tied
Tiedportals
portals
Tied portals
portalsare
areportal
portalframes
frames in
in which
whichthere
thereisisaatie
tieatator
ornear
nearrafter
rafterlevel.
level. The
The
at this
this level
level causes
causes very
veryhigh
axial loads
loads in
in the
the rafters
rafters and
and reduces
reduces the
the
tie at
high axial
bending
moments in
in the
the rafters
rafters as
as shown
showninin Figure
Figure 6.5.
6.5.
bending moments
56
Figure
Figure 6.3
6.3 Internal
Internalcolumns
columns in
inaatypical
typical multi-span
multi-span frame
frame
Figure
6.5 Tied
in the
therafters
rafters
Figure 6.5
Tiedportal
portalbending
bending moments
moments in
The bending
bendingmoment
moment near
near the
the mid-length
mid-length of
ofthe
the rafter approaches
approaches themoment
moment
of resistance
of the
the rafter.
rafter. This
moment occurs
occurs near
near the
the point
point of
of
resistance of
This large
large bending
bending moment
maximum
strut action,
action, so the in-plane
in-plane buckling
buckling of
of the
the rafter
rafter must
must be
be checked
checked
maximum strut
with
with the
the coexistent
coexistent bending
bending moment
moment diagram.
diagram. This
This may
may be
be checked
checked by
by
BS 5950-1
5950- 1 Clause
Clause 4.8.3 taking the effective
effective length
length as
as the
the length
length along
along the
the rafter
rafter
eaves/valley. The
Themember
member check
may be
be made
made using
using BS
fromapex
apex to eaves/valley.
check may
BS 5950-1
5950-1
Clause4.8.3.3.2(a)(i)
the the rafter
rafter section
section as
as constant
constant throughout
throughout the
the
Clause
4.8.3.3.2(a)(i) taking
taking
effective length
ignoring the increase
increase in section
section properties
haunch),
effective
length (i.e.
(i.e. ignoring
properties of
of the haunch),
using the bending moment
using
momentdiagram
diagram of
ofthe
the full
full length
from apex
apex to eaves/valley
length from
eaves/valley
to define the values
of moment
moment used
used in
in BS
BS 5950-1,
5950-1,Table
Table26
26and
andcalculate
calculatem,.
m.
values of
6.4 Bending moments

moments for
for frames
frames using plastic
design
Where the
of individual
membersofof aa frame
be
the in-plane
in-plane stability
stability of
individual members
frame should
should be
checked (see
(see Section
Section 6.3),
bendingmoments
canbe
found
checked
6.3), the
the bending
moments
can
be found directly
directly from
from
elastic-plastic analysis.
Where elastic-plastic
analysis has
has not
not been
been used,
used, the
the moments
moments may
may be
be calculated
calculated
elastic-plastic analysis
approximately.
done by
and forces
forces from
from aa
approximately. This
This can
can be done
by modifying
modifying the moments
moments and
plastic analysis
Thisisisa amethod
methodallowed
allowedininBS
BS 5950-1
5950-1
plastic
analysis by
by multiplying
multiplyingby
byA/&
A/2. This
Clause5.3.1
for calculating
calculating the
the bending
bending moments
moments for
for out-of-plane
out-of-plane buckling.
buckling.
Clause
5.3.1 for
Where
be remembered
the plastic
Where this
this method
method is used,
used, itit must
mustbe
remembered thatthe
plastic hinges
hinges will
will
occur unless
unless they
they can
can be
be proved
proved not
not to
to occur.
occur. This
This can
can only
only be
be done
done by
by elastic
elastic
unloading calculations
clearly very
very large.
large.
unloading
calculationsunless
unlessthe
the reduction
reductionbyby Ar//&
/A is
is clearly
Unless the
plastic hinges
stability of
Unless
the plastic
hinges are
aredemonstrated
demonstratednot
nottoto occur,
occur, the
the stability
ofthethe
members must be
be demonstrated assuming plastic
plastic hinges
hinges occur at the
the same points
in the
the bending
bending moment
moment diagram
diagram at
at collapse.
collapse.
as in
57
6.4.1 General
General
6.4.2
amplifiedmoments
moments
methods
6.4.2Sway-check
Sway-checkand
andamplified
methods
The bending
moments around
around the
the frame
bending moments
frame at ULS,
ULS, excluding
excluding the
the moments
moments from
from
strut action, may be calculated

calculated as given below.
Where the
the analysis
analysis is
isby
elastic-plasticanalysis,
the bending
bending moment
moment diagram
diagram
by elastic-plastic
analysis, the
may
between the
the bending
at theload
load
may be calculated
calculated by interpretation
interpretationbetween
bending moments
moments at
steps above and below ULS.
Forother
other
analysis
techniques, the
approximately
analysis
techniques,
the moments
moments may
may be
be calculated
calculatedapproximately
(see Section
Section 6.4.1)
6.4.1)as:.
as:.
M
M
2Ar
M , x_L
xM1
=
=
where:
M
design
ULS
moment
M is the
is the
design
ULS
momentatatany
any point
point
M,
M1
is the
the bending
from the
bending moment at that
that point from
the first-order
first-order plastic
plastic analysis
analysis
/2,
2.
is the
(see below)
the required
required load
load factor
factor(see
4
2,
is the
factorfrom
from
first-order
plastic
analysis.
the collapse
collapsefactor
first-order
plastic
analysis.
/2, are
are given
given by:
The values of 2.
(a)
(a)
Sway-checkmethod:
Gravity
loads loads
Sway-check
method:
Gravity
BS 5950-1 Section
Section 5.5.4.2.2 gives:
gives:
n, =
=
(see Section
3.3.2
and Section 3.4.2)
3.3.2
and
Section
3.4.2)
1.0
1.0
Sway-check
method:
Horizontal
Sway-checkmethod:
Horizontal
loads loads
(b)
BS 5950-1 Section
Section 5.5.4.2.3 gives:
gives:
2/(2
ASJ(ASC--1)
1)
where:
maybe
recalculated foreach
be recalculated
each load
load case,
case, see Section
Section 3.3.3
3.3.3 and
and
may
A,,
Section 3.4.3 .
(c)
(c)
Amplified
moments
method
moments
method
BS 5950-1 Section
Section 5.5.4.4
5.5.4.4 gives:
if
A,, 2 10:
210:
if
10 > 2cr 4.6:
n, =
= 1.0
1.0
2.
0.92
2. = ______
2cr 1
where:
1.
Acrmay
may be recalculated
recalculated for each load
load case,
case, see
see Section
Section 4.
4.1.
2,
58
58
=
-
/2,
6 . 4 . 3 Second-order
analysisby
methods
6.4.3
byiterative
iterative
methods
bending moment
moment diagram
diagram may
maybebe calculated
calculated by
by interpolation
interpolation between
between the
The bending
moments calculated at the load steps above and below ULS.
6.4.4
6 . 4 . 4 Second-order
'by'by
hand'
analysis
hand'
The bending
bending moments
moments for
forframes
framesanalysed
analysedby
bythe
the 'hand'
'hand' methods
methods of Section
Section 55
calculated as:
and Section 6 may be calculated
M
M =
=
M,/AM
MI/AM
where:
M
M is the
is the
design
design
bending
bendingmoment
momentatatULS
ULSatatany
anypoint
pointexcluding
excluding the
effects of strut action
MI
M1
plastic collapse
is the bending moment at that point in the plastic
collapse mechanism
AM
is defined
defined and the
the value
value of
of 2M
AM calculated in Appendix
Appendix A and
Appendix B. Note
equivalent to
to .2,
A. in
in Section
Section 6.3.2.
6.3.2.
Notethat
thatAr/AM
4 / A M is equivalent
AM
6.5
Bending moments for frames using elastic

Bending
design
5950-1Clause
Clause 5.5.2 required
required that
that the
the bending
bending moments
moments should
should be taken as
the values from linear elastic analysis
analysis multiplied
multiplied by
by the required
required load
loadfactor
factorAr.
4.
BS
BS
Where
Where the linear elastic
elasticanalysis
analysis is first-order
first-order analysis,
analysis, the
the values
values of A1
;L, may
may be
be
determined either by the
method.
the sway-check
sway-check method or the amplified moments
moments method.
6.6
Othermember
member checks
relevant requirements
Portal frames
frames must satisfy all the relevant
requirements of BS
BS 5950-1, including
out-of-plane
bucklingchecks.
checks.
However, the purpose
this publication
publication istoto
out-of-plane buckling
However,
purpose of this
give guidance
on
the
in-plane
stability
of
portal
frames,
so
detailed
guidance
in-plane
frames, so detailed guidance on
on
other checks is not

not included.
included.
59
59
Where the linear

elasticanalysis
analysis is
analysis, the
valueofof A.
linear elastic
is second-order
thevalue
.2, may
may
be taken as 11.0
.O
60
7
1.
1.
REFERENCES
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION
BS 5950 Structural
Structural use
of steelwork
use of
steelwork in
in building
building
Bs 5950-1:2000
Code of
of Practice
Practice for
for design
design - Rolled and welded
welded sections
sections
5950-1:2000 Code
BSI, 2001
2001
2. TIMOSHENKO,
J.M.
TIMOSHENKO, S.P.
S.P. and
and GERE,
GERE, J.M.
Theory of elastic stability
stability (2nd
(2nd Edition)
Edition)
McGraw-Hill Kogakusha,
Kogakusha, 1961
1961
3. KIRBY,
KIRBY,P.A.
P.A.and
andNETHERCOT,
NETHERCOT, D.A.
Design for structural
stability (SCI-P052)
(SCI-PO52)
structural stability
Constrado Monographs,
Crosby
1979,
Monographs, CrosbyLockwood
LockwoodStaples,
Staples,
1979, Revised 1985
4. HORNE,
HORNE,M.R.
M.R.and
andMORRIS,
MORRIS, L.S.
L.S.
frames (SCI-P054)
(SCI-PO54)
Plastic design of low
low rise frames
1981
Constrado Monograph,
Monograph,Granada
GranadaPublishing,
Publishing, 1981
DAVIES, J .M.
5 . DAVIES,J.M.
5.
In-plane stability in portal frames
The Structural
StructuralEngineer,
Engineer,April
April1990,
1990,
NoNo 8, Vol
Vol 68
68
6. DAVIES,
DAVIES ,J.M.
J .M.
The stability of multibay
multibay portal frames
The Structural
StructuralEngineer,
Engineer, June
June 1991, No
No12,
12, Vol 69
DAVIES,J.M.
J.M.and
andBROWN,
BROWN, B.A.
B.A.
7. DAVIES,
BS 5950
5950
Plastic design to BS
Blackwell Science,
The Steel Construction Institute,
Institute, Blackwell
Science, 1996
8. WOOD,
WOOD,R.1-I.
R.H.
9.
Steel Designers Manual

Manual
Eds. Owens,
Owens,G.W.
G.W.and
and Knowles,
Knowles, P.R.
The Steel Construction Institute
Institute and
and Blackwell
Blackwell Science, 1992
1992
10. KLEINLOGEL,
KLEINLOGEL, A.
Rahmenformeln (Rigid frame formulae)
Frederick Ungar
Ungar Publishing
Co. New
New York
Publishing Co.
11. KLEINLOGEL,
KLEINLOGEL, A.
Mehrstielige Rahmen (Multibay frames)
Publishing Co.,
Frederick Ungar
Ungar Publishing
Co., New York, 1948
1948
12. KING,
KING, C.M.
Plastic design of single-storey pitched-roof portal frames to
to Eurocode 3,
(SCI-P147)
The Steel
SteelConstruction
ConstructionInstitute,
Institute,1995
1995
13. HORNE,
HORNE, M.R.
M. R.
Safeguards against frame instability
instability in
in the
the plastic
plastic design
design of
of single-storey
single-storey
frames
pitched roof frames
Conference on the Behaviour of Slender Structures, City University,
London 1977
1977
61
61
Effective lengths of columns in multi-storey buildings

The Structural
StructuralEngineer,
Engineer,Sept
Sept1974,
1974, No
No 9,
9, Vol
Vol 52
52
14.LIVESLEY,
LIVESLEY,
R.K.
R.K.
andand
CHANDLER,
CHANDLER,
D.B. D.B.
Stability functions
functions for
for structural
structuralframeworks
frameworks
Manchester University
UniversityPress,
Press,1956
1956
15. Eurocode
'Calcul des
acier' et
et Document
Eurocode 3 Calcul
des structures
structures en acier
Document d'Application
dApplication
Nationale
1-1
Nationale- Partie 1-1
Rkgles gnrales
gCn6rales et regle
rkgle pour les
les btiments
biitiments
Rgles
P-22-3 11-0, AFNOR
P-22-311-O,
16. ENV
ENV 1993-1-1
1993-1-1Eurocode
Eurocode 3:
3: Design
Design of
of steel
steel structures
structures
Part 1.
1.1
1 General rules
rules and rules for
for buildings
buildings
Comit
(CEN), 1992
Cornit6 Europeen de Normalisation (CEN),
1992
62
APPENDIX
APPENDIX AA Second-order
Second-order analysis of
common portals
portals by
'by hand
hand'
Rangeofofapplication
applicationand
anddesign
design steps
steps
A.1 Range
ThisAppendix
Appendix
shows
shows how
how second-order
analysis may
may beperformed
performed without
without
second-order software
common forms
portal frames
frames designed
designed by
by plastic
plastic
second-order
software for
for common
forms of portal
design methods.
These
portals do
near the
the rafter
rafter level.
level.
design
methods.
These portals
do not
nothave
have ties
ties atoror near
Portals with ties at or
or near
near the
the rafter
rafter level
levelshould
should be
be checked
checked using
using Appendix
Appendix B.
Itis is recommended
that this
this method
method isis not
not used
frames for
recommended that
usedforfor
frames
for which
whichthethe
deflection from a sway-check
exceeds h/500,
h1500, as
as explained
explained in
in Section
Section 5.4.3.
5.4.3.
sway-check exceeds
Design steps
steps
Design
The design steps are as follows:

follows:
Identify from the first order analysis:
1.
1.
the plastic collapse mechanism

the hinge incremental
incremental rotations
rotations
the axial forces in the members
the load factor
of the
the first
first hinge,
hinge, A
hinges at
at
factor at the formation
formation of
A,(excluding
(excluding hinges
0
bases where the moment

the moment
moment of resistance
resistance of the base is less
less than the
of resistance of the columns)
columns)
the plastic collapse
collapse factor,
factor,A,,
.2,
the deflections
thetheframe
the
deflectionsofof
frameatatAl.
,.
Calculate
the second-order
second-order deflections
deflectionsof
ofthe
the elastic
'elastic' frame.
Calculate the
(a) Calculate
Calculatethe
thestiffness
stiffnessreduction
reduction factors
factors totoallow
allowfor
forP.P.S(P-little
(P-little delta)
delta)
effects
(b) Calculate
factorsfor
forthe
the elastic
'elastic' frame
frame
Calculate the
the second-order
second-order magnification
magnification factors
(c) Calculate
the 'elastic'
These are the values
of
Calculate the
the deflections
deflections ofthe
elastic frame.
frame. These
values of
the deflections
to account for second-order
AI magnified
magnified to
effects.
deflections at
at Ai
3.
3.
Calculate the second-order

Calculate
deflections of
ofthe
the plastic
'plastic' frame
(a) Calculate
delta)
Calculatethe
thestiffness
stiffnessreduction
reduction factors
factors to
to allow
allow for
for P.
P. S (P-little delta)
effects
(b) Calculate
factor for
for the
the plastic
'plastic' frame.
Calculate the
thesecond-order
magnification factor
(c) Calculate
Calculatethe
thedeflections
deflections of
of the
the 'plastic'
plasticframe
framefrom
from gravity
gravity loads.
loads.
Calculate the
the deflections
deflections of
ofthe
plasticframe
frame from horizontal
horizontal loads.
(d) Calculate
the 'plastic'
the increased
increased axial
axial loads
loads in
in the
the rafters
4.
4. Calculate
Calculate the
rafters to account
account for
for secondsecondorder effects.
5 . Sum
Sumthe
theenergies.
energies.
5.
6.
reserve factor,
factor,AM.
AM.
Calculate the reserve
7.
Check
that A,,,,
2M2 1.0
Check that
1.0
63
63
2.
Basisof
ofmethod
method
A.2 Basis
A.2.1 General
General
In this
this method, the
bythe
the energy
the load
load factor
factor of
of the
the frame
frame is calculated
calculated by
energy method,
method,
allowing
caused by
by second-order
second-orderstability
stabilityeffects.
effects. It
allowing for any strength
strength reduction
reduction caused
is derived
from the
.2,calculated
calculated by
by first-order
first-order
derivedfrom
the plastic
plastic collapse
collapse load
load factor
factor A
analysis.
This load factor may be

be called
the 'reserve factor
as:
called the
factor at ULS', 2M,
AM,defined
defined as:
V2,PWLS)
V2PWLS)
=
=
A,
VULS
V",,
where:
V2,p(ULS)
is the
load
predictedtotocause
causefailure
failureofofthe
the frame
frame including the
V2,p(uLs)is the
load
predicted
second-order
using the
the axial forces in the
second-order effects, but calculated using
members at the ULS level of
of load.
VULS
Vu,, isisthe
the ULS
ULS load
loadon
onthe
the frame.
The
factor, AM,
allows for
for thede-stabilising
de-stabilising effects
effects on
on the
the frame
second
Thefactor,
AM, allows
frame of
ofsecond
order
effects, including
both P.6
P.5 effects
order
effects,
including both
effects and
and P.4
P.d effects
effects described
described in
in
Sections 2.4.2
Sections
2.4.2 and
and 2.4.3
2.4.3 respectively.
respectively. The P.S
P.6 and
and P.4
P.deffects
effects are
are calculated
calculated
using
the
ULS, including
using the
axialaxial forces
forces that
that occur
occur in
in
thethe frame
frame atat
ULS,
including
the the
second-order
effect of
of any drop of the
the apex of the
the frame.
second-order effect
This reserve
must be
be equal
equal to or greater
that
reserve factor,
factor, 2M,
AM,must
greater than 1.0
1.0 to demonstrate
demonstrate that
the frame is stable at ULS.
Thereserve
reserve factor
is not exactly
factor 2M
AM is
exactly the same
same as the
the failure
failure factor,
factor, commonly
commonly
referred
referredtoto
as as 4, except
except in the case
case where
where 2M
AM == 1.0.
1.0. Thisisis because
becauseA.f
4 is
Vf
2f
VULS
where:
V,
Vf
the failure
failure load
load including
second-order stability
stability effects
is the
VULS
theULS
ULS load
load on
on the
the frame.
Vu,, isisthe
The failure
theaxial
axial forces at failure and, therefore,
Vf isis calculated
calculated using
using the
therefore,
failure load Vf
the P.S
contrasts
with
/%M
P.6 effects
effects arising
arising from
from the
theaxial
axialforces
forcesatatfailure.
failure.This
This
contrasts
with
AM
which is calculated
calculated using
which
usingthe
theP.6
P.S effects
effectsfrom
fromthe
theaxial
axialforces
forcesatatULS.
ULS. Where
Where
the loading at ULS
ULS isis equal to the loading
loading at failure,
failure, AM
2Misisequal
equaltoto4.
2.
method uses the
theplastic
collapse mechanism
mechanismfound
byby first-order
analysis.
The method
plastic collapse
found
sufficiently accurate
accurate because
little difference
difference between
betweenthe
Thisisis sufficiently
because there
there is very little
the
bending
moment diagrams
diagrams from
from first-order
first-order and
and second-order
second-orderanalysis.
analysis. The
bending moment
The
plastic hinges
hinges limit
limit the
the bending
bending moment
moment diagram
diagram and
and prevent
prevent any
any significant
significant
plastic
change of curvature
curvature along
members between
Therefore,
change
along the
the members
betweenthetheplastic
plastichinges.
hinges. Therefore,
the energy
can be made
using only
arising from
energy calculation
calculation can
madeusing
only the
the deflections
deflections arising
from the
rigid-body motions
The energy
energy calculation
calculation
rigid-body
motions of
ofthe
the elements
elements between
betweenthe
thehinges.
hinges. The
made using
deflected form
form of
of the
collapse
mechanism
to calculate
calculate
is made
usingthe
the deflected
theplastic
plastic
collapse
mechanism to
(P-little delta)
The stiffness
stiffness reduction
reduction toto allow
allow for P.6
the second-order
effects. The
P.S (P-little
delta)
64
defined as:
effects,
in Section
2.4.2isis made
forces
effects, as described
described in
Section 2.4.2
made using
using the
the axial
axialforces
at at ULS
ULS
calculated from first-order analysis.
This
is called
a 'hand' method
perform the
This method
method is
calledahand
method because
because it is
is possible
possible to
toperform
the
second-order
analysisby
bythis
thismethod
methodwithout
withouta computer.
a computer.
However,
willbebe
However,
it it will
much easier if computer
computer software
for various
as as
calculating
much
softwareisis used for
varioussteps,
steps,such
such
calculating
the deflections
ofthe
the two
two different
differentstructure
structuremodels
modelsused
usedininthe
themethod.
method. Hand
Hand
deflections of
calculations
will still
still be
be required
to prepare
data
and combine
calculations will
required to
prepare the
the input
inputdata
and
combine the
the
output data.
A.2.2 Application of the

the energy
energymethod
method
The basis
basis of the
calculationisisshown
shown
in Figure A.
of
the energy
energy calculation
in Figure
A. 1.
1 . An increment
increment of
deflection
consideredat at the
the formation
formation of
ofthe
the collapse
collapsemechanism.
mechanism.The
The
strain
deflection isisconsidered
strain
energy dE,
be calculated
calculated from
from the
the
dE, absorbed
absorbed over this increment of deflection can be
rotation of the hinges:
hinges:
dE
dE, =
= Mprd8
C MPrdB
The potential energy
energy released
released by second-order effects can
can be
be calculated from
from the
the
shown in
rigid body rotations as shown
in Figure
Figure A.2.
A.2.
dE2
P2 (bsdqS)
dE1 + E2 =
Load
dE,
4
dEp2
dEp1
Deflection
Deflection
Figure A
A.. l1 Energy
anincrement
increment of deflection at collapse
Energy over an
65
A1
P
P.
Figure A.2
A.2 Potential
Potentialenergy
energy release
release from
from second-order
The potential
the loads at failure can be calculated from:
from:
potential energy released by the
dE,, =
= AMCWA
dE1
AMWz1
Therefore the
is:
the conservation
conservation of energy that is:
dEpl +
+ dE2
dEp2=
= dE,
dE,
canbebe written
written as:
dE1
d8
&CWA ++ CP,
Sd+ =
= Mpc
CM,,dB
2MWA
P2 4 sdq5
2M
AM
is the
the reserve
reserve factor
factor on
on the
the collapse
collapse mechanism
mechanism at ULS (see
Section 5.2.1)
w
W
is the
the set
set of
of applied
applied loads
loads at ULS
ULS
LI
A
is the set
the applied loads in the
set of
of incremental
incremental displacements
displacements of the
collapse mechanism including
the
P.
6
(P-little
including the P.S (P-little delta)
delta) effects.
effects.
P2
p2
set of
of axial
axial forces
forces in the members at ULS including
including
is the set
second order effects.
sS
is the set
set of
of member
member lengths
lengths
is the set
set of
of member
member rotations
rotations at
at the
the onset
onset of
of the
the collapse
collapse mechanism
mechanism
allowing for the reduced
P. 6(Plittle
(P-little
reduced stiffness
stiffness of
of the
the members
members due
duetotoP.S
delta) effects
d
d4
is the set
set of
of incremental
incremental member
member rotations
rotations in the
the collapse
collapse mechanism
mechanism
Mpr
MP'
is the set
set of
of plastic
plastic moments
moments of
of resistance
resistance reduced
reduced by co-existent
co-existent axial
force from first-order
analysis
q$
dG
d B is the
setset
of of
incremental
is the
incrementalhinge
hingerotations
rotationsininthe
thecollapse
collapse mechanism.
mechanism.
Noting that in
in the first-order
first-order collapse
collapse analysis:
analysis:
Noting
~ C W
2wA
A=
= M4O
CM,d6'
giving:
CWA
=
=
CM,,pdO
de
M
AP
66
where:
the requirement can be expressed as:
>M 1d0
+P2d =
2MprdO
2p
or
2M
=
-(CM,,dB)
Ah4
= MdOP2bsd
CM,,dB - CP2@d4
__(MprdG)
Thus
A,
2M
= A, [ l - CP2 @d4
=
2 1P2q$sdq$
CM,, dB
Mprd8
The
The minimum
minimum acceptable
acceptableload
loadfactor
factorat atfailure,
failure,AM,
2Misis 1.0
1.0 for
for any
any load
load
combination.
combination.
This method
is used
used in the worked examples.
method of
of calculating
calculating 2M
AM is
A.2.3 Deflectioncalculations
calculations
The accuracy
accuracy ofthe
the calculation
depends on the
shown in
in Figure
FigureA.2.
A.2.
calculation depends
the angles
angles q5
4 shown
Thesedeflections
second-order
effects,
whereverfirst-order
These
deflections must
must allow
allowfor
for
second-order
effects, so wherever
first-order
analysis
is used,
either the member
must be
be reduced
reduced or
or the
the results
analysis is
used,either
member stiffnesses
stiffnesses must
results
amplified.
must be amplified.
This section shows how the

the deflections can be found with a combination of
of:
(i)
(1)
'Elastic
frame'
deflections
Elasticframe
deflections
The
'elastic
frame'
deflections
are the
the deflections
frame
Theelastic
frame
deflections
are
deflections ofof
thethe frame
at at the
the load
load
factors, A2,I ,atatwhich
factors,
which the
the first
first hinge
hinge is
is about
about to form.
form.The
The
frame
frame
behaviour
behaviour up
to this point is elastic.
The 'plastic
deflectionsare
are the
ofthe
the frame
load
factors
plastic frame'
framedeflections
the deflections
deflections of
frameatatload
factors
above
2.
This
means
that
the
first
hinge
has
formed
and
the
frame
is
partially
above i l l . This means that the first hinge has formed and the frame is partially
plastic.
To make
the calculation
assimple
simple as possible,
make the
calculation as
possible, itit isis most
most convenient
convenient to
to assume
assume
that all the
the plastic hinges (except the
the final hinge
hinge that
that forms in any span to create
the collapse
mechanism)occur
occur
loadfactor
factor
deflected
of a
the
collapse mechanism)
at atload
Al.2. The
Thedeflected
formform of
typical
2-bay frame
frame isis shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure A.3.
A.3.
typical 2-bay
67
67
(ii)Plastic
'Plasticframe
frame'
deflections.
deflections.
Undeflected
Undeflected form
Elastic
Elastic deflections
deflections
EP2
Ep3
Elastic-plastic deflections
Elastic-plastic
Figure
A.3 Deflections
Figure A.3
Deflections of
of typical frame
frame
InFigure
&2 and 8EP3
&,3 are the sums
sums of
of the
the elastic
elastic deflections
deflections and
Figure A.7,
A .7, &l,
5p1, 8EP2
deflections after
The sum
sum of
of the
the deflections
after the
the plastic
plastic hinges
hingeshave
have formed.
formed. The
thedeflections
deflections
(i) The
factori l2.l .
The'elastic
elasticframe'
framedeflections
deflections at load
load factor
(ii)
(ii) The
The 'plastic
plastic frame'
frame deflections
deflections from
from load
load factor
factori 2l l to load
load factor
factor 4,
using
A, using
model with
position of
of the plastic
hinges.
an elastic structure model
with pins
pinsatatthe
the position
plastic hinges.
The deflections
deflections are
calculated by
elastic analyses,
analyses, as described
described in
in
The
are calcu'ated
by elastic
Appendices
A.3 and
andA.4.
A.4.
Appendices A.3
A.2.4 Base stiffness

BS 5950-1 Clause
Clause 5.1.3
5.1.3 gives
gives guidance
guidance on
on the
thebase
base stiffness
stiffness that
that
may
may be
be
assumed
in design.
design. The
may
beinthe
used in the
assumed in
The provisions
provisions for ULS
ULS analysis
analysis may
beused
analysis model.
important totonote
thethe second-order
analysisuses
thethe
analysis
model. ItItisisimportant
notethat
that
uses
stiffness
ofthe
the frameatatULS,
ULS, so
the ULS
may
stiffness of
so only
onlythe
ULS base
base stiffness
stiffness values
valuesmay
be be
not the
the SLS
SLS values.
values.
used, not
Therefore the following

stiffnessesmay
maybebe
used:
following base stiffnesses
used:
Base with
with aa pin or
or rocker
The base stiffness should be taken
taken as zero.
68
comprises:
pinnedbase
base
Nominally pinned
If
columnisisnominally
nominally pin-connected
toaa foundation
assuming that
that the
the base
base
If a column
pin-connected to
foundation assuming
moment is zero, the
the base
base should
should be assumed
global analysis.
moment
assumed to be pinned
pinnedininthe
the global
Therefore,
where the moment
applied to
to the
the foundation
foundation isis required
required to
to be
be zero,
zero,
Therefore, where
moment applied
the 10%
10% column
column stiffness
stiffness value
value cannot
cannot
be be applied
applied in
in the
the global
global analysis.
analysis.
the
However,
10%column
column stiffness
stiffness can beused
used in
in the
the calculations
calculations of stability
stability
However, the 10%
functions
that allow
allow for
for P.S
delta)effects.
effects.
This
the reason
reason for
for the
functions that
P.6 (Plittle
(P-little delta)
This
is is the
the
reduction
of the
Per in
in A.3.2,
A.3.2,
reduction of
the effective
effective length
length of
of columns
columns when
when calculating
calculating PCr
which
isalso
also
referred to
to in B.3.2.
which is
referred
B.3.2. The
Thereduction
reduction of
ofeffective
effective length
length is also
also
applicable
recommendedinin Section
Section 6.
6.
applicable in the internal column in-plane checks recommended
semi-rigidbase
base
Nominally semi-rigid
A nominal
nominal base
base stiffness
stiffness of
of up
up to 20%
20% of
of the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness may be
beassumed
assumed
for the
is designed
for the
the ULS
ULS calculations,
provided that
that the
the foundation
foundation is
designed for
the
moments and forces
moments
forces obtained in the analysis.
rigidbase
base
Nominally rigid
The base
base stiffness
stiffness should
should
bebe taken
taken as
asequal
equal to the
the column
column stiffness
stiffness and
and the
the
foundation must
moments from all load cases.
foundation
must be
bedesigned
designed to resist moments
Deflections of
of the
the elastic
'elastic' frame
A.3
A.3.1 General
General
The deflections
of the
the frame
be elastic
until the
the first hinge
deflections of
frame will
will be
elastic until
hinge forms
forms at a load
load
factor Al.
factor
2. The
Thedeflections
deflectionsare
are referred
referred to
to as
as the
the 'elastic
elasticframe'
framedeflections.
deflections.
The value
AI may be given
given by
by elastic-plastic
elastic-plastic analysis
analysis software
software or
or it maybe
be
value of
of ,%
calculated
from
an elasticanalysis
analysisofofthetheframe.
frame.
loadfactor
factorA,
2 is the
calculated from
anelastic
The The load
the
The
deflectionsare
are calculated
using the
The
second-order
calculated using
the equation
equation from
from
Section 2.4.3:
2.4.3:
2c
811 2cri
2cri _1)
cr2 1
Vertical
and
eaves
spread deflections
deflections are
are generally
generally similar
similar to
to the
Vertical deflections
deflectionsand
eaves
spread
symmetrical mode
so vertical
vertical and
and spread
spread deflections
deflections
symmetrical
mode of
of buckling
buckling of
of the frame, so
are treated
treated as
are
as 52
6 2 above. Sway
Sway deflections
deflections are
are generally
generally similar
similartoto the
thesway
sway
mode
ofbuckling
bucklingofof the
the frame,
frame, so
so sway
sway deflections
deflectionsare
aretreated
treatedasasS8, above.
mode of
A.3.2 Reduction
factortotoallow
allowfor
for P.o
delta)effects
effects
Reduction factor
P.6(Plittle
(P-little delta)
The
second-order
within the
the member
second-order
effectseffects within
member lengths
lengths reduce
reduce the effective
effective
stiffness
of the members, and this
stiffness of
this effect
effect must be included
included in the
the analysis
analysis from
which
are found.
found. This
done by
which the deflections
deflections are
Thisis done
bycalculating
calculating aa reduction
reduction factor
factor
and then applying
to the gross inertia
inertia to
to give an effective
inertia value
value for
for the
the
applying it to
effective inertia
members,Jeff.
Ze~.
members,
69
lowest
moment at
at any
any section
ofthe
the
lowest load
load factor at which
which the
the applied
applied bending
bendingmoment
section of
moment of
Clause 4.8.2.3
frame reaches the plastic moment
of resistance,
resistance, as Clause
4.8.2.3 of
of BS
BS 5950-1.
5950-1.
Rafters:
(1
Reduction factor = (1
- PULS/PCr
PuLs/Pc,
where:
PULS
the axial
force in
in the member
PuLs isis the
axial compressive
compressive force
the
member from
from ULS
ULS loads
loads
calculated by
maybe
by by elastic
elastic
calculated
byfirst-order
first-orderanalysis.
analysis.Pas
Ps may
becalculated
calculated
analysis, plastic
analysis,
plastic analysis
analysis or
or elastic-plastic
elastic-plasticanalysis.
analysis. A
A consistent
consistent set
set of
of
forces
from any
these analyses
used throughout
forcesfrom
any of
ofthese
analyses should
should be
beused
throughout the
the
frame. Where
Wherecolumns
columnssupport
intermediate loads,
loads, for example
example from
frame.
support intermediate
from
cranes or
mezzanine
floors,
these
intermediate
loads
must
be
included
or mezzanine floors, these intermediate
mustbeincluded
PuLs.
in PULS.
in
is
is taken
takenasas7t2EI/L2
n2EIIL2
P,,
Per
where:
=
length of
of the
the rafters
= L,
L,, the
the developed
developed length
rafters in the
the relevant
relevant span,
span, see
see
Figure
3.8 for
for both
both the
the elastic
elastic frame
frame
andand the
the 'plastic
plastic frame
frame in
in
Figure 3.8
multi-span
the 'plastic'
multi-span frames and the
plastic frame
frame for
for single-span
single-span frames.
frames.
=
= 0.5Lr
O X , for single span
elastic frames
frames only.
only.
span 'elastic'
Hence, Ieff
= I
I (1
(1 - PuLs/Per)
PULS/Pcr)
Hence,
'eff =
Columns:
Reduction factor
factor =
= (1
- PULS/Pcr
PuLs/P,,
where:
PULS
isasas defined
defined for
for rafters
rafters
PuLs is
is
is taken
takenasas7c2E1/(ah)2
n2EIl(ah)
P,,
Per
is the height from the base to theneutral

neutral axis ofthe
the rafter
=
= 2.0
for
columns with truly pinned bases or rockers
columns
= 1.7
1.7
for colunms
columns with
with nominally
nominally pinned bases
=
=
for columns
nominally fixed bases.
columns with
with nominally
aa =
aa
1.4
1.4
Hence, Ieff
(1
- PVLS/Pcr)
PuLs/P,,)
Hence,
'eff =
= 1I (1
A typical
rafters at different
levels is shown
typical column
column supporting
supporting rafters
different levels
shown in Figure
Figure A.8.
The appropriate
appropriate values
values of
of PULS
PuLs and
andP,,P,are
are those
thosein
in the
the greater
greater of
of
ULS
cr
or
ULS
'3cr
where:
ULS
1cr
7r2E1
(ahA)
70
where:
ULS
cr )B
(PA +PB)
2EI
(ahB)
is the axial
in the column
and the
axial compression
compression in
column between the higher and
the
lower rafters
PA
PA
the axial compressioninin the colunm

between the
the lower
lowerrafter
rafter
PA + PB
PS isthe
column between
and the base
hA
hA
is the column height

height from
from the
the base
base to
to the
the higher
higherrafter
rafter
hB
hB
is the column height

height from the base
base to the lower rafter.
rafter.
PBflI
Figure A.4 Column
Columnsupporting
supporting rafters
rafters at
at different
different levels
levels
columns
supporting
intermediate
loadssuch
such
as crane
loads and
For
Forcolumns
supporting
intermediate
vertical verticalloads
ascrane
loadsand
mezzanine
floors without
without continuous
continuousconnection
connectioninto
into the
the column,
column, the
the maximum
maximum
mezzanine floors
column force should be used.
Vertical deflections
deflectionsand
andeaves
eavesspread
spreaddeflections
deflections
The second-order
second-orderdeflections
deflections
greater than
thanthe
the first-order
first-orderdeflections,
deulections,S,,
, by
by
areare
greater
1).
1).
the
the factor
factor2cr2!(Acr2
Acr2/(Acr2 'cr2
taken as
as the
the minimum
minimum of
of either:
Acr2isis taken
the minimum
forany
anypair
pair of
of rafters,
rafters, where P.
and
minimum value
value of
of Pcr/PULS
Pc,/Pulsfor
PCr
andPULS
Pas are
taken
as for
forrafters
rafters in
in A.3.2.,
A.3.2., or
taken as
Pcr/PULS
CP,,ICPuLs for
for the
the columns
columns
where:
the values
for all
all the
the columns
columns in
in the
the frame,
frame, where
P,, is the
the sum
sum of
of the
values of
of PCr
P,, for
P
P,,isistaken
takenas
as for
for columns
columns in
in A.3.2
sumof
ofthe
the axial forces in all the columns
in the
the frame.
frame.
CPuLsis the sum
columns in
PULS
Sway deflections
Sway
deflections
areare
greater
second-order
deflections
greater than
than the
the first-order
first-orderdeflections,
deflections, 61,
i, by
The second-order
factor 2cri/('cri
the factor
Acrl/(Acrl - 1)
1)
Acrl
Acri
is taken as the minimum value of h1200

2
h/200 S,,,
where:
71
71
12cr/(r2cr -1
A.3.3 Second-order magnification
magnification factors, AcrI(Acr
1))
is the height
of any
any column,
column,as
as A.3.2.
height of
A.3.2.
S,,
42
is the
the sway
the frame
calculated
sway deflection
deflection of
ofthe
frame with
withmember
memberinertias
inertias'eff
Iesf
calculated
as in A.3.2,
as defined
A.3.2,loaded
loadedonly
onlywith
withnotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces,
forces, as
defined inin
Section
applied as
as in
in Section
Section3.3.
3.3. O2
calculated from
from
S,,, can
can be
be calculated
Section 1.6 and applied
the simplified 'elastic'
elastic frame
frame method
method in
in Appendix
Appendix D using the values
of
Iess.
of Jeff.
A.3.4 Calculation
Calculation of deflections
deflections
The first-order
usingthe
the gross I values.
first-order deflections
deflections are calculated
calculated using
Where elastic-plastic
elastic-plasticanalysis
analysisisisused,
used, the
the deflections
deflectionsatat the
theload
load factor
factor of
ofthe
the
Where
first hinge,
given directly
directly by
bythe
the software.
software.The
The structural
structural model
model for the
the
first
hinge,A,,
2, is given
elastic
the same
stiffnesses appropriate
to
elastic analysis
analysis must
must usethe
same member
member and
and base
basestiffnesses
appropriate to
ULS analysis,
analysis, not
not to
to SLS
SLS analysis.
analysis. Base stiffness
stiffness values
valuesare
are given
giveninin A.2.4.
A.2.4.
The loads
tothe
the elastic
elastic frame
frameare
are1,
A x (ULS
whichisis aa set
set of
of
loads applied
applied to
(ULS loads),
loads), which
loads
the same
same proportions
proportions as
the ULS
loads in
in the
as the
ULS loads.
loads. Itis is recommended
recommended that
that
software be
beused
used for the
ofthe
the
'elastic frame'
software
the deflection
deflection calculations
calculations of
elastic
frame because
because
hand calculations
portals is a long process.
process.
calculations for portals
The second-order
are calculated
calculated from
from the first-order
second-order deflections,
deflections, (OX2,
(a,,OY2),
SY,), are
first-order
(al,
SY,), as
deflections, (OX1,
deflections,
OY1),
as follows:
OX2 = (0X1 OXis) {Acr2/(Acr2 1)}
OY2 =
OY1 {Acr2I(Acr2
OXis {Acri/(Acri
1)}
1)}
where:
A11
andJcr2
Acr2
calculatedasasinin A.3.3
A.3.3
Jcrland
areare
calculated
a,,are the sway

sway deflections
deflections from the horizontal component
component of
OX.
of externally
externally
HULs,
applied
resisted by
frame,AAIHULS,
applied loads resisted
bythe
theelastic
'elastic' frame,
the first plastic hinge

hinge
is the load factor at the
the formation
formation of the
HULS
the nett
nett horizontal
horizontalcomponent
componentofofthe
theULS
ULSloads.
loads. This includes
the
HuLs isisthe
includes the
notional horizontal
forces where
where they
they are applied
applied in
in a load
load case.
case.
horizontal forces
A.4
Deflections
of the
the plastic
'plastic' frame
Deflections of
frame
A.4.1 General
General
To simplify
the calculations,
this method
method assumes
assumes that
that all
all the
spans develop
simplify the
calculations, this
thespans
develop
plastic hinges
which the
first hinge
hinge forms in
plastic
hinges at
at one
oneend
end at the load
load factor i l l at which
the first
frame.Then
theanalysis
analysismodel
model becomes
becomes an elastic
elastic frame
frame with
hinge at
the frame.
Then the
with a hinge
near) the end of each
each span
span as
The pins
pins are
are used
usedatat
(or near)
as shown
shown in
in Figure
FigureA.3.
A.3. The
the plastic
plastic hinges
because at a pure plastic
hinge there
thereisis no increase of bending
bending
hinges because
plastic hinge
moment.
72
72
where:
This
even
for gravity
so all
This mode
modeofof deflection
deflectionisais a sway
sway mode,
mode,even
forgravity
loads, loads, so
all the
second-order
deflectionsare
arecalculated
calculated
from the magnification
arisingfrom
from the
from
magnification arising
the
the equation
equation in
in Section
Section 2.4.3
2.4.3reduces
reduces to:
to:
sway mode
mode of
of buckling.
buckling. Therefore,
Therefore, the
v = 1 {Acr/(Acr1)}
A.4.2 Reduction
Reductionfactor
factor to allow
allowfor
for P.8
P.6(Plittle
(P-little delta)
delta)effects
effects
The
second-order
within the
the member
lengths
second-order
effectseffects within
member
lengths
reducereduce the
the effective
effective
stiffness
ofthe
the members.
members.This
This
effect must
must be
be included
includedininthe
theanalysis.
analysis.This
This
stiffness of
effect
is is
for the
done by calculating
calculatingeffective
inertia
values
for for the
themembers,
members,Jeff,
done
effective
inertia
values
L R , asfor
the
'elastic'
elastic frame'
frame in
in A.3.2
A.3.2 above.
above.
A.4.3 Second-order
Second-ordermagnification
magnificationfactor,
factor,)t.crp/(?.crpl)
Acrpl(Acrp -1)
The second-order
areare
greater
the first-order
first-order deflections,
SI,
by
second-orderdeflections
deflections
greater than the
deflections, 1,
by
the
factorA,,/(&,
A/(A1).
-1).
the factor
A
as the
minimum
frame
&,is taken
is taken
as the
minimumvalue
valueof
ofh/200
h/200 S,,,for the 'plastic'
plasticframe
where:
where :
height of
is the height
of any
any column,
column,asas A.3.2.
A.3.2.
S,,,
,
is as defined
for&
2 A.3.3
for the
the plastic
'plastic' frame.
frame.This
This
defined for
A.3.3 butfor
cancan be
calculated from
from the
the simplified plastic
'plastic' frame method in Appendix D.
A.4.4 Calculation
ofdeflections
deflections
Calculationof
The
loads applied
to the 'plastic
the difference
Theloads
applied to
plastic frame'
frame must
must be
bethe
difference between
between the
the
/2, xx (ULS loads),
loads), and
and the
the loads resisted
resisted by
bythe
the elastic
'elasticframe.
frame'.
collapse loads,
loads, A,,
Therefore the
Therefore
the loads
loads to
to be
be applied
appliedtoto the
the plastic
'plasticframe
frame'areare (2
(Ap
- 2)
A,) x (ULS
Typicaldeflections
loads
alone
are areshown
A.5.
Typical
deflectionsdue
duetotogravity
gravity
loads
alone
shownininFigure
Figure
A.5. Note
Note
that the frame sways under
gravity
loading
plus
notional
horizontal
forces.
This
under
loading plus notional horizontal forces. This
is partly
effect of
the notional
forces
partly due
due to
to the
the direct
directeffect
ofthe
notional horizontal
horizontalforces
andand partly
partly
because
horizontalforces
forces
causesthe
the hinge
hingetoto appear
appear on
on one
one side
side
because the
the notional
notional horizontal
causes
only, creating
creating an asymmetric frame
frame that results in sway.
Figure
A.5 Typical
frame'
Figure A.5
Typical deflection
deflection of a 'plastic
plastic frame
Inthe
the absence
absence of aa more
more detailed
detailed analysis,
analysis, the
the hinges
hinges in
inthethe 'plastic
plasticframe
frame'
model should
asymmetric,as asinin Figure
avoid
model
should be
be assumed
assumedtoto be
be asymmetric,
Figure A.6,
A.6, to
to avoid
unconservative deflections at collapse load.
73
73
loads).
Figure A.6
Typicaldesign
design hinge
hinge pattern
Figure
A.6 Typical
pattern for
for aaplastic
'plasticframe
frame'
A.4.5
resistingvertical
vertical
loads
A.4.5 The
The'plastic
plasticframe'
frameresisting
loads
The deflections
from AI
2 to ;l2,p are
on
deflections from
are calculated
calculated by simple
simple beam
beam theory
theory based
based on
supported beams
simply supported
beamsbecause
because the
the plastic
plastic hinges
hinges mean
meanthat
that there
there can
can be
benono
increase in end moments
Tosimplify
simplify the
the calculations,
calculations, this
increase
moments of
of the
the rafters.
rafters. To
this hand
'hand'
methodassumes
rafters will
will behave
behaveasas simply
simply supported
supported beams
beamsfrom
method
assumes that
that all
all rafters
from
load
factor Al.
2.
load factor
The horizontal deflections
deflections8EP1
&pl due to gravity
gravity load
load result
result from
from the
the end
end rotation
rotation
ofthe
the rafters.
rafters. For
Forsimplicity,
simplicity,this
thismethod
methodtakes
takesthe
themaximum
maximum sway
sway deflection
deflection
arising from
frame analysis
analysis is
is performed
performed with a pin at the hinge
arising
fromany
any span.
span. IfIf aaframe
hinge
positions, a less
less conservative
conservative result may be obtained.
obtained.
positions,
load on
on the
the span
span atatULS
ULSisisWULS
wuLs and
The load
andthe
theload
load applied
appliedtotothe
the span
spanon
on the
the
elastic frame
frame isisWE.
wE. Therefore, the
the load
load to be
be applied
applied to the
the 'plastic
plastic frame'
frame
wp =
=2p
hpWULS
WULS - WE.
WE.
Wp
The column
column top displacement
for the
the external
colunm/rafter that
that remains
elastic
displacement for
external columdrafter
remains elastic
is governed
bythethe rafter
The rafter
governed by
rafter end.The
rafterend
endrotation
rotationisisapproximately
approximately the
the
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
hO
Figure
Column top
top displacement
displacement
Figure A.7
A.7 Column
For simplicity,
simplicity, the
areare
based
on the
of a symmetrical
For
thecalculations
calculations
based
on deflections
the deflections
of a symmetrical
pitched roof, but the
method may be used for other
other geometries.
geometries.
pitched
the method
74
simply supported
supported beam of the
same developed length,
same as for aa simply
the same
length, S,
S , as shown
shown
in Figure A.7.
A.7.
The second-order
rafter end
end slope is given by:
second-order rafter
6R2 =
ws3 2
2crp 1
24EJR
where:
S
S
is the developed length

length of
ofthethe rafter
wp
Wp
is the load on the

the span
span of
of the
the plastic
'plastic frame
frame'
WULS
theUltimate
UltimateLimit
LimitState
Stateload
load on
on the
the span
span
wuLs isisthe
is the load applied
to the
the elastic
'elasticframe
frame'
applied to
wE
WE
;ip is the
is the
plastic
collapsefactor
A
plastic
collapse
factor
IR
'R
the gross
gross value
value of the major axis
is the
axisinertia
inertia of the rafter.
is Young's
Youngs modulus
modulus
A/(A1)
thethedeflection
from A.4.3.
&,/(Acv-1) is is
deflectionmagnification
factor from
Note
that wp,
w, wuLs
Note that
and w1
w1here denote the component of load acting transverse
WJLS and
the rafter
rafter measured
measured as aa distributed
distributed load
load along
along the developed
developed length of the
to the
rafter.
w,,plan, the
vertical loads
loads measured
measured on
onplan,
plan,Wvplan,
For vertical
the component
component transverse to the
is given
given by:
by:
rafter is
=
=
wv.plan
Cos2a
C0s2a
For vertical
slope,the
thecomponent
componenttransverse
transverse
vertical loads
loads measured
measuredalong
alongthe
theslope,
slope,Wv
w,,,lope,
to the rafter
rafter is given by:
W ==
Wv
slopeCosa
Cosa
Wv,,lope
of loads
loadswp,
w, W-S
is the set of
was or
or w1
w1
is the slope ofthethe rafter.
The second-order
second-orderchange
change of
ofthe
the column
column top
top deflections
deflections =
=hG
&
each span
span is
is calculated
calculated from the
the deflection
deflection of aa simply
simply supported
supported
The spread
spread of each
beam
of a
A.8. The
Thesecond-order
second-order midspan
midspan deflection
deflection of
beam as shown
shown in Figure
Figure A.8.
S
carrying
a
distributed
load
wp
straight
simply
supported
beam
of
length
straight simply supported beam of length S carrying a distributed load w is
given by:
S = 5wS4
2crp
B2
3S4EIR crp 1
Thespread
spread ofthe
the rafter
ends
results
the crank
crank in
in the
rafterends
results
fromfrom the deflection
deflectionatat the
the
given by:
rafter.The
Thespread
spread isis given
Spread
= 8B2
&* (Sinal
+Sina2)
Spread =
(Sina1+Sina2)
where;
aI
a1
is the slope of one rafter inthe

the
span
span
75
where:
a2
a2
is the slope
slope of the other rafter in the
the span.
span.
spread if the
the rafter
rafter is
is straight
straight from
from column
column to column.
Note that there is no spread
column.
2j
B Sifl a
Figure A.8 Rafter spread
A.4.6 The
resisting
horizontal
loads
The'plastic
'plasticframe'
frame'resisting
horizontal
loads
The sway deflections
deflections due to
the notional
horizontal forces or externally
externally applied
applied
to the
notional horizontal
horizontal
loads are calculated
assuming the
the reduced
stiffness of
of
horizontal loads
calculated assuming
reduced stiffness
thethe frame
frame
following
the formation
formationofplastic
of plastichinges
hingesasasshown
shownininFigure
FigureA.9.
A.9.
following the
The The
Figure
Figure A.9
A.9 Sway
Swaydeflection
deflection model
model
second-order sway stiffness of each bay
The second-order
bay isis given by:
K,
=
K
6 s2
11
1
><
X
[g+$)
Sh2
3 El R
h3
II( _____
3El )
[A::-l]
1)
where:
K, is the
isthe
swaystiffness
stiffness
thespan
span
includingsecond-order
effects
K
sway
of of
the
including
452
2
is the
deflection of
have
the sway deflection
ofthe
the top ofthe
the column which
whichdoes
doesnotnot
have aa
hinge in itit or
or in
in the
the adjacent
adjacent length
lengthofof rafter
rafter including
second-order
effects
76
formulae are derived in

Appendix D.
in Appendix
istaken
taken as Lr,
the developed
developed length
lengthofof
rafter from
from support
support to
to
L,, the
thethe rafter
support where the support may be
be either a column or valley beam
isthe
theheight
height
of the columnfrom
from the
thebase
base
to neutral
the neutral axis
axis of
ofthe
the
ofthe
tothe
rafter
'R
the rafter
the
ZR and ZI,are
arethe
thegross
gross values
values of
of the major
major axis
axis inertias
inertias of the
rafter and the
column
Acw/(&,-l) 1)isisthe
thesecond-order
second-ordermagnification
magnificationfactor
factorfrom
fromA.4.3.
A.4.3.
second-order least
least sway
thethe column
may
The second-order
sway deflection
deflection of
ofthe
thetop
topofof
column in
in a frame may
be taken as:
A, =
=
(,
b
4 )CH
1)
-
=K,
where:
thethesum
the frame.
C H is is
sumofofthe
theequivalent
equivalenthorizontal
horizontalloads
loads H
H resisted
resisted by the
At each column,
column, HH isis given
givenby
byHH =
= C(Hih,)/h,
(H1h1)/h, as shown in Figure A.9
thethesum
effects of
of
CK
K ,is is
sumofofthe
thesway
swaystiffnesses
stiffnessesallowing
allowing for
for second-order
the spans
spans in the
frame.
all the
the frame.
In addition to this sway deflection,
from the
deflection, there is an
an additional
additional spread arising from
angle in the
the rafter
rafter at the
the apex
apex of the span.
span. The
Thesecond-order
second-order sagging
sagging deflection
deflection
of aa straight
straight rafter
rafter would
would be:
sm2
ML
'crp
16EIR
2crp 1
M
M is the
is the
moment
moment
caused
caused
bybythethehorizontal
horizontalloads
loadsresisted
resistedbyby the
the span
span and
isgiven
by by
M M= Kzl2h
KsA2h
is
given
L,
L.
isthe
the developed
lengthofofthethe rafter
rafter from column
colunm top
top to
tocolumn
column top
top as
as
developed length
Figure 2.5
shown in Figure
AI(A
A.4.3.
&,/(Acw1)
-1)isisthe
thesecond-order
second-ordermagnification
magnification factor from A.4.3.
1:
H2
h3flJ
Figure A. 10
10 Horizontal
Horizontal forces and moments
moments from
fromhorizontal
horizontalforces
forces
77
77
where:
Therefore the additional spread

spread in each span
span is given by:
Spread
=
Spread =
&,,2
Ssin2
(Sin
al+Sina2)
(Sin a1+Sina2)
Where:
al
a1
is the slope of one rafter inthe

the span
span
a2
a2
isthe
the slope ofthe
the other rafter in the span.
A.5
A . 5 Axial
Axial forces
Some of the
the axial
forces differ
differ from the first-order
values
axial compression
compression forces
analysis values
because
the shape
ofthe
the frame
differs from
from the
the undeformed
undeformedshape.
shape. The
The axial
because the
shape of
frame differs
axial
deformed structure
structure must
must be used
energy summations.
summations.
forces in the deformed
usedininthe
the energy
Therecan
can be no
change inthe
the
total axial
nochange
total
axial forces
forces in the columns.
columns. However
However the
the
drop of the
the apex will
change the
the axial
axialcompression
compressionininthe
therafters.
rafters. Therefore,
Therefore, in
in
will change
the absence of a detailed
axial loads at collapse
be taken
taken as:
detailed analysis
analysis the axial
collapse should
should be
Columns P2 =
Columns
= P1
PI
P2 =
Rafters
+ P1 b
P2
P2
is the
the members at ULS, including
the
the set
set of
of axial
axial forces
forces inthe
includingthe
PI
P1
is the
the set
set of
of axial
axial forces
forces at ULS
ULS in the
the first-order
analysis
P,,
Pla
is the axial compression

force in
inthe
the rafter
rafter at ULS at the
thehinge
hinge nearest
nearest
compression force
The value
value at
at mid-span
mid-span
mid-span calculated
calculated by
by first-order
analysis. The
may be used
axial compression
compression force
force in
in the
the rafter
rafter such
such that
that
Plb is the additional axial
Pib
Pi
=
p1 = Pla
PI, +
+ Pib
Plb
A.6 Reserve
Reservefactor
factorat
atUltimate
Ultimate Limit
Limit State
State
The energy
energy released
released by second-order
effects is calculated
calculated from
from the
the expression
expression
P2bsdqi,
whichisis defined
definedininA.2.2.
A.2.2.This
This
summation is
the worked
CP24sd4, which
summation
is shown
shown inthe
worked
examples.
the plastic
The energy absorbed by the
plastic mechanism
mechanism is calculated
calculated from the expression
expression
>M4O
in A.2.2.
CM,,d0 which
which is defined
defined in
A.2.2. This
Thissummation
summation isis shown
showninin
thethe worked
worked
examples.
reserve factor
factor on
onmoment,
The reserve
moment, M,
AM,isiscalculated
calculated from
from the
thefirst-order
first-order plastic
plastic
collapse
factor,
4,
as
follows:
collapse factor, 2, as follows:
P2sd
CM,, dB
MprdO
The load factor

factor of
of the
the frame
frame atat failure
failure isistaken
takenas
as2M
AM.
78
where:
APPENDIX
analysis of
APPENDIX BB Second
Second order
orderanalysis
tied portals 'by hand'
hand'
Rangeofofapplication
applicationand design
design steps
steps
B.1 Range
This Appendix
shows how
how second-order
analysis may
may be performed
Appendix shows
second-orderanalysis
performed without
without
second-order
software
for
tied
portal
frames,
designed
by
plastic
design
second-order software for tied portal frames, designed by plastic design
methods.
These
portals have
have ties
tiesator
atnear
or near the
the rafter
rafterlevel.
level.
methods.These
portals
TheThe method
method is
only intended for
for frames
frames in which:
(i) the
directlytoto the rafter
rafter
thetietieconnects
connectseither
eithertotothe
the column/rafter
columdrafter haunch
haunch or directly
(ii) no hinges
hingesoccur
occur below
analysis
ULS when
when analysed
analysed by
by first-order
below ULS
(iii) the
the tie
tie does
does not yield
yield below ULS.
Itshould
should be
slopesare
are potentially
be recognised
recognised that tied
tied portals
portals with
with low
low rafter
rafterslopes
potentially
The example
worked
example
shows a
susceptible
to snap-through of
of the
susceptibletosnap-through
the rafters.
rafters.Theworked
shows
a
significant increase
increase in
in axial
axial force
force and
andconsequent
consequent apex
apex drop
dropfor
foraaframe
frame with
with an
8" slope.
is recommended
recommended that
that slopes less
than 6
6" should
should not be used without
8
slope. ItItis
less than
components.
additional consideration of the
the stiffnesses of members and components.
which there
Portals in which
there is
is aa tie
tie at an internal floor
floorlevel,
level, but
but where
where there
there is
is no
no tie
tie
at or
level, should
or near
near the
the rafter
rafterlevel,
should be
be designed
designed using
using the
the method
method for
for common
common
portals, given in
in Appendix
Appendix A.
A.
designed so that
It isisrecommended
recommended that
that the
the ties
ties in tied portalsare
are designed
that they
they do not
Ultimate Limit
Limit State, because
yield below Ultimate
because yielding
yielding of
of the
the tie
tie may
may cause
cause aa major
both the
geometry of
It It is
change in both
the geometry
ofthe
the structure
structure and
andthe
thestructural
structuralbehaviour.
behaviour.
is
Design steps
steps
Design
The design
follows:
design steps
steps are
are as follows:
1.
1.
Identify
Identify from the
the firstorder
orderanalysis:
analysis:
0 the
theplastic
plasticcollapse
collapse mechanism
mechanism
0 the
rotations
thehinge
hinge incremental
the
theaxial
axial forces
forces in
in the
the members
members
0 the
load factor
the formation
the first
plastichinge,
hinge, A? I(excluding
theload
factor at
atthe
formation ofthe
firstplastic
(excluding
hinges
of resistance
ofthe
the base
base is less
less than
hinges atat bases
bases where
where the moment
moment of
resistance of
than
the moment of resistance of the
the columns)
the plastic
plastic collapse
the
collapsefactor,
factor,.2,,
0 the deflections
deflections of
of the
the frame
frameatatAl.
2.
2.
Calculate the second-orderdeflections

deflections of
ofthe
the 'elastic'
'elastic'frame.
frame.
(a) Calculate
Calculate the
P . 6 (P-little
(P-little delta)
delta)
thestiffness
stiffnessreduction
reduction factors to
to allow
allow for
for P.
effects
79
also
recommendedthat
thatthis
thismethod
methodisnot
is not used
used for
for
frames
alsorecommended
frames
for for which
which the
the
sway-check exceed
deflections from a sway-check
exceed h/500,
h/500, as explained
explained in
in Section
Section 5.4.3.
5.4.3.
factorsfor
forthe
the elastic
'elastic'
(b) Calculate
Calculate the
the second-order
frame.
(c) Calculate
valuesofof
Calculate the
the deflections
deflections of the 'elastic'
elastic frame.
frame. These
These are thevalues
additional deflections
deflections calculated
calculated to
toallow
allow for
for
the deflections
deflectionsatat A,
2 plus additional
the second-order effects.
3.
Calculate the
the second-order
deflectionsofofthe
the plastic
'plastic' frame.
Calculate
(a) Calculate
Calculatethe
thestiffness
stiffnessreduction
reduction factors
factors to
toallow
allow for
forP.P.6(P-little
(P-little delta)
delta)
effects
(b) Calculate
Calculate the
the second-order
factorof
ofthe
theplastic
'plastic' frame.
frame.
theplastic
'plastic' frame
(c) Calculate
Calculatethe
the deflections
deflections of the
frame from
from gravity
gravity loads.
loads.
(d) Calculate
the 'plastic'
loads.
Calculatethe
thedeflections
deflections of
of the
plasticframe
frame from horizontal
horizontal loads.
4.
4. Calculate
Calculate the
the apex drop using an iterative method.
5.
5.
Calculate
the increased
axial loads
loads
in the rafters
Calculate the
increased axial
inthe
rafters to
to account
account for
for secondsecondorder effects.
effects.
6. Sum
Sumthe
theenergies.
energies.
7.
7.
AM.
reserve factor,
factor, 2M
Calculate the reserve
8.
8 . Check
Check 'M
AM 21.0
1.0
B.2
Basis
of method
Basis of
B.2.1
B.2.1 General
General
The basis of the
method is
is the
same as
as described
described in
in A.2.
A.2.1
for common
common portals,
portals,
the method
the same
1 for
which
portals without
without tie
tie at
at or near
near the
the rafter
rafter level.
level.
which are portals
The energy
energy calculations
calculations are
are as
as described
described in
in A.2.2
A.2.2 for common portals.
portals.
B.2.3
calculations
B.2.3 Deflectioncalculations
The deflection
calculationsare
are not
not
identical to
to the
deflection calculations
identical
the calculations
calculations for
for common
common
portals in A.2.3.
A.2.3. This
Thisisisbecause,
because, where
where the
the tie
tie in
a
tied
portal
is
at
or
near the
in a tied portal is at or near
the
rafter level,
level, the
the rafters
rafters and
actmore
truss than
thanlike
thethe rafters
rafter
and tie
tie act
more like
like aa truss
like
rafters in
in aa
common portal.
Therefore, the
thevertical
vertical deflection
deflection of the
the apex
apex and the spread of
common
portal. Therefore,
of
dominated by the axial deformations
deformations of the
the column tops is dominated
the rafters and the
thetie
tie
deformations of the
and the
the columns.
columns.
instead of the bending
bending deformations
the rafters and
deflections governed
governed by
bending stiffness
stiffness are calculated
calculated using
usingthethe
same
The deflections
by bending
same
principles as in A.2.3
for common portals.
portals.
principles
A.2.3 for
following deflections are governed
governed by bending
bending stiffness:
stiffness:
The following
sway of
frames
sway
ofthe
the frame,
frame,for
for both
both elastic
'elastic' and
and plastic
'plastic' frames
mid-rafter deflection
midrafter
deflectionfrom
fromsway
swayand
and transverse
transverse loads
loads on the rafter.
deflection of the apex

apex isis calculated
calculated from
from the
the following
following components:
components:
The deflection
deflection calculated
The elastic deflection
calculated at
at ULS
ULS from the first-order frame analysis.
80
B.2.2
ofthe
the
energy
method
B.2.2 Applicationof
energy
method
A drop
A drop
from
fromcurvature
curvatureshortening
shortening of
ofthe
the rafters.
rafters.
Further
deflection
arising
the increase
increase in
in axial
axial force
force in
in the
the rafterstoto
Furtherdeflection
arising
fromfrom the
maintain
the same
component of
of force
analysis
maintain the
same vertical
verticalcomponent
force as in
in first-order
first-orderanalysis
because
the rafter slope has decreased due to the
the drop of the
the apex.
because the
B.2.4
Base
stiffness
B.2.4Base
stiffness
The base stiffness may
may be
be taken
taken as
as in
in A.2.4.
A.2.4.
B.3
Bending
deflections of
of the
the 'elastic'frame
frame
Bending deflections
B.3.1
B.3. l General
General
The methods
are the same as
asdescribed
described in A.3
for the
methods are
A.3 except
except for
the differences
differences noted
below.
Only the
the differences
differences
fromfrom A.3
are given
given below,
below,
to
clarify
the
Only
A.3 are
to clarify the
comparison of the methods for common
and tied
tied portals.
portals.
common and
B.3.2 Reduction
factor
to allow
for P.6
delta) effects
B.3.2
Reduction
factor
to allow
for(P-little
P.8 (Plittle
delta) effects
For rafters
rafters of tied portals
with ties that have
not yielded
at ULS,
ULS, the method
is
portals with
have not
yielded at
method is
from A.3.2.
similartoto the method
method in A.3.2
similar
A.3.2 but
but the
the calculation
calculation of
of Per
Pcrdiffers from
A.3.2.
length L
taken as the
the length
length along
along the
the slope
slope from
from apex
The length
L is taken
apextotoeaves/valley.
eaves/valley.
The axial
axial forces
forces inthe
rafter should
should be
be taken
taken as
as the
the forces
forcesoccurring
inthe
The
the rafter
occurring in
the
length
resisting the
the tie force
because these
forces
occurring
lengthresisting
forcebecause
these are
are the
the highest
highestforces
occurring
within the length
of the
the rafter.
rafter.
length of
columns of tied portals, the method
method is identical
identical to
For columns
to that
that in
in A.3.2.
A.3.2.
B.3.3
8.3.3 Second-order magnification
kCr/(Acr
-1 1
magnification factors,
factors, ?crI(Acr1)
The methods
methods are
are the
the same
sameas
as in
in A.3.3,
A.3.3, except
except that
that in
in the
the calculation
calculationofofS,, the
the
rafter span
span is taken
taken as the
the length
length from
from apex
apex to
to eaves/column.
eavedcolumn.
The principles
principles
areare
as
as in
in A.3.4.
A.3.4. However,
deflections
However,the
thesecond-order
second-ordervertical
verticaldeflections
to toB.5.
are governed
governed by
by truss
trussaction,
action, which
which is
iscalculated
calculatedaccording
according
B.5. Therefore,
Therefore,
&/(Acr -1).
only the sway
sway deflections are magnified by Acr/(2cr1).
second-order
deflections
deflections
on
on the
the elastic
elasticframe,
frame,
excluding
excluding the
the deflections
deflections
Thesecond-order
within the truss system, are calculated
calculated as
as follows:
follows:
=
SX,
=
(6x1-m,,>
8x1s {'lcri/(Acri
{JcrI/(Ax1
- 1))
ox2
(OX1
OX1)++ OX1
1)}
SY2
B.4
arecalculated
calculated
system
forfor the trusssystem
asas in B.5.
B.5.
Bending
deflections of
of the
the'plastic'
'plastic'
frame
Bending deflections
frame
B.4.1
General
B.4.1
General
To simplify
the calculations,
this method
assumes that
that all
allthethe spans
simplify the
calculations,this
method assumes
spans develop
develop
in
plastic
hinges atat one
one end
endatat the
the load
load factor
factorAI
2 at which
plastic hinges
which the first hinge
hinge forms
forms in
the frame.Then
Then the
elasticframe
frame with
theanalysis
analysismodel
model becomes
becomes anelastic
with a hinge
hinge at
(or near)
near) the
of each
rafterasas shown
in Figure
Figure B.
B.1.1. The
Thepins
pinsareare used
used atat
the end
end of
each rafter
shown in
the plastic hinges
because at
at aa pure
pureplastic
plastic hinge
is no increase
hinges because
hinge there is
increase of bending
moment.
81
81
B.3.4
of deflections
B . 3 . 4 Calculation
Calculationofdeflections
This
This mode
mode of
ofdeflection
deflection
is is aa sway
sway mode
mode even
even for
for gravity
gravity loads,
loads, so
so all
allthe
the
deflections are
calculated from the
the magnification
arising from the
the
are calculated
buckling. Therefore,
Therefore, the
the second-order
deflections are given by:
sway mode of buckling.
by:
= 1 {2cr/(Acr 1)}
B.4.2
factortotoallow
allowfor
for P.o
B . 4 . 2 Reduction
Reduction factor
P.S (Plittle
(P-little delta)
delta)effects
effects
member lengths
lengths
reduce
the
The second-order
effects within
within the
the member
reduce
effective
the effective
stiffness
ofthe
the members.
members. This
beincluded
includedininthe
theanalysis.
analysis. This
Thisisis
stiffness of
This effect
effect must
must be
l e g , as for the
the
by calculating
calculating an effective
effective inertia
inertia value
value for
for the
themembers,
members, Jeff,
done by
elastic frame
frame in
in Section
Section B.3.2
B.3.2 above.
above.
'elastic'
B.4.3
B . 4 . 3 Second-order
Second-order magnification
magnificationfactor,
factor,?.crpI(?crp
L r p / ( A , c r p -1)
1)
thatapply
applyare
areasas in
in A.4.3, except
that in
inthe
the calculation
calculationofof dnPr
,,
principles that
except that
The principles
the rafter span
span is
is taken
taken as
as the
the length
length from
from apex to
to eaves/column.
eaves/column.
B.4.4
B . 4 . 4 Calculation
Calculationofof
deflections
deflections
to the 'plastic
the
The loads
loads applied
applied to
plastic frame'
frame must
must be
bethe
difference
difference between
between the
the
and the
the 'elastic frame.
frame'.
collapse loads,
loads), and
the loads
loads resisted
resistedbyby
theelastic
collapse
loads, /$,
A xx (ULS loads),
Therefore
the
loads
to
Therefore the
loads
tobe to be applied
applied to
thethe 'plastic
plastic frame'
frameareare (A
(4- i)
AI) xx
Figure BB.1
. l Typical
Typical deflection
deflection ofof a plastic
Figure
'plastic frame
frame'
Inthe
the absence
in the
absence of
of aa more
more detailed
detailed analysis,
analysis, the
the hinges
hinges in
the 'plastic
plastic frame'
frame
model
be
assumed
to be asymmetric,
in Figure
B.2, to
avoid
avoid
model should
should be
assumed
to
be
asymmetric,as as in
Figure B.2,
unconservative deflections at collapse load.
unconservative
Figure B.2
Typicaldesign
design hinge pattern
Figure
B.2 Typical
pattern for
foraaplastic
'plastic frame
frame'
B.4.5 The
The'plastic
plasticframe'
frameresisting
vertical
loads
B.4.5
resisting
vertical
loads
The
fromAI
2 to 2.tpare
The deflections
deflections from
arecalculated
calculated by
bysimple
simple beam
beam theory
theory based
based on
on
simply supported
supported beams
the the plastic
simply
beamsbecause
because
plastic hinges
hingesmean
meanthat
thatthere
there can
can be
benono
82
loads). Typical
that
(ULS loads).
Typical deflections
deflections are
are shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure B.
B. 1, which
which shows
shows that
the
sways under
plus notional
notional horizontal
horizontalforces.
forces. This
the frame
framesways
under gravity
gravity loading
loading plus
This
sway
effect ofofthe
to the
the direct
directeffect
thenotional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
forces and
sway is partly
partly due
due to
partly because
notional horizontal
forces cause
cause the
thehinge
hinge
because thenotional
horizontal forces
to to appear
appear on one
one
creating an asymmetric
asymmetric frame and
asymmetric response.
side only, creating
and an
an asymmetric
response.
increase in end moments

moments of
of the
the rafters.
rafters. To
this hand
'hand'
To simplify
simplify the calculations, this
method
that all
method assumes
assumes that
all rafters
rafters will
will behave
behave as
as simply
simply supported
supported beams
beams from
from
load
factorA,.
2.
load factor
Thehorizontal
horizontal
deflections
to gravity
results from
from the
the end
end rotation
rotation of
of
deflections
duedue
to gravity
load load results
the
of one
Where the
a series of
of
the rafters
rafters of
one of
ofthethe spans.
spans.Where
the analysis
analysis model
model isis
aseries
individual spans
spansinstead
instead of
ofthe
the entire
entire frame,
frame, the greatest
endrotation
rotation should
greatest end
should be
used.
Theload
loadonon the
is is
WULS
thespan
spanatatULS
ULS
+vuLs and the load applied
applied toto the span
span on the
the
elasticframe
frame
+vE.
the load
loadtoto be
be applied
applied to the
the 'plastic
plastic frame'
frame
is is WE.
Therefore, the
Wp
WP = 2p
/lp WULS
WULS -- WE.
The column
columntop
topdisplacement
displacementfor
for the external column/rafter
column/rafterthat
thatremains
remains elastic
is governed
by the
the rafter
end.
endisrotation
is approximately the
governed by
rafterend.
TheThe
rafterrafter
endrotation
approximately
the
same as for aa simply
as shown
shown
simply supported
supported beam of the same
same developed length, S, as
in Figure B.3.
T.T.TTTT.
4
The second-order
second-order rafter
rafter end
end slope
slope isis given
given by:
ws3
24EI
2crp 1
giving a sway deflection

ofthe
the column
column top
top = h8.
h&.
deflection of
Thetransverse
transverse
deflectionofof the
the rafter
rafteratat
mid-rafter
(where
is a plastic
deflection
mid-rafter
(where
thereisthere
a
plastic
hinge) is given by:
8R2 =
5wS4
384EIR 'crp
where:
S
is the rafterlength
from
eaveshalley
length
from apex to eaves/valley
wp
Wp
load on
on the
the span
span of
ofthe
the plastic
'plastic frame
frame'
is the load
WULS
theUltimate
UltimateLimit
LimitState
Stateload
load on
on the
the span
span
wuLs isisthe
83
Figure B.3 Column

Columntopdisplacement
displacement
Figure
WE
is the load applied

applied to
to the
the 'elastic
elastic frame'
frame
X1,
h,
is the plastic collapse factor
ZR
'R
isthe
the gross value
major axis inertia
inertia of
ofthe
the rafter
rafter
valueofof
thethe major
is Young's
Youngs modulus
modulus
2/(A-l)
deflection
magnification
&,/(&,-l)is the
is the
deflection
magnificationfactor
factorfrom
from B.4.3.
B.4.3.
Note
that W,,
w, WULS
load acting
Note that
wuLs and
and w1
w1 here denote the
the component
component ofload
acting transverse
transverse
to the
developed
length
the rafter
rafter measured
measured as
as aa distributed
distributed load
load along
along the
thedeveloped
length
oftheof the
rafter.
For
the~component
component
transversetotothe
the
For vertical
vertical loads
loadsmeasured
measuredon
onplan,
plan,Wv
w ,plan,
, , ~the
~
,
transverse
rafter is given
given by:
by:
W
==
W
W , plan
plan Cos2a
Wv
Cos2a
For vertical
verticalloads
loadsmeasured
measuredalong
along
slope,
transverse
For
thethe
slope,
WvwVslope
slope ,, the component transverse
the rafter
rafter is
is given
given by:
to the
W
==
W
W , slope
slope
Wv
Cosa
where:
w
W
is theset
set
of loads W,,
w, WuLs
ofloads
wuLsor
or w1
wI
aa
is the
slope
theslope
oftheof the rafter.
B.4.6
'plasticframe
frame'
resisting
horizontal
6.4.6 Theplastic
resisting
horizontal
loadsloads
The sway deflections
due to the notional
deflections due
notional horizontal
horizontal forces or externally
externally applied
horizontal loads
calculated assuming
reduced
stiffness
ofthe of the frame
frame
horizontal
loads are
are calculated
assuming the
the
reduced
stiffness
Figure B.4 Sway

Swaydeflection
deflection model
model
Figure
The second-order
second-order sway stiffness of each bay is given by:
11
11
><
8s2
2crp
3EI
3EIR
where:
K,
K,
isthe
the sway
sway stiffness
stiffness ofthe
the span
span including
S,:
is the
thesway
sway deflection
deflection of
of the
the top ofthe
the column which
which does
does not
not have
have aa
or in
in the
the adjacent
adjacent length
length of
of rafter,
rafter, including
second-order
hinge in it or
effects
8s2
84
following
the formation
formation of
of plastic
plastic hinges
hingesas
as shown
shownininFigure
FigureBB.4.
following the
. 4 . The
The formulae
formulae
are derived
derived in Appendix
Appendix C.
S
h
istaken
taken as the length ofthe
the rafterfrom
fromapex
apex to eaves/valley
eaveshalley
is the height of the columnfrom
from the
the base
base to
to the
the neutral
neutralaxis
axis of
of the
the
rafter
IRand II,are
arethe
thenominal
nominalvalues
values of
of the inertias
inertias of the
the rafter and the column
'R
factor from
from B.4.3.
B.4.3.
3Lcw/(hc,-l) is the
the second-order
second-order magnification factor
The second-order
least sway deflection
deflection of
of the
the top
top of the column in a frame may
second-order least
be taken
taken as:
(2p 21)H
where:
>H
sum
ofof
the
CH is the
is the
sum
theequivalent
equivalenthorizontal
horizontalloads
loads H
H resisted
resisted by the frame.
At each
each column,
column,HHisisgiven
givenbyby HH =
= Y(H)i1)/h,
C(Hihi)/h,as shown
shown in Figure
Figure
B.5.
CK,
>KS
is the sum of the

the sway
allowingfor
forsecond-order
second-ordereffects
effects of
of
sway stiffnesses,
stiffnesses, allowing
all the spans in the frame.

frame.
Thesagging
sagging
deflection of
ofthethe rafter
between the
the apex
apex and
and the
deflection
rafteratat mid-length
mid-length between
the
eaves/valley, caused
caused by horizontal loads,
loads, isis given
given by
by
Ssm2
6sm2
=
-
zis2
~s~
2crl
'crl
lEIR
16'1,
(2cri1)
('cr1-1)
where:
is the length along the rafter slope fromapex

apextoto
eaves/valley
eaves/valley
IR
'R
is the gross
gross I,I value
value of
ofthe
the rafter
rafter
is
givenbybyMM =
= Kz12h.
is given
K,Azh.
H2
h2
Figure
B.5 Horizontal
forces
Figure B.5
Horizontalforces
forces and
and moments
moments from
from horizontal forces
85
M
moment
caused
bybythe
resisted by
M is the
is the
moment
caused
thehorizontal
horizontalloads
loads resisted
by the
the span
span and
B.5
B.5 Deflections
Deflectionsof
ofthe
therafters/tie
rafterdtie 'truss'
'truss' system
system
B.5.1
B . 5 . 1 General
General
The apex deflection is calculated
calculated from
of the
the frame atat ULS.
(i) First-order elastic
elastic deflections
deflections of
Apex drop
drop from
from rafter
rafter curvature.
curvature.
(ii) Apex
(iii) Increased
rafter forces
so that
that the
the vertical
componentofofthe
therafter
rafter force
forceatat
vertical component
Increased rafter
forces so
equal to the
first-order values
the apex remains equal
the first-order
values despite
despitethe
the reduced
reduced slope
slopeof
of
the rafters due to
to apex drop.
Step
(iii)(iii) may
may require
require iteration
iteration until
until
the
solution
is
acceptablyis acceptably close
close to
Step
the solution
equilibrium.This
is is measured
measured in terms
terms of increase
increase of
drop of
apex.
equilibrium.
This
ofthethe drop
ofthe
the apex.
The solution
betaken
taken as acceptable
when the
the increase
increaseinin apex
apex drop,
drop, from
from
solution may
may be
acceptable when
one iteration,
iteration, is
thanthan 3%
one
isless
less
3% of
ofthe
the
totaltotal apex
apexdrop
dropcalculated
calculated before
before the
the
iteration.
B.5.2
B . 5 . 2 Apex drop from first-order
first-orderelastic
elasticdeflections
deflections
The apex
ULS from first-order behaviour
behaviour may be
apex drop
drop at ULS
be calculated
calculated from
from
&LS =
where:
AI
2
isthe
theload
load factor at the formation
ofthe
the first
first hinge
hinge
formation of
SI
5
is the apex dropatat 21,calculated

calculated from
from the
the first-order
first-order behaviour.
behaviour.
B.5.3 Apex
Apexdropfrom
shortening
B.5.3
fromcurvature
curvature
shortening
It isis unusual
to end
of members
unusual to
to consider
consider the
the shortening
shortening of the
the end
endto
end length
lengthof
members
caused
by curvature.
However, where
caused by
curvature.However,
where tied
tied portals
portals have
have low
low roof
roof slopes,
slopes, for
shortening.
socurvature
shortening
shortening. Tied
Tied portals
portals tend
tend to
tohave
haveslender
slender rafters,
rafters, so
should be
considered. The
The shortening
shortening is
is calculated
calculated from
from the
thedeflection
should
be considered.
deflection of
of the
the
length of the
the rafter between
the 'sharp' end
end of
between the
of the column/rafter
column/rafter haunch
haunch and the
apex of the roof,
roof, Sr,
S,, shown in Figure
Figure B.6.
Figure B.6
B . 6 Length
Length
rafter
in curvature
shortening
calculations
of of
rafter
in curvature
shortening
calculations
86
examplearound
the apex
apexdrop
very sensitive
sensitiveto to member
member
example
around 8"
8or
or lower,
lower, the
drop isis very
The
deflection within
calculated assuming
Thedeflection
within S.
S, isiscalculated
assuming that
that the
the bending
bending moment
moment
diagram
is as
as shown
inFigure
Figure B.7.
B.7. The
at the
ofthe
the
diagram is
shown in
Thehogging
hogging moments
moments at
the ends
ends of
length
S are
areequal
equal
to to the
thesagging
saggingmoment
moment at
at mid-length
mid-length due
due to
to plastic
plastic
length S,
redistribution of
of moment,
moment, so that
2
M,
MR
=
=
W ULS Sr
WULSSr2
16
where:
WULS
thetransverse
transverseload
loadalong
alongthe
the rafter
rafteratat ULS.
wuLs isisthe
Bendingmoment
moment diagram
diagram for
for curvature
Figure B.7
B.7 Bending
curvatureshortening
shortening
calculations
2
2 _________
WULSS
WULSSr
384
384 EIeffR
EIeff.R
Thesecond-order
transverse
deflection,
8cs2
second-order
transverse
deflection, 8cs2
where:
Zeff,.R isiscalculated
3.2.
'eff.R
calculated according
according to B.
B.3.2.
==
2/
\2
n2
l2
7tS2)
CS
4Sr
The apex drop from shortening

shortening isiscalculated
calculatedasas shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure B.8 from:
Apex drop
drop
Apex
Sina
A
A /sina
IA
I
Figure B.8
Apexdrop
drop from
Figure
B.8 Apex
fromrafter
raftershortening
shortening
87
87
Theshortening
A
shorteningis is then approximatedasas zl
increasedrafter
rafteraxial
axial
force
B.5.4 Apex
Apex drop from increased
force
B.5.4
Theapex
apex
drop reduces
the slope
drop
reduces the
slope of the rafters,
rafters, so
so the
the force
force must
must increase
increase to
provide the same vertical

componentof
of rafter
rafterforce.
force.The
The increase
vertical component
increase in axial force
force
causes additional
calculated by
anan iterative
iterative process
process as
causes
additional apex
apex drop,
drop, which
which is
is calculated
by
follows:
follows:
(i)Calculate
Calculate the
componentofof
rafter axial
axial force
force
the vertical
verticalcomponent
the the rafter
at at the
the apex
apex
according to first-order
analysis.
:.
V1
= PR
VI =
P R , Sina1
Sin a'
the reduced
slope of
of the rafter
firstorder
order deflections
Calculate the
reduced slope
rafter from
fromfirst
deflections from
(ii) Calculate
Section B.5.2
curvature
. 5 . 3 . The
The
Section
B.5.2 and
andfrom
from
shorteningfrom
fromSection
SectionBB.5.3.
deflection is:
dl = 61 +
d1=61+
__
Sina,
Sina1
The unstressed
unstressed rise
rise of the rafter above
above the hinge
bottom of
ofthe
the rafter,
rafter,
hinge at the bottom
hl =
= Sr
S, Sina, as shown
shown in Figure
Figure B.9.
.:
Reduced rise,
h2h2 =
- d1
dl
Reduced
rise,
= hl
(T)11
:. Reduced
Reduced slope,
= Sin
Sin-' h1
slope,a2
a2 =
- dl
(iii) Calculate
component of
of the
the rafter
rafter
Calculate the reduced
reduced vertical component
V2
V, =
=
P R ' Sina2.
Sina2.
PRI
(iv) Calculate
Calculate the required
required increase
increase in rafter
rafter axial
axial force:
force:
Sina
Sina2
theresultant
resultantincrease
increase in
inhorizontal
horizontal reaction
reaction at the
the column top:
(v) Calculate
Calculate the
=
= PR
6PR Cosa2.
the resulting
resulting increase in tie force:
(vi) Calculate
Calculate the
(c+hT
I
hT
and hT
hT are defined in Figure B.9 and
and cc is
is defined
defined in
in Figure
Figure B.
B. 10
where, ee and
(vii) Calculate
Calculate the
the horizontal
horizontal movement
movement of
of the
the hinge
hinge ZZ due
due to
to tie
tie stretching:
Lateral displacement
of tie
a ,T =
Lateral
displacement
ofend,
tie end,
ST x halfspan
67'
ATE
ATE
AT isis the
where AT
the cross-sectional
cross-sectional area
area of
of the
thetie
tie
of of
2,Z,
2XzT
Lateral
displacement
ZT =
=
[71
e+hT
a,______
hT
88
V2
- V1
v2 -v'
SPR
=
@R
= _____
cI;
level
Figure B.10
10 Effective
Effective cantilever
cantilever above
above tie
tie
Calculate the horizontal movement of hinge Z
(viiijCalculate
2 due to
to column
column bending:
bending:
(viii)
21
oxzc
6Hc hT +C
3EIeff
to B.3.2.
where 'effc
Zeffc is calculated according to
(ix)
from increased
increased axial strain
(ixj Calculate
Calculate the
the rafter
rafter shortening from
SPRS r
Sr =
ARE
where AR isis the
the cross-sectional
cross-sectional area of
of the rafter.
(x) Calculate the increased rafter drop from increased rafter axial as Figure
B.11.
dA
SX.z
SS r
Tana2 Sina2
where Kz = ZT + ZC
89

Figure 6.9
Tiedportal
portal geometry
geometry
Figure
B.9 Tied
\ a
dA
1
Figure
Figure B
B.1
. l l1Apex
Apexdrop
drop from
from increased
increased rafter
rafter axial
axial force
force
(xi) Re-calculate
the the
rafter
slope.
TheThe
definition
is now
givengiven
by: by:
Re-calculate
rafter
slope.
definition
is now
d2
+ A
d2=+
Sina
Sina2
= 6
1
d.4
-!
Revised slope a2 = Sin
h1 d2
Sr
(xii) Calculate
Calculate d2/d1
d2/dl
(xii)
If d2/d1
d2/dl 5 1.03, take
take aa =
=
If
If d21d1
d2/dl>
>
a
2
a2
and PR =
= PR!
PRI +
+5PR.
~PR.
1.03, repeat steps (iii) to

to(xi).
(xi).
If (revised
(revised d2)/(previous
d2)/(previous d2)
take aa =
=
d2)5 1.03, take
again.
otherwise, repeat again.
B.6
B.6
a
2
a2
and
= PRI
PRI ++SPR;
~PR;
and PR =
Axial forces
The energy
energy calculation
uses the
the axial
axial forcesatat ULS
calculation uses
ULS including
including the second-order
second-order
The
taken as
The axial
axial forces
forces in the
the columns
columns may
maybebe
taken
as the
the values
values from
from first-order
first-order
analysis
because
the
total
of
the
axial
forces
must
remain
the
same
to
preserve
analysis because the total of the
remain
same
preserve
vertical equilibrium
whatever analysis
analysis is used.
used.
equilibrium whatever
The axial forces in the rafters
rafters are
are greater
greater than
than calculated
calculated by first-order
analysis.
The axial force increases
increases as the
the slope
slope decreases
decreases so
so that
that the
thevertical
verticalcomponent
component
of the force remains the same as from the first-order
analysis.
Therefore, the
forces used
usedinthe
energy calculation
calculation may
may be
be calculated
calculated as
Therefore,
the forces
in the energy
follows:
ColumnsP2P2 ==
Columns
Rafter
PI
P, =
= '!
P, +
+ 6P,
P2
Where:
P2
P2
is the axial force used inthe

the energy calculation
calculation
P2
P2
ULS in
inthe
analysis
is the axial force at ULS
the first-order
a1
a!
is the slope ofthe

rafter in
in the
the unstressed
unstressed condition
condition
the rafter
90
effects.
a2
a2
is
is the
the slope
slope of
ofthe
the rafter
rafter allowing
allowing for
for second-order
B.7
B.7
Reserve factor
Reserve
factor at
at Ultimate Limit State
The
from the
the first order
The reserve
reserve factor
factoron
onmoments,
moments, A'M,
AM, is calculated
calculated from
order collapse
collapse
4,asasfollows:
follows:
factor, 2,
M
EP2sdb
IMprdG
in the worked
worked examples.
examples.
The summations are
are shown
shown in
The load
takenasas,tM.
AM.
1Qad factor
factor of
of the frame
frameatatfailure
failureisistaken
91
91
APPENDIX CC Effective
APPENDIX
of
Effective stiffness
stiffness of
members
The horizontal
horizontal thrust
tied portal)
thrust on
ona a span
span of
of aacommon
common portal
portal (i.e.
(i.e. not
not aa tied
portal) isis
limited if
limited
if a plastic
at one
one end
end of the span,
plastic hinge
hinge develops
develops at
span, either
either at the
the column
column
H,
in the
rafter. For
withaapinned
pinned base,
base, the
thehorizontal
horizontal thrust,
thrust, H,
top or in
the rafter.
For aacolumn
column with
is limited
limited to:
H=
Mr
-h
where:
Mpr isisthe
theplastic
plasticmoment
moment of
ofthe
thehinge
hinge
is the
the height
height of
of the
the hinge
hinge above
above the base.
A simple closed solution for the effective stiffness of a uniform rafter is possible
possible
if the
the geometry
the rafters
the loading
is
geometry of the
rafters is
is idealised
idealised as a half
half sine-curve
sine-curve and the
loading is
idealised as a varying distributed
distributed load
sine-curve intensity
intensity as
idealised
load of a half sine-curve
as shown in
in
Figure
1. The
uniform
member
Figure C. 1.
The deflections
deflections from
fromaa sinusoidal
sinusoidal load
load onaauniform
member
are are
sinusoidal, allowing
allowing a simple solution.
solution.
sinusoidal,
For in
the load
For
in increment
increment of loading
loading above
above the
load that
that forms
forms the
the first
first hinge,
hinge, the
the
deflection of
roof is entirely
entirely determined
determined by
bending
deflection
ofthe
the roof
bythe
the
bendingdeflection.
deflection. This
This is
is
because
because the
the horizontal
horizontal thrust
thrust cannot
cannot increase
increase above
above the
the limiting
limiting value
value
m
y = aSin1 =
(1
= SJ_-1-JSJ(loading)d
lv;
=J$- SJwSin
EI)
=
-
wL4
wL4
4EI
n 4
iv;
7CX
Sin Sin
~L ~
lv;
7CX
7C
7Cx
:. wSrn=EIaSinwSin - = EIa -Sin L
L
L4
Considering
Considering the
the effects
effects of deflection,
deflection, the vertical
vertical reaction
reaction from
fromthe
the horizontal
horizontal
thrust decreases if the roof
roof member
the rise
rise of the
member deflects
deflects downwards, reducing
reducing the
arch-shaped member.
This loss
lossof
ofvertical
vertical reaction
reaction must
must be
be compensated
compensated for by
arch-shaped
member. This
increased reaction from bending to
to maintain vertical equilibrium.
equilibrium.
92
determinedbybythe
theplastic
plastichinge.
hinge.For
Fora aload
loadincrement
incrementwSin
wSin
determined
--,, the deflected
L
form calculated
first-order analysis is given by:
mx
7tX
Taking the undeflected

undeflected shape
shape of
of the
the roof
roof member
member as
as A
A SinSin and
andthe
actual
the
actual
L
mx
XX
thenthe
theloss
lossof
of vertical
vertical reaction
reaction from H is:
deflection as
as bI, Sin-,
Sin, then
L
L
WH =
H dy1
==
H dy2
7cL
HA-SinL2
-H
?KL
( A - b)-SinL2
22
mx
x
m
Hb-SinHbSin
L
L2
L2
The vertical
vertical reaction
reaction from
from bending
bending is:
is:
d2M=
d2
d2y
2 2
w8
El
:. for a uniform member

4
d4
WB
== _EI__IbSini')=_EIbSini
WB
- El-(
S.ni):
= -Elb-Sin7t
m
L)
dx4
L4
L4
For vertical equilibrium

W + WH + WB = 0
-WB-WH
44
:.
22
mx
it7c
mx
it7t mx
m
m - Hb-Sinm
wSin- = Elb-SinwSm=EIb-SinHbSm
L
L
L
L4
L2
L
L4
L2
4
4
m
mx
mx
m
7t
m
But wSin
wSin- =
= ElaSin
EZa-SinBut
L
L
L4
L4
:.
44
m
7t
mx
'it
mx
m
7t
mx
m
m
7c2
m
ElbSmHbSin-=EIaSin-
Elb-Sin- Hb-Sin= Ela-SinL
L
L
L
L4
L4
L4
L4
L2
L2
44
22
22
L2
L'
L2
7t
7t
bEI-----bH=aEI--bEI
- bH = aEI
:.
L'
15
Writing El
EI PCr
Writing
--- == 'icr
L2
Then
Then
..
bPcr
bp,, -- bH
bH
== aPe,
aP,,
b(Pcr
bPcr -- H)
H>
=
= aP
aPcr
93
93
..
b = a
'icr
cr -H
11
cr
The axial thrust
the rafter is always
thrust P in the
always greater than the
horizontal thrust
the horizontal
thrust H
H,, so
conservatively
b=a 1---b
11
a-
1--
cr
Thus the deflection including

effects is
is greater than the deflection
deflection
from first
first order
order calculations
calculations by
by the
the factor
factor1/(1
1/(1
- P/P).
P/P,,). Therefore, the
second-order
effects may
may be
be included by using
using an effective rafter stiffness
stiffness
X x(1(1 - P/Pcr).
ZeffR
= ZR
P/P,,).
'eff.R =
_______
w sin Iitx/L
y = Asintx/L
A'sin n x / L
A q 7 = - % ?
-H
Figure C
Idealised rafter
hinge in the
Figure
C.. l1 Idealised
rafter after
after formation
formation of
of the
the first
first hinge
span
94
APPENDIX
from horizontal
APPENDIX DD Deflections
Deflectionsfrom
horizontal
loads for
for 'hand'
hand
second-order calculations
second-order
D.
D.1l General
General
ThisAppendix
Appendix describes
sway deflections
describes 'hand'
hand methods
methods of
of calculating
calculating the
thesway
deflections
arising from horizontal
intended for
arising
horizontal loads
loads for
for frames,
frames.These
Thesemethods
methods are
are intended
for use
useinin
Appendix A and Appendix B.
Methods are
frames in
Methods
are given
given for
for elastic
'elastic' frames
in D.2
D.2 and
and for
for plastic
'plastic' frames in
in D.3.
alternative and more accurate
accurate method
method of calculating the deflections
An alternative
deflections would
wouldbebe
use software
software to
plastic frames,
frames, this can be
done by
to use
to analyse
analysethe
theframe.
frame. For 'plastic'
be done
by
inserting
pins at the positions
method
inserting pins
positions of all
all the
the plastic
plastic hinges
hinges assumed
assumed in the
themethod
described in
in this
this Appendix.
Appendix.
D.2 'Elastic'
Elasticframe
framesway
sway deflection
deflection
D.2.1 General
General
This Section
notional sway
sway deflections
deflections for
for the
the
Section describes
describes methods of calculating
calculating notional
is entirely
entirely elastic.
elastic.
frame when it is
D.2.2 Simplifying
Simplifyingassumptions
assumptions
The majority
majority of multi-span
multi-span portal
portal frames
frames have
have slender
slender internal
internalcolumns.
columns. When
When
slender internal
internal columns, because the external
external columns
moment induced
induced in these slender
typicalbending
bending moment
moment diagram is shown
shown in Figure D.1.
D.l.
are much stiffer. AAtypical
H
D . l Bending
Bending moments
moments in
in aatypical
typicaltwo-span
two-spanframe
frame under
under
Figure 0.1
loading
horizontal loading
considered as
as two sub-frames,
sub-frames, each
each comprising
external column
This can be
be considered
comprisingan
an external
column
and a rafter
as shown
For multi-span
rafter pair, as
shown in Figure
Figure D.2.For
multi-span frames
frames in
in general,
general,
the two
provide the
the majority
majority of
of the
the stiffness,
stiffness, so
so the
thesame
same
two external
external sub-frames
sub-frames provide
95
horizontal load
applied to
tothese
frames, there
there is only
only aa small
small bending
bending
a horizontal
load is applied
these frames,
model of a pair
pair of
of sub-frames
sub-frames could
hand
Where the
model
could be
beused
usedforfor
hand calculations.
calculations. Where
the
stiffness
of
columnsisis to
to be included,
included, it is
is preferable
preferable touse
use
stiffness of
thethe internal
internal columns
software for the analysis
of the entire
entire frame.
frame.
analysis of
H
Sub-frames for
for aa typical
typical two-span
two-span frame
Figure D.2
D.2 Sub-frames
frame
Where
stiffness, itit isuneconomic
uneconomic to
to
Where the internal
internal columns
columns provide
provide significant
significant stiffness,
ignore
and a detailed
of the entire
wouldbebe
ignore them
themand
detailed analysis
analysis of
entire frame by software
software would
preferable
the simple
given here.
here.
preferable to the
simple methods given
Single-span
portals and
and tied
tied portals
portals are
are better
with
Single-span portals
better modelled
modelledwith
thethe rafter
rafter length
length
taken as eaves to mid-span,
shown in
in Figure
Figure D.3.
D.3.
mid-span, as shown
Figure
D.3 Sub-frames
Figure D.3
Sub-framesfor
foraatypical
typicalsingle-span
single-span frame.
frame.
Given the above assumptions,
thesway
sway deflections
caused by
by
assumptions, the calculation
calculation of the
deflections caused
horizontal loads becomes a reasonable task.
The frame
frame is considered
tobe
be a pair of sub-frames
as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure D.2
D.2 for
for
considered to
sub-frames as
multi-span
frames or
or Figure
Figure D.3 for single-span
frames. AA typical
typical sub-frame
sub-frame is
multi-span frames
single-span frames.
shown in Figure
Figure D.4.
Idealisedspan
Figure D.4
D.4 ldeallsed
span
When
force HH is
is applied
tothethe structure
in Figure
Whena a horizontal
horizontal force
applied to
structure in
Figure D.4, the
the
resulting bending
diagram
The
bending
resulting
bendingmoment
moment
diagramisisashown
a showninin Figure
Figure D.5.
D.5.
The bending
clarity.
moment diagram has been
been drawn on the compression side for clarity.
96
D.2.3
D.2.3 Method forfirst-order
deflections
first-order sway deflections
hf
S
M
M == Hh
Hh
BMD drawn
drawn on
on compression
compression
BMD
side
for clarity
clarity
slde for
Figure 00.5
. 5 Bending
Bendingmoment
moment diagram
diagram
Figure
The resulting
resulting deflections
deflectionsare
are shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure D.6.
The rafter end

end slope
slope isis given
given by:
B=- MS
33 El
E IRR
Therefore
Therefore the column top deflection due to 0B is given by:
SR
=hB
zh1 MS
hI(Hh)S
3EIR
3EIR
HSh2
3EIR
6,
Mh2
Mh2
== -
3EI,
3EI
(Hh)h*
=- (Hh)h2
3E I ,
3El
Hh
Hh
3
EI,
3EI
The total
total column
column top
top deflection
deflection 6 is given
given by:
'5.
=
= S R ++6 ,
= H(
=Hi
Sh2
3ElR
h3
3E1
1
\
Figure D.6
Column top
top deflection
deflection
Figure
D.6 Column
97
97
The
deflection due to column
column flexure
flexure isis given
given by:
by:
The column top deflection
first-order column
column top stiffness K
Therefore the first-order
K is given
givenby:
by:
F
S/i2
3EIR
h3
+
3EI
frame shown
shown above,
above, which
which has been idealised as two sub-frames,
In the
the frame
sub-frames, the total
total
stiffness of
sum of the
of of
thethe
twotwo
column top stiffness
ofthe
thewhole
whole frame
frame is the
the sum
thestiffnesses
stiffnesses
sub-frames, CK.
sub-frames,
K.
sway deflection,
deflection, OX,
B ,is given by:
The first-order
first-order sway
sx
6X
=-
CK
D.2.4 First-orderrafter
and
apex
dropdrop
rafterspread
spread
and
apex
In addition
to the column
the span
addition to
column top
top deflection,
deflection, the
span will
will spread
spread because
becauseofof
thethe
sagging
deflectionininthethe rafter
rafter coupled
coupledwith
with
angle
apex. By
sagging deflection
thethe
angle
attheat theapex.
By simple
simple
hand methods,
methods, itisis only
only possible
possible to
to produce
produce approximate
approximate allowance
allowance for
this
hand
for this
effect
frames. This
effect in multi-bay
multi-bay frames.
Thisisisdone
doneby
byassuming
assumingthe
thesub-frames
sub-frames illustrated
illustrated
in Figure
calculatingthe
the spread
spread of
ofeach
each span
Figure D.4
D.4 are independent,
independent, calculating
span and then
then
calculating the total
total accumulation of spread across each frame.
The deflection
length S can be calculated
calculated
deflection at mid-span of a symmetrical
symmetrical rafter of length
by the
area method
as shown
showninin Figure
FigureD.7.
D.7. This
the moment
moment area
method as
This method
method can
can be
adapted forany
position. The
Thedeflection
deflection at
at the
themid-span
isgiven
adapted
anyother
other apex position.
mid-span 86 is
given
by :
by:
8ML25ML2
8ML2 5ML2
- 3ML2
3ML2
-- -
- ML2
ML
48E1
48 EI
48E1
48 EI
16E1
16 EI
=---
48E1
48 EI
<
48Ei
48EI
\
ML2 16ML2
I
3EI
48EI
Figure D.7
Deflection of
of aa straight
straight rafter
Figure
D.7 Deflection
Thespread
pitched-roof rafter
calculated from
deflection of
spread ofthe
the pitched-roof
rafter is calculated
from the
the deflection
of aa
straight rafter
rafter as shown
shown in
The spread
spread is
is given
straight
in Figure
Figure D.8.
D.8. The
givenby:
by:
Spread
=8
Spread =
6(Sin
+ Sina2)
Sina2)
(Sin al
a1 +
98
(a1a2
2j
t5
sin a
Figure D.8
0.8 Spread
Spreadof
ofpitched-roof
pitched-roof rafter
Figure
D.2.5
D.2.5Method
Methodfor
forsecond-order
second-order notional
notionalsway
swaydeflection
deflection
The second-order
second-ordernotional
notional sway deflections,
used to
tocalculate
calculate the
the critical
deflections, 112,
S,, , isisused
,lcrl , for the frame when it is entirely
buckling ratio
ratio for
for the sway mode,
mode, 2crl,
entirely elastic.
elastic.
method is similar
the method
method for
forcalculating
calculating first-order
sway deflections
deflections
The method
similar to
to the
first-order sway
in D.2.3. The
P6 effects
included by using
Thedifference
difference isis that
that P
effects are included
using the
the effective
effective
as calculatedininA.3.2.
A.3.2. These
are used
I,, ,, of the
the members
membersascalculated
Theseare
used in the
the
inertias, 'eff
method in
place of
In addition,
addition, the
the effect
effect of base
base
method
in D.2.3 in place
of the
the gross
grossinertias,
inertias, I.I. In
stiffness may
may be added as explained
explained in
in D.4.
applied horizontal
horizontal load,
H , isis the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontal forces
which mustbe
The applied
load, H,
forces which
be
taken as the full 0.5%
0.5% of the
1.6,
the Ultimate Limit
Limit State (ULS)
(ULS)loads,
loads, see Section 1.6,
because the formula for calculating
calculating the
the critical buckling
buckling ratio,
ratio,
,lcr =
= h1200
h/2006
Acr
The total
total colunm
column top deflection
deflection S8is
i s given
given by:
Rc
Therefore
Therefore
=H1 Sh2
(3EIeffR
h3
3EIeffc

stiffness K2 is
the second-order colunm
is given
given by:
K-p-
Sh2
3EIeffR
Ezeff.R
+
+
h3
3EIeffC
3 EIeff.c
In
the
In the
frame shown
the total
total
shown above, which has been idealised as two sub-frames, the
column
ofthe
the whole
frame is the
the sum of the
the stiffnesses
thetwo
two
stiffness of
whole frame
stiffnesses ofthe
sub-frames,
CK2
.
sub-frames, K2
99
assumes that 0.5%

0.5% of the
the ULS
ULS loads
loads has been
been applied to calculate .
6.
assumes
The second-order
S,, ,, is given
given by:
by:
second-order notional sway deflection, ,2
S,
8fl2
H
H
-= ________
x , +Kb
+ X b
K2
where Kb
is calculated
calculated in
in D.4.
& is
Thecritical
critical buckling
ratiofor
for the first
buckling ratio
first mode
modeofof frame
frame buckling
buckling (which
(which is the
the
sway mode)
mode) for
for the
the 'elastic'
given by:
elastic frame
frame is given
2cri
= hI20OO2
Plasticframe
framesway deflection
deflection
D.3 'Plastic'
D.3.1 General
General
This Section
Sectiondescribes
describes
methods of
of calculating
notional sway
sway deflections
deflectionsfor
for the
the
methods
calculating notional
frame
the stiffness
ofthethe frame
the formation
of
frame when
when the
stiffness of
frame has been
been reduced
reduced bythe
formation of
plastic hinges.
hinges.
plastic
D.3.2 Simplifyingassumptions
assumptions
The load
loadfactor
factor A,
2 is defined
definedasas the load
at which
load factor
factor at
which the
the first
first plastic
plastic hinge
hinge
forms. To
Tosimplify
simplifyhand
hand calculations,
calculations, ititisis assumed
assumed that
that aa plastic
plastic hinge
hinge occurs
forms.
atone
one
end of
of every
everyspan
span
2. This
conservative
assumption.
It is also
end
at atA,.
Thisisaaconservative
assumption.
It
also
assumed
that all
all the
as the
the same
assumed that
the spans
spans become
become mechanisms
mechanisms as
same load
load factor,
factor,
which isis 2,?.
which
4.
sway deflections
deflections caused
Given the above assumptions,
assumptions, the calculation of the sway
caused by
by
horizontal loads becomes
becomes aa reasonable
reasonable task.
task.
A typical
two span frame
frame isis shown in Figure D.9
D.9 with
the Ultimate
typical two
with the
Ultimate Limit
Limit State
(ULS) loads.
load factor
factor at
formation of
(ULS)
loads.The
The load
at the formation
ofthe
the first
first hinge
hingeisisdefined
definedasasAI2
and itit is
plastic hinge
that the
the structure
structure can
can
is assumed
assumed that a plastic
hinge forms
forms in all spans so that
idealised as shown
shown in Figure
Figure D.lO.
This
ideal structure
structure behaves
behaves as
be idealised
D. 10.
This ideal
asaaseries
series
of beam
pairsasas shown
the same
beam plus
plus rafter
rafter pairs
shown in
in Figure
Figure D.
D. 11,
11, which
which is
is the
same concept
concept
as in D.2.3.
V
H 0
Figure D.9
Typical multi-span
Figure
0.9 Typical
multi-span frame
frame
100
D.3.3
D.3.3 Method
Method
Figure D.
D.1O
Multi-span frame
10 Multi-span
frame with
withfirst
firsthinge
hinge in
in each
each span
span
Figure D.
D. 111
1 Idealised span
The horizontal
horizontal load
load applied
appliedtoto the
the plastic
'plastic' frame
frame is
the
is the
the difference
difference between
between the
load applied
appliedtoto the
the fully
fully elastic
elastic model
frame and the
the load
load applied
appliedatat
load
modelofthe
of the frame
elastic
deflections will include the
plasticcollapse,
i.e.at
deflections
plastic
collapse,
i.e. at load
load factor
factor4.
2. Theelastic
effects of
effects
of AI
2 x (ULS
(ULSloads).
loads).
Therefore,
Therefore, the
the deflections
deflections of
ofthethe 'plastic'
plasticframe
frame
should be
calculatedforfor applied
forces
equalequal
to
Al)x (ULS
should
be calculated
applied horizontal
horizontal
forces
to(4
(A -- 21)x
loads).
The horizontal
horizontalforce
force is applied
sub-framescomprising
comprisinga column
a colunm and
and aa rafter
rafter
applied to sub-frames
D. 11,
11, which
which is similar
concept to the
sub-structures
in Figure
Figure D.
pair as
asshown
shown in
similar in concept
the sub-structures
used for the analysis
ofthe
the elastic
'elastic' frames
in D.2.
D.2.
analysis of
frames in
between
and
that only
only
Thedifference
difference
betweenthe
the plastic
'plastic'frame
frame
and the
the elastic
'elastic' frame
frameis is that
one of the
includes
an external
column.
the sub-frames
sub-frames in the
the plastic
plastic frame
frameincludes
anexternal
column.
The The
The deflections
deflectionsare
arecalculated
calculated using
using the
the methods
methodsfor
forthe
the elastic
'elastic' frame
frame but
but with
with
the different sub-frames resulting from
from the plastic hinges.
stiffness K is given by:
Therefore the column
+
(3EI,
3EIR
3E1, )
3EI
Where the frame

multi-span, the total column
topstiffness
stiffness
the sum
sum of
of the
the
frame isismulti-span,
column top
is is the
stiffnesses of
stiffnesses
ofall
allthe
thesub-frames,
sub-frames,CK.
K.
is given by:
The first-order
sway deflection,
deflection, Xls,
&ls,
first-order sway
by:
sx,,
8x1s
=-
CK
Tied portals
portals are
are best
best modelled
by taking
taking SS equal
equal to
to the
the length
length of
of the
the rafter
rafter from
from
modelled by
behaviour
the apex
apex to
tothe
eaveshalley. This
This is because
because the
the trusss
trusssbehaviour
of of the
the
the
the eaves/valley.
101
101
other external column is separated by

by a plastic hinge.
rafter-tie system provides

provides some positional
rafter-tie
positional restraint
restraint to
to the
the apex
apex in
in the
the sway
swaymode
mode
of the
the frame.
frame.
D.3.4 First-order rafter

and
apex
dropdrop
rafterspread
spread
and
apex
In addition
addition to
column top deflection,
deflection, the
the span will spread
spread because
because of
tothe
the column
ofthe
the
sagging
deflection in
in the
the rafter
rafter coupled
coupled with
withthe
the angle
angle at
atthe
the apex in the
sagging deflection
the same
same
way
way as in D.2.4.
D.3.5 Method
Method for
forsecond-order
second-order
notional
notional sway
sway deflection
deflection
$,, used
to calculate
calculate the
the critical
criticalbuckling
bucklingratio
ratioforforthe
the
sway
swaymode,
mode,ACT
A ,, for the frame
frame
when
of the
reduced by the
of plastic
when the
the stiffness
stiffness of
the frame
frame has been
beenreduced
the formation
formation of
plastic
The method
method of calculating
calculating the second-order
second-order notional sway deflections,
deflections,
similar to the method

hinges is similar
method in
in D.2.5.
D.2.5.
the
accounts for P
The method
method accounts
P 6 effects
effects by
by using
using the
the effective
effective inertias,
inertias, 'eff
1 , ~,, ofthe
members
calculatedininA.2.3.
A.2.3.
These
in
membersasas calculated
These
are are used
used in
in the
the method
method described
described in
D.2.3 in place
place ofthe
gross inertias,
inertias, II.. The
D.2.3
the gross
Theeffect
effectofofbase
base stiffness
stiffness may
maybebe
added as explained
explained in D.4.
The applied
load, H
H,, is
must be
be
is the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontal force, which
which must
applied horizontal
horizontal load,
0.5% of
of the Ultimate
Ultimate Limit
Limit State
State (ULS)
(ULS) loads, see
see Section
Section 1.6,
1.6,
taken as the full 0.5%
for the reasons
given in
in D.2.5.
D.2.5.
reasons given
The total
given by:
by:
total column
column top deflection S
6 iiss given
6
= H [ Sh
Sh
+ h3
+
Rc _HI
3EI 3EIeff c
=6,+6,
eff.R
eff.c
Therefore the
the second-order
second-order column
stiffness K2 is
Therefore
is given
given by:
by:
1
S/i2
3EIeffR
3 EI eff.R
+ ______
3EIeffC
3 E eff.c
Inthe the frame

shown
has been
as more
frameshown
above,above, which
which has
been idealised
idealised as
more than
than one
one
sub-frame,
thetotal
total column
top stiffness
stiffness of
of the
the whole
whole frame
frame is
isthe
the sum of the
sub-frame, the
column top
the
stiffnesses
of the
thetwo
two sub-frames,
sub-frames,CK2
K2 .
stiffnesses of
The second-order
second-order notional
notional sway
sway deflection,
deflection, S,,, ,, is given by:
by:
np
=
=
H
C K , +Kb
+CK,
K2
K b is as calculated
calculated in
in D.4.
where, Kb
critical buckling
buckling ratio
first mode
modeofof frame
frame buckling
buckling (which
(which is
The critical
ratio for
for the first
isthe
the
sway mode)
for
the
plastic
frame
is
given
by:
mode) for the 'plastic' frame
ACT =
= h/2OOS
h/200Sn,
portals are best modelled by taking
taking S equal
Tied portals
equal to the
the length of the
the rafter from
eaves/valley for
the apex to the eaves/valley
for the
the reason
reason given
given in
in D.3.3
D.3.3
102
102
H
H
K, =K2
8
Nominallypinned
pinnedbases
bases
D.4 Nominally
BS
BS
5950-1,
Clause 5.1.3.3 says
the nominally
base
5950-1, Clause
says that
that the
the stiffness
stiffness of
ofthe
nominally pinned
pinned base
may
have aarotational
rotational
stiffness equal
equal to
to 10% ofthethe column
may be assumed
assumed tohave
stiffness
column
stiffness,
which may
maybebe used
frame
stability,
where the
the
stiffness, which
used when
when checking
checkingframe
stability,
eveneven where
strengthcalculations
thethe foundation.
This
strength
calculationsassume
assumenonomoment
momentisisapplied
appliedtoto
foundation.
This
stiffness is very
very useful
usefulinin portal
portal design,
design,particularly
stiffness
particularly for
for more
more flexible
flexible frames
frames
such as multi-bay
portals and
and tied
tied portals.
portals.This
Thisstiffness
stiffness is used
used for
calculating
multi-bay portals
for calculating
used to
to find
findAC,
2, for the frame stability.
4, which isis used
base stiffness
stiffness of
of allthe
stability.The
The base
the
columns with base fixity may be
be added to the
the sway stiffness of
of the
the frame.
individual column
column is
An individual
column loaded
loaded by
by aa horizontal
horizontalforce
force H
H at
at the
the top of the column
is
shown in Figure
12.
Figure D.
D.12.
:'
<
>1
iOj
fJ
Illl
hL/
I
w a y stiffness
Figure D.
D.12
12SSway
stiffness from
from base
basefixity
fixity
El
EI
Base
stiffness,KK z=
Base stiffness,
= 0.4
0.4h
rotation, 0 =
.: Base
Base rotation,
M
= 5Hh2
2E1
Hh
10.4E1'1
lI
columntoptop
due
:. Deflection
Deflection ofofcolumn
due
to to
B8=
Deflection of column top due toflexure
flexure
5 Hh3
5Hh3
2E1
2 EI
H/i3
Hh
=
=
3
3El
EIeff
eff
SHh3
5Hh3
Hh3 H/i3
column
top deflection,
:. Total
Totalcolumn
topdeflection,
6 S = ____ +
+2E1
3EI,,
2EI
3EIeff
11
H
:. Sway
Sway stiffness
stiffnessdue
duetotobase
basestiffness,
stiffness,
K ,Kb ==
- ________________
_h3
5/i3
2E1 3EIeff
additivetoto the
the frame
framestiffness
forfor
calculating
Thisstiffness
stiffness is additive
stiffness
calculating
D.2.5 and
and D.3.5.
D.3.5.
103
103
4,2
and 6&,
in
and
5 in
Base
moment,MM = Rh
Base moment,
APPENDIX EE Hinge
Hinge deflections
deflections by
APPENDIX
interpolation
interpolation
Verticaldeflections
deflections
E.
E. 1l
Thisappendix
method
energy
appendix gives
gives an
anapproximate
approximate
methodthat
that may
may be
be used
usedinthe
in the energy
method of second-order
analysis (see
(see Section
Section5.6
5.6 and
and Appendices
AppendicesAAand
and B)
B) to
to
calculate
the deflections
of plastic
plastichinges
hingesinin rafters
rafters that
that do
do not
not occur
calculate the
deflections of
occur at the
the
points for
for which
which deflection
deflection output
output isis available.
available.
example,
software
points
For
example, software
commonly
gives
the
deflections
at
the
apex
of
a
span.
The
hand
calculation
commonly gives the deflections at the apex of a span. The hand calculation
methods in
AppendixAAand
Appendix
methods
in Appendix
and
Appendix DD give
give deflections
deflections atat mid-span.
mid-span. Where
Where
there
two hinges in any one span, it is
of
there are two
is safe
safe to
to assume
assume that
that the
the deflections
deflections of
one hinge
andthat
thatthethe deflections
hinge are
are the
the deflections
deflections of
of the
the apex
apex (or
(or mid-span)
mid-span) and
deflections
of
of the
the nearest
nearest eaves
eaves (or
(or valley).
valley). This
of the
the other
other hinge
hinge are the
the deflections
deflections of
This
assumption does
normally affect
affect the
the economy
economy of
of the
the method
method significantly.
significantly.
assumption
does not normally
However, where there is only
one
hinge
in
the
span,
the
deflections
of the
thehinge
hinge
only one
span, the deflections of
should be
taken as the
the deflections
deflections of
apex (or
(or mid-span),
mid-span), unless
unless they
should
be taken
ofthe
the apex
they are
are
calculated more
hinge
the eaves
eaves (or
calculated
moreaccurately.
accurately. Where
Where the
the
hinge isis not
not far
farfrom
from the
(or
valley),
valley), more
more accurate
accurate values
values of
of deflection
deflection may
may improve
improve the
the economy
economy
significantly.
For these
these mechanisms,
mechanisms, the
deflection can
be
For
the deflection
can found
bebyfound by
significantly.
interpolation. This
This may
may be
be done
done by
by assuming
assuming the
the deflection
deflection at
thehinge
is is
interpolation.
at the
hinge
related
tothethe deflected
form of
of a simply
related to the
the known
known deflection
deflection according
according to
deflected form
simply
supported beam.
deflection, y, of
of aa simply
simply supported
supported beam of
span L supporting
supporting a uniformly
uniformly
The deflection,
of span
distributed load, w,
W ,is derived from:
distributed
(wL 3 (wL
=I
Ix +lIx
24) 12)
24 )
4
=[l6( 32(
+16(J][L9
Therefore, the ratio of

ofthe
deflection at point
point aL
d,
tothe
deflection at point
point JIL
PL
Therefore,
the deflection
to
the deflection
Figure E.l),
is given
given by:
(see Figure
E.1), is
Ya
ya - -
yY p
4
3
a -2a + a
a42a3+a
P4- v 3 + p
fl42fl3+
where JIL
PL isisthe
mid-span, this
this reduces
reduces to:
the mid-span,
Y,
= 3 . 2 ( a 42a3
-2a3 +
a)
=3.2(a
+a)
YP
knownand
Taking
Taking P
/3 for
for the
the point
point in the span
span for
for which
whichthe
the deflections
deflections are
are known
and a
a'
for the
the point
point at
atwhich
thehinge
occurs, the
the deflection
deflection at
thehinge
for
which
the hinge occurs,
at the
hinge can
can be
be
calculated.
104
104
Ely
Figure
interpolation
Figure E.1
. l Distances
DistancesaL
CXLand
andfiL
PL for
forinterpolation
E.2
deflection
E.2 Horizontal
Horizontaldeflection
deflection may
The
The horizontal
horizontal deflection
may be
be calculated
calculated by
by linear
linearinterpolation
interpolation between
between the
the
deflection
(ormid-span)
mid-span) and
and the
the deflection
deflection of
ofthe
thenearest
nearest columns
columns
deflection atat the
the apex
apex (or
(or
(or valley)
valley) on
on the
the other
other side
side of
of the
the hinge.
hinge.
105
105

P292: In-plane stability of portal frames to BS 5950-1:2000 (2001 Edition)
106
WORKED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
109
109
Tied portal
portal frame
frame
1
27
127
Two-span portal frame
151
151
portal frame
framewith
withhit/miss
hithiss internal
internal columns
columns
Two-span portal
1 73
173
Single span
span steep
steeproof
roofportal
portalframe
frame
107
107
108
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone:
(01344)
344) 623345
623345
Telephone: (01
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
1 of
of 17
17
Job
No:
Job No:
CDS
139
139
Job
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Single Span Steep Roof
Single
Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Client
DETR
Page
IPage
Rev
by Made by
CMK
Date
Date
WIS
WIS
Date
late
~~
July 2001
2001
~~
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked
Checked by
Made
July 2001
2001
INPUT FROM FIRST-ORDER

ANALYSIS
FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS
11.1
.1 General
General Arrangement
Arrangement
The calculations
calculations have
have been
been carried
carriedout
outusing
using by
by spreadsheet
spreadsheetsoftware.
software.The
The
numerical values
values presented
presentedbelow
beloware
are the values from the
the spreadsheet
spreadsheet rounded
to a suitable number
number of significant
significant figures.
15000
15000
1o
1000
-hE--
600
-406
x 178 U B 6 7
Pinned
~7
Pinned
Angle of rafters:
rafters:
>
a,= a; =
= 30
30"
Span
m
Span =
= 30
30 m
Developed length
length of
of rafter
==
54001
Pinned
30000
30000
<
30
m
30 =- 34.64 m
cos30
cos30"
Height of column
column from
frombase
basetotoNeutral
Neutral Axis
AxisofofRafter
Rafter =
= 6.0 m
109
109
14660
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot,
Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01344)
Fax:
(01344) 622944
CDS 139
Job Title
BS 5950Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
.Sinole Snan Stpen Rnnf Portal
Frame
Single
Span Steep Roof Pnrtal Frame
IPage
Page
'''
lRev
I
I
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
22 ofof 17
17
Job No:
Client
W
DETR
Made by
by
CMK
Date
)ate
July 2001
July
Checked by
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
July 2001
Made
Loading
1.2 Loading
Dead
=
=
=
Service
=
=
Imposed
Self
Weight =
=
Self Weight
=
= 6 m
0.100
0,100 X
X 6.000
6.000 X
X 1.4
1.4
X 6.000
6.000 X
X 1.4
1.4
0.150 x
x 1.6
X 6.000
6.000 X
1.6
0.600 x
1.000 x 1.4
1.4
80 x 102 xx 1.000
=
= 0.840
0.840
=
= 1.260
=
= 5.760
=
= 1.120
along slope
slope
on plan
on plan
plan
along slope
ULS
loadson
onplan
plan =
= 1.26 +
= 7.02 kN/m
+ 5.76
5.76 =
ULS loads
ULS loads on
onslope
slope =
= 0.84 +
+ 1.12
1.12 =
= 1.96 kN/m
ULS load
loadtransverse
transversetoto slope
slope =
= 7.02Cos2
7.02Cos230
30" +
+ 1.96Cos30
1.96Cos30" =
= 6.96 kN/m
column base reactions
Taking notional
notional horizontal
horizontalforces
forces(NHF)
(NHF) as 0.5% of the
the column
Total
vertical
= 30(7.02 =
= 11.96/Cos30)
Totalvertical
loadload =
.96/Cos 30)
= 279
=
x 279
Required NHF = 0.005
0.005 X
279 =
= 1.39 kN
110
110
kN
Clause 2.4.2.4
Clause
2.4.2.4
spacing
Frame
spacing
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone:
Telephone: (01
(01344)
344) 623345
623345
Fax:
(01344) 622944
Fax: (013441
622944
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Span Steep
Single Span
SteepRoof
Roof Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
33
Page
IPage
by Made by
Checked by
by
Made
of
of
17
17
'"
Rev
CMK
Date
Date
2001
July 2001
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
1
.3 Hinge Incremental
IncrementalRotations
Rotations
1.3
The values of incremental
incremental rotation of the hinges are taken from the first-order
collapse mechanism.
mechanism. These
Theseare
are the
rotationsas
as used to calculate
calculate
the incremental
the collapse
(Virtual Work)
Work)
collapse factor of the
the frame
frame using
using the
the classic
classic Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic (Virtual
method.
method .
The second-order analysis
analysis uses
uses the
the relative
relative magnitude
magnitude of the instantaneous
instantaneous
rotations, so
rotation does
does not
not affect
affect the
so the
the absolute
absolute magnitude
magnitude of each rotation
calculations.
calculations.
Where the
the analysis
analysis has
has been
been performed
performed by
by methods
methods other
other than
than the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
method (e.g.
(e.g. by
rotationscan
can be
be
by the
the Semi-Graphical
Semi-Graphical method),
method), the incremental rotations
deduced
from the
the geometry
geometry of
of the
the frame
frameand
andthe
theposition
positionofofthe
thehinges.
hinges. ItIt is
is
deduced from
not
the
not necessary
necessary to repeat the
the calculation
calculation of the
the collapse factor by the
Rigid-Plastic method.
method.
Failure
Failure Mechanism
Mechanism
111
111
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
101344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Fax:
Page 4
4 of
of 17
17
Pae
Job No:
No:
139
CDS 139
JobTitle
Title
BS 5950Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Worked
Example:
Example:
Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Client
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
'"
Rev
Made by
CMK
CDate
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
Checked by
Checked
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
July 2001
Made
Find Node Locations

Locations
=
= (0,
0)
(0, 0)
Pt A - (0, 0)
PtA-(0,0)
=
= (0,
(0, 6)
Pt B (0, 6)
PtB-'(0,6)
Pt CC - (15,
(15,
6 6
++1515tan
tan 30)
30)
=
= (15,
14.660)
14.660)
6) =
= (30, 6)
Pt
6)D- (30,
(30, 6)
= (30, 0)
0)
30,6 6++ 12.698
12.698sinsin
Ptaa -.
- (12.698 Cos
Cos 30,
30)30) = (10.997, 12.349)
12.349)
PtE'
(30, 0)
Pt E (30,0)
=
=
=
= (30, 5.400)
5.400)
Pt b5.400)
(30, 5.400)
Find Centre of Rotation I
V1
x,
=30
= 30
X1
30
X - XA
= 30 x 12.349-0.0 =
10.997-0.0
33.689 m
Pt I -, (30, 33.689)
33.689)
Hinge Rotations
Rotations
Taking the instantaneous
rotationatat AA =
= 0
instantaneous rotation
8
Rotationatat 1,
I,
4=
= 0
Rotationatat E, eE
BE
12.345
12.345
33.689-12.345
33.689-12.345
=0.5790
= 0.579 e
33.689
33.689 -- 5.400
=
=
= 4 x
= 0.579 0
e xX 5.239
5.239 =
= 3.032 8
e
5.400
1.4 Axial
Axial forces
forces at
at ULS
ULS from
from first-order
analysis
=
= 142
142 kN,
kN,
LB
LH column:
at
at base
LH rafter:
column
at
at column =
=
126apex
at
126
kN,
at apex
=
=
RH rafter:
column
at
=
at column =
126 kN,
kN,
126
apex
at apex
=
= 59kN
59 kN
LII
LH column:
column:
at
at base
base
haunch
at haunch
=
= 136
136 kN
=
= 142
142 kN,
k N ,
haunch
at haunch
112
=
= 136
136 kN
5 8 kkN
N
58
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Institute
Title Job
Job Title
Silwood
Berks SL5
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Berks
SL5 70N
70N
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: 101344)
(01344) 622944
CDS 139
139
Page S
5
Page
17
17
of
of
Rev
Rev
BS
Portals
5950 Portals
BS
5950
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Single
Span
Steep
Frame
Portal
Frame
Roof
Single Span Steep
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
by
Checked
Checked by
Made
CMK
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
July 2001
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
1.5
analysis
1.5 Reduced
Reduced Plastic Moments at ULS from first-order analysis
Use the reduced
for the
reduced moment
moment capacity for the sections
sections to account for
the co-existent
co-existent
axial force, calculated

calculated in accordance with
with BS5950-1:2000
BS5950-1:2000Annex
Annex1.2.
1.2.These
These
may be taken
taken from
from section tables.
== PySrx
P y SIX
Mrx
M
IX
For the axial

under this load case
axial forces in this frame under
== 403 kNm
kNm
MPrrafter
Mpr
M
MPcolumn
column =
= 452 kNm
1.6 Load factor at formation

formation of
of the
the first
firsthinge,
hinge,A1
A,
From the frame analysis
analysis output,
output, the
the load
load factor
factoratat the
the formation
formation of
of the
the first
first
hinge is:
A, =
= 1.232
1.232
A1
1 .7
Plastic collapse factor, A
From the frame analysis,

analysis, the plastic collapse
collapse factor
factor calculated
calculated by
by first-order
first-order
analysis is:
.2, == 1.503
1.503
1.8 Member
inertias,I,l
Member inertias,
LHcolumn:
LH column:
457x191x74UB
457 X 191 x74 UB ::
33320 cm4
cm4
4I, ==33320
LHrafter:
LH
rafter:
457x191x67UB:
457 X 191 x67 UB:
4I,
RH
rafter:
rafter:
as
as LH rafter
rafter
RHcolumn:
column:
as
as LH
LH column
column
=
=29380
29380 cm4
cm4
113
113
Job
Job No:
No:
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Job
Job No:
No:
139
CDS 139
Job
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Single Span Steep Roof Portal Frame
Single Span Steep Roof Portal Frame
Client
DETR
Park, Ascot, Berks

Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood Park,
Telephone: (01
344)623345
Telephone:
(013441
623345
344)622944
Fax: (01
101344)
622944
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
6 of 17
17
Page
Pae
'" A
Rev
Made by
CMK
Date
C)ate
July 2001
2001
July
Checked by
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
July 2001
Made
1
.9 Deflections
1.9
Deflections of frame at A,
A, (formation of the first
first hinge)
hinge)
S,, =-79.4mm
=-79.4 mm
0
S,, = 0.5mm
0.5 mm
yB
S,,
=
= 3.4
3.4 mm
S
,, =
= 146.1
146.1 mm
S
,,
=
=
S
,, =
=
86.3
86.3 mm
0.5 mm
2. SECOND-ORDER
ANALYSIS
2.1
2 . 1 Axial
Axial force
force in
inmembers
members
The axial force in the
the members
members is calculated
calculated from the first-order
analysis
output.
output. The
Thevalues
values are
are taken
taken as
as the
the mean
mean of
of the
the axial
axial force
force at the ends of the
member where
member
where there
there isis no
nomajor
majorstep
stepininthe
theaxial
axialforce.
force.Where
Where there
there isis aa
major
the axial
axial force, e.g.
e.g. at
at the
on aa
major step in the
the underside
underside of a crane bracket
bracket on
column, the value
be taken
the mean
mean of
of the
the ends
ends of
of the
the most
most highly
highly
value should be
taken as the
loaded segment.
LH col:
take mid-height
mid-height ULS
P,,,
take
== (142 ++ 136)/2
136)/2
=
= 139
139 kN
LH rafter:
mid-length P,,
take mid-length
== (126 ++ 58)/2
58)/2
=
=
RH rafter:
take mid-length
mid-length ULS
P,,,
=
= (126
(126 +
+ 59)12
59)/2
=
= 93
93 kN
RH col:
take mid-height
mid-height ULS
PuLs
take
=
= (142 +
+ 136)/2
136)/2
=
= 139
139 kN
A.3
A. 3
Bending
frame
Bending deflections
deflections of
of the
the "elastic" frame
2.2.1 Stiffness reduction factors

P.6 effects
factors allowing
allowing for
for P.o
effects
LH column:
= 6000 mm,
mm, aa =
I, =
= 33320
33320 cm4, h/z =
= 2.0 for
bases,
I,,
for truly pinned bases,
P,,
'icr
=m2EI/(a'h)2
7 ~ * E I / ( a h=
=
) ~it2
n2xx 205000
205000X
x 33320 x 10/(2.O
104/(2.0X
x 6000)2
6000)2
=
PuLs= 139 kN
ULS
Stiffness
reductionfactor
factor(l-PULS/Pcr)
('PJLSIPr) =
= 11 - 139/4682
Stiffness reduction
139/4682 =
= 0.970
114
114
=
= 4682 kN
A.3.2
2.2
92
9 2 kkN
N
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Stiwood
Silwood Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
70N
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(01344)
623345
Fax:
(01344)
622944
Fax: (01
344)622944
SHEET
CALCULATION SHEET
Ie
Job
Job No:
No:
139
CDS 139
Job Title
Portals
BS 5950Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Client
DETR
Page
by
Made by
of
CMK
17
17
Date
Date
2001
July 2001
Checked by
Made
WIS
~~
Date
late
July 2001
2001
July
RH column:
column:
P,,
'3cr
==as
as LH column
PuLs=
= 139
139 kN
ULS
Stiffness
reduction
factor
(1P/Pcr) =
= 11 -- 139/4682
Stiffnessreduction
factor
(l-PULS/Pcr)
139/4682 =
= 0.970
LH rafter:
rafter:
Z,
=
L=
= 29380 cm4,
cm4, L
= 34640 mm,
mm, a =
= 0.5 forsingle
single span elastic
"elastic"frame
frame
P,,
'icr
==Tt2EI/(cPL)2
TC~EZ/=
(=~2x2O5OOOx2938Ox
~)~~~ X 2 0 5 0 0 0 ~ 2 9 310/(0.5
104/(0.5
8 0 X X34640)2
~34640)=
~ 1982
1982 kN
=
PuLs= 92 kN
P=92kN
Stiffness
reduction
factor
(1P/Pcr) =
= 11 - 92/1982
Stiffnessreduction
factor
(l-PuLs/Pcr)
=
= 0.953
RH rafter:
P,,
=
LII
rafter
= asLH
rafter
PUB
= 93 kN
PULS=93kN
=
= 0.953
2.2.2 Second-order
factors
A.
3.3
A.3.3
mode magnification
Sway
magnificationfactor
factorAcri/(Acri
Acrl/(Acrl -- 1)
1)
Sway mode
The notional
notional sway deflection
deflection is
is calculated
calculatedfrom
from the
the sum
sum of
ofthe
the stiffnesses
stiffnesses KK for
for
each of the column and
and rafter
rafter pairs:
pairs:
Sway stiffness from column
column and
andrafter
rafterstiffness:
stiffness:
K
=
K2
2 =
D.2.5
11
Sh2
_____
3EIffR
This frame
frameisistaken
takenasastruly
trulypinned,
pinned, so
so there
there is no contribution
contributionto
to sway
sway
stiffness from
from base stiffness.
LH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:
Rafter :
Z,,,
'effR
xO.953 =
=
1P!jI/Pcr) == 29380
= Zx(l-PuLs/Pcr)
29380~0.953
= 28012 cm4
cm4
115
Stiffness
Stiffness
reduction
reduction
factorfactor
(l-PULsIPcr)
(1P/Pcr) =
= 11 - 93/1982
Title Job
Job Title
Institute
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone:
(01344)
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(01344) 622944
622944
K2=
Page
IPage
88
of
of 17
17
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Single
Span
Steep
Roof
Frame
Single Span Steep Roof Portal
Portal Frame
Client
Client
DETR
DETR
Zeff,c ==1x(1Uis1'1cr)
Zx(l-Puu/Pcr)
'eff.c
Rev
Rev
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
BS
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Column
column::
CDS
CDS 139
139
Job
Job No:
No:
The
The Steel
Construction
Construction
by
Made by
CMK
Date
C)ate
2001
July 2001
Checked
Checked by
by
WIS
WIs
Date
late
July 2001
2001
July
Made
== 33320
xO.970 =
33320~0.970
= 32334
32334 cm4
cm4
11
(6000)3
(6000)
++
3x205000x28012x
io
3 ~ 2 0 5 0 0 0 ~ 2 8 0 i04
1104
2 ~ 3x205000x32334x
3 ~ 2 0 5 0 0 0 ~ 3 2 3 3104
4~
17321
17321 (6000)2
(6000)*
== 1/(0.00362
1/(0.00362 +
+ 0.00109)
0.00109)
== 1/0.00471
1/0.00471
=
N/mm
= 212.5
N/mm
RH
RH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:
Rafter:
Rafter :
Zeff.R ==Ix(l-PuLs/Pc)
Zx( 1-Pu,,/Pcr) =
= 29380x0.953
29380 X0.953 =
= 28008
28008 cm4
cm4
4ffR
Column
Column ::
Zeff,c =
= 1x('ULS,''cr)
Zx(l-PuLs/Pcr)
== 33320x0.970
33320~0.970 =
= 32329
32329 cm4
cm4
1
17321
17321 (6000)2
(6000)2
3x205000x28008x
lo4
3 X 205000 X 28008 X i04
=
= 1/(0.00362
1/(0.00362 +
+ 0.00109)
0.00109)
++
(6000)3
(6000)
3x205000x32329x
3 X 205000 X 32329 Xi04
lo4
== 1/0.00471
1/0.00471
== 212.5
N/mm
212.5
N/mm
Total
Total frame:
frame:
=
= 425
425 N/mm
H
the column
H =
= 0.005 x [Sum
[Sumof
ofthe
column reactions]
reactions]
X
= 0.005 X (278)
=0.005x(278)
S,,
== H/>JK
EH/E:K
=
= 1.39kN
1.39 kN
== 1390/425
1390/425
=
= 3.27
3.27 mm
3.27) == 9.2
'crl
Acrl =
= h/2002
h/2006,,, =
= 6000/(200
6000/(200 X
x 3.27)
9.2
mode magnification
Acrl/(Acr, -- 1)
1) =
= 9.2/(9.2
9.2/(9.2 -- 1)
1) =
= 1.122
1.122
Swaymode
factor2cri/(Acri
Symmetrical mode magnification

Symmetrical
The symmetrical
symmetrical mode
mode magnification
magnification is taken as the
the magnification
arising from
using
= 1(1
of the
the members.
Zeff =
Z(l - Pjs/Pcr)
PuLS/Pcr)
members.
using the
the effective
effective inertia
inertia 'eff
Acr2/(Accr2
1) =
= 1/[minimum
l/[minimum (1Sway mode magnification
magnificationfactor
factorAcr2/(Acr2
Sway
- 1)
(1 PIP,,)]
P/Pcr)]
== 1/0.953
1/0.953 =
= 1.049
1.049
116
116
2K =
= 212.5
212.5 +
+ 212.5
212.5
Institute
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone:
(01344)
344) 623345
623345
Telephone: (01
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(01344) 622944
622944
CDS
CDS 139
139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Single
Single Span
Span Steep
Steep Roof Portal Frame
Client
Client
DETR
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page 9
9 ot
of 17
17
frae
Job
Job No:
No:
IMade
Made by
by
I
by
Checked by
Checked
Rev
CMK
CMK
Date
IDate
July
July 2001
2001
WIS
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
2.2.3
2.2.3Deflection
Deflectioncalculations
calculations
A.3.4
A.3.4
Sway
deflections
Sway deflections
D.2.3
D.2.3
The
from the
the sum of
ofthe
the
The first-order
first-order sway
sway deflection
deflection X1
6 X , , is calculated
calculated from
stiffnesses
K for
for each
each of
ofthe
the column
columnand
andrafter
rafterpairs.
pairs.(The
(The base stiffness
of
stiffness of
stiffnesses K
nominally
nominally pinned
pinned bases
bases is
is not
not included
included because
because this
this is
is not
not aa stability
stability
calculation like
like the
thecalculation
calculationofofAcr)
A,,)
K =
I1
Sh2
S h2
h3
3EIR
3EI
LH
LH rafter
rafterand
andcolumn:
column:
Rafter
Rafter ::
cm4
ZR == 29380
29380
cm4
Column
Column ::
I,Z, == 33320
33320 cm4
cm4
1
K=
17321
(6000)
17321 (6000)2
(6000)2
(6000)3
++
3x205000x33320x
i04
3x205000x29380x
i04
3x205000x29380xlo4
3x205000x33320X
lo4
== 11(0.00345
1/(0.00345 ++0.00105)
0.00105)
== 1/0.0045
1
1/0.00451
== 222.0
N/mm
222.0
N/mm
RH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:
As
As LH
LH rafter
rafter and
and column
column
Total
Total frame:
frame:
First-order
First-order sway
sway deflections:
deflections:
ZK
== 222
222 +
+ 222
222
H
H
== A1
A, X HuLs
== 1.71
1.71 kN
kN
== EH/2K
EH/EK
== 1710/444
1710/444
== 3.85
mm
3.85 mm
== 444
444 N/mm
N/mm
x H1 = 1.232
1.232 xX 1.39
1.39
oK =J
= A=3.85mm
= 3.85
mm
dX1,
117
117
A
A

The
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Construction
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Stlwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSLS
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
Fax:
(01344)
CDS 139
139
Job Title
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Single
Span
Steep
Roof
Single Span Steep Roof Portal
Portal Frame
Client
DETR
Page
IPage
IMade
Made by
by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
10
10 of
of 17
17
Job No:
No:
I" A
Rev
CMK
Date
[l a t e
July 2001
2001
WIS
Date
late
July 2001
2001
Checked by
Checked
Second-order
Second-order deflections
OX2
a 2
=
=
(a,
dXIs){&2/(Jcr2
(OX1 - OXis){Acr2/(2cr2
1)) ++OXis {'cri/('cri

{Jcr,/(Jcr1
l)}
1))
1)}
SY2
OY2
=
= OY1
JYl{Jcr2/(Jcrz
{'cr2'(cr2-- 1))
1)}
SX,
=
= (-79.4
(-79.4 -- 3.85)(1.049}
3.85){1.049) +
+ 3.85{1.122}
3.85i1.122)
=
= -83.0
-83.0 mm
SY,
=
= 0.5{1.049}
0.5{ 1.049)
=
=
0.5 mm
OX
a,
=
= (3.4
(3.4 -- 3.85){1.049}
3.85){1.049) +
+ 3.85{1.122}
3.85{1.122)
=
=
3.8
3.8 mm
SY,
=
1.049)
= 146.1{1.049}
146.1{
=
= 153.2
153.2 mm
OY1
0XD
==
dXD
(86.3
OY
==
SY,
O S { 1.049)
0.5{1.049}
A.3.4
=
= 90.8 mm
3.85){1.049) + 3.85{1.122}
3.85{1.122)
3.85){1.049}
=
=
0.5 mm
soclose
close to
to points
points C
C and
and E
E that
that the deflections
deflections
hinges at
a and
and "b"
bare
are so
The hinges
at "a"
hinges can
at the hinges
can be
be assumed
assumedtotobe
beatatpoints
pointsCCand
andE.E.The
The effect
effect on
on the
the
insignificant.
Energy summation
summation is insignificant.
Bending deflections
deflections of
of the
the plastic
"plastic" frame
frame
Stiffness reduction factors

P.5 effects
2.3.1 Stiffness
factors allowing
allowing for
for P.o
effects
LH column:
column:
As "elastic"
elasticframe,
frame, stiffness
stiffness reduction
reductionfactor
factor(l-PuLs/Pcr)
(lPULs/P) =
= 0.970
RH column:
column:
As
As "elastic"
elasticframe,
frame,stiffness
stiffnessreduction
reduction
factor
factor
(l-Pum/Pcr)
(lPij/Pcr) =
= 0.970
LH rafter:
rafter:
Z,
=
L=
= 29380 cm4,
cm4, L
= 34640mm,
mm, aa
plasticframe
== 1.0
1.0 for "plastic"
frame
cr
Pcr =
= it2EI/(ct'L)2
T C E Z / ( ~=
=
) ~112x205000X29380x104/(1.0x34640)2
X205000 X29380 X 104/(1.OX 34640)2 =
= 495 kN
X
ULS
= 92 kN
PuLs=
reduction factor
92/495
Stiffness reduction
factor (l-PuLs/Pcr)
(1PfLSIPcr) = 11 - 92/495
118
=
= 0.8
0.814
14
A.4
A.4.2
2.3
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone:
Telephone: (01
(01344)
344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(013441 622944
IPa
Page 11
11 of
of 17
17
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950 Portals
Portals
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Example:
fRey
Single Span Steep

Steep Roof
Roof Portal
Portal Frame
Client
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
by Made by
Checked by
Checked by
Made
CMK
Date
)ate
2001
July 2001
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
RH rafter:
'cr
Pcr =
= as
as LH rafter
1'uis
Pus =
= 93
93 m
Stiffness reduction
(1P/Pcr)
reduction factor
factor (1Pus/Pcr)=
= 11 -- 93/495
93/495 = 0.813
2.3.2
2.3.2Second-order
A.4.
A.4.33
Sway mode
mode magnification
magnificationfactor
factorkrp"O'crp
Aap/(Aap - 1)
1)
Sway
The
calculated from
from the
the stiffness
stiffness K,
K2 of
of the
the LH
The notional
deflection is calculated
colunm
hinged at
at the
the top
top and
and pinned
pinned at
at the
the
column and rafter
rafter pair (the RH colunm
column is hinged
reducing the stiffness
stiffness to zero):
bottom, reducing
from column
stiffness from
columnand
andrafter
rafterstiffness:
stiffness:
Sway stiffness
K2 ==
D.2.5
11
( - +Sh2
S -h 2
h3
h3
3EIeffR
LII
and
LH column and
= 23894 cm4
Zeff.R =
= 'x('ULs"1'cr)
Zx( 1- PuLs/Pcr) =
= 29380 xO.813
x0.813 =
cm4
Rafters
Rafters ::
'effR
Column
Column ::
Zeff,c
K, =
K2=
rafters:
rafters:
=
= 'x('ULS'11'cr)
Zx(l-PuLS/Pcr)=
= 33320x0.970
33320 x0.970 =
= 32334 cm4
cm4
11
34641
3464 1 (6000)2
(6000)2
3x205000x23894x
iO
3 x 205000 x 23894 x lo4
=
= 11(0.00849
1/(0.00849 +
0.00109)
+ 0.00109)
++
(6000)3
(6000)
3x205000x32334X
3 x 205000 x 32334 xi04
lo4
= 1/0.00957
U0.00957
N/mm
= 105
105 N/mm
Total
frame:
Total frame:
X =
= 105
105 N/mm
== 0.005
x
the column
X [Sum ofthe
column reactions]
reactions]
=0.005x(279)
= 0,005 x (279) =
=1.39kN
1.39 kN
119
119
This frame
frame is taken as truly
truly pinned,
pinned, so
so there
there isi s no
no contribution
contribution to
to the
the sway
sway
stiffness from
base
stiffness.
from base stiffness.
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
139
CDS 139
Job
Title
Title
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Roof
Portal Frame
Single
Span
Steep
Single Span Steep
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
=
= EH/EK
ZH/ZK
Pa9e
12 of
Page 12
of 17
17
Job No:
No:
Rev
Made by
CMK
Date
Dlate
July 2001
Checked by
WIS
Date
'ate
July 2001
July
Made
=
= 1390/105
1390/105 ==13.3
13.3mm
mm
ACT =
= hI200o
h/200Snp =
= 6000/(200 x 13.3)
13.3) =
= 2.26
2.26
Ac,.J(AcT
2.26/(2.26
Sway mode
factor
mode magnification
magnification
factor
A/(A -- 1) == 2.26/(2.26
Sway
1) =
= 1.80
1.80
A.4.5
2.3.3
loads
2.3.3Deflections
Deflections from
from vertical
vertical loads
The loads
loads applied
applied to
to the
the "plastic"
"plastic" frame
frame =
= (A,,
(Ap
A,)(loads at ULS)
21)(loads
(Ap -- 2)
A,)= (1.503
= (1.503- -1.232)
1.232) ==0.271
0.271
(A
= 1.89kN/m
kN/m
wP
WP =
= 0.271(7.02Cos230
0.271(7.02Cos230" +
1.96Cos30") =
+ 1.96Cos30)
Sway
the column
hinge caused
caused
This arises due to the
the rotation
rotation of
of the
column without an adjacent
adjacent hinge
by the
the end
end rotation
rotation of
of the
the rafter
rafter spanning
spanning from
from colunm
column to
to column.
column.
wS3
24
ElR crp
1.89
x 34640
346403
1.89 X
X
x 1.80
1-80
iO
24 x
X 205000
205000 Xx 29380
29380 Xx lo4
0R2
= 0.0975
0.0975 radians
radians
=
Horizontal
= hOR
Horizontal deflection
deflection ofofB,B,C,C,D D =
heR
=
6000
0.0975 =
6000 xx0.0975
= 585 mm
Mid-span drop
Mid-span
Mid-span deflection
deflectionofof
thetherafter,
rafter,S,,, =
=
B2
1.8955
-=
-
4pex
= -, /Cosa'
/Cosa
1.89 x 34640
346404
384 205000
205000 Xx 29380
29380 Xx i04
lo4
Z Z
5 w,
WP S4
s4 ACT
384 E 'R
ZR ACT- l
--
X
X 1.80
1.80
=
= 1055
1055
mmmm
=
= 1055/Cos
1055/Cos
30" 30 =
= 1218
1218 mm
mm
Spread
Spread
This is caused by the

angle in the
rafter which
which is at
at the
the apex
apex in
in this
this
the drop of the
the angle
the rafter
frame. Because
pitched roof
roof portal,
portal, the
the drop
dropof
of
Because this
this frame
frame is
is aa symmetrical
symmetrical pitched
mid-span drop calculated
calculated above.
above.
the angle is the mid-span
1120
20
Second-order end slope of the rafter, 0R2
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
Telephone:
(013441
623345
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
CDS
CDS 139
139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS 5950
Portals
5950Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Single Span Steep
Steep Roof
Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Client
Client
DETR
Page
IPage
Made by
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
dspread,D
spreadD
S,, (Sina,
==B2
(Sinai
13
13 of
of 17
17
Job
Job No:
No:
Rev
CMK
Date
Date
July 2001
WIS
W IS
Date
)ate
2001
July 2001
Checked
by by
+
+ Sincr2)
Sina,) ==B
S, (2Sin 30)
30)
=
= 1055(2
1055(2 x
X 0.500)
0.500) =
= 1055
1055 mm
dspread,C
spread,C
== B2
a'j ==
S,, Sin
Sin a,
1055
1055 x
X 0.500
0.500 = 528 mm
mm
Column hinge horizontal

horizontal displacement
displacement
The hinge occurs
at the underside
of the
the haunch,
haunch, which
which isis at
at aa distance
distance from
from
occurs at
underside of
the neutral axis

axis of the
an additional
additionalhorizontal
horizontaldisplacement.
displacement.
the rafter,
rafter, causing an
Second-order
end slope
the rafter,
BR,
Second-orderend
slope of
ofthe
rafter,R2
= 0.0975
Offset of the hinge below

below the
the rafter,
rafter,e e
Off-set
=
= 6000
6000 - 5400
5400 =
= 600 mm
mm
Horizontaldisplacement
displacement of
ofthe
the hinge
hinge at
at G
= eO
eeR
radians
radians
=
= 600
600 x 0.0975
0.0975
=
= 59mm
59mm
2.3.4
2.3.4
A.4.6
A.4.6
Deflections
from
horizontal loads
Deflections
from
horizontal
loads
Theloads
loadsapplied
applied totothe
the plastic
"plastic"frame
frame =
= (A
(4- 21)(loads
A,)(Ioads at ULS)
ULS)
= 0.271
(A
(A, -- ,)
A,)= (1.503
= (1.503 - 1.232)
1.232)
0.271
H
H =(A-A1)xNHF
= (A, A,) X NHF =0.271x1.39
= 0.271 X 1.39
=0.38kN
= 0.38 kN
The sway
calculated from
from the
the sum
sum of
ofthe
the stiffnesses
stiffnessesKK of the LH
sway deflection is calculated
column and
and rafter
rafter pair
pair(the
(the RH column is
is hinged
hingedatat the
the top
top and
and pinned
pinnedatat the
the
bottom, reducing
the stiffness
stiffness to
bottom,
reducing the
tozero).
zero).
1
Sh2
3EIR
3EI
The firstorder
stiffnessofofthe
theLH
LII rafter
rafterand
andcolumn
columnpair
pairisis the
the same
same as
as for
for
first-order stiffness
the "elastic"
frame:
elastic frame:
1
S /z2
== 125.7
125.7
h3
3EIR
K,
K
=
= 125.7
125.7 ><
X (1/1.80)
(U1.80)
=
= 70.0
70.0 N/mm
N/mm
121
121
The
is the
force
ULS horizontal
horizontal load in this
this load case is
the notional
notional horizontal force
The ULS
The Steel
Job
Job No:
No:
139
CDS 139
Construction
Construction
Job
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Single Span Steep
Steep Roof
RoofPorcal
Portal Frame
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
DETR
Client
IClient
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page
Pae
by IMade by
Checked
Checked by
Made
14 of
14
CMK
WIS
17
17
Rev
Date
)ate
July 2001
July
Date
)ate
July 2001
July
Sway
deflection =
= 380/70 =
= 5.4 mm
Sway deflection
Mid-span drop
drop
Mid-span
The sway
at the apex
sway deflection
deflection induces an additional deflection
deflection at
sm2
ML2
)
r
crp
16 EIR
crp
HHih1
M =
= 2
hi =
= 380
380 x
X 6000
= 2.26
where M
..
2.26x
106 x346412
2.26X106X346412
= __________________ X
x
2
$m*=
16x205000x29380x
16 X 205000 X 29380 Xi04
lo4
kNm
kNm
1.80
= 5.1mm
1.80 =
5.1 mm
Spread
Spread
This
by the
the drop of the
the angle in the
the rafter
This is caused by
rafter which is at the apex in this
this frame
frame is
is aa symmetrical
symmetrical pitched
pitched roof
frame. Because
Because this
roof portal,
portal, the
the drop
drop of
of
angle isis the
themid
mid-span
the angle
spandrop
drop calculated above.
(Sina'1++ Sina) = S,
d,spread,D= S,,
pread,D
(Sina,
Sind;) =
30)
(2Sin 30)
pread,C
= m2 Sin a
= 5.1
0.500
= 2.5 mm
2.4 Axial
calculation
2.4
Axial forces for the
the energy
energy calculation
A.5
The total of the

the axial
axial loads
loads in
in the
the columns
columns is
is not
not affected
affected by second-order
second-order
effects, so P2 = P1
P, which is taken
taken as
as the
the mid-height
mid-height value calculated
calculated in 2.1
2.1
effects,
above.
LH column:
P2 =
= 139
139 kN
RH
column:
column:
= 139
139 kN
P2 =
The rafter
the drop of the
the rafters at mid-span.
rafter axial
axial forces
forces are affected
affected by the
mid-span.
Calculate P,,
and lb
Plb
fromthe
thevalues
valuesininSection
Section 2.2
2.2 of
of the
the worked
worked example.
example.
Calculate
Ia and
from
Mid-spandrop
= drop
dropfrom
elastic
+ drop
dropfrom
plastic
from
"elastic" +
from "plastic"
Mid-span
drop =
=
+
= from 2.2.3
2.2.3 +
+ from
from 2.3.3
+ from 2.3.4
2.3.3
2.3.4
1
22
122
= 5.1(2 X 0.500) =5.1mm

= 5.1 mm
=5.1(2X0.500)
The Steel
Construction
Institute
institute
Silwood
Park,Ascot,
Ascot,Berks
Berks SL5
Silwood Park,
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
CDS 139
139
Job
Job Title
Title
Portals
BS 5950Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Span Steep
Single Span
Steep Roof
Roof Pork1
Portal Frame
Client
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Pae
Page 15
15 of
of 17
17
Job
Job No:
No:
M a d e by
by
CMK
Date
C)ate
2001
July 2001
Checked by
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
2001
July
Made
~~
"
=
= 153.2
153.2 +
+ 1218
1218 + 5.1 =
= 1376mm
1376 mm
Increase
Increase
in
P2 == 1I{[1(a
in P2
l/{[l-(d. /ha)1
/h31
l} =
= 1/{[1(1376/14660)]
1/([1-(1376/14660)] - 1}
l} =
= 0.104
1}
LH rafter:
rafter:
Mid-span
axial =
Mid-spanaxial
= 58.3, giving
giving Pzl
PA increase
increase
=
= 0.104x58.3
0.104x58.3
=
= 6.0
6.0 kN
== 0.104x58.6
0.104X58.6
=6.lkN
= 6.1 kN
+ 6.0
P2
P2 =
= 92.3
92.3 +
6.0 =
= 98.3
98.3 kN
RH rafter:
rafter:
Mid-span
axial =
= 58.6, giving Pzl
Mid-spanaxial
PA increase
increase
P2
P2 =
= 92.5 +
+ 6.1
6.1 =
= 98.6 kN
2.5
Energy Summation
2.5 Second-order
Second-order Energy
A.2.2
A.2.2
ox'
Deflected
position
Original
position
O\2
0x2
methods in
The energy
energysummation
summation is required to calculate 2,
'M following the
the methods
A.2.2
11 23
23
yl
Park, Ascot, Berks

7QN
Silwood Park,
Berks SL5
5L5 ]QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
Fax: (01
Fax:
(01344)
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Second-order Worked Example:

Second-order
Single Span Steep
Steep Roof
Roof Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Client
DETR
Checked by
Checked
Made
X-AXIS
X-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections from
from the
the elastic"
"elastic"frame
frame
dxa
dxb
dxa)
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
Deflections from
frame
fromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"
frame
gravityloads
loads
From gravity
Sway of top
topof
of elastic
elastic column
column
dxa
dxb
(dxb -- dxa)
dxa)
(dxb
Spread
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
dxa)
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
Column hinge
hinge horizontal
horizontaldisplacement
displacement
Column
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb - dxa)
(dxb
From horizontal loads
loads
Sway
Sway
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
Spread
Spread
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
ITotals of
of (dxb-dxa)
(dxb-dxa)at
at collapse
collapse
ITotals
AB
CD
BC
BC
CD
Eb
bD
bD
Eb
0.0
0.0
-83.0
-83.0
-83.0
-83.0
-830
-830
33 88
86.8
86.8
3.8
3.8
90
8
908
87.0
0.0
0.0
90.8
90.8
90.8
90.8
90.8
90.8
90
90 88
0.0
0.0
00
00
584.7
584.7
584.7
5847
5847
5847
5847
0.0
0.0
584.7
564.7
584.7
584.7
0.0
0.0
00
00
00
00
527.5
527.5
527.5
527.5
527.5
527.5
1055.0
1055.0
527.5
1055.0
1055.0
1055.0
1055.0
0.0
58.5
58.5
0.0
0.0
-58.5
-58.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.4
5.4
5.40.0
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
0.0
0.0
5
544
5.4
5.4
0.0
54
54
25
25
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
0.0
0.0
507.1
507.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
90.0
90.0
507.1
507.1
(angle from
fromX axis)
axis)
psi (angle
[(dxb -- dxa)
dxa) at collapse]"Sin(psi)
collapse]*Sin(psi)
[(dxb
dya) at collapse]'Cos(psi)
[(dyb - dya)atcollapse]"Cos(psi)
[(dybat collapse
collaDse
Dhi ** Ssat
phi
Incremental rotn
rotn = d(phi)
d(phi) from mechanism
mechanism
Incremental
IShortening =
= phi"s"d(phi)
phi's'd(phi) (modulus)
IShortening
(modulus)
0.0
0.0
507.1
507.1
1.000
1.000
507,1
507.1
AXIAL
AXIAL FORCES
FORCES
Pcfor
Pc forcolumns
columnsand
andrafters
raftersat
at ULS
138.6
ULS
138.6
Total midspan
midspandrop
drop
Total
Midspan height
height
Midspan
Increase rafter
rafter
midspan
axialby
by (11(1-drop/height)
(l/(l-drop/height) -- 1}
l}
Increase
midspan axial
Midspan axial
axial
58.6
Midspan
Increase
Increasein rafter axial
Design139.2
axial
139.2
98.6
98.3
138.6
138.6
Design
axial
llncremental energy
energy== Pc"phi"s"d(phi)
Pc'phi's'd(phi)
70.3
llncremental
WORK
WORK DONE
DONEININROTATING
ROTATINGHINGES
HINGES
Element for
for evaluating
evaluatingMprd(phi)
Mprd(phi)
bD
aD
Element
MprA
MprB
MprB
+ MprB
MprB
MprA +
Incremental
d(phl) from
from mechanism
mechanism
Incremental
rotn rotn = d(phi)
[Mpr*d(phi)
lMpr"dphi
Factor on lambda_p
IFactor
lambda-P
lambda ppfrom
lambda
fromfirst-order
first-orderanalysis
analysis
lambda M
M
Ba
AB
0.0
0.0
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
616.9
616.9
5.1
2.5
2.5
0.5471
0.547
1.503
1.503
0822
0.822
0.0
0.0
54
54
5.4
0.0
0.0
5.1
51
5.1
5.1
0.0
0.0 1218.2
1218.2
1218.2
1218.2
0.0
0.0
1218.2 -1218.2
-1218.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
90.0
90.0
32.3
32.3
0.0
0.0
32.3
32.3
0.579
0.579
18.7
18.7
90.0
90.0
1708.6
1708.6
1708.6
1708.6
3.032
3.032
5179.71
5179.71
925
925
1392
1392
139.2
139.2
1376.5
1376.5
1376.5
1376.5
14660
14660
14660 14660
0.1040.104
0.104
0.104
58.3
58.3
58.6
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.1
98.3
98.6
147.4
147.4
85.6
85.6
139.2
2.6
139.2
721.01
721.01
bD
Eb
Eb
0.0
0.0
452.1
452.1
452.1
3.032
551
1 0.0
0.0
0.0
-5.1
-5.1
-1375.9
-1375.9
1375.9
1375.9
30.0
30.0
-300
-300
308.4
308.4 -308.5
-308.5
1191.6
1191.6 -1191.6
-1191.6
1500.0
1500.0 -1500.1
-1500.1
1.000
1.000
0.579
0.579
1500,0
1500.0
868.1
868.1
923
92 3
Ba
aD
0.0
0.0
402.5
402.5
402.5
402.5
402.5
452.1
452.1
1.000
1.000
0.579
0.579
3.032
1.000
1.000
0.0
402.5
0.0
5.4
5.4
0.0
58.5
-152.7
-152.7
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
452.1
402.5
402.5
0.0
0.0
402.5
0.579
232.9
232.9
124
124
July 2001
2001
July
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
00
00
July 2001
2001
July
585
58
5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
153
153 2 2
0.5
0.5
152.7
152.7
0.0
0.0
1708.61
1708.61
0.5
0.5
Date
Ite
Date
Ite
Rev
Rev
1055.0
1055.0
1055.0
1055.0
0.0
32.3
617.0
617.0
153.2
153.2
WIS
17
17
584.7
0.0
584.7
0.0
584
584 7 7 584.7
584.7
0.0
584.7
0.0
0.0
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 0 5.1
Y-AXIS
Y-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
frame
Deflections from
fromthe
the"elastic"
"elastic"
frame
dya
dya
dyb
(dyb
dya)
(dyb - dya)
Deflections from
fromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"
frame
Deflections
frame
Mid-span drop
dropfrom
fromgravity
gravity
loads
Mid-span
loads
dya
dYa
dyb
dYb
dya)
(dyb -- dya)
Deflections
frame
Deflections from
fromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"
frame
Mid-span drop
dropfrom
fromhorizontal
horizontal
loads
Mid-span
loads
dya
dYa
dyb
dyb -- dya)
dya)
(dyb
Total
(dybof collapse
ITotal
(dybat
-- dya) at collapse
in
CMK
Made by
by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Element
of Pc"phi"s"d(phi)
Element for
forevaluation
evaluation
of
Pc'phi's'd(phi)
16
16 of
Page
Page
452.1
0.0
0.0
452.1
0.579
261.6
261.6
0.51
0.51
0.0
0.0
1370.61
1370.61
Sum
Sum ==
1027
Sum
Sum =
2268
2268
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Institute
The Steel
Construction
SE
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 70N
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(01344)
623345
Fax:
(01344)
622944
Fax: (01
344)622944
CDS 139
139
Job
Title
Job
Title
5950 Portals
BS 5950
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Span Steep
Single Span
Steep Roof
Roof Portal Frame
Frame
Client
DETR
Page
Page
~
byMade by
Checked by
Made
~~
CMK
Date
Il a t e
July 2001
2001
July
WIS
Date
late
July 2001
2001
atfailure,
failure,AM
Load factor
factor at
P2 qsdq =
1027
2Mpr
2 =21M
A,
2M
A,
2M
P, ,b s d
EMdb
[ - ((
=
= 1.503
1.503 [i
1
1027
2268
,)]
4
)J
= 1.503x0.547
1.503 X0.547 =
= 0.822
hasfailed
failed the check for
forin-plane
in-planestability.
stability.
< 1.0,
1.0, so the frame has
<
The above shows

shows how the second-order effects
effects have
have caused
causedaamajor
majorreduction
reduction
capacity of
hand
in capacity
of the
the frame
frame due
due to
to in-plane
in-planeinstability
instabilityeffects.
effects.The
The
"hand" method
method
tends to be conservative,
demonstratethat
that
conservative, so
so analysis
analysis by another
another method might demonstrate
capacity is
the reduction in capacity
is not
not so great.
The analysis above
above would be less
the haunches
less conservative if the stiffness
stiffness of the
haunches
had been included
in all
all the stiffness
calculations. ItIt would
would also be more
included in
stiffness calculations.
economical
the frame
framewere
wereproportioned
proportionedso
sothat
thatA,2 were closer
closer to
to Ap.
economical ififthe
lRev
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
2.6
17
17 of
of 17
17
Job
*Job No:
No:
25
125
126
126
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 JQN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(013441 622944
622944
CDS 139
139
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Tied Portal Frame
Client
DETR
Page
IPage
CMK
byMade by
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
WIS
Checked
by
by
Made
11
1
1
Job No:
of
23
Rev
July 2001
2001
July
Date
Date
Date
Date
July 2001
2001
FROM
INPUT
FROM FIRST-ORDER
ANALYSIS
1
.1 General
1.1
General Arrangement
Arrangement
25000
25000
25000
50
500
254 x 254 x 73 UC
C,)
0)
C)
(0
CD
N
N
x
15000
N
N
S
Nominally pinned bases
50000
a, == a'2
a2 == 8
8"
a'1
Span = 50 m
25
Developed length
Developed
lengthofofrafter,
rafter,apex
apextotoeaves
eaves =
= cos 8
8"
== 25.246
25.246 m
Height of column from

from base
base to Neutral
Neutral Axis
Axis of
of rafter
rafter
=
= 15.Om
15.0 m
127
127
Angle of rafters:
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Job No:
CDS 139
Job Title
Title
Job
BS
Portals
5950 Portals
BS
5950
Subject
Subject
IJob
No:
Slwood
SilwoodPark,
Park,Ascot,
Ascot,Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 ]QN
7QN
(01344) 623345
Telephone: 1013441
623345
Fax:
Fax: 101344)
(01344) 622944
622944
I CALCULATION SHEET
CALCULATION SHEET
Client
Pae 2 of 23
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
CDS 139 Worked
IPage
2
Tied Portal
PortalFrame
Frame
DETR
CMK
Made by
of
23
Date
late
Rev
Rev
July 2001
2001
July
wwww
3.
WIS
by
Checked by
Made
Date
late
July 2001
2001
July
1.2 Loading
Loading
12
NHF
NHF
NHF
NHF
Frame spacing
spacing =
= 88 m
=
0.100 x
x 1.4
X 8.000
8.000 X
1.4
=
=
0.150 x 8.000
8.000 x 1.4
1.4
=
=
0.600 x
X 8.000
8.000 x
X 1.6
1.6
=
113
1.4 ==
113 Xx 102
10 * x
X 1.000
1.000 X x1.4
1.12
kN/m
along slope
slope
kN/m along
1.68
plan
on on plan
7.68 on plan
1.58
1.58
alongalong slope
Notional Horizontal
Horizontal Forces
Taking Notional
Forcesasas 0.5% of the column base
base reactions
reactions
=
= 0.005 x 650
650 kN
kN
=
= 3.25 kN
ULS
loads on plan
loads
=
= 1.68 +
+ 7.68
7.68
=
= 9.36 kN/m
ULS loads
loads on slope
slope
=
= 1.58 +
+ 1.12
1.12
=
= 2.70 kN/m
:.
Required NHF
load transverse
slope
ULS load
transversetoto
slope =
= 9.36 Cos28"
2.70 Cos8"
11.85kN/m
Cos28 +
+ 2.70
Cos8 =
= 11.85
kN/m
28
128
Clause
2.4.2.4
Clause 2.4.2.4
=
=
Dead
=
Service
=
Imposed
Imposed
==
=
Self Weight
Self
Weight=
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS
CDS 139
139
Institute
Job
Job Title
Title
BS
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Tied
Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Client
Client
DETR
DETR
institute
//-
Sliwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone:
Telephone: 101344)
101344) 623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: 1013441
(01344) 622944
622944
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
33
Page
IPage
by Made by
of
of 23
23
CMK
Date
)ate
WIS
WIS
Date
Checked
Checked by
by
Made
fr'
Rev
A
A
July 2001
2001
July 2001
11.3
.3 Hinge
HingeIncremental
incremental Rotations
Rotations
The
the hinges are taken from the first-order
The values
values of incremental
incremental rotation of the
first-order
collapse
These are
used to
collapse mechanism.
mechanism. These
arethe
theincremental
rotations as
as used
to calculate
calculate the
collapse
Work)
collapse factor of
of the
the frame
frame using
using the
the classic
(Virtual Work)
method.
method.
analysis uses
uses the relative
relative magnitude
magnitude of
of the instantaneous
instantaneous
rotations,
rotations, so
so the
the absolute
absolute magnitude
magnitude of each rotation does not affect the
calculations.
calculations.
Where
Where the
the analysis
analysis has
has been
been performed
performed by
by methods
methods other than
than the
the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
method
be
method (e.g.
(e.g. by
bythe
theSemi-Graphical
method), the
the incremental
rotations can be
deduced
the geometry
geometry of
ofthe
the frame
frameand
andthe
theposition
positionofofthethehinges.
hinges. ItItisis not
not
deduced from the
necessary
necessary to
to repeat
repeat the
the calculation
calculation of
of the
the collapse
collapse factor
factor by the
the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
method.
method.
Failure
Failure Mechanism
Mechanism
C
B
----- ------
E
F
G
G
7
*h
9 17 ___
D
C
1129
29
The
The Steel
Construction
Construction
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Si)wood
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
( O ! 344) 623345
623345
Telephone: (01
Fax: (01
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
4
4 of
of 23
23
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
BS 5950Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Tied Portal
PortalFrame
Frame
Client
Client
DETR
Page
Page
byMade by
Checked
Checked by
by
Made
CMK
Date
)ate
WIS
Date
)ate
~~~
CALCULATION
CALCULATJONSHEET
SHEET
Rev
Rev
2001
July 2001
~
2001
July 2001
Find Node
Node Locations
0.0)
Pt A: (0.0, 0.0)
==
(0.0, 0.0)
0.0)
(0.0,
(0.0, 14.2)
14.2)
Pt B: (0.0,
==
(0.0, 14.2)
14.2)
(0.0,
(0.0, 15.0)
15.0)
Pt C: (0.0,
==
(0.0, 15.0)
15.0)
(0.0,
Pt D:
D: (25.0,
(25.0, (15.0
+ 25.0
25.0 Tan
Tan 8})
8))
{15.0 +
(25.0,18.514)
18.514)
(25.0,
E: (50.0,
(50.0,15.0)
15.0)
Pt E:
(50.0, 15.0)
15.0)
(50.0,
Pt F: (50.0,
(50.0, 14.2)
14.2)
(50.0, 14.2)
(50.0,
Pt G: (50.0,
(50.0, 0.0)
0.0)
0.0)
(50.0, 0.0)
Pt a:a: ({9.170
((9.170 Cos
Cos 8},
S), {15.0
(15.0 ++ 9.170
9.170 Sin
Sin 8})
8))
16.276)
(9.081,16.276)
Pt b: ({50
((50
(25.540,18.438)
18.438)
Pt c: ((50
({50
(46.039,15.557)
15.557)
24.700 Cos 8},

S}, {15
{ 15 - 24.700 Sin8))
Sin8})
4.000
4.000
Sin 8})
S}, (15
S})
Cos 8},
{15 + 4.000 Sin
Rotation,,,
RotationABC
==
0e
Rotation,,,
RotationEFG
0e
Member
Member Rotations
Rotations
I
I
I
I
I,
I,
I
I
I
1130
30
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone:
Telephone: (01
(01344)
344) 623345
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
Job
BS
Portals
5950 Portals
BS
5950
Subject
Subject

Tied Portal Frame
Frame
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
55
Page
fra
Made by
IM&
Checked by
by
of
23
CMK
Date
)ate
WIS
Date
)ate
lRev
2001
July 2001
2001
2001
July
Find slope
slope beta,
beta, /3,
from horizontal
horizontal
p, of ac from
== Tan'(Y-Ya)/(XcXa)
T~-'(Y,-Y,)/(X,-X,) =
= Taif'(15.557
Tan-'(15.557 -- 16.276)/(46.039 -- 9.081)
p
/3
=
= -1.12
-1.12"
Shortening
= dXac
dX,, Cos
Cos /3
p ++dYac
dY, Sin
Sin /3
p
Shortening ofofacac =
== [(Y,
[(Ya -
--
Y,)B -- ((Y
K
YA)O
YG)8]Cos/3+ [(Xa
[(X, -- XA)8
X,)@ -- (X
(X, -- XG)O]
X,)B] Sin/3
Sin p
Y0)0]Cos/3
== (16.2768
(16.2768 15.5578) Cos/3
Cosp +(9.0818
inp
+(9.0810- (-3.961)8)
(-3.961)8) SSin/i
-
=
+ (13.0420)0.0195
= 0.9730
= (0.7200)
(0.7208) 0.9998
0.9998 +
(13.0428)0.0195 =
0.9738
Find slope
slopegamma,
gamma, y,
fromhorizontal
horizontal
y, of
of ab from
= Tan'(18.438
= Tan'(Yt,Ya)/(Xb-Xa)
Tan-'(Y,-Y,)/(X,-X,) =
TaK'(18.438 -- 16.276)1(25.540
16.276)/(25.540
9.081)
=
= 7.48
7.48"
gamma
gamma -- beta =
= 7.48 -- ((- 1.12)
1.12) =
= 8.60
8.60"
=
= Tan'[(Yb
Tan-'[(& - Y)/(X
Y,)/(X,
=
= Tan'(18.438
Tan-'(18.438
x,)]
Xb)]
15.557)/(46.039
15.557)1(46.039
25.540)= 8.00
8.00"
25.540)=
Angle
Angle L L =
= gamma +
+ delta
delta =
= 7.48 +
+ 8.00
8.00 =
= 15.48
15.48"
Angle
= 90
90 Angle M M =
Angle
Angle N N =
= 90 SinL/l
SinLJI
(gamma
(gamma
(delta
(delta
= 90
90
beta) =
-- 8.60
8.60 =
= 81.40
81.40"
+ beta)
beta) =
= 90 -
(8.0 -- 1.12)
1.12) =
= 83.12
83.12"
(8.0
== SinM/m == SinNln
SinN/n
1l
== shortening
shortening of ac
ac
m
m
= 1(SinMISinL)
l(SinM/SinL) =
= 0.9730(Sin8l.40/Sinl5.48)
0.9738(Sin81.40"/Sinl5.48") =
= 3.610
3.618
nrz
8(Sin83.12/SinlS.48) =
= l(SinNISinL)
I(SinZV/SinL) =
= 0.973
B(Sin83.12"/Sin15.48")
= 3.62 0
8
length
ab =
= [(Yb
length ab
[(Y,
=
= 0.973
0 . 9 7 83 ~
)+
Y,)' + (Xb
(X, --Xa)2]"2
X,)2]''2 =
= 16.601
16.601
Rotation
ofbaba =
=n
n/(length
3.628/16.601 =
= 0.2188
Rotation of
/(length ab)
ab) =
= 3.620/16.601
131
131
Slope delta,
delta, 6,
, of cb
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood Park,
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
1 CALCULATION SHEET
CALCULATION SHEET
Page
Page
66 of
of 23
23
Job No:
No:
139
CDS 139
JobTitle
Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Example:
Second-order Worked
Example:
Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Client
DETR
by Made by
by
Checked by
Made
Rev
Rev
CMK
Date
)ate
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July 2001
length bc
= [(Ye
[(Y, -- Yb)2
Yb)2 ++(X,
= 20.700
20.700
length
bc =
(X -- Xb)2]2 =
Rotation
of bc
bc =
= in/(length
= 3.618/20.700
Rotation of
m/(length bc)
bc) =
3.618/20.700 =
= 0.1748
0.1740
11.4
.4
Axialforces
forcesatatULS
ULSfrom
from first-order
Axial
analysis
The analysis
analysis is not sensitive
sensitive to
to the
the accuracy
accuracy of
ofthe
the axial
axialforces.
forces.Therefore
Therefore the
the
calculated by elastic analysis, plastic

plastic analysis
axial forces
forces may be calculated
analysis (factored
(factored down
down
from collapse
to
ULS)
or
elastic-plastic
analysis.
collapse to ULS) elastic-plastic analysis.
LH column:at
at base
base == 324 kN,
= 302 kN
kN,atat haunch
haunch =
LII
rafter:
at column =
= 960 kN,
kN, at
atapex
LHrafter:
atcolumn
apex =
= 919 kN
RHrafter:
rafter:
at
at column
= 960 kN,
k N , at
at apex
apex =
= 919 kN
column =
LII
LH column:
column:
at
base == 326 kN,
= 302
at base
kN,atat haunch
haunch =
302 kN
11.5
.5
Reduced
analysis
ReducedPlastic
PlasticMoments
Momentsat
at ULS
ULS from
from first-order
first-orderanalysis
axial force. These

be taken
Thesemay
maybe
taken from
from section
section tables.
tables.
610x229x
6 1 0 x 2 2 9113
~
113 UB
UB
x i0 == 869 kNm
M,, =
=p
pr S
S,, =
= 265
265 ><
x 3280 x
11.6
.6 Load
Load factor at
at formation
formation of
ofthe
thefirst
firsthinge,
hinge, A1
h,
From the frame analysis
analysis output,
output, the load factor at the formation
formation of
of the
the first
hinge is:
A, == 2.12
2.12
2,
11.7
Plasticcollapse
collapse
.7 Plastic
factor, A.
h,
factor,

the plastic
plastic collapse
collapse factor
factor calculated
analysis, the
analysis is:
Ap =
= 2.28
1132
32
Annex 1.2.
reduced moment capacity

sections to
Use the reduced
capacity for the sections
to account
account for
for the
the co-existent
co-existent
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
of
23
'"
Job
Job Title
Title
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
/iob
No:
Second-order
Worked Example:
Example:
CDS 139
Page
7
Tied Portal Frame
of
23
Job No:
CDS 139
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01
(01344)
3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Pae
DETR
Client
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Made by
by
CMK
Date
late
Checked by
by
Checked
WIS
Date
)ate
Made
Rev
2001
July 2001
2001
July 2001
1
.8 Member
inertias,I,l
1.8
Member inertias,
LH column:
610x229x
113 UB:
4 == 87300
610X229x113
UB: Zx
87300 cm4
cm4
LH
rafter:
rafter:
610x229x
4 == 87300
6 1 0 ~ 2 2 9113
~ 1 1UB:
UB:
3 Zx
87300 cm4
cm4
RH rafter:
rafter:
as
as LH
LH rafter
rafter
RH column:
column:
as LH column
LH
column
1.9
(formation of
of the
the first hinge)
1.9 Deflections
Deflections of frame
frame at
at A1
A, (formation
=
-
22.1 mm
=
-
30.3 mm
=
-
49.1 mm
49.1
=
-
67.9 mm
0xF
=
-
73.0 mm
73.0mm
SECOND-ORDER
ANALYSIS
2.1
Axial force in
in members
members
xB
ox0
*YB
*K
*Y D
0YE
*YE
0yF
*,F
=-
3.2 mm
=-
3.3 mm
=-
252.9 mm
252.9mm
=
-
3.3 mm
3.3
=-
3.2 mm
3.2mm
The
The axial force
force in
in the
the members
members is calculated
calculated from
from the
the first-order
analysis output.
output.
The
the axial
the member
The values are taken
taken as
as the
the mean
mean of the
axial force at the
the ends
ends of
of the
member
where
there isis no major
step in the
the axial
axial force.
force.Where
Wherethere
there
where there
major step
is is aa major
major step
step in
the
:he axial force, eg at the
the end of a tie in
in aa tied
tied rafter
rafter or
or at
at the
the underside
underside of a
crane
be taken
taken as
as the
the mean
mean of
of the
the ends
ends of
of
xane bracket on a column,
column, the
the value
value should
should be
the
e.g. between
the ends
ends of
of aa tie
tie and
and the
the apex
apex in
in a
:he most
most highly loaded
loaded segment,
segment, e.g.
between the
tied
:ied rafter.
LH
LH col:
mid-height PuLs
= (324
(324 +
+ 302)/2
302)/2
take mid-height
uLs =
=
= 313
313 kN
LH rafter:
rafter:
take mid-length
mid-length ULS
PuLs=
= (960
(960 +
+ 919)12
919)/2
=
= 940
940 kN
1133
33
The deflections
deflections are found
found from
from first order elastic
elastic or
or elastic-plastic
elastic-plastic analysis.
The Steel
U-
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
BS
BS 5950
5950 Portals
DETR
Client
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
'Made
Made by
by
by
Checked by
Checked
RH rafter:
19)72
mid-length P,,,
take mid-length
uLS =
= (960 ++9919)/2
RH col:
mid-height PcJLs
(326 + 302)72
302)/2
take mid-height
IILS =
= (326
2.2
2.2
Second-order
Worked
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Example:
Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Subject
ISubJect
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
101344)
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
88 ofof 23
23
Page
IPage
CMK
Date
)ate
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July 2001
2001
July
== 940 kN
== 314
314 kN
Bending deflections
deflections of
of the
the elastic
"elastic" frame
frame
B.3
2.2.1
2.2.1 Stiffness reduction
reduction factors
factors allowing
allowing for
for P.O
P.6 effects
B.3.2
B.3.2
LH column:
column:
I..
1
,
=
cm4, hIi =
= 15000mm,
pinned bases
= 87300
87300cm4,
15000mm, a
a=
= 1.7
1.7 for nominallypinned
Pcr
==
ULS
==
P,,,
rt2EI/(cth)2
x2EZ/(&) =
= it2x205000x87300x104/(1.7x15000)2
.rr;~205000~87300X
lO4/(l.7X150O0) =
= 2716
2716 kN
kN
313
313 kN
Stiffness
(1P1JLS/PCf)
= 11 - 313/2716
313/2716 =
= 0.885
Stiffnessreduction
reductionfactor
factor
(1- P,,,,/PCr) =
RH column:
column:
1cr
Pcr
== as
as LH
LH column
column
ULS
PuLs =
=
314kN
314
kN
Stiffness
(1PrJLS/PCF)
= 11
=
Stiffnessreduction
reductionfactor
factor
(1 - PULS/Pcr)
314/2716
314/2716 =
= 0.884
LH rafter:
L
L =
= 25246mm,
25246mm,
I,,
I,
== 87300
cm4,
87300
cm4,
Pcr
Pcr
=
=TC2EI/(aL)2
x2EZ/(aL) =
= 7c2x205000x87300x104/(1.0x25246)2
X x 205000 X 87300 x lo4/(1.O x 25246)
a'
a =
= 1.0
1.0
ULS
PrJLs== 940 kN
Stiffness
factor (lPtJLs'P)
= 11 - 940/2771
( 1 - PULS/Pcr)
=
940/2771 =
= 0.661
0.661
Stiffness reduction
reduction factor
RH rafter:
1cr
PC,
=
= as
as LI-I
LH rafter
rafter
1ULS
P,,,,
= 940
940 kN
kN
Stiffness
= 11 - 940/2771
Stiffness reduction
reduction factor
factor (lPtJLS/Pcr)
(l-PuL,/Pcr)=
940/2771
134
134
== 0.661
0.661
2771
2771 kN
kN
Construction
Construction
Institute
Job
Job No:
No:
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Sliwood
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
(01344)623345
Telephone: 1013441
623345
Fax:
101344)
622944
Fax: (01
344)622944
Job No:
No:
139
CDS 139
Job Title
Title
Job
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
BS
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Tied Portal Frame
Client
DETR
Page
I1e
Madeby
by
IM&
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked
by
by
of
of 23
23
Rev
CMK
Date
late
WIS
Date
late
2.2.2Second-order
Second-order magnification factors
2.2.2
factors
2001
July 2001
July 2001
B.3.3
factor krii"Ocri
Acrl/(Acrl -- 1)
Sway mode magnification
The notional
calculated from
from the
the sum
sum of
of the
the stiffnesses
stiffnesses KK for
for
rafter pairs:
and rafter
stiffness:
Sway stiffness
stiffness from column
column and rafter stiffness:
K
K,2 ==
D.2.5
11
[-+-l
Sh2
Sh 3h 2
h3
3EIffR
3EIeff.R
3EIff
3EIeff.c
stiffness:
Sway stiffness from base stiffness:
Kb
b
D.4
11
5h3 +
2EI
h3
3EICff c
Rafter ::
Ieff.R=
= jx(1ULS11cr)
Ix(l-PuLs/Pcr) =
= 87300x0.661
87300~0.661 =
= 57705
cm4
cm4
'effR
Column ::
Ieff,c=
= Ix(1PULS/PCr)
Ix(l-PuLs/Pcr) =
= 87300x0.885
87300~0.885 =
= 77241
77241
cm4
cm4
K,
11
25246 (15000)2
(15000),
+
( 15000)3
(15000)
+
3x205000x57705x104
3 X 205000 X 57705 X lo4
3x205000x77241x104
3 X 205000 X 77241 X lo4
==
1/(0.01601 + 0.00711)
0.00711)
1/(0.01601
Kh=
=
= 1/0.02311
1/0.02311
== 43.3
N/mm
N/mm
11
5 (15000?
( 15000)3
+
( 15000)3
(l5000)
+
2 X 205000 X 87300 X lo4
3 X 205000 X77241 X lo4
2x205000x87300x104
3x205000x77241x104
=
= 11(0.04715
1/(0.04715 +
+ 0.00711)
0.00711)
== 1/0.054
1/0.054
=
N/mm
= 18.4
N/mm
RH
RH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:
Rafter
Rafter ::
=
leff.R
= Ix(1PIjLS/PCr)
Ix(l P,,Ls/Pcr)
=
= 87300x0.661
87300 x0.661
== 57705
cm4
cm4
Column
Gdumn ::
=
Ieff,c=
= 1(1
I,( 1-PuLs/Pcr)
= 87300 xO.884
x0.884
'L1LS'cr)
== 77208
cm4
cm4
135
rafter and
and column:
column:
LH rafter
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone:
Telephone: (013441
(01344) 623345
623345
Fax: (013441
( 0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
CDS
139
139
JobTitle
Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject

Example:
Tied Portal Frame
Client
Client
DETR
Page
by Made by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
10 of
of 23
Job No:
No:
Checked by
by
Made
CMK
Date
)ate
WIS
Date
)ate
Rev A
A
Rev
July 2001
July 2001
2001
11
K2=
25246 (15000)2
(15000)*
i
+
3x205000x57705x104
3 x 205000 x 57705 x lo4
K2=
( 15000)3
(15000)
3x205000x77208x104
3 x 205000 x 77208 x lo4
=
= 1/(0.01601
1/(0.01601 ++ 0.00711)
0.00711)
=
= 1/0.02311
U0.02311
1
=
= 43.3 N/mm
+
( 15000)3
(15000)
2x205000x87300x
iO3X205000X77241
3x205000x77241 x Xi04j
lo4
2X205000X87300Xlo4
55 (15000)
(15000)3
==
EK
+
+ 0.00711)
=
18.4
= N/mm
18.4 N/mm
frame:
=
= 43.3
+ 18.4
18.4 + 43.3
43.3 + 18.4
18.4
H == 0.005
0.005
=
N/mm
= 123.4
123.4N/mm
xX [Sum
ofthe
the column
[Sumof
column reactions]
reactions]
== 0.005x(650)
0.005 X (650)
=
= 3.25
3.25 kN
K = 3250/123.4
3250/123.4
Acrl
== 1/0.054
1/0.054
== EH/
EH/E K
== 26.3
mm
mm
== h/2007
h/200&
== 15000/(200
15000/(200 x 26.3)
26.3) =
= 2.85
Total
Total
1/(0.04715
17(0.04715
1) =
= 2.857(2.85
2.85/(2.85 -- 1)=
l ) = 1.54
1.54
Swaymode
Sway
mode magnification
factor Acrl/(Acrl
A1/(A1 -- 1)
Symmetrical mode
mode magnification
Symmetrical
The symmetrical
is taken
taken as the magnification
arising from
from
symmetrical mode magnification
magnification is
using the
the members.
Zeff =
= 1(1
Z ( l - PJLS/Pcr)
P,,Ls/Pc,.)of the
members.
the effective
effective inertia
inertia 'eff
2.2.3
2.2.3 Deflection
Deflection calculations
B.3.4
Sway deflections
D
.2.3
D.2.3
The
is calculated
the stiffnesses
The first-order
first-order sway
sway deflection
deflection X1
JX,,
calculated from the sum
sum of
of the
stiffnesses
K for each of
the
column
and
rafter
pairs.
(The
base
stiffness
of
nominally
of the column
rafter
(The base stiffness of nominally
pinned bases
bases isis not
the
not aa stability
calculation like the
not included
included because this is not
calculation of
,lcr)
of 2cr)
36
136
The
Steel
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 70N
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
Page 11
11 of
of 23
23
Jase
Job No:
Job No:
CDS
CDS 139
139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked Example:
Worked
Example:
Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
by
Made by
CMK
Date
)ate
Checked by
Checked
WIS
Date
)ate
Made
K=
K =
Rev
JRev
2001
July 2001
2001
July 2001
11
Sh2
h3
3EZR
LH rafter and column:

column:
Rafter ::
ZR
== 87300
87300 cm4
cm4
Column ::
I,
1,
== 87300
cm4
87300
cm4
1
K=
25246
+
( 15000)3
25246 (15000)2
(1 5000)*
(15000)
+
3x205000x87300x104
3x205000x87300x104
3 x 205000 x 87300 x lo4
3 x 205000 x 87300 x lo4
=
= 1/(0.01058
1/(0.01058 +
+ 0.00629)
0.00629)
=
= 1/0.01687
1/0.01687
=
N/mm
= 59.3
59.3
Nlmm
RH rafter
rafter and
and column:
column:
As LH rafter
and column
column
rafter and
Total
Total frame:
frame:
2K =
= 59.3
59.3
+ 59.3
59.3 ==
H
H =
= A
A, xx HULS
IfULS
== EH/2K
2If/ZK
118.6
118.6 N/mm
N1mm
=
= 2.12
xX 3.25
3.25 =
= 6.89
6.89 kN
== 6890/118.6
68901118.6
=
= 58.1
58.1 mm
=58.1mm
= 58.1 mm
sX,,=A
X1=J
Second-order
Second-order deflections
deflections
(oX1
OX) ++OXis{Acri/(Acr1
1)}
a*=
(8x1 m,,)
~ls{Acrll(Jcr,
1))
SX, =
= (22.1
(22.1 - 58.1)
58.1) +
+58.1{1.54}
58.1{1.54}
OX5
OX
SX, =
= (30.3 - 58.1) +
+58.1{1.54}
%.l{ 1.54)
SX,, == (49.1
(49.1 - 58.1) +
+ 58.1{1.54}
58.1{1.54)
X2
OX14
B.3.4
== 35.1mm
mm
=
mm
= 47.5
47.5mm
=
= 75.9mm
75.9 mm
137
137
First-order sway
sway deflections:
deflections:
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood Park,
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax.
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Job No:
No:
139
CDS 139
Job
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Tied Portal
PortalFrame
Frame
Client
DETR
Page 12
12
Page
Made by
by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
by
Checked
Made
SX,
XE
==
SX,
XF
58.1i1.54)
(67.9 - 58.1) ++58.1{1.54}
=
=
104.4 mm
104.4mm
58.1) +
+ 58.1{1.54}
58.1{1.54}
=
=
112.1 mm
112.1
= (73.0
(73.0
=
of
23
23
CMK
Date
)ate
WIS
Date
)ate
Rev
July 2001
2001
July
July 2001
July
b and
and "c"
care
areso
soclose
close to
to points
points D
D and
and EE that
that the
the deflections
deflections at
The hinges
hinges at "b"
at
hinges can
onon the
the Energy
the hinges
can be
be assumed
assumed to
to be
be at
at the
the same
samepoints.
points.The
Theeffect
effect
summation is insignificant.
Deflection at
at point
pointwhere
wherehinge
hinge a
"a" occurs
occurs
be
In the absence
at hinge
hinge a
"a" may be
absence of
of more
moredetailed
detailedanalysis,
analysis, the
the deflection
deflection at
as the
the mid-span
mid-span deflection
deflection of the section of
of the
the rafter between the haunch
haunch
to the apex. The bending
at the
the ends
ends of
of this segment
of rafter
rafter may
maybe
be
bending moment
moment at
segment of
wL2/16 hogging, which gives the midspan
midspan bending moment
moment equal
assumed to be
be wL2/16
to wL2/16
wLl16 sagging.
sagging.
taken
taken
At A,, ,, load
loadtransverse
toslope
transverse
to slope
At
2 wL4 =
384
Vertical
deflection
Vertical
deflection
EIff
=
kN/m
= 25.13kN/m
2 _________________
25.13(21610)
= 223.8 mm
384 205000x57705x i04
=
= 223.8
223.8 Cos
Cos 8
8
=
= 221.6 mm
=
= 31.1
31.1 mm
8
Horizontal
deflection
Horizontal
deflection =
= 223.8 Sin 8
The total deflection

deflection of
a is
is taken
taken as
as the
the mean
mean deflection
deflection of
of "a"
of C and
and D plus
plus the
the
deflection calculated above:

above:
dYa
=
= (oX0
(SX, +
+ OX0)12
SXD)/2 +
31.1
+ 31.1
2.3
Bending deflections
frame
Bending
deflections of
of the
the plastic
"plastic" frame
=
= (47.5 + 75.9)72
75.9)/2 + +31.1
= 92.9mm
92.9 mm
31.1 =
B.4
2.3.1
2.3.1 Stiffness
Stiffnessreduction
reduction factors
factors to
to allow
allow for
for P.O
P.6 effects
effects
LH column:
elasticframe,
stiffnessreduction
reduction factor
factor ('PtJLS/Pcr)
(l-PLJLs/PJ
As "elastic"
frame, stiffness
=
= 0.885
RH column:
elasticframe,
stiffnessreduction
reductionfactor
factor(1PULS/Pcr)
(l-PuLs/Pcr)
As "elastic"
frame, stiffness
1138
38
=
= 0.884
B.4.2
Deflection =
=
= 2.12 x
X 11.85
11.85
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
CALCULATION
SHEET
CALCULATION
SHEET
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
Job
!
BS
Portals
5950
BS
5950
Portals
5950Portals
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Tied
Portal
Frame
Tied Portal Frame
Client
DETR
Page
IPage
Made by
13
13 of
of
CMK
23
Date
late
~
EZ
)ate
Checked
by Z 7
WISG - Date
Made
Rev
July 2001
2001
July 2001
July
LH rafter:
rafter:
As
As elastic
"elastic"
frame,
frame,
stiffness
stiffness
reduction
reduction
factor
factor
(l-Puu/Pcr)
(1PjPr)
=
= 0.661
0.661
RH rafter:
hinge at each, so
so the
the stiffness
stiffness value is zero.
The RH
RH rafter
rafterhas
hasaaplastic
plastic hinge
2.3.2
2.3.2Second-order
B.4.3

factor 'crp/O'crp
herpl(Acrp
-- 1)
1)
deflection is
The notional
is calculated
calculatedfrom
from the
the sum
sum of
ofthe
the stiffnesses
stiffnessesKK of
the LH column and
and rafter
rafter pair
pair(the
(the RH rafter is hinged
hinged at
at each
eachend
endreducing
reducing the
stiffness to zero)
zero) and
and the
the LH and
and RH base stiffness:
stiffness:

column and
and rafter
rafter stiffness:
K
=
K2
2 =
I1
Sh2
S h2
D.3.5
____
3EIeffR
from base
Sway stiffness from
base stiffness:
stiffness:
D.4
D.4
I1
K=
b
+
2E4
3E4ff.c
C
LH rafter
rafter and
andcolumn:
column:
K2 and
and Kb
Kbare
are the
the same
sameasasfor
for the
the elastic
"elastic" frame.
RH rafter
rafter and
andcolumn:
column:
Kb
the same
same as
as for
for the
the elastic
"elastic" frame.
frame. K,
hinged
K,, isis the
K2isis zero because
because the rafter isishinged
at both ends.
ends.
Total frame:
EK
=
= 43.3 +
+ 18.4
18.4 +
+ 00 ++ 18.4
18.4
=
above
= 3.25
3.25 kN as calculated
above
==
80.1
80.1 N/mm
139
The Steel
Construction
Title
Institute
institute
Sllwood
Ascot, Berks
]QN
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
101344)
622944
Fax: (01
344)622944
Job No:
CDS 139
Job Title
Job
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
BS
Page
14 of
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
CDS 139 Worked
lPage 14
Tied Portal Frame
Subject
[ob
No:
DETR IM by
Client
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
=
H/K
= E:H/Z:K
3250/80.1
3250B0.1
ACT
=
= h/200
h/2006",
==
40.6)
15000/(200
15000/(200 x
X 40.6)
23
Made by
CMK
Date
)ate
Checked by
WIS
Date
)ate
kecked by
of
23
Rev
lRev
2001
July 2001
July 2001
=
= 40.6 mm
=
= 1.85
1.85
Swaymode
- 1)
1) =
= 1.85/(1.85
l.w(l.85
Sway
mode magnification
magnificationfactor
factorAcT/(Acrp
A/(A
1)
1)
=
= 2.18
from vertical loads

2.3.3
2.3.3 Deflections from
B.4.5
applied to
to the
the "plastic"
"plastic" frame
frame =
= (A,,
The loads
loads applied
(A,-- ,1)(loads
A,)(loads at ULS)
(Ap
- A)
A,) =
-
(2.28
2.12)
=
= 0.16
=
kN/m
= 0.16(9.36Cos28
O.16(9.36Cos28" +
+ 2.7OCos8)
2.7OCos8") =
= 1.90
1.90
kN/m
wp
WP
Sway
arises due
due to
to the
the rotation
rotation of
of the
the column
column without
without an
an adjacent
adjacent hinge
hinge caused by
This arises
rotation of
of the
the rafter
rafter spalming
spanning from
eaves to apex.
the end rotation
from eaves
wS3
wP s3
A
acrp
End slope
of the
the rafter,
rafter, R2 =
= slope of
24
R2 =
=
3.03
252463
3.03 x 25246
2.18
2.18 =
= 0.0155 radians
24
87300xxlo4
io
24 x 205000
205000 xx 87300
Horizontal
deflectionofofeaves
eaves =
= hOR
he,
Horizontal
deflection of tie
=
= 15000
15000 x
X 0.0155
0.0155 =
= 232.1
232.1 mm
== 14200 xX 0.0155
0.0155 =
= 219.7 mm
Drop of mid-rafter hinge

hinge "a"
"a"
Midspan deflection
deflection of
ofthe
rafter,R2
4,
the rafter,
w S4
s4
= 384iIs5 E IR A - 1
= -
wP
*up
Acrp
R2 =
=
"'
1.7
1.7 x 25246
252464
2.18
2-18
384
x i04
384 205000
205000 Xx 87300
87300 X
lo4
5
3LCrp-
crp
=
= 122.1
122.1 mm
X
deflection =
= R2
X deflection
S,, Sin
Sin at =
= 122.1
122.l x0.
xO. 139
139
=
= 17.0
17.0 mm
Y
deflection =
= R2
Y deflection
S,, Cos
a= 122.1
122. l xO.990
x0.990
Cos a'=
=
= 120.9
120.9 mm
140
1 40
24 EIR
EIR 3LCrp'crp 1l
The Steel
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Co
tist ru Ct ion
Construction
Institute
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject

Example:
Second-order
Tied Portal Frame
Client
DETR
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood Park,
Telephone: 1013441
(01344) 623345
Telephone:
623345
Fax:
(013441
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
byMade by
Date
)ate
WIS
Date
)ate
A)
A , ) (2.28
July 2001
2001
July
~
Checked by
Made
plastic frame
The loads applied to the
the "plastic"
frame =
=
-
Rev
CMK
2.3.4 Deflections
Deflections from
fromhorizontal
horizontal loads
loads
2.3.4
(Ap
(A,,
23
July
2001
July 2001
B.4.6
(A, -- A1)(loads
A,)(loads at ULS)
ULS)
(A
2.12)
2.12) =
= 0.16
ULS horizontal
horizontal load in this
this load
load case
case is
is the
the notional
notional horizontal
horizontal force
The ULS
H
NHF == 0.160
H =
= (A
(Ap -- A1)
A,) x
X NHF
0.160 x
X 3.25
3.25 =
= 0.52 kN
The sway deflection
calculated from
from the
the sum
sum of
of the
the stiffnesses
stiffnessesKK of the LH
is hinged
reducing the
column and
andrafter
rafterpair
pair (the RH rafter is
hingedatat each end
end reducing
the stiffness
stiffness
basestiffness
stiffnessofofnominally
nominally pinned
pinned bases
bases is
is not
not included
included because
because
to zero). The base
not aa stability
calculation like
likethe
the calculation
calculation of
ofAcr.
Acr.
this is not
K=
S/i2
'crp
3EI
3EIR
?crp
Thefirst-order
first-order stiffness
stiffness ofof the
rafter and
pair isis the
the same
sameasasfor
for the
the
The
theLH
LH rafter
and column
column pair
elastic frame:
"elastic"
frame:
1
S/i2
S h2
59.3
/i3
3EJR
K, =
= 59.3
59.3
xX
(1/2.18)
(1/2.18) =
= 27.2 N/mm
N/mm
Sway deflection
Sway
deflection== 520/27.2
520/27.2 =
= 19.1
19.1 mm
mm
Drop of mid-rafter hinge

hinge at
at a
"a"
sway deflection
deflection induces
induces an
an additional
additional deflection
deflection at
a
The sway
at the
the hinge
hinge point
point "a"
m2
=
sm2
*m2 =
MS2 A
16
EIR Acrp
where M =
7 . 8 106
106x25246
~ x252462
7.8x
16 X 205000 X 87300 X iO
lo4
16x205000x87300x
X deflection
deflection
=
=
dSm2
Sina
Sm2
H1 h =
)<
x 2.18
=
= 3.8
3.8 x
X 0.139
0.139
520
x 15000
=
= 3.8
3.8 mm
mm
=
= 0.5 mm
141
141
= 7.8 kNm
15
15 of
Page
JPa9e
The
Steel
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01344)
(013 4 4 ) 623345
623345
Telephone:
Fax:
(013 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Fax: (01344)
Page 16
16 of
of 23
23
Pae
Job No:
Job No:
CDS
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
Job
BS
Portals
5950 Portals
BS
5950
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Tied
Frame
Tied Portal Frame
Client
DETR
Made by
Made by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CMK
Date
)ate
WIS
Date
late
Checked by
by
== 3.8
3.8 x
X 0.990
0.990
Y
deflection =
Cosa'
Y deflection
= 2
dSrll2
Cosa
Rev
July 2001
2001
July
July 2001
2001
July
== 3.7
3.7 mm
mm
2.4
2.4 Apex
Apex drop
drop
B.5
B.5
the first-order
Apex drop from the
first-orderelastic
elasticdeflections
deflections
Apex
BB.5.2
.5.2
Ydeflection
Y deflectionat
at
A
A
A,,
6, =
= 252.9mm
252.9 mm
A, 1
S,,
Apex drop
dropatatULS,
ULS,5ULS
Apex
==1
6, / A1
a,
== 252.9/2.12
2~2.9/2.12
== 119.3
119.3 mm
mm
B.5.3
B.5.3
Apex drop
dropfrom
from curvature
tjC
Rafter transverse
transverse deflections
deflectionsatatULS:
ULS:
ULS
rafters
ULS transverse
transverse load onrafters
== 11.85
kN/m
11.85kN/m
Take
total
transverse
deflection
Taketotal
transverse
deflection
22 wS4
wsr4
== dCs2
== - _____
cs2
384
384 El
E l eeff,R
ff,R
22
1 1 . 8 5 ~ ( 2 1 6 1 0 )=~ 105.6mm
11.85x(21610)4
=- - ___________
= 105.6 mm
n2(6cs2)'
CS
shortening =
Takingshortening
= 7t2( 2)
Taking
4Sr
4Sr
m2(1O5
~ ~ ( 1 06l2
5 . 6=) 1.3
~
=- ________
= 1.3 mm
4x21610
4x21610
= 1.3/Sin
1.3/Sin 8
8 =
= 9.3
9.3 mm
mm
Apex drop
Apex
drop =
O
Calculate
Calculate the apex drop from increased
increased rafter
rafter axial force
force
(i)
(i)
of rafter
rafteraxial,
V,
Verticalcomponent
component of
axial, V1
== R1
PRISina
Sin a
== 919
919 Sin8
Sing" =
= 127.9
127.9 kN
kN
Reduced
(ii) slope
Reduced slope
(ii)
Drop
fromfirst-order
first-order ++curvature,
= 1
Drop from
curvature, d1
dl =
6, +
+ d/Sina'
d/Sina,
==119.3
119.3 +
8
+ 1.3/Sin
1.3/Sin8"
==119.3
119.3 +
+ 9.3
9.3
== 128.6mm
128.6 mm
Sr
S, =
= (25000
(25000 - 4000)/Cos8
4000)/C0~8" =
= 21400/Cos8
21400/C0~8" = 21610
21610
-
142
142
B.5.4
B.5.4
384
57705X
X i04
lo4
384 205000
205000 xX 57705
The
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Berks SLS
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot,
Berks
SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344)
(01344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
Job No:
No:
CDS
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
Portals
BS
BS 5950
5950Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Second-order
Worked
Worked
Example:
Example:
Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Tied
Client
DETR
17
17 of
Page
Page
Made by
by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CMK
Date
)ate
July
2001
2001
July
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
July 2001
Checked by
by
Checked
Made
Un-stressed
rafter rise
= 21206 Sin 8
Un-stressed rafter
rise above
abovehaunch end,
end,/z1
h, =
8"
23
== 2951
mm
2951 mm
Reduced
rafter
rise above
end,
= 2951
mm
Reducedrafter
riseabove
haunchhaunch
end,
h, h2 =
2951 -- 128.6
128.6 =
= 2823
2823mm
Reduced
rafter
slope,a;a' =
= Tan'
(2823/21000)
Tan-'(2823/21000)
Reducedrafter
slope,
(iii)
Reduced
Reducedvertical
verticalcomponent
component
(iii)
=
=
7.66
7.66"
of the
the rafter,
rafter,V2
V,
of
== Rl
PR,Sina
Sin a; =
= 919
919 xX Sin7.66
Sin7.66" =
= 122.4kN
122.4 kN
increase
Requiredincrease
Required
(iv)
== (V1
(V, -
in
axial
force, OPR
in rafter
rafteraxial
force,
6PR
V,)/Sin a'
a;
V2)/Sin
=
= (127.9(127.9 122.4)/Sina
122.4)jSin a; =
= 5.5/Sin7.66
5.5/Sin7-66" =
= 41.1
41.1 kN
kN
-
Resultant
increase in
in horizontal
horizontal
reactionatat
column
top,62
OH
Resultantincrease
reaction
column
top,
9,
(v)
(v)
=
= 0PR
6PRCos
C O Sa'&
=
= 41.1
41.1 Cos
C O Sa'%
=
= 40.7 kN
Resulting
increase in tie force, 06 T
T
(vi)Resulting
increase
(vi)
== 4000/Cos
4000/Cos a'
a
== 4039
4039 mm
mm
cc == 800
800 +
+ 4039(Sin
4039(Sin a'
a - Sin
Sin a'2)
a,)
== 824
824 mm
OT
ST =
= OH
SH,[(c
[(C +
+ hr)/hT]
h,)/h,]
(vii)
(vii)
== 41.1
41.1 (824
(824 +
+ 14200)/14200
14200)/14200 =
= 43.1
43.1 kN
kN
Horizontal
movement of
Horizontalmovement
of Z
due to tie
tie stretching,
stretching, SX,
0XT
Lateral
displacementofofthe
the end
endofofthe
thetie:
tie:
SX,
OXT
OTx
ST X halfspan
halfspan
== ___________
43.1
tO3X25000
x25000
43.1 Xx lo3
=- _______________
ATE
e
= 800
800 +
+ 4000Tan8
4000Tan 8
e =
SX,,
OXZT
== SX,T
ee ++ 1T
h,
'T
== 0.6
0.6 mm
93.1x100x205000
93.1 x 100 x 205000
=
= 1362
1362 mm
==
0.6
0.6
1362 ++ 14200
14200
14200
14200
143
1 43
=
= 0.6 mm
mm
length
Haunch
length
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood
(01344) 623345
623345
Telephone: (013441
Fax: (01
344) 622944
Fax:
(01344)
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Title
Job Title
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
BS
Subject
Subject

Second-order
Tied Portal Frame
Client
DETR
Made by
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
by
Checked
Made
(viii)
SffcC2(h,
HCc2(hT
+
+
CMK
Date
)ate
WIS
Date
)ate
Rev
2001
July 2001
July 2001
2001
- 40.7x103x8242x(14200
4 0 . 7 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ 8 2 4 ~ X ( 1 4++2 824)
824)
00 =
mm
=
= o.9
09 mm
C)
c)
x 205000 x 7724 1
3 x205000x77241
3EICff
3 Eleff.CC
from
increased axial strain:
strain:
Raftershortening
shortening
from increased
(ix)
SS,
SR
(x)
(x)
PL
PL
=-
AE
AE
=
-
SPRx S,
PRXSR
_____
=-
41.1 x lo3x25246
41.1x103x25246
ARE
ARE
1
4 4 . 0 ~100x205000
144.0x100x205000
= o.4
mm
=0.4mm
Increased rafter
rafter
drop
d,
Increased
drop dA
SX,
X
d,
dA
SX,, ++X
SX,, =
= 0.6 +
+ 0.9
0.9
Xz
=
= X
SX, /Tana2
/Tan&, +
+ Sr
SS, /Sina2
/Sina2
=
1.5
mm
1.5mm
=
= 13.7
13.7 mm
Revised
slope:
Revised rafter
slope:
d/Sina, +
+ dA
d,
++ J/Sina1
=
=119.3
+ 9.7
9.7 ++ 13.7
13.7
119.3 +
= S,
d,
d2
=119.3
=119.3
+
+ l.3/Sin7.66
1.3Kin7.66" +
+ 13.7
13.7
=
= 142.8mm
142.8 mm
= Sin'
Sin-' [(2951
[(2951 -
a2 =
Revised rafter
rafterslope
Revised
slope a2
142.8)/21206]
142.8)/212061
=
= 7.61
7.61"
Check
if d2
Check if
d2Id,
/d, is
is less
less than
than 11.03
.03
d, /dl =
= 142.8/128.6
142.W128.6 =
= 1.11
1.11 >
> 1.03
1.03 so repeat steps
steps (iii)
(iii)to
(xii)
to (xii)
d2 Id,
2nd
2nd(iii) Reduced
Reduced
rafter, V2
V,
vertical component of the
the rafter,
=
= RI
P,, Sina,=
Sina2= 919
919 x Sin7.61
Sin7.61"
=
=
121.7
121.7 kN
2Ild(iv)
(iv) Required
Required increase
increase in rafter axial
axial force,
force, PR
SP,
2'
=
= (V1
( V , -- V2)/Sina'2
VJSin a2
=
= (127.9(127.9 121.7)/Sin2
121.7)/Sin cx2
-
=
= 6.2/Sin 7.61
7.61"
=
= 46.7kN
46.7 kN
Resultantincrease
increase in
in horizontal
horizontal reaction
H,
22'ld
(v)(v)Resultant
reactionatatcolumn
columntop,
top,SH
=
= PR
dP, Cos
COS2
a2
=
= 46.3
46.3 Cos
COScx2
2
=
= 46.3
46.3 kN
144
144
(xi)
(xi)
(xii)
23
Horizontal
Horizontal movement
movement of
of ZZ due to column
columnbending,
bending, S,,
(xii)
18
18 of
Page
Page
//-
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
(01344) 622944
Fax: 101344)
Pae
Page 19
19 of
of 23
23
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Subject

Example:
Portal Frame
Frame
Tied Portal
Client
Client
DETR
Made by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
Made
CMK
Date
)ate
WIS
Date
)ate
Rev
frle
July 2001
2001
July 2001
July
6T
(vi)Resulting
Resulting increase
increase in tie
force, T
22"d(vi)
tie force,
Haunch length
a
4000/Cos a'
800 ++ 4039(Sintz
4039(Sina -- Sina'2)
SinaJ
=
= H
6 H c [(c
[(C +
+hT)/hT]
h,)/h,]
6T
T
=
= 4039
4039 mm
=
= 827
827 mm
=
= 46.3
46.3 xX (827
(827 ++14200)714200
14200)/14200
49.0 49.0 kN
kN
2nd(vii)
(vii) Horizontal
Horizontal movement
movement of
of Z2 due
due to
to tie stretching,
stretching, XT
SX,
2"
displacement of
of the
the end of the tie:
XT
sx,
Tx
ST X halfspan
halfspan =49.0 X i03
lo3X25000
49.Ox
x25000
=
-_________________
= ___________
144.Ox
100
x205000
1
4
4
.
0
~
100x205000
ATE
ATE
=
=
= 800 +
+ 4000Tan8
4000Tan8
= 1362
1362mm
mm
=
= 0.6
0.6 mm
X1 =
e +hT
XT
= 0.7 mm
hT
2'
2"d(viii)
( viii )Horizontal
Horizontal movement
movement of
due to column
of ZZ due
column bending,
=
6HCC2(h,+ c)
C ) - 46.3x103x8272x(14200
46.3 x lo3~ 8 2 7 ~ x ( 1 4 2 0++0827)=
827) = 1.0 mm
Hc2(h1
1.0 mm
3 x205000
x 205000 x77241
x 7724 1
3EIeff
3EIeff.cc
( ix ))
22nd(ix
shortening from increased

Rafter shortening
increased axial
axial strain:
6p~xsr
46.7X
103X25246
46.7X103X25246
PRXS
= 0.4 mm
- ________________
=
Sr
SS, = ______ =
ARE
ARE
2"* x ))
2'' ((
144.0~
100x205000
144.Ox
100x205000
rafter drop
Increased rafter
drop d,
dA
X
SX, =
= XZT
SX,, +X
+ SX,, == 0.7 + 1.0
1.0 =
= 1.7mm
1.7 mm
dA
6,, :
=
= X
S X , /Tan a'2
a2 +
+ S
6S,/Sin
/Sina'2
4
=
= 15.8
15.8 mm
145
145
The Steel
Construction
The Steel
Construction
Institute
SL5 7QN
7QN
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
Telephone: (01
(01344)
E22944
Fax: (01344)
(01344) 622944
Job No:
CDS 139
Job
Job Title
BS 5950Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
[ob
No:
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
CDS 139 Worked
(Page 20
Tied Portal Frame
Frame
Page
20 of 23
of
23
Rev
lRev
DETR
Client
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Made by
CMK
Date
late
Checked by
by
Checked
WIS
Date
Made
2001
July 2001
July 2001
xi)
2'ld (( xi ) Revisedrafter
rafterslope:
slope:
2c'
revised
d2 =
revised d,
= 1
6, +
+ J/Sina',
A/Sin a,++dA
d,
=119.3
= 119.3 +
+ 1.5/Sin7.43
l.VSin7.43" +
+ 15.8
15.8
=
= 119.3
119.3 +
+ 9.8
9.8 +
+ 15.8
15.8
=
= 144.9mm
144.9 mm
a, =
= Sin-'
Sin-' [(2951
[(2951 -- 144.9)/21206]
144.9)121206] =
= 7.605
7.605"
slope
Revisedrafter
rafter
slope a'2
2"d(( xii ))
2'
revised d2
d, /d2
/d, is less
less than
than 11.03
Check if revised
.03
revised d2
d, /d2
Id,
revised
=
= 144.9/142.8
=
=
1.01
1.01
The additional
additionalapex
apexdrop
drop was 1l %
% of
of previous
previous -- accept
this value
accept this
Second-order
axial
force inin rafters
rafters =
= P,
P,
Second-orderaxial
force
P,
+ 6P
=
= P,
P, +
+ 46.7
46.7 kN
kN
2.5 Axial forces for

for the
the energy
energy calculation
The total of the axial loads
columns is
P , which is
loads in the columns
is not
notaffected,
affected, so
so P,
P2 =
= P1
the mid-height
mid-height value
value calculated in 2.1 above.
taken as
as the
above.
LH col:
= 313 kN
P2 =
LH rafter:
P2 =
= 940 +
+ 46.7
46.7 =
= 987 kN
RH rafter:
rafter:
P2 =
= 940 +
+ 46.7
46.7 =
= 987 kN
RH col:
P2
= 314 kN
Pz =
The axial
axial force
force in
calculated in
above plus
plus
in the
the rafters
rafters is the
the first-order
first-order force calculated
in 2.
2. 1l above
second-order increase
the second-order
increase in
in force,
force, PR
6 P R , from 2.4 above
above
146
146
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
Job No:
'Job
No:
CDS
139
139
Job
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Tied
Tied Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Client
DETR
Page
IPage
by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
Made
21
21 of
of 23
23
CMK
Date
WIS
Date
late
Rev A
A
fr"
July 2001
2001
July 2001
2.6
2.6Second-order
Second-order Energy Summation
B.2.2
B.2.2
ox'
6x1
P
Oyl
Deflected
Deflected
position
Original
position
position
0y2
0x2
The
summation isis required
requiredto
to calculate
calculateA' MM following
The energy summation
following the methods in
B.2.2
B.2.2
147
147
Institute
Institute
~~,---
Silwood Park,
Berks SL5
Park, Ascot,
Berks
SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
101344)
Fax:
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
Fax: (01
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
BS
Subject

Tied
Portal Frame
Frame
Tied Portal
Client
DETR
Page 22
22
Page
for evaluation of Pc*phi*s*d(phi)

evaluation
ofElement
Element
for
Pc'phi*s'd(phi)
AB
Factor
Factor on
onlambda_p
lambda-p
lambda
lambda pp from
fromfirst-order
first-orderanalysis
analysis
lambda_M
lambda-M
75 9
75.9
-16.9
-16.9
75.9
759
75.9
75 9
0.0
0.0
75.9
759
104.4
104 4
1044
1044
1044
1044
28.4
28.4
929
929
47,5
47.5
92.9
45.4
0.0
00
219.7
2197
232.1
232 1
12.4
12.4
232
232 11
232
232 11
0.0
0.0
232.1
232 1
232.1
232 1
232.1
232.1
232.1
232 1
0.0
232
23211
0.0
232
232 11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
17.0
17.0
17.0
17,0
170
0.0
00
-17.0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
00
00
19 11
19
19.1
19.1
191
191
191
191
191
191
19.1
191
0.0
0.0
19.1
191
0.0
19.1
191
19.1
191
191
191
19.1
191
0.0
0.0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
05
05
0.0
312.9
312.9
0.0
63.8
101.4
101.4
0.5
0.5
00
00
-0.5
-0.5
5.1
5.1
0.5
0.5
00
00
803
803
80.3
80.3
144.9
144.9
64.5
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
221.6
221.6
0.0
0.0
221.6
0.0
00
0.0
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
120.9
120.9
120.9
120.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
426.6
8.0
8.0
14.1
14.1
312.9
3129
1.000
1.000
312.9
90.0
63.8
0.0
0.0
63.8
63.8
1.000
1.000
63.8
63.8
313.0
313.0
313.0
3130
313 0
313.0
313.0
986.2
20.0
430.5
20.0
430.5
90.0
90.0
312.9
00
00
97.9
97.9
bc
47.5
47.5
12.4
12.4
0.0
00
0.0
BC
Db
Db
aD bc
cE
35.1
351
Y-AXIS
Y-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
deflectionsfrom
fromapex
apexdrop
drop
Relative deflections
00
00
dya
00
dyb
dYb0 0
00
0.0
(dyb -- dya)
dya)
0.0
from the
the 'elastic'
"elastic"frame
frame
Deflections from
ofmid-rafter
mid-rafter
hinge
Drop of
hinge
dxa
dxa
0.0
0.0
dxb
dxb
0.0
0.0
0.0
(dxb - dxa)
dxa)
(dxb
Deflections from
from the
the"plastic"
"plastic"frame
frame
Drop of mid-rafter
loads
on on
rafter
mid-rafter hinge
hingefrom
fromtransverse
transverse
loads
rafter
dxa
dxa
0.0
0.0
dxb
dxb
00
00
0.0
(dxb -- dxa)
dxa)
(dxb
Drop of
from
sway
loads
ofmid-rafter
mid-rafterhinge
hinge
from
sway
loads
dxa
0.0
dxb
0.0
0.0
(dxb -- dxa)
dxa)
0.0
(dxb
Totals ofof(dyb
-- dya) at
[Totals
(dyb
atcollapse
collapse
0.0
0.0
WORK
WORK DONE
DONEIN
INROTATING
ROTATINGHINGES
HINGES
Element
d(phi)
for evaluating
evaluating
Mpr
Ca
Mpr d(phi)
MprA
MprA
MprB
MprB
MprA + MprB
MprA
Incremental
Incremental
rotn rotn == d(phi)
d(phi)
mechanism
from from mechanism
Mpr*d(phi)
IMpr*d(phi)
Ca
0.0
00
00
00
AXIAL
AXIAL FORCES
FORCES
columns
for
rafters
and
Pc
at ULS
Pcforcolumns
and rafters at
ULS
Second-orderincrease
increase
rafter
Second-order
in in
rafter
axialaxial
DesignAxial
Axlal
Design
llncremental
energyenergy == Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc*phi*s'd(phi)
llncremental
BC
BC
35.1
35 1
35.1
35.1
2197
219 7
219.7
219.7
SHORTENING
SHORTENING
psi (angle
(anglefrom X
X axis)
axls)
psi
[(dxb -- dxa)
L(dxb
dxa) at
at collapse]'Sin(ps~)
collapse]Sin(psi)
dya) at
at collapse]*Cos(psi)
collapse]'Cos(psi)
[(dyb - dya)
[(dyb
Dhl * sat
S at collapse
collaDse
phi
Incremental
d(phi) from
frommechanism
mechanlsm
Incrementalrotn
rotn== d(phi)
(Shortening == phi*s*d(phi)
IShortening
(modulus)
WIS
Checked by
Made
aDAB Ca
X-AXIS
X-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
frame
Deflections from the elastic
"elastic"
frame
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb -- dxa)
dxa)
(dxb
Deflections from the
the plastic"
"plastic"frame
frame
From tranverse
rafter
tranverseloads
loadsonon
rafter
Sway of top
topofofelastic
elastic
column
Sway
column
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb -- dxa)
dxa)
(dxb
Drop of
of mid-rafter
mid-rafter hinge
hinge
Drop
dxa
dxa
dxb
dx b
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
From
From horizontal
horizontalloads
loads
Sway
Sway
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
mid-rafter
hinge
Drop ofofmid-rafter
hinge
dxa
dxb
(dxb - dxa)
dxal
(Total
of(dxb
(dxb-dxalatcollaose
[Total of
- dxa) at collapse
Rev
Rev
July 2001
2001
July
IDate
Date
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CMK
Made by
by
23
of
of
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
19.1
191
0.0
0.0
00
0.0
00
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
67.4
39.0
1449
144 9
142 0
1420
July 2001
Date
GF
FE
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
1121
112 1
112.1
112.1
112.1
112.1
104.4
104.4
-7.7
-7.7
232
232 11
232.1
232.1
0.0
0.0
00
219.7
219 7
219.7
219.7
219.77
219
232.11
232
12.4
12.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
19.1
1
91
19.1
1
91
0_U
0.0
00
00
19.1
191
191
191
cE FE
19.1
19.1
00
00
0.0
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
389.9
39.0 43.71
389.9
207
207
00
00
00
00
19.1
191
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
43.71
00
00
-2.9
-2.9
142.0
142.0
20.7
-121.3
0.0
0.0
-20.7
-20.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
00
00
-221.6
00
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
120.9
120.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
0.0
-120.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
0.0
0.0
00
00
3.7
00
00
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-2.9
-2.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-121.3
-20.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-8.0
-8.0
-9.4
-9.4
-8.0
-8.0
-5.4
-5.4
-20.5
-20.5
-25.9
-25.9
422.4
436.5
1.000
1.000
436.5
939.5
939.5
46.7
986.2
-3.7
-281.7
80
80
0.218
60.7
60.7
-8.0
-5.4
-2.8
-8.3
0.218
1.8
-1202
-120 2
-129.5
0.174
0.174
22.6
939.5
939.5
939
939.5
46.7
46.7
986.2
986.2
986.2
59.8
59.8
939.5
46.7
46.7
986.2
1.8
1.8
939.55
46.7
46.7
986.2
22.3
0.7
07
-278.9
-278.9
-278.2
AB
aDbc
AB
BC
Ca cE
aD
0.0
0.0
00
00
0.0
00
869.2
869.2
00
869 2
869.2
00
0.0
00
8692
00
1738.4
869.2
869.2 869.2
0.0 869.20.0
869.2
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.218
0.218 1.000
1.000
0.218
0.0
0.0
869.2
189.5
189.5
00 672
672
2.280
2.280
1.532
1.532,
148
148
Db
Db
bc
869.2
00
869.2
00
869 2
8692
869.2
869.2 1738.4
0.174
1.000
0.218
0.174
302.8
189.5
302.8
189.5
1
000
1000
25.9
939.5
314.0
314.0
46.7
986.2
986.2
25.5
0.0
900
900
389.9
389.9
00
00
389.9
389.9
1.000
1.000
389.9
389.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.01
90.0
90.0
43.7
437
00
00
43,7
43.7
1.000
1.000
43-71
43.71
314.0
314.0
3140
3140
314.0
314.0
13.71
13.71 Sum =
122.4
122.4
cE
GF
GF
FE
869.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
869.2
1.000
869.2
869.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.000
1.000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11000
000
0.01
0.01 Sum
Sum ==
794
2420
2420
The Steel
Construction
Constructio
The Steel
Construction
S%..--
Institute
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(01344) 622944
622944
Job No:
CDS 139
Job Title
Title
BS
BS 5950
5950 Portals
CDS 139
Subject
l Subject
o b No:
Client
IPage
DETR
Made by
by
IMade
Checked by
tCcked by
2Mdb
= 2420 4
=2420q5
23
lRev
of
23
CMK
Date
late
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
2001
July 2001
B.7
2.6
2.6 Load
Load factor
factorat
atfailure,
failure,AM
A,,
=794q
Rev A
Second-order
Tied Portal Frame
Frame
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
EP2bsdq5
lPage
23 of 23
'M =
11
4
4
1,,2420
2420 q5
AM = 2.280
2.280 -1l + ( 794
+
4'5
l]
=
= 2.280x0.672
2.280X0.672
=
= 1.532
1.532
/lM >
so the
the frame
frame has
has passed
passed the
the check
check for
for in-plane
in-plane stability.
stability.
AM
> 1.0, so
149
149
1
50
150
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Stlwood
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(01344)
623345
Fax:
(01344)
622944
Fax: (01
344)622944
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
JobTitle
Title
BS 5950Portals
Portals
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portal Frame
Frame
Client
DETR
Page
fra9e
by Made by
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
Checked
Made
1.
1.
CMK
WIS
of
of 22
22
Rev
Rev
Date
May 2001
May
Date
Date
2001
July 2001
Date
INPUTFROM
FROM FIRST-ORDER
ANALYSIS
The calculations
calculations have
have been
been carried
carriedout
outusing
usingspreadsheet
spreadsheetsoftware.
software.The
The
numerical values
values presented
presentedbelow
below are
are the
the values
values from
from the
the spreadsheet
spreadsheet rounded
rounded
significant figures.
to a suitable number
number of significant
11.1
.1 General
General Arrangement
Arrangement
000
15000
15000
15000
6'
O
4 5 7 x 1 9 1 ~ 6 7UB
9400
4 5 7 x 1 9 1 ~ 6 7UB
"
3
0
I-
9350
N
' 2
0
N
NOmlnalIy pnned
-1-
Sprn
Span 11
Angle of rafters:
a, =
a1
=
Span 2
2
Spar
a2 =
= 6
6"
a2
Span
= 30 m
m
Span =
30
cos 66"
- 30.165
Developedlength
Developed
length of
of rafter
rafter =
= -=
30.165mm
column from
Height of column
from base
base to
toNeutral
NeutralAxis
Axisofofrafter
rafter =
= 10.0 m
151
151
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
70N
Stlwood
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Fax:
Job No:
CDS 139
Job
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
Sublect
Subject
Example:
Two-span
Two-span Portal
Portal Frame
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page 2
by
Checked by
Made
of 22
Rev
CMK
Date
)ate
May 2001
2001
May
WIS
Date
late
July 2001
2001
July
Loading
1.2 Loading
NHF
mm
zz?
spacing
Frame
spacing
Dead
Service
Imposed
Self Weight
NHF
NHF
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
7?n?
=
=6 m
0.100
0.100 xx 6.000
6.000 x 1.4
1.4
0.150
X
6.000
x
1.4
0.150 x 6.000 1.4
0.600 Xx 6.000
6.000 X
1.6
0.600
x 1.6
=
= 0.840
kN/m
along slope
slope
kN/m along
=
= 1.260
1.260
on on plan
plan
=
= 5.760
on on plan
plan
80 X
lo-* x
X 1.000
1.000 Xx 1.4
1.4 =
=
80
x 102
DevelopedLength
Length of Rafters
=
=
1.120
1.120
along slope
slope
along
30
=
= 30.165
30.165
cos 6
6"
Cl 2.4.2.4.
Notional Horizontal Force

Notional
Force
0.5% factored
factored load
load on span
span
0.5%
=
=
0.005
0.005 xX22xX[59.1
[59.1 +
+ 210.6]
210.61
=
= 0.5%
0.5% x
X 2
2 xX[30.165
[30.165 xX (0.84
(0.84 ++ 1.12)
1.12) ++ 30
30 xX (1.26
(1.26 ++5.76)]
5.76)]
kN
=2.7 kN
1152
52
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: 101344)
(01344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
of
of 22
22
33
Job No:
No:
139
CDS 139
Job Title
Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal Frame
Client
DETR
Page
IPage
bv IMade
IMade by
Rev
Rev
CMK
Date
late
May 2001
2001
May
WIS
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
1
.3 Plastic Hinge Incremental
Rotations
1.3
incremental rotation
rotation of the
the hinges are taken from the first-order
first-order
are the
the incremental
incremental
collapse mechanism (determined
(determined elsewhere).
elsewhere).These
These are
rotations
used to calculate the collapse
the frame using the classic
rotations as used
collapse factor
factor of the
classic
Rigid-Plastic
(Virtual
Work)
method.
Rigid-Plastic
method.

the instantaneous
analysis uses
uses the
the relative
relative magnitude
magnitude of the
instantaneous
rotations, so
so the
the absolute
absolute magnitude
magnitude of each rotation does not affect the
calculations.
calculations.
Where the analysis

analysis has been performed
performed by methods other
other than the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
method (e.g.
be
(e .g. by
by the Semi-Graphical
Semi-Graphical method), the
the incremental
rotations can be
deduced
the geometry
geometry of
ofthe
the frame
frame and
andthe
theposition
positionofofthe
thehinges.
hinges. It is
deduced from the
necessary to repeat
repeat the
the calculation
calculation of the
not necessary
the collapse factor by the
Rigid-Plastic
Mechanism
Failure Mechanism
The mechanism
mechanism will have
centres of
of rotation,
rotation, as
as shown
shown
have two instantaneous
instantaneous centres
below (locations
(locations of
of hinges
hinges determined
determined from analysis).
analysis).
1
I
/
/
\
\
\
,
,
;12
12
,,
,
,
I
\
\
,,
B
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
\
\
\
\
,,
\
\
1153
53
Checked by
by
Checked
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Institute
Institute
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood Park,
Telephone: 101
(01344)
Telephone:
344) 623345
623345
Fax: (01344) 622944
522944
Fax:
4
Page
4 of
of 22
22
Pae
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
BS 5950Portals
Portals
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
PortalFrame
Frame
Client
DETR
Made by
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
Made
Rev
CMK
Date
late
May 2001
WIS
Date
late
July 2001
2001
Node Locations (coordinates)

(coordinates)
Pt A
(0.0, 0.0)
0.0)
Pt
A-- (0.0,
=
= (0.0,
(0.0, 0.0)
Pt B -(0.0,
(0.0,10.0)
10.0)
PtB
=
= (0.0,
(0.0, 10.0)
(15.0, {10.0
(10.0 ++15.OTan6})
15.OTan6))
C - (15.0,
Pt C-.
=
= (15.0, 11.577)
11.577)
Pt D - (30.0,
(30.0,10.0)
PtD10.0)
=
= (30.0, 10.0)
10.0)
=
= (30.0, 0.0)
Pt F - ({30.0+15.0},
((30.0+ 15.01, (10.0
+15.OTan6})
15.OTan6))
{10.0 +
Pt
G - (60.0,
(60.0,10.0)
PtG10.0)
=
= (60.0,10.0)
10.0)
Pt
(60.0, 0.0)
0.0)
Pt H
H-- (60.0,
=
=
Pt EE -. (30.0, 0.0)
(45.0,11.577)
11.577)
(60.0, 0.0)
=
= (10.851,11.141)
11.141)
Pt a -. (10.9llCos6,
(10.911Cos6, {10.0
(10.0 + 10.9llSin6})
10.911Sin6))
Pt b -. ({30.0-2.993Cos6},
((30.0-2.993Cos6}, (10.0
+ 2.993Sin6})
2.993Sin6))
{10.0 +
=
= (27.023,10.313)
10.313)
Pt c -. ({60.0((60.0- 10.91
10.911Cos6},
10.911Sin6)) =
= (49.149,
(49.149,11.141)
11.141)
lCos6},(10.0
{10.0++ 10.9llSin6})
=
9.400)
= (60.0, 9.400)
Pt dd9.400)
- (60.0, 9.400)
K , ==
XE -- XA
(dx
dY)Aa
(dX'l
-
%)Eb
dY)Eb
[dY)A
( z)Aa
x,,=X
= x, ++
X
A
><
30.0 - 0.0
10.851 - ( 30-27.023
30-27.023
( 10.851'
(G)
10.313
10.313
11.141) -
=
= 0.0+(0.97397x23.760)
0.0+(0.97397~23.760)
= 23.759
23.759 m
=
=
= 23.142 m
Pt I, (23.142,
(23.142, 23.759)
23.759)
PtI1-
Centre of
of Rotation
Rotation12
I,
Find Centre
K 2
XH -- XE
xE
(dx
(dx
k dY)EC
( dY)Hd
- 60.0
60.0
=
- 30.0
30.0
-
(1.719)
(1.719) -- (0.0)
(0.0)
X12
= 60.0 (obvious
X,, =
(obvious by
by inspection)
inspection)
Pt
Pt 12
I, -. (17.454, 60.0)
60.0)
154
= 17.454
17.454 m
m
=
Find Centre of Rotation

Rotation I1
I,
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Job No:
CDS 139
Job
Title
Job
Title
BS 5950
5950 Portals
DETR
Client
by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
CDS 139
Page
5
Two-span Portal
Two-span
Portal Frame
Subject
IJob
No:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: 101344)
622944
(01344)622944
Page 5
Made by
by
Checked
by
of
22
of
22
Rev
lRev
CMK
Date
)ate
2001
May 2001
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
Hinge Rotations

rotation about
about AA as
as 8
0
6,
Ox
ex
= Ox
e x
=
r l l a'-
BE
Y,,
IIb
=
= &
e,, xx b'-
11.
141
11.141
23.759
23.759
yc
=
8
= 0.883
0.883 e
23.759
- 10.313
10.313
=
x 23.759
=
= 0.8830
0 . 8 8 3 ~X
0
= 1.151
1.151 6
10.313
10.313
Yb
012
11.141
11.141
1.1518
Y12-Yc
11. 141
17.454
11.141
= 1.151 Ox 1.765 = 2.0310
8eH= 0e,,- xx H
?2-'d
= 2.0310x
2.0318 X
17.454 - 9.400
17.4549.400
d'
= 2.031 8 x
0.857 =
9.400
1.740 0
Span 11
Span
=
= 122.3
122.3 kN
LH column:
at base
base
=
131.9 kN,at at haunch
=131.9
LH rafter:
at column
column
= 59.8 kN,
at apex
=
= 46.0
46.0 kN
RH rafter:
rafter:
at column
column
=
= 62.0
62.0 kN, at
apex
apex
=
= 48.2
48.2 kN
RH column:
column:
at base
base
==291.5
29 1.5 kN, at at haunch
=
= 283.3 kN
LH rafter:
rafter:
at column
=
= 62.0
62.0 kN,at at apex
=
= 48.3 kN
RH rafter:
rafter:
at column
=
= 60.1
60.1 kN,at at apex
=
= 46.3 kN
RH column:
at base
base
=
= 132.8
132.8 kN, at haunch
=
=
Span 2
155
122.6 kN
122.6
11.4
Axial forces
forces at
at ULS
ULS from
from first-order
first-order plastic
.4 Axial
plastic analysis
analysis
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
139
CDS 139
Job Title
Title
Job
BS
Portals
5950 Portals
BS
5950
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Two-span
Portal Frame
Client
DETR
70N
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
Telephone: ((01344)
01344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
Fax:
(01344)
66 ofof 22
22
Job No:
No:
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page
IPage
Made by
by
Checked
by
Checked by
Rev
CMK
Date
)ate
2001
May
2001
WIS
Date
late
July 2001
2001
July
1.5
1.5 Reduced
Reduced Plastic
Plastic Moments at ULS
ULS from first-order analysis
analysis
Use the reduced
for the co-existent
reduced moment capacity
capacity for the sections to account for
co-existent
axial force,
force,calculated
calculated in
:2000,Annex
Annex1.2.
1.2.These
These
in accordance
accordance with BS
BS 5950-1
5950-1:2000,
from section
section tables.
may be taken from
Mrx =
p Srx 1.2
Cl 4.2.5
p Z,,
For the
the axial
axial forces in
in this
this frame
frame under this
this load
load case
191 x 67
67 UB)
UB)
Mprrafters(457
rafters(457xx 191
=
= 404 kNm
M,,, external
columns
(457 (457X x191
Mpr
external
columns
191xx74
74UB)
UB) =
= 454kNm
kNm
11.6
.6 Load
Load factor at
at formation
formation of the
the first
first hinge,
hinge, A,
A,
From the frame

analysis output,
output, the load factor at the formation
of the
the first
frame analysis
formation of
is:
hinge is:
11.7
Plastic collapse
collapse
.7 Plastic
A,,
factor, A.

analysis, the
the plastic
plastic collapse factor
factor calculated
calculated by
by first-order
first-order
analysis is:
/l,== 1.122
1.8
1.8 Member inertias, I,I,
External
columns:
columns:
191 x 74
74 UB:
UB: I,
457x 191
=
= 33320 cm4
cm4
Rafters:
67 UB:
UB: I,
Zx
191 x 67
457x 191
=
= 29380 cm4
cm4
203
Internal column:
60
UC:
203x203
x203 Xx 60
UC: I,
= 6125
=
6125
cm4
cm4
156
156
1,=
= 0.957
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
70N
Silwood Park,
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
CDS 139
139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
7 of 22
Job No:
No:
Page
IPage
Rev
Made by
by
CMK
Date
)ate
by
Checked by
WIS
Date
)ate
Made
'"
May 2001
2001
May
2001
July 2001
11.9
.9 Deflections of frame at A1
A, (formation
(formationof
of the
the first
first hinge)
hinge)
The following
are from
from the first order
order frame
frame analysis output.
following deflections
deflections are
output,
S,,
XB
-33.0mm
-33.0 mm
S,, =
= -- 8.8
8.8 mm
S,, =
=
YB
0.6 mm
S,, =
= 234.7 mm
1.7mm
1.7 mm
XD
S,,
15.3
15.3 mm
S,, =
YD
=
S,,
xF
=
=
38.3 mm
S,, =
= 224.6
224.6
yF
S,,
xG
61.4 mm
yG =
S,,
mm
= 0.6
0.6 mm
2.
2. SECOND-ORDER
2.1 Axial
Axialforces
forcesin
inmembers
members
Use the average axial forces in the members, from
from first order analysis
span 11
Span
take mid-height
mid-height PuLs
ULS =
= (131.9
LHrafter:
rafter:
+ 46.0)/2
46.0)/2
take mid-length
mid-length P,,,
ULS =
= (59.8 +
=
=
52.9 kN
RH
rafter:
rafter:
take
mid-length P,,Ls
-t- 48.2)/2
take mid-length
ULS =
= (62.0 +
=
=
55.1 kN
RH col:
take mid-height
mid-height PLILS
= (291.5
(291.5 +283.3)/2
+283.3)/2
take
JLS =
=
= 287.4 kN
LI-I
rafter:
LHrafter:
take mid-length
mid-length PLILs
= (62.0
(62.0 +
+ 48.3)/2
48.3)/2
take
JLS =
=
= 55.2 kN
RI-I
RH rafter:
take mid-length
mid-length PLILS
(60.1 +
+ 46.3)12
46.3)/2
ULS =
= (60.1
=
= 53.2 kN
RH
RH col:
mid-height PuLs
+ 122.6)/2
take mid-height
ULS =
= (132.8+122.6)/2
=
= 127.7
127.7 kN
127.1
127.1 kN
Span 2
1157
57
+ 122.3)/2
122.3)/2 =
=
LHcol:
col:
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Job No:
CDS 139
Job Title
Job
BS 5950Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
[ob
No:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot,Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
70N
Silwood
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: (01
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
2.2
Second-order
Second-order
Worked Example:
CDS 139
lPage
8
Two-span
Portal
Frame
Two-span
DETR
Client
8 of 22
Page
of
22
Rev
lRev
Made by
CMK
Date
)ate
May 2001
2001
Checked by
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
Made
frame
Bending Deflections
Deflections of
of the
the "elastic" frame
2.2.1 Stiffness
Stiffnessreduction
reduction factors
factors allowing
allowing for
for P.O
P.6 effects
2.2.1
effects
A.3.2
Columns
stiffness of
of each
each external column
the stiffness
stiffness of the
internal
The stiffness
column differs
differsfrom
from the
the internal
column.Therefore
Therefore the
from the
the sum
sum
thereduction
reduction in
in frame
frame stiffness
stiffness is
is calculated
calculated from
of the
the columns
and the sum of the critical
the ULS
ULS loads
loads in
in the
columns and
critical loads of the
columns.
Sum of
127.1 +
of load
load in
incolumns,
columns,EPULs
W,,, = 127.1
+ 287.4
287.4 +
+ 127.7
127.7 =
= 542.2 kN
External
columns:
columns:
Nominal pinned bases

P,,
cr
=
= 33320
33320
cm4cm4
h = 10000 mm
a = 1.7
1.7
A.3.2
4Z,
h=
a=
A.2.4
=
= rc2EII(ah)2
7~'EZ/(ah)~=
= m2x205000x33320x104/(1.7x10000)2
7 ~ ~ x 2 0 5 0 0x 033320 X 10'41 .7 x 10000)' =
= 2333
2333 kN
Internal column:
4Z,
= 6125
6125
cm4cm4
=
hh == 10000
mm
10000mm
Nominally
pinnedbases
basesaa =
= 1.7
Nominally pinned
P,,
cr
=
= it2EI/(ah)2
7 ~ ~ E Z / ( a h=
=
) ~7t2X205000x6125
n2X205000~6125X
X 104/(1
.7 X 10000)2
10'V(1.7x
10000)2 =
= 429 kN
(1
(1 - EPULS
EPULs
/I$,,)
/p)
=
= (1
- 542.2/5094) == (1(1 -
0.147) =
= 0.894
1/(1
- EPULS
.CPU,, 'Pcr)
/Qcr) =
= 1.119
1.119
Rafters
A3.2
span 11
Span
Average ULS
PuLs = (52.9 ++55.1)12
55.1)/2
Average
I,
I,,
=
= 54.0 kN
=
= 29380 cm4,
cm', LL =
= 30165mm, a
a=
= 1.0
1.0
=
Pcr
PCr =
= 'TC2EI/(aL)2
TC'EZ/(~L)~
= 1t2X205000x29380x
7 ~ ~ x 2 0 5 0 0 0 ~ 2 9 3 81041(1.Ox
0 ~ 1 0 ' / (30165)2
1 . 0 ~ 3 0=
653
5 ) ~kN
=1 6653
Reduction factor
factor is given by:
( 1 - P " L S "cr)
/P,,) ==(1(1- 54.0/653)
54.01653)
(1-PULS
0.083) = 0.917
(1
- 0.083)
(1
1158
58
Sum of load in columns,

2333 =
columns, EP
2 P cr
,T
= 2333
2333 +
+ 429 ++2333
= 5094 kN
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 70N
7QN
Silwood Park,
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
Fax:
Pae 9 of 22
Job No:
CDS 139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
PortalFrame
Frame
Client
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CALCULATION
by
by
Made by
CMK
Date
late
May 2001
2001
May
Checked by
Checked
WIS
WIS
Date
late
July 2001
July
Made
span 22
Span
Average PLILS
= (55.2 + 53.2)72
53.2)/2 =
= 54.2 kN
Average
ULS =
=
= 29380 cm4,
cm4, L L
Z,
== 30165mm, aa == 1.0
= 653 kN
PCr = TC*EZ/(~L)~
= rc2x205000x29380x104/(1.0x30165)2
~ ~ ~ ~ 2 0 5 0 0 0 ~ 2 9104/(1.0~30165)2
380X
cr
rt2EI/(aL)2 =
=
factor
factor isis given
given by:
Reduction
Reduction
(1-PLJLS /Pcr)
(1
('PtJLs
/1cr) =
= (1
= (1
(1
54.2/653) =
= 0.917
0.083) =
2.2.2
2.2.2 Second
Second order
order magnification
factors
The notional
notional sway deflection is calculated
stiffnesses K
calculated from
from the sum of the stiffnesses
K for
each of the
the column and rafter pairs:
pairs:
Sway stiffness from
from column
column and
andrafter
rafterstiffness
stiffness
Sh
3EIeffR
D.2.5
h3
3E1
4ff,R
= 'R (1
Ieff, R =
(1 - P1cr)
/Pcr)
== 29380(1
29380 (1
Zeff.c =
Z, (1
(1- P/Pcr)
P/Pcr)
'eff.c
= Ic
== 33320 (1(1
30 165 x ( 1OOOO)*
30165x(10000)2
x 205000 x 2695 l X
x lo4
3Eleff,R 3 3x205000x26951
iO
3EIeffR
S/i2
Sh2
- -
54/653)
=
= 26951
26951
127.1/2333)
127.1/2333)
=
= 31505
0.01820
i00003
- -h3
h3 =
- __________________
10000~
______
==0.00516
0.00516
iO
3x205000x31505x
3EIeffC
3E&
3 X 205000 X 3 1505X lo4
K
K SSubi
ubl
0.01820
0.01820 ++ 0.00516
0.00516
= 42.8 N/mm
=42.8NImm
RH Rafter and Column

'eff, R = 'R
(1 -/P)
Zeff,c = I, (1
(l
'eff.c
= 29380 (1 - 54.2/653)
P/Pcr) =
= 33320
33320 (1
PIPcr)
-- 122.6/2333)
122.612333)
159
=
= 26944
=
= 31496
LH Rafter and
and Column
Column
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
CDS 139
139
Job
Job Title
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Subject
Example:
Two-span
Client
DETR
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot,Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
3 4 4 ) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Fax: (01
(01344)
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
30 165 x (10000)2
30165x(10000)2
205000 XX 26944
3Eleff,R 3 3 XX 205000
26944XXIlo4
3EIeffR
Sh2
Sh2
~~
10
10 of
of 22
22
Job No:
No:
Page
Page
by Made by
by
Checked
by
Made
==
Rev
Rev
CMK
Date
)ate
May 2001
2001
May
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
0.01820
h3
h 3 =-__________________
10000~
_____
___________________
==0.00516
0.00516
3EI,ff,c
x 205000 x 3 1496 xi04
IO4
x205000x31496x
3EICff
c 3
~~
K
Sub2
KSuh2
I1
0.01820 ++ 0.00516
=42.8N/mm
= 42.8N/mm
from nominal
nominal base
Sway stiffness
stiffness from
basefixity
fixity
K=!=
b
5/i3
D.4
h3
3EJe
K
Khbext
ext
(0.0366 ++ 0.00516)
= 23.9 N/mm
=23.9N/mm
Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness
'K
=
+ KSUb2
= K Subi
Sub I +
+KbCXI
Kb ext +
K Sub 2 +
+ KbCXt
K h ex1
H
H = 0.005 x [sum
[sumofof column
column reactions]
reactions] = 0.005 x
X [542.2]
[542.2] = 2.711
2.711 kN
H
2.711x1000
' ==
=20.31mm
=
EK
=
A
Jcr,
cr1 =
133.5
h
10000
h
-=10000
200
c5"2
200x20.31
200
x 20.31
2002
=2.5
= 2.5

magnification
[&]
1
Acr1
Acr1
=
= 1.7
1.7
2.2.3
Deflection calculations
calculations
2.2.3 Deflection
A.3.4
Sway deflections
D.2.3
m,,
The first-order
first-order sway
deflection X, isis calculated
calculated from
the sum
of the
the
The
sway deflection
from the
sum of
160
1 60
+ 23.9
+ 42.8
+23.9 ==133.5
'K =
= 42.8
42.8 +
23.9 +
42.8+23.9
133.5 N/mm
Job
Job No:
No:
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Institute
Title Job
Job Title
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone:
Telephone: (01
(01344)
344)623345
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
CDS 139
139
Page
Pae
11
11 of
of
22
22
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
BS
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Client
DETR
Made by
by
Made
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
by
'''
Rev
CMK
Date
)ate
May 2001
2001
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
stiffnesses
K for
for each
each of
of the
the column
colunm and
and rafter
rafter pairs.
pairs. (The
(The base
base stiffness
stiffness of
of
stiffnesses K
nominally pinned
pinned bases
bases is not included because this is not aa stability
stability
calculation
like the
the calculation
calculationof
of A,,).
'cr)
calculation like
K=-=
Sh
h3
Sub
Sub Frame
Frame 11 (Elastic)
(Elastic)
Sh2
=-Sh2
-
30165
30165x(10000)2
X (1OOOO)*
3x205000x29380x
3 X 205000 X 29380 X i04
lo4
3EIR
3EIR
== 0.01669
i'
- h3
h-3 =- ____________________
10000~
____
== 0.00488
0.00488
104
3 ~ 4 3x205000x33320x
3 X 205000 X 33320 X i04
3EI
11
K
Subi
KSubl
0.01669
0.00488
0.01669 ++ 0.00488
=46.4N/mm
= 46.4 N/mm
Sub Frame
Frame 22 (Elastic)
(Elastic)
K
Sub2
KSubZ
=
=
=46.4N/mm
N/mm
= 46.4
0.01669 -+ 0.00488
Total
Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness
=
= KsUbi
K Sub I ++Ks5b2
K Sub 2
ZK =
= 46.4
46.4
= 92.7 N/mm
+ 46.4
46.4 =
First-order
First-ordersway
sway deflection
deflection
OXiS
ox2
21H
A ~ H
==
0.957x2.711x1000
0.957X2.711XlOOO
92.7
92.7
2K1
Acr2
= (OX
OX ) ><
1
is
2cr2
y=y x
1
= 27.99 mm
=27.99mm
+ oxis x
Acr1
'cr1
Acr2
'cr2
161
161
A.3.4
A.3.4
As Sub
Sub frame 11
The Steel
Construction
Institute
//
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject

Example:
Two-span Portal
Portal Frame
Client
DETR
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(013441
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Fax:
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page
Pae
byMade by
Checked
Checked by
Made
12
12 of
22
Rev
Rev
CMK
Date
)ate
2001
May 2001
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
Values of oX1
S X , and
Values
and SY,
O)"are
aretaken
takenfrom
from first
first order
order analysis
analysis (See
(See Sheet
Sheet7).
7).
S,, =
= (-33.0
(-33.0 -- 27.99)
27.99) x
X 1.12
1.12 +
+ 27.99
27.99 xx 1.7
1.7=-21.1
mm
=-21.1 mm
S,, =
= 0.6 x
X 1.12
1.12 =
= 0.7mm
0.7mm
0XB
S,,
== (8.8
(-8.8 -
S,, == 234.7
234.7
0yC
27.99)
X
1.12++ 27.99
27.99Xx1.7
1.7 == 6.0 mm
X 1.12
xl.12
X 1.12 =
= 262.7mm
262.7mm
S,, =
= (15.3
(15.3 -- 27.99) x
X 1.12
1.12 +
+ 27.99
27.99 x
X 1.7
1.7
S,, =1.7x1.12
= 1.7 X 1.12 =1.9mm
= 1.9
mm
D
=
= 32.9 mm
S,, == (38.3 -- 27.99) xX 1.12

1.12 +
+ 27.99
27.99 x
X 1.7
1.7
S,, =
= 224.6 x
X 1.12
1.12 =
= 251.4mm
251.4mm
yF
=
= 58.7mm
58.7 mm
- 27.99) X
+ 27.99
x 1.7
S,, =(61.4
= (61.4 X 1.12
1.12 +
27.99 X
1.7
=
x
1.12
=0.6
0.7mm
S,,
=
0.6
X
1.12
=
0.7
mm
yG
=
= 84.5mm
84.5 mm
2.3
2.3
frame
Bending deflections
deflections of
of the
the plastic
"plastic" frame
A.4
A.14
2.3.1
2 . 3 . 1 Stiffness reduction factors
factors to
to allow
allow for P.o
P.5 effects
effects
the "elastic"
elastic
frame
as the
frame
External Column
RHS
Column RHS
(1 -- ULS
EPuLs/EPcr) =
= 0.946
Internal Column
(1 -- ULS
EPuLs/Pcr)
/Wcr) =
= 0.330
Column
External
Column LHS
(1 -- ULS
EPuLs/EPcr)
/ W c r ) = 0.945
Rafters:
the "elastic"
elasticframe,
usedusedaa =
as the
frame, because
becausethat
that
= 1.0
Span 1:
1:
(l-PuLs/Pcr) ==0.917
0.917
(1uLs
Span
2: 2:
(l-PuLs /Pc,)
(l-PULS
/I') == 0.917
2.3.2 Second Order

Order Magnification Factor
2.3.2
Sway mode magnification factor
calculated from
stiffnesses K
The notional
from the
the sum of the
the stiffnesses
K of
of
between plastic
the rafter and
and column
columnpairs
pairs between
plastic hinges
hinges and
and the
thebase
base stiffness
stiffnessofof
each column.
1162
62
Columns:
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QNJ
7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01344)
Fax:
(01344) 622944
622944
Page
IPa9e
13
13 of
22
I''
Rev
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Frame
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Made by
Checked by
Checked
Made
CMK
Date
)ate
May 2001
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
stiffness from colunm

column and rafter
stiffness.
Sway stiffness
rafter stiffness.
1
K2 5h2
D.3.5
h3
3EIeff c
3EIeffR
Sub Frame 1:
1: LH
LH Column
Column and Rafter Span
Span 11
Sh2 =x ( 10000)2
30165 x(10000)2
0.01820
= 0.01820
X
3
X
205000
X
26951
i04
3E1eff.R
X
205000
2695
1
lo4
3EIeffR
- -
h3
h3 =
10000~
iOOOo
______
__________________
== 0.00516
~0.005 16
3E1eff,c
3 3x205000x31505x
X 205000 X 3 1505 X io
lo4
3EICff
C
K
sub
Ksub
11 =
11
0.01820 + 0.00516
=42.8N/mm
= 42.8 N/mm
Internal Column and Rafter Span 2

Sub Frame 2: Internal
=
3E1eff.R
3EIeffR
- -h3
h3
33 E',,,.,
3 X 205000 X 26944 X lo4

3X205000X26944x
io
10000
10000~
=-
EI
K
sub 2
Ksub
30165 X(lOOOO)*
30165x(10000)2
3X
x 205000 X
x 2020 Xx lo4
i04
11
. =
=
0.01820 ++ 0.0805
==
0.01820
== 0.0805
10.1
N/mm
10.1N/mm
Nominal Base fixity

fixity
Kb--_
D.4
5/i3
3EICIf
External Column
Column
K
K bext
b ext
11
(0.0387
+ 0.00516)
=22.8N/mm
= 22.8 N/mm
1163
63
S/i2
Sh2
- -
Job No:
The Steel
Construction
Title Job
Job Title
Institute
BS 5950
5950 Portals
Portals
BS
14
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
CDS 139 Worked
IPage 14
Two-span Portal
Portal Frame
Client
DETR
by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Pae
Subject
IJob
No:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 ]QN
7QN
Silwood
344) 623345
623345
Telephone: (01
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
CDS 139
of 22
of
22
lRev
Made by
CMK
Date
)ate
May 2001
2001
May
Checked by
Checked
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
Made
Internal
Internal Column
Column
K.
Kbb ==
int
rn
1
=1.5N/mm
= 1.5N/mm
(0.2106
+
0.0805)
(0.2106 + 0.0805)
Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness
CK =
= K
K sub
sub I +
+ Kb
K b ext
ex1 +
+ KK sub
sub 2
2 ++ Kb
Kb ml
int +
+Kb
Kb ext
ext
+1.5
22.8 =
CK =
= 42.8
42.8 +
+ 22.8
22.8 + 10.1
10.1 +
1.5 + 22.8
= 100.0N/mm
N/mm
EH
CH
d,,pfl ==
= -
K2
ZK2
crp
2.711x1000
2.711 x1000 =27.1mm
= 27.1 mm
110.0
110.0
=
10000
2OOo 200x27.1
D.3.5
=1.84
Sway mode
mode magnification
I&]
A
crp
=
= 2.185
2.185
Acrpl
2.3.3
Deflections
Deflections of
ofthe
the plastic
"plastic" framefrom
from
gravity
gravity
loads
loads
The loads applied

to the
the plastic
"plastic"frame
frame =
= (4
applied to
(Ap- A1)(loads
A,)(loads at ULS)
ULS)
aretaken
taken from
from the
the first
first order
order plastic
plastic analysis
analysis
A, and A1
A,are
(1.122 -- 0.957) =
= 0.165
A,) =
(A,,,
(Ap - A,,) =
Slope
ofrafters
raftersa,
a=
= a'.,
Slope of
a? == a =
= 6,
6 , giving
giving Cosa
Cosa' =
= 0.9945
Service load and imposed
imposed load
load are
are specified
specified on
"on plan",
plan,
ULS,
at ULS,
w , , ~=
=
, ~1.26
1.26
~
+ 5.76
5.76 == 7.02kN/m
kN/m
giving aa transverse
transverse load on the "plastic
plastic frame"
frame
=
= (A
(Ap
A , ) ( W , ~ , ~at, ~ULS)Cos2a
U~s)Cosa
i)(1v.pian
=
x 7.02(0.9945)2 =
= 1.15 kN/m
= 0.165 X7.02(0.9945)2
kN/m
164
1 64
Loads
Job No:
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Institute
institute
%K--
JobTitle
Title
Subject
1Subject
0 1 NO:
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood Park,
Telephone: 101344)
(01 344)623345
623345
Telephone:
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Fax: ((013441
CDS 139
15
of
22
of
22
Rev
BS 5950 Portals
Second-order
Second-order
Worked Example:
CDS 139
lpage 15
Two-span
Portal Frame
Two-span Portal
DETR
Client
jPa9e
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CALCULATION
IRev
Made by
by
CMK
Date
)ate
May 2001
2001
May
Checked by
Checked
by
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
July 2001
Made
Dead load and self-weight

Dead
self-weight are
are values
values "along
along the slope",
slope,
slope== 0.84
0.84
ULS, Wv
w,,,lope
at ULS,
+ 1.12
1.12 =
= 1.96 kN/m
giving a transverse load on the "plastic

frame"
plastic frame
=
= (Ar,
(A, -
A,)(W,,,lope
A1)(w55100
at ULS)Cosa
ULS)COSCX
=
= O.165x1.96x0.866
0 . 1 6 5 ~ 1 . 9 6 ~ 0 . 8 6 6=
= 0.32 kN/m
Summing loads
Summing
loads from
from components
components on
"on plan
plan" and
and along
"along the
the slope,
slope",
wp
w,
= 1.15
1.15
+ 0.32
0.32 =
= 1.47
1.47 kN/m
A.4.5
Sway
This arises
arises due
due to
to the
the rotation
rotation of
of the
the column
column without
without an
an adjacent
adjacent hinge.
hinge.
First-order end
rafter as a simply supported
supported beam,
@R =
=
First-order
end slope of the rafter
beam, 8R
w
wp S3
s3
24
24 EI
EIR
wp s3
ACT
Second-order
Second-order end
end slope
slope of
of the
the rafter, R2
OR, == A
24 ER
l)
( crp - 1]
E
E = 205000
=
I,
N/mm2
N/mm2
=
= 29380
29380 cm4
cm4
8em=
1.47 x 30165
301653
24
x 29380
x i04
24 x
X 205000
205000 X
29380 X
lo4
xX 2.185
2.185 == 0.06087 radians
B, B,
C,C,
DD =
Horizontal
deflectionofofPoint
Point
= he,
=
= 10000
10000 x 0.06087
0.06087 =
= 608.7 mm
Mid-span drop
drop
Mid-span
Deflection given
value for
for simply
simply supported
supported beam of span equal to the
given by value
developed length
length of the rafters.
rafters,
developed
span 1:
1:
Span
wS4
b23 El A 'crp-1
crp
1165
65
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
S1-5 70N
7QN
Telephone: 101344)
(01344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
139
CDS 139
Job
J o b Title
BS 5950Portals
Portals
Subject

Examde:
Second-order
Two-span
Portal Frame
Two-span Portal
Client
DETR
Page
by
Made
CALCULATION SHEET
CALCULATION
o*b2b2 == 384
5 xx
384
16
16 of
of 22
Job
J o b No:
No:
by
1.47
1.47 xx 30165
301654
Rev
CMK
Date
)ate
May 2001
2001
May
WIS
Date
late
July 2001
2001
July
2.185 = 573.8 mm
x
X 2.185 = 573.8
mm
205000
205000 x 29380 x lo4
i04
573.8
B2
dB* =-- =
573'8 =577.Omm
= 577.0 mm
o&apex
= ____
apex
cos a
0.9945
Span 2:
2: asasSpan
Span 11
A.4.5
Spread
This is caused
caused by
by the
the drop
drop of the angle
angle in
in the
the rafter
rafter which
which is
is at
at the
the apex
apex in
in this
this
Because this
this frame
frame is aa symmetrical
symmetrical pitched
frame. Because
pitched roof
roof portal,
portal, the
thedrop
dropof
of
calculated above.
the angle is the
the mid-span
span 1:
1:
Span
Full span
span0spread
Sspread
=0B2
& (Sina1
(Sina,
=
Full
+ Sina2)
Sind;) =
= 0B
S, (2Sin
6")
(2Sin 6)
=
= 573.8(2
573.8 (2 xX 0.1045)
0.1045)
&spread = =
S,, Sin
Sin aa1
, =
= 573.8
Half span
span 0spread
Half
052
=
= 120.0mm
120.0
mm
x 0.1045
0.1045 =
= 60.0 mm
X

displacement
The hinge occurs at the underside of the
the haunch, which
which is at a distance
distance from
the neutral axis of

of the
the rafter,
rafter, causing
causing an
anadditional
additional horizontal
horizontal displacement.
displacement.
Second-order
endslope
slopeofofthetherafter,
rafter,Om
O == 0.06087 radians
Second-order end
below the
10000 -- 9400
Off-set of the hinge below
the rafter, e == 10000
deflection
Horizontal
deflection of Point M
(Sheet 15)
=
= 600mm
mm
== eO
eOR
=
mm
= 600 x 0.06087
0.06087 =
= 36.5
36.5mm
2.3.4 Deflections
Deflections of the "plastic"
"plastic" frame
frame due
due to
to horizontal
horizontal loads
Loads
unfactored loads applied
applied to the "elastic frame" included
included the horizontal
horizontal
The unfactored
in proportion
proportion to
the ULS
ULS loads,
loads, so
so the
the additional
horizontal
loads and
and were
were in
to the
= (A,,
(Ap -- 21)(loads
A,)(loads at ULS)
ULS)
plastic frame
load on the plastic
frame =
1 66
166
A.4.6
Span 2:
2: asasSpan
Span 11
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(01344) 622944
622944
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
5950Portals
BS 5950
Portals
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Frame
Two-span Portal
Portal Frame
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CALCULATION
Made by
by
IMade
Checked by
Checked
(Ap (2,
A,) == (1.122
(1.122 --
0.957)
22
Rev
CMK
Date
)ate
May 2001
2001
May
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
July
2001
July
Page
IPage
by
17
17 of
of
=
= 0.165
Slope of
of rafters
raftersa,
a' = q == ixa =
= 6,
6", giving
giving Cosa
Costx =
= 0.9945
Slope
Sway
A.4.6
Total of
forces
Total
ofcolumn
column
forces =
= 542.2 kN
(Sheet 8)
0.5%
0.5%
of total
total of
of column
columnforces
(elastic
frame)
0.005~542.2 =
= 2.7
2.7 kN
x of
forces
(elastic
frame) =
= 0.005x542.2
(Sheet 2)
Additional horizontal
horizontal load on plastic
plastic frame
frame
H == 0.165 x
X 2.7
2.7 xX 1000
1000 == 447N
447N
the sway
sway deflection
For a multi-span
multi-spanframe,
frame, the
calculatedfrom
from the
the sum
sum of
of the
the
stiffnesses K for
for each of the
the spans:
spans:
1
K=
K, =
Sh2
S h2
3EIR
K
sub
Ksub
h3
3EI
1
sS h 2
11
xX
'crp
11
=-
0.0167 ++ 0.0055
0.0055
j3
=45.1
= 45.1
K
%ub
=
2 =
11
Sh2
S h2
11
h3
0.0167
0.0167 ++ 0.0297
=21.5
= 21.5
3EZR
Stiffness
Total Frame Stiffness
+K
K5 K Ksub
sub iI +
K sub 2
X
= 45.1
=
45.1
+
+ 21.5
21.5 =
= 66.6 N/mm
Second-order least sway deflection of

Second-order
of the column top
2
H = __________
0.447x1000 x 2.185
K5
66.6
14.7 nini
1167
67
3EIR
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Job No:
CDS 139
Job Title
Title
Job
BS
Portals
5950 Portals
BS
5950
Subject
IJob
No:
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
Silwood
(01344) 623345
Telephone: 1013441
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Client
Cllent
18
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
CDS I39 Worked
IPase 18
Two-span
Portal
Frame
Two-span
Portal Frame
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CALCULATION
Page
of 22
of
22
Rev
Rev
Made by
by
CMK
Date
late
May 2001
2001
May
Checked by
by
WIS
Date
late
2001
July 2001
Made
Mid-span drop
Second order sagging
sagging deflection
deflection of a straight rafter:
rafter:
ML2
ML,"r
Lsm22 =
crp
lcrp
where
where M
M =
=E
Z H.
Hih1
hi
1
Acrp
2crp - 1
16EIR
16E1,
.H
Hi is the
the proportion
proportion of the
the horizontal force
force carried
carried by each sub frame
frame
calculated as a proportion
proportion of
of the
thestiffness
stiffnessK2.
KZ.
Sub frame 1:
1:
apex of rafter
rafter span
span 11 due
due to
to horizontal load.
Drop in the apex
load.
...
?m2
o.
srn2
=
=
0.293 x 1000
1000 xx10000
10000(30165)2
(30165)2
16
16 x
X
205000
205000 xX 29380x
29380 X i04
IO4
x 2.185
2. 185 == 6.1
6.1 mm
Sub frame 2:
2:
in the
the apex
apex of rafter
rafter span
Drop in
span 22 due
duetotohorizontal
horizontalload.
load.
o*m2
sm2
==
0.154
x 1000
1000xx10000
10000(30165)2
(30165)2
x 2.185
2. 185 = 3.2 mm
~
x 205000
i0
205000 Xx 29380x
29380X lo4
16
16 X
Spread
span 1:
Span
Full spanspread
spread
=
= Osm2
SsmZ
(Sinal +
SinaJ =
6.1 (Sin
(Sin 6"
Sin 6)
6")
6 +
+ Sin
(Sina'1
+ Sina'2)
= 6.1
=
= 6.1
6.1 (0.1045
(0.1045 ++ 0.1045)
1.3 mm
0.1045) =
= 1.3mm
Half span
spread
Half
span
spread = 06
(Sina,) =
= 6.1
6.1 (Sin 6)
6")
(Sina')
=
= 6.1 (0.
(0.1045)
1045)
=
= 0.6mm
0.6 mm
span 2:
Span
Fullspan
spread
(Sina, ++ SinaJ
(Sin 6"
Sin 6)
6")
6 +
+ Sin
Full
span
spread =
= 6 sm2 (Sina'1
Sinz2) =
= 3.2 (Sin
=
1045++0.1045)
0.1045) =
= 0.7mm
= 3.2 (0.
(0.1045
0.7 mm
Half-spanspread
= 6 sm2 (Sina'1)
(Sinal) =
= 3.2 (Sin 6")
6)
Half-span
spread =
=
= 3.2 (0.1045)
=
= 0.3mm
0.3 mm
1168
68
...
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Institute
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
19
19 of
of 22
22
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
Job
BS
Portals
5950 Portals
BS
5950
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Frame
Client
Client
DETR
DETR
Silwood Park,
Park,Ascot,
Ascot,Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
Ie
Job
Job No:
No:
Page
'"
M a d e by
by
CMK
Date
)ate
2001
May 2001
Checked
Checked by
WIS
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
2001
July
Made
2.4
2.4 Axial
Axial forces
forces for
for the
the energy
energy calculation
calculation
The total of the
the axial
axial forces in
in the
the columns
columns is not
not affected
affected by
by second-order
second-order
effects because
because of vertical equilibrium,
equilibrium, so Pz
P2 =
= P1
as the
P, which is taken as
mid-height value
value calculated
calculated in 2.2 above.
above.
Column Forces
Forces
span 1:
1:
Span
LH col:
col:
take
mid-height
= 127.1
127.1 kN
take mid-heightPzP2 =
RH col:
take mid-heightPzP2 =
take
mid-height
= 287.4 kN
7)
(Sheet 7)
span 2:
2:
Span
RH col:
col:
take
mid-height
take mid-heightPzP2 = 127.7 kN
Rafter
Rafter Forces
Forces
The rafter
rafter axial
axialforces
forcesare
areaffected
affected by the
the drop
the rafters
mid-span.
drop of
of the
rafters at mid-span.
Span 1:
Increase
i'hla)]l} =
= {1/[1(845.7/11577)J
Increase ininP2P2 =
= {1/[1(a
{l/[l-(da/ha)]-l}
{1/[1-(845.7/11577)]
l}
1}
=
= 0.079
LH rafter: take mid-length P
P1, =
= 52.9 kN
Mid-span
axial==46.0
46.0 (sheet
(sheet5),
5), giving
giving PA
Pzi increase
increase =
= 0.079x46.0
Mid-span axial=
0 . 0 7 9 ~ 4 6 . 0=
= 3.6 kN
P,
P2 =
= 52.9
52.9 + 3.6
3.6 =
= 56.5 kN
mid-length
P,
RHrafter:take
rafter:take
mid-length P1
== (62.0
(62.0 + 48.2)/2
48.2)/2 =
= 55.1
55.1 kN
Mid-span
axial =
= 0.079x48.2
Mid-span axial
= 48.2(Sheet 5).
5 ) , giving
giving Pzi
PA increase
increase =
0 . 0 7 9 ~ 4 8 . 2=
= 3.8
3.8 kN
P2
Pz =
= 55.1
55.1 + 3.8
3.8 =
= 58.9 kN
span 2:
Span
Totalmid-span
dropdrop =
= 831.5
831.5 mm
Total
mid-span
169
Totalmid-span
dropdrop =
845.7 mm
Total
mid-span
= 845.7
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Page 20
of 22
IPage
20 of
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
139
Job
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950Portals
Portals
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Two-span
Frame
Client
DETR
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 70N
7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax.
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Made by
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
Made
Increase
= {1I[1(831.5/11577)1
Increase ininPzP2 =
= {1/[1(o
{l/[l-(6a /ha)]1}
/ha)]-l} =
{1/[1-(831.5/11577)]
CMK
Date
)ate
2001
May
2001
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
l}
I}
=
= 0.077
rafter:take
P , = (62.0
(62.0 ++ 48.3)/2
LH rafter:
take mid-length
mid-length P1
48.3)/2
Mid-span axial
P2
P2
= 55.2 kN
3.7 kN
giving Pzl
P A increase
increase =
0.077X48.3= 3.7
kN
48.3, giving
= 0.077x48.3=
=
= 55.2 +
+ 3.7
3.7
=
= 58.9
58.9 kN
RH
rafter: take
mid-length
= (60.1
46.3)/2 =
RH rafter:take
mid-length
P, P =
(60.1 +
= 53.2 kN
+ 46.3)/2
Mid-span
axial =
= 46.3, giving
= 3.6
= 0.077x46.3
Mid-span axial
giving PPJ
A increase
increase =
0.077X46.3 =
3.6 kN
P2
P2
=
+ 3.6
= 53.2
53.2 +
== 56.8
56.8 kN
2.5
2.5 Second-order
Second-order Energy
Energy Summation
a>"
oy!
Deflected
position
Original
position
y2
>'2
the second
second order
order energy summation.
The following spreadsheet shows the
summation.
170
1 70
Rev
Rev
Institute
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
B e r k sSL5
SL57QN
7QN
Telephone:
Telephone: (01344>
(01344)623345
623345
Fax:
622944
Fax: (01344>
(01344) 622944
CDS 139
139
Job Title
Title
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject

Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
AB
WORK
WORK DONE
DONEIN
INROTATING
ROTATINGHINGES
HINGES
Element
Element for
for evaluating
evaluatingMprd(phi)
Mprd(phi)
MprA
MprA
MprB
MprB
MprA ++ MprB
MprB
MprA
Incremental
Incremental roth
rotn =
= d(phi)
d(phi) from
frommechanism
mechanism
Mpr'd(phi)
IMpr*d(phi)
Checked by
Checked
-21.1
-21
845
60
60
27.1
27.1
329
27.0
Date
Date
FG
FG
dG
Hd
Hd
6.0
6.0 5 8 7 00
00
32.9
329
587
32.9
32.9
25.7
25.7
58.7
84
84 55
26.9
25.9
84.5
329
00
00
84
84 55
84.5
84.5
00
00
6087
6087
6087
608.7
608.7
0.0
0.0
6087
6087
608.7
608.7
6087 6087 6087 00
0 0 6087
6087
608.7
6087
608.7
608.7
608.7
6087 6087
608 7
608.7
0.0
608.7
0.0
608.7 0.0 0.0
0.0
608.7
0.0
00
0.0
1200
00
0.0
60.0
0.0
00
00
00
00
0,0
0.0
120.0
60.0
60.0
0 0239.9
1200
60.0
1200
179.9
600 239.9
1200 239.9
179.9
60.0
60.0
120.0
60.0
60.0
120.0
0.0
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
00
147
00
147
14.7
1 4 7 1 4 714.7
147
14.7
0.0
0.0
14.7
14.7
14.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
14.7
14.7
0.0
00
0.0
00
0.0
0.01 3 06
0 61.9
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.6
602.2
87.7
602.2
06
06
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
239.9
239.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
365
365
00
00
147
14 714.7 14.7
14.7
14.7
147
0.0
0.0
13
13
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.9
0.3
0.3
86.0
86.0
0.3
0.3
86.2
0.0 9
1.9
1
251.4
1.9
1.9
1.9
249.5
1.9
251.4
251.4
0.0
0.0
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.3
0.6
1.3
1.3
87.6
777.5
777.5
0.0
0.0
179.9
179.9
239.9
60.0
60.0
14.7
147
0.0
14.7
74.7
845
845
0.0
0.0
0.7
-250.7
0.0
00
-239.9
-239.9
-36.5
-36.5
14.7
14.7
14.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
14.7
147
14.7
1.9
19
1.9
1.9
0.0
-36.5
-36.5
00
00
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
506.41
506.41
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
07
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
577.0
577.0
577.0
577.0
577.0
577.0
0.0
0.0
-577.0
-577.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
577.0
577.0
577.0
577.0
577.0
577.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-577.0
-577.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.0
0.0
6.1
6.1
6.1
845.0
845.0
6.1
6.1
0.0
0.0
-6.1
-6.1
-843.8
-843.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
1.9
0.0
0.0
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
829.6
829.6
3.2
3.2
0.0
0.0
-3.2
-3.2
-830.8
-830.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
00
00
90.0
90.0
602.2
602 2
00
00
6022
602 2
1.000
1.000
1.000
602.2
602.2
66 00
9.2
9 2
-6.0
-6.0
-9.2
-9.2
900
900
777.5
777.5
0.0
0.0
7775
777 5
1.151
1.740
2.031
2.031
1.151
1.151
6.0
6.0
9.0
9.0
-60
-6 0
90.0
90.0
506.4
506.4
834.0
834.0
-835.3
1.151
960.1
960.1
2.031
1696.7
1696.7
90.0
90.0
-36.5
-36.5
0.0
0.0
-36.5
-36.5
2.031
74.2
74.2
55.1
2874
55.2
2874 127
127.7
53.2
55.2
831.5
845.7
845.7
831.5
11577
11577
00 0.077
079
0.077
079
0.077
48.3
482
46.3
48 2
33 88
6 3.7
3.7
58.9
58.9
287.4
58.9
58.9
287.4
44.1
257.2
56.5
44.1
257.2 96.3
56.5
53.2
831
831 55
11577
11577
0.077
46.3
36
3
127.7
12777
56.8
127.7
127.7
96.3
9.5
9.5
ab
ab
404.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
808.0
808.0
0.883
0.883
713.3
713.3
cG
cG
404.0
404.0
0.0
0.0
404 0
2031
2031
820.7
820.7
dG
454.0
0.0
454.0
2.031
2.031
922.2
AB
0.0
0.0
00
00
11000
000
0.0
0.0
8404
8404 -839
-83911
849.5
849.5
1.000
849.5
52.9
845.7
11577
11577
0.079
46.0
46.0
3.6
3.6
56.5
56.8
56.5
48.0
48.0
Ba
Ea
0.0
0.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
11000
000
404.0
404.0
-848
-848 33
0.883
0.883
748.9
748.9
0.847
0.847
1.122
1.122
0.950
0.950
171
171
895.0
895.0
bD
bD
0.0
0.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
1151
1151
4650
465.0
-9.0
-9 0
8250
825 0 -826.3
-826.3
Dc
DC
0.0
0.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
1.151
1.151
465.0
465.0
May 2001
2001
July 2001
2001
July
239.9
2399
00
00
36.5
36.5
36.5
00
00
Rev
Rev
0.0
00
608.7
608.7
608.7
608.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
WIS
WIS
OF
DF
0.0
00
-21
-21
3 219
-21.1
-21.1
22
IDate
Date
ED
ED
AXIAL
AXIAL FORCES
FORCES
Pc for columnsrafters
and rafters at
127.1
at ULS
ULS
55.1
52.9
127.1
drop
Total midspan
mldspandrop
Total
Mldspan height
helght
11577
11577
Midspari
Increase rafter
rafter
mlspan
axial
by{1/(1-drop/height)
{l/(l-drop/height)--1)1)
Increase
mispan axial by
Midspan
Mldspan axial
axial
Increase
Increase
axial in rafter
rafter axial
127.1
Design
127.1
Deslgn axial
axlal
127.7
127.7
76.5
Pc'phi's'd(phi)
Incremental
energy
Incremental
energy == Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
Factor
Factor on
on lambda_p
lambda-p
lambda
lambda ppfrom
fromfirst-order
first-orderanalysis
analysis
lambda
Iambda_M
CD
CD
0.0
0.7
2627
0.0
0.7
262 7
1.9
1.9 0.7 0.7 2627
7 251.4
0.7
262.0 -260.8
0.7
0.7
SHORTENING
SHORTENING
PSI (angle
(anglefrom
fromX axis)
axis)
psi
[(dxb - dxa)
dxa) at
at collapse]*Sin(psi)
collapse]'Sin(psi)
[(dxb
[(dyb - dya) at collapse]'Cos(psi)
[(dyb
collapsejCos(psi)
phi
at collapse
collaDse
Dhl ** Ssat
Incremental
rotn
incremental rotn=
= d(phi)
d(phi) from
from mechanism
mechanism
IShortening
phi*s*d(phi) (modulus)
(modulus)
Shortening == phi*s*d(phi)
845.7
BC
21
21 of
of
CMK
by Made by
Made
X-AXIS
X-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
frame
Deflections from
from the
theelastic'
"elastic"
frame
dxa
dxa
1
dxb
dxb
587 1 329
(dxb
(dxb-- dxa)
dxa)
Deflections
frame
Deflections from
from the
the'plastic'
"plastic"
frame
From
From gravity
gravity loads
loads
Sway
column
Sway of top
topofofelastic
elastic
column
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb-- dxa)
dxa)
(dxb
Spread
Spread
dxa
00
dxb
1200
(dxb -- dxa)
dxa)
(dxb
hingehorizontal
displacement
Column hinge
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb -- dxa)
dxa)
(dxb
From horizontal
horizontalloads
loads
Sway
Sway
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
dxa)
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
Spread
Spread
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxa)
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
ITotal ofof(dxb-dxa)
(dxb-dxa)at at
collapse
ITotal
collapse
0.7
Page
by
Element
for evaluation of
evaluation
for
o f Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc'phi*s'd(phi)
BC AB
Y-AXIS
Y-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
frame
Deflections from
fromthe
the"elastic"
"elastic"
frame
dya
dya
dyb
(dyb
dya)
(dyb-- dya)
Deflections from
fromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"frame
frame
Mid-span drop
dropfrom
fromgravity
gravity
loads
Mid-span
loads
dya
dya
dyb
dYb
(dyb
(dyb - dya)
dya)
Mid-span
loads
Mid-span drop
dropfrom
fromhorizontal
horizontal
loads
dya
dya
dyb
dyb
dya)
(dyb-- dya)
(dyb
ITotal of
of (dyb-dya)
(dyb-dya) atatcollapse
collapse
ITotal
fr
Job
Job No:
No:
0.0
0.71
0.71
00 00
506.4
506.4
1.740
881.31
112.51 Sum
Sum ==
112.51
701
701
Hd
Hd
0.0
0.0
454.0
454.0
454.0
454.0
1.740
1.740
790.11
Sum ==
790.1) Sum
4580
4580
The Steel
Construction
Construction
The Steel
Job No:
No:
139
CDS 139
Construction
Institute
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950 Portals
Subject
Subject

Second-order
Two-span
Client
DETR
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
70N
Silwood
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
Fax:
(01344)
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CALCULATION
Page
Page
22 of 22
Rev
Rev
Made by
by
CMK
Date
)ate
May 2001
2001
May
Checked by
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
Made
2.6 Load
Load factor
factorat
at failure,
failure,A0,
A,
2.6
Z: P2 q5sdq5 =7Olb
= 701 q5
EP2bsdq
Z MP dq5
Mprdb
= 4580 q5
=4580q5
A/A =
M
dM
f
M /
AM
A pp
A.2.2
E (P2 q1i s dj5)
E(Mprdq5)
701 4 ) ] =
= 0.847
- ( 701
0.847
=
-
[l
4580 0
4580q
=
= 0.847
1.122
= 0.847
0.847 Xx A,
= 0.847x X
1.122==0.950
0.950
.0, so the frame has failed the check

for in-plane
A, << 11.0,
check for
in-plane stability.
stability.
2M
above shows
how the
second-order effects have caused
major reduction
reduction
The above
shows how
the second-order
caused a major
in capacity
due to
to in-plane
in-plane instability
instabilityeffects.
effects.The
The hand
"hand" method
method
capacity of the frame due
tends to be
so analysis
analysis by
by another
another method
method might
might demonstrate that
be conservative,
conservative, so
the reduction in capacity
capacity is not so great.
The analysis above

above would be less conservative
the stiffness of the
the haunches
conservative if the
haunches
had been
in all
allthe
the stiffness
calculations. It would
would also
also be
be more
more
been included
included in
economical if
were closer
closer to
to A,.
A.
if the
the frame
frame were
were proportioned
proportioned so
so that
that A1
A, were
L
1 72
172
Job No:
No:
TheSteel
Steel
Construction
Institute
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
JON
Silwood Park,
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
101344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Fax: (101344)
CDS139
1 of
of 41
41
Rev
Job Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject
Subject

Two-span Portal
Portal with
with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss
Internal
Columns.
Two-span
Internal
Columns.
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
1.
1.
Page
JPa9e
by Made by
Checked by
Checked
by
Made
CMK IDate
Date May
May 2001
2001
CMK
WIS
Date
Date
July 2001
INPUTFROM
FROM FIRST-ORDER
ANALYSIS
1
.1 General
1.1
General Arrangement
Arrangement
Miss Frame
Span 1
Span 2
Hit Frame
Span 22
Span 11
Angle
of
rafters:
of rafters:
a, =
6"
a1
= o+ = 6
Spans
= 30 m
Spans =
30
30
Developedlength
length of
of rafter
rafter =
= -=
- 30.165 m
Developed
cos 6
6"
Height of column
column from
from base
base to
to Neutral
NeutralAxis
Axisof
of rafter
rafter =
= 10.0 m
1173
73
The Steel
Construction
Institute
CDS139
Job No:
No:
Rev
Rev
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Portal
BS
Title Job
Job Title
Silwood Park,
7QN
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
Fax:
(01344)
22 of
of 41
41
Page
Page
Subject
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portalwith
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Client
DETR
CMK
by Made by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
Made
WIS
)ate
May 2001
2001
Date
May
Date
)ate
July
2001
July 2001
wwwww
Loading
1.2 Loading
Miss Frame
NHF
NHF
NHF
NHF
'
Hit Frame
I""'
NHF
NHF
Loading
=
=
x 6.000 X
= 0.100
0.100 X
x 1.4
1.4
=
=
Service
= 0.150 x 6.000
6.000 X
X 1.4
1.4
=
x 6.000
= 0.600
0.600 X
6.000 x
X 1.6
1.6
Imposed
Imposed
Weight
1.000 x
X 1.4 =
Self
Weight =
= 80 xX 10-2 Xx 1.000
Dead
Valley beam factored load
0.840kN/m
0.840 kN/m
1.260kN/m
1.260 kN/m
5.760kN/m
5.760 kN/m
1.120 kN/m
1.l2OkN/m
300kN
300 kN
174
174
along slope
on plan
on plan
along slope
Valley beam
beam load
load
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Stiwood
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344f
Fax: (01
(013441
3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
33
Job
lob No:
No:
CDS139
Job
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950 Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Worked Example:
Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Two-span
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CALCULATION
IPage
Pae
'Made
Made by
by
Checked by
Checked
of
CMK
WIS
41
41
lRev
late
May 2001
2001
Date
May
Date
late
July 2001
July
MISS FRAME
FRAME
1.3
1.3
FROM
INPUT
FROM FIRST-ORDER
ANALYSIS
1.3.1
1.3.1
General Arrangement
Arrangement

incremental rotation
rotation of
of the
the hinges
hinges are
are taken
taken from
from the
the first-order
first-order
collapse mechanism.
mechanism. These
are the
the incremental
rotations as used to calculate
calculate
collapse
These are
collapse factor of the
the frame
frame using
using the
the classic
the collapse
(Virtual Work)
Work)
method.
relative magnitude
magnitude of the
instantaneous
The second-order
second-order analysis uses the relative
the instantaneous
so the
the absolute
absolute magnitude
magnitude of each rotation
rotation does
rotations, so
does not
not affect the
calculations.
Where the
the analysis
analysis has
has been
been performed
performed by methods
methods other than the Rigid-Plastic
Rigid-Plastic
by the Semi-Graphical
method), the
the incremental
rotations can be
method (e.g. by
be
deduced from
deduced
from the
the geometry
geometry of
ofthe
the frame
frameand
andthe
theposition
hinges.ItIt isis
calculation of
not necessary to
to repeat the calculation
of the
the collapse
collapse factor
factor by
by the
the
Rigid-Plastic
Failure Mechanism for the Miss Frame

Failure
Frame
175
175
The Steel
Construction
Institute
JobTitle
Title
BS 5950Portal
Portal
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portal with
with Hit/Miss
HitIMiss
Internal
Columns.
Two-span
Internal
Columns.
DETR
byIMade
'Made by
DETR
CMK
late May
May 2001
2001
Date
Client
Page
IPage
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
Checked
WIS
of 41
41
CDS139
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks
SL5SL5 7QN
7QN
Stlwood
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: IClient
(01
622944
344) 622944
Job No:
No:
Date
late
Rev
July 2001
2001
Find Node
Node Locations
Locations
PtA
Pt A
Pt B
Pt C
C
- (0.0,
(0.0, 0.0)
-,- (0.0,
(0.0, 10.0)
-'- (15.0,(10.0
+ 15.OTan6})
15.0Tan6))
{10.0 +
=
= (0.0,
(0.0, 0.0)
0.0)
-.
=
= (0.0, 10.0)
10.0)
=
= (15.0,11.577)
11.577)
Pt D -. (30.0, 10.0)
10.0)
=
= (30.0,
Pt F -,- ({30.0+15.0},
((30.0+15.0}, {10.0
(10.0 +
+ 15.OTan6})
15.0Tan6))
PtG
10.0)
Pt G -'- (60.0, 10.0)
=
= (30.0,
(30.0,10.0)
10.0)
Pt E -. (30.0,
(30.0, 10.0)
10.0)
10.0)
10.0)
(45.0,11.577)
11.577)
=
= (60.0,10.0)
10.0)
- (10.9llCos6,
(10.911 Cos6,(10.0
10.911Sin6))
{10.0 +
+ 10.9llSin6})
PtH
Pt H -' (60.0,
(60.0, 0.0)
0.0)
=
= (60.0, 0.0)
Pt a -'
=
= (10.851,11.141)
11.141)
- ({30.0+2.993Cos6},
((30.0+2.993Cos6}, {10.0
(10.0 +
2.993Sin6))
+ 2.993Sin6})
- (60.0,9.400)
9.400)
Ptcc
-.
=
= (32.977,10.313)
10.313)
Ptd d
-.
=
= (60.0,
(60.0, 9.400)
Hinge Rotations
ei@
=
A
E
Taking
rotationabout
aboutAAas
as 88
-x
(xa
A1 =0.567
(XEX)
yy == tan'
tan-'
edcleA==
dc'1A
[ V -Y ]
d'
' cC
Xd-XC
"d
- "c
= 1.935
=
1.935
dY Cos(y)
dYc
Cos( y) ++ dX
dXc Sin(y)
Sin( y)
C
8,
cd 8A
=
= 0.077
0.077
dX
== _______
edHleA
dxd == 1.229
1.229
'(d-11)
A'
d-H)
8A
1176
76
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Page
Page
55 of
of 41
41
,Job No:
Job No:
CDS139
CDS139
Job Title
BS 5950Portal
Portal
Subject
ISubiect
Second-order
Worked
Worked
Example:
Example:
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Two-span Portal with
Client
DETR
byMade
Made by
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
by
Checked
CMK
Il a t e
Date
WIS
Date
late
Rev
May 2001
2001
May
July 2001
2001
July
1.4
Axialforces
forcesat
atULS
ULS from first-order
1
.4 Axial
analysis
span 1l
Span
LII
LH column:
at
at base
=
= 132.0
132.0 kN,
kN,
athaunch
haunch
=
= 122.4
122.4 kN
LHcolumn
rafter:
rafter:
at
at column
=
=
60.0 kN,
kN,
apex
at apex
=
= 46.2kN
46.2 kN
RHcolumn
rafter:
at
at column
=
=
62.1 kN,
apex
at apex
=
= 48.4kN
48.4
kN
LHcolumn
rafter:
rafter:
at
at column
=
= 62.lkN,
62.1 kN,
apex
at apex
=
= 48.3kN
48.3 kN
RH
column
rafter:
at rafter:
at column
=
= 60.1
60.1 kN,
kN,
apex
at apex
=
= 46.3kN
46.3 kN
at base
=
= 132.5 kN,
kN,
at haunch
haunch
=
= 122.9 kN
span 2
Span
RH
column:
column:
at
Notional Horizontal
HorizontalForces
Forces
Cl 2.4.2.4
span 1:
l:
Span
0.5%
0.5% x 127.2
127.2
== 0.636
0.636 kN
Span 2:
External Column
Column
0.5% x 127.7 =
= 0.638 kN
+
0.7 kN
0 kN
0
kN
-+
0.7 kN
*r
1
.5 Reduced
atULS
ULSfrom
from first-order
first-orderanalysis
analysis
1.5
Reduced Plastic
Plastic Moments
Moments at
Use the
the reduced moment
moment capacity
capacityfor
for the sections to account
accountfor
for the co-existent
axial
calculated in
with BS5950-1
:2000Annex
Annex1.2.
1.2.These
These
axial force,
force, calculated
in accordance
accordance with
BS5950-1:2000
may
from section
sectiontables.
tables.
may be taken
taken from
L
1
77
177
External Column
Column
The Steel
Construction
Institute
CDS139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Client
DETR
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
70N
Silwood Park,
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Fax:
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page 6
6 of
of 41
41
Page
Job No:
No:
Ifblade by
CMK
WIS
Checked by
by
Made
4r
~y
Py
Mrx
Rev
2001
May
2001
I[Date May
)ate
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
Srx
For the axial forces in

in this
this frame
frame under
under this
this load case
Mprrafters =
columns
Mpcexternal
external
columns
=
=
404
kNm
kNm
454 kNm
1.6 Load
the first
Loadfactor
factor at
at formation
formation of the
first hinge, A1
A,
A, == 0.960
0.960
(from (from the frame analysis
analysis output)
1.7
Plasticcollapse
1
.7 Plastic
collapse factor,
factor, A,4
A, == 1.12
1.12
(from the frame analysis output)
Member inertias,
inertias, I,
I,
11.8
.8 Member
Externalcolumns:
columns:
457x 191
191 x
X 74
74 UB:
UB: II(, = 33320 cm4
cm4
Rafters:
457x 191
67 UB:
UB: I,I, =
= 29380 cm4
cm4
191 x 67
S,,
xB
=
= -- 35.7
35.7 mm
Sy,
yB
=
= 0.6mm
0.6 mm
S,,
oxc
11.3 mm
11.3
d,,
yC
=
= 236.7 mm
S,,
=
13.1
= mm
13.1 mm
YD
S,,
=
=
SyF =
= 225.4 mm
XF
oX0
=
S,,
=
2.
2.
36.4 mm
59.6 mm
mm
dyD =
=
dyG =
=
3.4 mm
3.4mm
0.6 mm
0.6mm
SECOND-ORDER
ANALYSIS
2 . 1 Axial
Axialforces
forcesininmembers
members
2.1
span 11
Span
=
= (132.0 +
+ 122.4)/2
122.4)/2
=
= 127.2
127.2 kN
LH rafter:take
mid-length
P,,,
take
mid-length ULS
=
= (60.0
(60.0 +
+ 46.2)/2
46.2)/2
=
= 53.1
53.1 kN
take mid-length
RH rafter:take
mid-length ULS
PuLs
LII
LH col:
col:
mid-height
P,,,
take
mid-height uLS
(62.1 +
+ 48.4)/2
48.4)/2
(62.1
178
178
=
=
55.3
55.3 kN
1.9
of frame
frame atatA1
1 . 9 Deflections of
A, (formation
the first
first hinge)
hinge)
(formation of the
The
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Sllwood
Park,Ascot,
Ascot,Berks
Berks SL5
Silwood Park,
SL5 70N
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
Job No:
No:
CDS139
CDS139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Columns.
Client
Client
DETR
7
7
Page
IPage
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
of
41
41
Rev
M a d e by
CMK
C)ate
Date
May
May 2001
2001
Checked
WIS
Date
[:)ate
Checked by
Made
2001
July 2001
span 2
Span
LH rafter: take
takemid-length
mid-length ULS
PuLs =
= (62.1
(62.1 +
+ 48.3)/2
48.3)/2
=
= 55.2 kN
RH rafter: take
takemid-length
mid-length ULS
PuLs
=
= (60.1
(60.1 +
+ 46.3)12
46.3)/2
==
RH col:
=
+122.9)/2
= (132.5
(132.5 +122.9)/2
== 127.7
127.7 kN
2.2
2.2
take mid-height
mid-height ULS
P,,
53.2
53.2 kN
A.3.2
Bending
Deflections of
of the
the
"elastic"
frame
Bending Deflections
"elastic"
frame
2.2.1
reductionfactors
factors
allowing
2.2.1 Stiffness
Stiffnessreduction
allowing
forefore P.6 effects
Columns
Columns
The stiffness
stiffness of each external column differs from the stiffness
stiffness of the internal
internal
column. Therefore
Therefore the
from the
the sum
sum
the reduction
reduction in
in frame stiffness
stiffness is calculated
calculated from
of the ULS
and the sum of the
the critical
of the
the
ULS loads
loads in the
the columns
columns and
critical loads
loads of
columns.
Sum
ofcolumns
columnsPuLs,
uLs, ZP,,,
EPULS =
= 127.2
Sum of
127.2 +
+ 127.7
127.7
cm4,
I,
mm, a == 1.7
Z, =
= 33320
33320cm4,
h h=
= 10000
10000mm,
1.7
P,, ==7r2EJ/(a'h)2
n2EZ/(uh)2
cr
=
= n2x205000x33320x104/(1.7X10000)2
n2X 205000 X 33320 X lo4/( 1.7X 10000)2=
= 2333 kN
Sum
of columns
columns P,,,
cr, Z P cr ==2333
Sum of
2333 + 2333
2333 =
= 4666
4666 kN
(1 -- ULS
ZPuLs1cr)
/ZPcr)
1/(1
1/(1-
=
= (1
(1
ZPuLsiPcr)
/CP,,)
ULS
254.9/4666)
== 0.945
0.945
==1.058
1.058
Rafters
span 1:
Span
Average PuLs
= (53.1 + 55.3)12
55.3)/2 =
= 54.2 kN
Average
ULs =
l, =
= 29380
29380 cm4,
cm4, LL =
= 30165mm,
30165mm, a
a=
= 1.0
1.0
=
P,, = rc2EI/(a'L)2
. ~ C * E Z / ( ~=
=
L )rc2x205000X29380X104/(1.0X30165)2
~~~ x 2 0 5 0 0 0 X 2 9 3 8 0104/(1.0X30165)2
X
= 653kN
653 kN
Pcr=
(l-PuLs/Pcr)
= (1
(1
('PULS
'Pcr) =
54.2/653)
=
= (1
(1 - 0.083)
0.083)
1179
79
== 0.917
External columns:
columns:
=
= 254.9
254.9 kN
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
70N
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
Job No:
No:
CDS139
JobTitle
Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portal with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Client
Cllent
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
Page
IPage
by Made by
Checked
Checked by
by
Made
88
of 41
41
CMK
WIS
Rev
Rev
)ate
May 2001
2001
Date
May
Date
)ate
July
2001
July 2001
Span 2:
2:
Average PuLs
53.2)/2 =
= 54.2 kN
Average
ULS =
= (55.2 + 53.2)/2
=
cm4, LL =
= 29380cm4,
= 30165mm, a'
a =
= 1.0
1.0
I,
=
P,, = rc2EI/(a'L)2
z2EI/(aL)* =
= rc2x205000x29380X104/(1.0x30165)2
.r~~X205000~29380X10~/(1.0X30165)~
= 653kN
653 kN
cr=
=
(I-P(,l-s cr)
/P,.,) ==(1
(1 - 54.2/653)
= (1
(1 - 0.083)
0.917 = 0.917
(l-P(Jis
-
2.2.2 Second
Second order magnificationfactors
2.2.2
factors
The notional
notional sway deflection is calculated
calculated from
from the
the sum
sum of
of the stiffnesses KK for
for

and rafter
rafter pairs:
pairs:
Sway stiffness
stiffness
stiffnessfrom
fromcolumn
columnand
andrafter
rafter
stiffness
K= H -
D.2.5
Sh2
3EleffR
h3
3E1
Sh2
Sh
~-
30 165 x ( 10000)2
30165x(10000)2
3x
X 205000 x
X 26944
26944 x
X lo4
i04
3Ereff.R
3EIeffR
ioOoo
100003
3EIeff,c 3 3X205000X31503x
X 205000 X 3 1503X io
lo4
3EIeff
- -h3
h3
K
K SSubl
ubl
=
=
11
0.01820 + 0.00516
=
=
0.01820
==
0.00516
Sub Frame
Frame 1l (Elastic)
(Elastic)
=42.8N/mm
= 42.8 N/mm
Sub Frame
Frame 22 (Elastic)
(Elastic)
Sh2
Sh2 =
30165X(10000)2
30165
x(10000)2
3Eleff.R
3
x
205000
x 26942 xi04
lo4
3x205000x26942x
3EJeffR
- -
=
=
0.01821
h3
h3 =
10000~
______
~__________________
==0.00516
0.00516
3 EIeff,c
3 X 205000 X 3 1505X lo4
3X205000x31505x
l0
3EIeff
c
K
h22
Km
U
11
+
0.01821 + 0.00516
=
=
42.8
N/mm
42.8N/mm
180
180
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 JON
7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
ka
Page 9 9ofof41
41
CDS139
CDS139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Client
Client
DETR
Made by
Checked by
by
Made
Date
C)ate
May 2001
2001
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
July 2001
D.4
1
Rev
CMK
Nominal Base
Basefixity
fixity
KH=
Job
Job No:
No:
5/3
+ ______
3EI
External
External Column
K
Kbbext
ext
=-
1
== 23.95 N/mm
(0.0366 ++ 0.00516)
0.00516)
1

Stiffness
= K sub I +
Kb ext
+ K sub 2 +
Kb mt + Kb ext
= 42.8 + 23.95 + 42.8 +23.95 = 133.5 N/mm

A.2.5
A.2.5
Second -order
-order notional
notionalsway
sway deflection
deflection
==
H
H - 1.274x1000
1.274~1000=9.55mm
= 9.55 mm
q,2
ii2 = - EK2
=K2
133.5
133.5
hh
10000
10000
==A
=5.2
= 5.2
4 cr11 - -200
xx9.55
9.55
200112
2oo 412
[h]
ACr!
Acr1
-1
=
= 1.24
1.24
2.2.3 Deflection
calculations
A.3.4
Sway Deflections
Deflections
The
calculated from
from the
the sum
sumofofthe
the
The first-order
first-order sway
sway deflection
deflection oX15
a,,
isis calculated
stiffnesses
K for
for each
each of
of the column
and rafter
rafter pairs. (The
(The base stiffness
of
stiffnesses K
column and
stiffness of
nominally
pinned bases
nominally pinned
bases is not included
included because this is not a stability
stability
calculation
calculation like
like the
thecalculation
calculationofofAcr).
A,,).
181
181
Critical Buckling Ratio

Ratio
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Page
Page 10
10 of
of 41
41
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS139
Job
Tale
Job
Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject
Subject

Example:
Second-order
Columns.
Chent
Cllent
DETR
~~~~
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 ]QN
7QN
Telephone: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 )623345
623345
Telephone:
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Checked by
Made
K=1=
o
h3
S/i2
'
~~~
lhnade by
by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Rev
CMK
WIS
)ate May
May
2001
2001
Date
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
D.2.3
(
Sub Frame
Frame 11 (Elastic)
(Elastic)
Sh2
Sh2
30 165 X ( 10000)2 = 0.01669

30165x(10000)2
_________________
= 0.01669
x 29380 xx i04
lo4
3 x 205000
205000 X29380
- -
3ElR
3EIR
i00003
- h-3 -- ____________________
10000~
____
== 0.00488
0.00488
3 El,
3 x 205000 x 33320 x IO4
i04
3EI
11
== 46.4 N/mm
0.01669
+
0.00488
0.01669 + 0.00488
=
KsUbl
KSubl =
Sub Frame
Frame 22 (Elastic)
(Elastic)
As Sub frame
frame 11
11
KSUb2
KSub2 =
0.01669
0.00488
0.01669 ++ 0.00488
==
46.4 N/mm
N/mm
=
+ KK sub 22
= K
K sub
sub iI +
=
46.4 ==92.7
= 46.4
46.4 +
+ 46.4
92.7N/mm
N/mm
EK
First-order
First-ordersway
sway deflection
deflection
A H =0.960x1.275x
0.960 X 1.275 X1000
1000 --= 13
13.20 mm
_____________
oXiS = i-
20 mm
-
92.7
K2
A1
[&]
I
== 1.09
IAcr2 ii
J
oX2
x
(OX1 -OXiS)
oY2 = oy
IA
kr2
IAcr21 ] +
Acri
A.3.4
1
[Acr1 iij
[22
1
82
182
Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness
Job No:
The Steel
Construction
S.---Title Job
Job Title
Institute
I Subject
JSubject
obNo:
Silwood Park,
]QN
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
Fax:
(01344)
CDS139
Client
fPa9e
11 of 41
fRey
BS 5950
5950 Portal
BS
Portal
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Example:
CDS139 Worked
lPage 11 of 41
IRev A
Two-span Portal
Columns.
Two-span
Portalwith
with Hit/Mks
Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
by Made by
Checked by
Made
CMK
WIS
)ate
May 2001
2001
Date
May
Date
)ate
July 2001
m<,
of oX1 and OY1

6 y , are
Values of
aretaken
takenfrom
fromfirst
firstorder
order analysis
analysis (See
(See Sheet
Sheet 7).
= (-35.7
(-35.7 -- 13.19)
X 1.09
1.09 + 13.19
13.19 x
X 1.24
1.24
13.19) x
=
=
= 0.6
0.6 x
X 1.09
1.09
= 0.7mm
0.7 mm
=
= -37.0
-37.0 mm
mm
=
= (-11.3
(-11.3 - 13.19)
13.19) x
X 1.09
1.09 +
+ 13.19
13.19 x
X 1.24
1.24
= 236.7 xl.09
X 1.09 =
= 258.1 mm
=
= -10.4mm
-10.4 mm
S,,
S,,
=
= (13.1
(13.1
S,,
0xB
S,,
yB
S,,
--
13.19) x
X 1.09
1.09 + 13.19
13.19 x
X 1.24
1.24
13.19)
=
= 3.7 mm
=
= 16.2 mm
S,,
=
= 3.4
3.4 x
X 1.09
1.09
S,,
=
= (38.3
(38.3 --13.19)
13.19) x
X 1.09
1.09 +
+ 13.19
13.19 x
X 1.24
1.24
X
1.09
=
=
225.4
X
1.09
=
245.8
mm
mm
=
=
= 41.6mm
41.6 mm
XD
OxF
S,,
0yF
= (59.6
(59.6
x 1.24
13.19) X
X 1.09
1.09 + 13.19
13.19 X
1.24
13.19)
=
SYG =
= 0.6 x
X 1.09
1.09
= 0.7mm
0.7 mm
0yG
S,,
5xG
=
= 66.9mm
66.9 mm
Interpolation
Interpolation of
of deflections
deflections at
at hinge
hinge c
'c'
x ______
2977
a ==
- =
= -=
= 0.099
0.099
Acrossspan
ratio
Across
span
ratio a'
S 30165
hinge deflection
deflection to
to maximum
maximum deflection
deflection
Ratio of hinge
=
=
yti
YP
3.2(a4
3.2(a'
E.11
E.
2a'
2 d ++a')
a)== 0.312
0.312
S,, == 41.6 mm
SYF== 245.8 mm
=
XD =
SyD== 3.7 mm
YD
S,,
16.2
mm
16.2mm
aL
dxxc== 0XD
S,,
+ - (SxF -
SYc== YD
Sy,
+
+ _a'
Y a (SyF-- OYD)
SyD)== 79.1
79.1
PL
(OXF
(o
YP
E.2
SxD)== 19.5
19.5 mm
XD)
E.1
E. 1
mm
1183
83
E!
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks5L5
SL57QN
7QN
Telephone:
(01344) 623345
623345
Telephone: (01344)
Fax:
Fax: (01344)
(01344) 622944
622944
CDS139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject

Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
by
Checked
Checked by
by
Made
2.3
2.3
Bending
Bending deflections of the
the plastic
plastic frame
frame
2.3.1
2.3.1
Stiffness
factors to allow for P.o
P.5 effects
Stiffness reduction
reduction factors
Columns:
Columns:
as
as the
frame
the "elastic"
elastic
frame
LH
LH Column:
Column:
(1
( 1 -- P
P cr)
/Pcr)
Rafters:
as
frame
becausethat
thatused
usedaa =
= 1.0
1.O
as the
the "elastic"
elasticframe
because
Span
Span 1:
1:
(1-P I P c r )
(1P/Pcr)
== 0.917
0.917
Span
2:
Span2:
(1-P /Pcr)
(1P/Pcr)
== 0.917
0.917
CMK
WIS
WIS
41
Rev
Date May 2001

Date
late
2001
July
July
2001
A.4.2
A.4.2
= 0.945
0.945
2.3.2
2.3.2 Second Order Magnification Factor
Sway mode
mode magnification
Sway
The
the stiffnesses
The notional
notional sway
sway deflection
deflection is
is calculated
calculated from the
the sum
sum of
of the
stiffnesses K
K of
of
the
the base
the rafter
rafter and
and column
column pairs
pairs between plastic
plastic hinges
hinges and
and the
base stiffness
stiffness of
of
each
each column.
column.
column and rafter stiffness.
stiffness.
1
K=
-
Sh2
3E1.
etf,R
ht
'cff.R
(1P/Pcr)
I eff.R ==1"e (l-P/Pcr)
D.3.5
D.3.5
3E1eff,c
== 26944
26944 cm4
cm4
A.4.2
A.4.2
'eff.c
Ieff.c=
= 1, (1
(1 -PIP)
P/Pcr)=
= 31503
31503 cm4
cm4
-
Sub
Sub Frame
Frame 11 (Plastic)
(Plastic)
S/i2
Sh2
- -
30165X(10000)2
30165x(10000)2
205000XX 26944
26944XX i04
lo4
3Eleff,R 3 3 XX205000
3EIeffR
=
0.01820
0.01820
ht =- ___________________
i00003
~-h 3
10000~
______
== 0.00516
0.00516
3x205000x31503x
i04
3EIeff,,
X 205000 X 3 1503 X lo4
3EIeff
c 3
K
sub
Ksub
11
1 =
0.01820
0.01820
++
0.00516
0.00516
== 42.8
N/mm
42.8N/mm
184
184
12 of
Job No:
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: 1013441
(01344) 623345
Telephone:
Fax:
(01344) 622944
Fax: (013441
CDS139
Job
Job Title
BS 5950Portal
Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portal with
with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
IPa9e
13 of
of 41
Page 13
41
Job
Job No:
No:
Made by
by
Checked
by
ked
by
WIS
)ate May
May 2001
2001
Date
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
July
D.4
fnity
Nominal Base fixity
K-
CMK
Rev
5Iz
h3
3EIff
External Column
K
Kbbext
ext
11
+ 0.00516)
(0.0366 +
== 23.95 N/mm
N/mm
Stiffness
2JK2
+ Kb
= K sub
sub I I +
Kb ext
ext +
+Kb
Kb ext
ext
EK2
=
= 42.8 +
+ 23.95 ++ 23.95
23.95 =
= 90.7N/mm
N/mm
Second-order notional sway

sway deflection
deflectionfor
for the
the plastic
plastic frame
frame
1.274x1000
=14.05mm
90.7

h
A=
Cfl5
10000
200
200 x 14.05
D.3.5
=3.56
Magnification Factor
[&l
crp
Acrp-1
=
= 1.391
1.391
gravity
loads
2.3.3 Deflections of the"plastic"
"plastic"frame
framefrom
from
gravity loads
Loads
The
loads
appliedtotothe
the"plastic"
"plastic"
frame =
= (A,,
Theloads
applied
frame
(Ap
(A,,
(Ap -- A1)
A,)
=
= (1.12
0.96)
A,)(loads at ULS)
ULS)
A1)(loads
=
= 0.16
Slope of
4 =a
=a =
= 6,
6", giving
giving Cos
Slope
ofrafters
raftersa,a = er
Cosaa =
= 0.9945
Assuming both
Assuming
bothservice
service load
load and
and imposed
imposed load
load are
are specified
specified "on
"on plan",
plan",
185
185
H
" ==
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Institute
Job No:
No:
CDS139
Job Title
Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portal with
with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Two-span
Client
DETR
Park, Ascot, Berks

Berks 5L5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood Park,
(01344) 623345
623345
Telephone: (01344)
Fax: (013441
(01344) 622944
622944
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
1.26
at ULS,
ULS, W plan =
= 1.26
Page
Page
14
14
of
41
41
Rev
Made by
CMK
Date 2001
May 2001
Date
May
Checked by
WIS
Date
)ate
Made
July 2001
+ 5.76
5.76 == 7.02
kN/m
kN/m
giving
load on the
giving a transverse
transverse load
the "plastic
plastic frame"
frame
=
= (A
(Ap - A1)(Wv.pian
A I ) ( ~ , , p l a nat ULS)Cos2
ULS)Cos2a
-
=
= 0.16X7.02(0.9945)2
0.16X7.02(0.9945)2
=
=
1.11
kN/m
1.11kN/m
self-weight are
slope,
Assuming both
both dead
dead load and self-weight
are values
values along
"along the
the slope",
ULS, w , , , ~ ~=
=~ 0.84
~
at ULS,
+ 1.12
kN/m
1.12 =
= 1.96
kN/m
giving a transverse
plastic frame"
frame
=
= (Ap
/ZI)(~,,,,ope
at ULS)Cosii
ULS)Cosa
= 0.16x1.96x0.9945
0.16~1.96~0.9945
=
= 0.31
kN/m
kN/m
Summing loads
loads from
fromcomponents
components on
"onplan
plan"and
andalong
"along the
the slope,
slope",
0.31 = 1.42kN/m
w = 1.11 + 0.31
kN/m
W,
= 1.42
= 1.11
A.4.5
Sway
First-order end
end slope
slope of the rafter as aa simply
simply supported
supported beam,
beam, R
OR
wS3
wp s3
Second-order end
eR2= Second-order
end slope
slope of
of the
the rafter,
rafter, R2
w
wpS3
s3
=.
24 EIR
E
E =
=
N/mm2
205000
N/mm2
cm4
I, =
= 29380cm4
8R2
==
R2
x 30165
301653
xX 1.391
1.391 == 0.03472
0.03472 radians
radians
24
205000 x
X 29380
29380 Xx i04
lo4
24 xX 205000
1.42
Horizontal
deflectionofofPoint
PointB,B,C,C,DD =
= he,
=
= 10000
10000 x
X 0.03472
0.03472
=
= 347.2 mm
186
24 EIR
EIR
to the
the rotation
rotation of
of the
column without
without an adjacent
adjacent hinge.
This arises due to
the colunm
hinge.
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: 101344)
(01344) 622944
15
15 of
of 41
41
Job No:
No:
CDS139
CDS139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS
Portal
BS 5950Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Two-span
Portal with
with Hit/Miss
Columns.
Two-span Portal
Client
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
(Page
Page
by Made by
Checked
Checked by
Made
1Rev
CMK
)ate
May 2001
2001
Date
May
WIS
Date
)ate
2001
2001
July
Mid-span drop
Deflection given by value for simply
simply supported
supported beam
beam of span equal
equal to
to the
developed
length of
of the
the rafters.
rafters.
developed length
span 1:
1:
Span
o -
wS4
b2 EIR
o
= 5 xx
b2 = 384
fib2
384
0apex =
apex
Acrp
'crp1
1.42
x 30165
1.42 X
301654
x 1.391 = 354.3 mm
205000
29380Xx lo4
iO X 1.391 := 354.3 mm
205000 Xx 29380
B2
_____
= 354.3
0.9945
= 356.2
mm
Span 2:
2: as
as Span
Span 11
Ya
=
OY
SY == SAApex
= 0.312 x 356.2
356.2 == 111.0mm
111.0 mm
Apex
YP
Spread
Spread
This
caused by the
the drop of the
the angle
the rafter
This is caused
angle in
in the
rafter which
which is at the
the apex
apex in
in this
this
frame. Because
pitchedroof
roof
portal, the
the drop
drop of
of
Because this
this frame
frame is
is aa symmetrical
symmetrical pitched
portal,
the
calculatedabove.
above.
the angle
angle is
is the mid-span
span 1:
1:
Span
Fullspan
span
Sspread ==OB2
S,, (Sina,
+ Sina'2)
Sina,) =
= OB2
$,(2Sin
(2Sin 6")
60)
(Sinr1 +
0spread
=
= 354.3
354.3
(2 (2 xx 0.1045)
0.1045)
span
Half span
Sspread
5spread
== 74.1 mm
== OB2
S,, Sin
Sin a,
354.3 x
X 0.1045
0.1045 =
= 37.0 mm
a == 354.3
Span
Span 2:
2: as
asSpan
Span 11
1187
87
'
Hinge Drop From interpolation

interpolation
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 70N
70N
Telephone:
344) 623345
623345
Telephone: (01
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
Fax:
(01344)
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS139
CDS139
Job
Job Title
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Worked
Example:
Example:
Two-span Portal
with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Two-span
Portal with
Client
DETR
16
16 of
Page
Pae
Made by
by
by
Checked
by
Made
41
41
Rev
CMK
Date
I)ate
2001
May 2001
&
sI
WIS
Date
late
July 2001
2001
at hinge from Interpolation

Spread at
Interpolation
oX
m ==
SpreadSpanl
0SprcadSpanl
+
+
-Yd
yp
SSpreadSpanZ
Opjspfl2
= 74.1 +
12 X
74.1) = 97.1
= 74.1 + (0.3
(0.312
X 74.1) = 97.1
mm
mm

displacement
hinge occurs at the
the underside
underside of
of the
the haunch,
haunch, which
which isis at
at aa distance
distance from
from
The hinge
the neutral
the rafter,
neutral axis
axis of
of the
rafter, causing
causing an
anadditional
displacement.
Second-order
endslope
slopeofofthetherafter,
rafter,Om
O == 0.03472 radians
Second-order end
(Sheet 14)
14)
Off-set ofthe
the hinge
below the
the rafter,
rafter, e == 10000
hinge below
10000 -- 9400 =
= 600
600 mm
Horizontal
deflection
Point
= e@R
of of
Point
M M=
eoR
=
= 600
600 xX 0.03472
0.03472
=
= 20.8 mm
of theplastic
"plastic"frame
framefrom
from
horizontal loads
2.3.4 Deflections of
horizontal
loads
The unfactored
applied to the
the "elastic
the horizontal
horizontal
elastic frame"
frame included
included the
in proportion
proportion to the
ULS loads,
loads, so
so the
the loads
loads applied
applied to the
loads and were
were in
the ULS
(A,- A)(loads
A,)(loads at ULS)
ULS)
plastic frame
frame = (A
"plastic"
(Ap - A)
A,)
(4-
== (1.12
- 0.96) == 0.16
-
Slope
of rafters
raftersa,
a' =
Slope of
= a'2
a2 ==a'
a=
, giving Cos
Cos a'
a == 0.9945
0.9945
= 66,
Sway
Total of column
column forces
forces =
= 254.9 kN
(Sheet 7)
totalofofcolumn
columnforces
forces
= 0.005 x254.9
~ 2 5 4 . 9=
= 1.27
1.27.kN
0.5% xXofoftotal
5)
(Sheet 5)
horizontal load
plastic frame
Additional
load on plastic
H
H =
= 0.16 x
x 1.27
1.27 =
= 0.204 kN
kN =
= 204 N
88
188
Loads
Job No:
No:
CDS 139
CDS139
Job
Job Title
Title
5950 Portal
BS 5950
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portal with Hit/Miss Internal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Client
DETR
The Steel
Construction
Construction
In
stitute
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
Page 17
17 of 41
41
IPage
by Made by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
Made
Rev
CMK
2001
Date May
May
2001
Date
WIS
Date
)ate
July 2001
frame,
the sway
sway deflection
deflection is
For aamulti-span
multi-span
frame, the
is calculated
calculatedfrom
from the
the sum
sum of
of the
the
stiffnesses K
K for each
each of the spans:
spans:
1
A.4.6
'"crp
crp
-1
KSUb
______________________ =
K s u b 11= =
= 45.8
=45.8
[-+g)
S h2
(Sh2
3El
0.0167 ++ 0.0052
3El)
Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness
K5=
x =KKsub
S " b II
M
=
= 45.8
45.8 N/mm
Second-order
Second-order least sway deflection of
of the
the column
column top
top
2
H = __________
0.204x 1000 x 1.391 =
45.8
EK5
6.2 mm
Second order sagging

sagging deflection
deflection of
of a straight rafter:
rafter:
sm2
ML2
r
16EIR
2crp
1
where M
= H h1
A.4.6
Hi isis the
H1
the proportion
proportion of
of the
the horizontal
horizontal force
force carried
carried by
by each sub
sub frame
frame calculated
calculated
K*.
proportion of
of the
thestiffness
stiffnessK2.
as aa proportion
Sub frame 1:
1:
due to horizontal
Drop in the apex of
of rafter
rafterspan
span I1 due
horizontalload.
load.
:.
x 1000
1000 x 10000 (30165)2
(30165)2 x
= 0.204
ossmz
x
sm2 =
16
io
16 x
X 205000
205000 Xx 29380x
29380X lo4
1.391
189
2.7
2.7
Mid-span drop
Mid-span
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
CDS139
Job Title0
BS
RC 5950 Portal
18
18 of
of 41
41
Page
IPage
Rev
Rev
Subject
Example:
ISubJect
Worked
Si)wood
SL5 70N
7QN
Telephone: (01
3 4 4 ) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01
3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Fax:
(01344)
Job No:
No:
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
t
I
Client
DETR
CMK
IMadeby
by
IM
Checked by
Checked
WIS
May 2001
2001
I[Date May
late
Date
late
July 2001
Spread
Spread
span 1:
Span
Full span
S,, (Sina'
(Sina, +
+ Sina,)
SinaJ
Full
spanspread
spread =
=
=
= 2.7 (Sin
(Sin 6"
+ Sin 6)
6")
6 +
=
= 2.7 (0.1045
(0.1045 ++ 0.1045)
0.6 mm
0.1045) =
= 0.6mm
=
= 2.7 (Sin 6")
6)
Ssmz(Sina,)
Half
span
spread
Half
span
spread =
= ,,,2
(Sina1)
=
= 2.7(0.1045)
(0. 1045)
=
=
0.3 mm
2.4 Axial forces for the energy calculation
A.5
The total of
the axial
by second-order
of the
axial loads
loads in
in the
the columns
columns is not affected
affected by
second-order
effects because
because of vertical
equilibrium, so
so P2
P2 =
= P1
which is taken
taken as the
P, which
vertical equilibrium,
above.
mid-height value
value calculated
calculated in
in 2.2 above.
LH
col: take
mid-heightP,P1 =
= (132.0
LH col:
take mid-height
+ 122.4)/2
122.4)/2=
= 127.2
127.2
kN
span 2:
2:
Span
RH
col: take
takemid-height
mid-height
= (132.5 + 122.9)/2
RH col:
P, P =
122.9)/2 =
= 127.7
127.7 kN
The rafter axial
axial forces
forces are
are affected
affected by
by the drop of the rafters
mid-span.
span 1:
1:
Span
Total Mid-span
Total
Mid-spandrop
drop =
= 617.0 mm
Increase
P2 =
= {1/[1(a
{ l / [ l - ( d . i'ha)]l}
/h3]-1}
IncreaseininP2
=
= {1/[1(617.0
{1/[1-(617.0 /11577)]
/11577)]
- 1}
l}
== 0.056
LH rafter: take
takemid-length
mid-length P1
P,
=
= (60.0 +
+ 46.2)/2
46.2)/2 =
= 53.1 kN
Mid-span
axial =
= 46.2, giving
Mid-span axial
giving PP/i
A increase
= 0.056x46.2
0.056X46.2
increase =
P2 =
= 53.1
53.1 +
+ 2.6
2.6 =
= 55.7 kN
1190
90
=
= 2.6 kN
span 1:
Span
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
Telephone: 101344)
(01344) 623345
Telephone:
623345
Fax:
(01344)
622944
Fax: (01
344)622944
IPage
19 of
Page 19
of 41
41
Job No:
No:
CDS139
CDS139
Job
Title
JobTitle
BS
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal with
with Hit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Made
by
IM
by
CMK
Checked by
by
WIS
Rev
Date
)ate May
May 2001
2001
Date
)ate
2001
July 2001
RH rafter:
take
mid-length P1
= (62.1
rafter:take
mid-length
P, =
(62.1 +
+ 48.4)/2
48.4)/2 =
= 55.3
55.3 kN
Mid-span
axial =
= 48.4,
P/iA increase
Mid-span axial
48.4, giving P
increase = 0.056
0 . 0 5 6x ~48.4
4 8 . 4= 2.7
2.7 kN
kN
P2
P2
== 55.3
55.3 + 2.7 =
= 58.0
58.0 kN
span 2:
2:
Span
602.0 mm
TotalMid-span
Mid-spandrop
drop =
= 602.0
Increase
in Pr
P2 =
= {1/[1(a
{l/[l-(da /ha)]1}
/ha)]-l} =
= {1/[1(602.0
{1/[1-(602.0 /11577)]
Increase in
l} =
= 0.055
1}
LH rafter:
rafter:
take
mid-lengthP,P1 =
take
mid-length
= (62.1
(62.1 + 48.3)/2
48.3)/2 =
= 55.2
55.2 kN
Mid-span
axial =
= 48.3,
P/iincrease
increase =
= 0.055x48.3
Mid-span axial
48.3, giving
giving PA
0.055~48.3 =
= 2.6
2.6 kN
P2
P2
=
= 55.2
55.2 +
+ 2.6
2.6
RH
take
mid-length P1
RH rafter:take
mid-length
P,
=
= 57.8
57.8 kN
=
= (60.1
(60.1 + 46.3)12
46.3)/2 =
= 53.2
53.2 kN
Mid-span
axial =
= 46.3,
increase =
Mid-spanaxial
46.3, giving
giving PPu
A increase
= 0.055x46.3
0.055~46.3 =
= 2.5
2.5 kN
=
= 53.2
53.2 +
+ 2.5
2.5
== 55.7
55.7 kN
kN
2.5 Second-order Energy

Energy Summation
Summation
A.6
A. 6
The energy
energy summation
summation isisrequired
requiredtotocalculate
calculate AM
AM following the methods in
A.2.2
A.2.2
191
191
P2
P2
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
Fax:
Job No:
No:
CDS139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portal with
with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page 20
20 of
of 41
41
Page
CMK
by Made by
WIS
Checked
Checked
by
by
Made
Element for
for evaluation
evaluation
of
Pc*phi's'd(phi)
Element
of Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
BC
DEFLECTIONS
X-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
Deflections from
frame
from the
the"elastic
"elastic"
frame
dxa
dxb
dxa)
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
Deflections
frame
Deflections from
fromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"
frame
From gravity loads
loads
Sway of top
topofofelastic column
column
dxa
dxa
dxb
dx b
0.0
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
Spread
Spread
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb - dxa)
(dxb
Column hinge
hingehorizontal
displacement
Column
dxa
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
From
From horizontal
horizontalloads
loads
Sway
Sway
dxa
dxa
dxb
dx b
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
Spread
Spread
dxa
dxb
(dxb
(dxb-- dxal
dxa)
ITotal of
of(dxb
(dxb- dxa)
dxa) at
atcollapse
collapse
ITotaI
Factor
Factor on
onlambda_p
lambda-p
lambda p from first-order
analysis
lambda_p
lambda-M
lambda_M
May 2001
2001
May
Date
Date
July 2001
2001
July
Date
cG
cG
dG
Hd
19.5
19.5
66.9
474
47.4
66.9
66.9
66.9
66 9
0.0
0.0
0.0
66.9
66.9
66.9
66.9
3472
347 2 347.2
347.2
347.2
347.2
3472
0.0
0.0
347.2
347.2
347.2
347.2
148.1
148.1
148.1
148.1
1148
HdDc dG
-37.0
-10.4
-10.4
-104
-104
16.2
16.2
26.6
00
347.2
0.0 347.2
347.2
347.2
0.0
347.2
347.2
347 2
0.0
0.0
3472
3472
3472
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
37.0
37.0
37.0
37.0
74.1
74.1
37.0
74.1
97
74.1
97.1
148.1
97.1
51.0 23.1
23.1
97.11
148.1
51.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
00
00
6.2
6.2
0.0
6.2
6.2
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
63.9
63.9
0.3
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
316.4
0.0
26.6
26.6
347.2
347.2
0.0
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
0.0
6.2
6.2 2
6.2
6.2
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
03
98.4
26.4
26.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.0
98.4
-356.2
-356.2
0.0
0.0
111.0
111.0
111.0
111.0
0.0
2.7
2.7
616.4
2.7
2.7
0.0
0.0
-2.7
-613.3
-613.3
90.0
90 0
6.0
6.0
316.4
316.4 7 6.7
6
0.0
-609.9
00
613.0
613.0
316.4
316.4
619.7
619.7
1.000
1.000
1,000
1.000
316.4
619.7
316.4
-6.0
-6 0
-6.7
-6.7
-609.9
0.7
0.7
258.1
258.1
257.50.7
257.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
356.2
356.2
356.2
356.2
0.0
00
00
0.0
616.40.7
53.1
53.1
617.0
11577
0.056
0.055
46.2
4
46.2
7
2.6
2.6
55.7
55 7
34.5
Ba
0.0
00
404.0
00
404.0
0.0
0.0
404.0
404.0
0.567
0.567
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.0 457.9
404.0
34.9 31.0 228.9
404.0
258
258 11
3.7
0.7
-254.4
-254.4
3562
356 2
0.0
-6166
0 567
0567
349.4
349.4
ab
404.0
404.0
404.0
808 0
0.567
457.9
0 886
886
1.120
1120
0.993
192
192
0.6
0.6
0.0
0.0
-20.8
0.0
208
20
20.8
0.0
6.2
6.2
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
589.81
589.81
0.0
0.0
07
07
0.7
111
111 0
0.0
0.0
-111.0
-111.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
186.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-189.5
00
00
6.0
-6.0
-6.0
-10.3
-10 3
-188.4
-198.7
2.8
2.8
185.4
1854
188
188 1
0.567
0.567
106.6
106.6
6.2
bD
6.2
6.2
62
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
1481
148.1
148.1
0.7
0.7
0.0
0.0
5 3 2552
552
602 00
602
11577
11577
11577
0.055
483
48 3
2.6
578
578
55.3
617.0
617.0
11577
00 056
056
484
48
27
2
58.0
20.3
00
0.0
0.08
208
20
0.0 8
0.0
0.020.8 -20.8
06
06
63.9
63.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0
-78.5
07
07
AB
00
00
16.2
16.2
19.5
19.5
3.3
3.3
79.17 37
3
79.1
0.7
79.1
-78.5 75.4
0.0
AXIAL
AXIAL FORCES
FORCES
Pc
127.2
Pc for columns and rafters at
at ULS
ULS
127.2
Total midspan
midspandrop
drop
Total
Mldspan height
height
Midspan
l}
Increase
raftermispan
mlspanaxial
axial
by {1/(1-drop/height)
{ll(l-dropiheight)-- 1)
Increase rafter
by
Midspan axial
axlal
Midspan
Increase
Increase ininrafter
rafteraxial
axial
6
2
Desian
127.2
Design axial
axlal
127.2
6.2 34.5 40.2
llncrementalenergy
energy==Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc'phi"s*d(phi)
40.2
llncremental
WORK
WORK DONE
DONE ON
ONROTATING
ROTATINGHINGES
HINGES
evaluating
bD for Element
Element
ab
ABMprd(phi)
Mprd(ph1)
forBa
evaluating
MprA
MprA
MprB
MprB
MprA ++ MprB
MprB
MprA
Incremental
Incremental
rotn
rotn
mechanism
=from
d(phi)
IMpr*d(phi)
IMpr*d(phi)
ED
ED
Date
DC
dG
Dc
0.0
0.0
404.0
404 0
0.567
228.9
79.1
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7'
0.71
15.3
-20.8
-20.8
0.077
1.6
1.6
90.0
90 0
589.8
589.8
0.0
00
589.8
589.8
1 229
724.91
724.91
532
127.7
127.7
127.7
1277
1277
127.7
127.7
0077
0 077
90.0
90 0
-208
-208
00
00
602.0
11577
0.055
463
46 3
2.5
557
1277
0.9
0.9
0.2
92.61
cG
cG
404.0
404 0
0.0
404
404 00
1229
0077
0077
0.077
31.0
dG
454.0
454.0
0.0
0.0
454
454 00
0.077
34.9
92.61
Sum
Sum =
.
195
195
Hd
Hd
00
00
454.0
454 0
454
454 00
1.229 .
558.01
558.01 Sum
Sum =
=
1715
1715
1577
CD DC
0.0
-37.0
-37.0
-37.0
-37.0
6.2
62
6.2
PSI (angle
(angle from
fromX axis)
axis)
psi
[(dxb -- dxa) at wllapse]'Sin(ps~)
[(dxb
collapse]Sin(psi)
[(dyb
dya) at
collapse]'Cos(psi)
[(dyb-- dya)
at collapse
collapse
phi * Ssat
Incremental rotn
Incremental
rotn= d(phi)
d(phi) from
frommechanism
mechantsm
IShortening =phi*s*d(phi)
phi's*d(phi)(modulus)
(modulus)
IShortening
rafters
and
columns
for
BC
E=D
E=D
Y.AXIS
Y-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
frame
Deflections from
fromthe
the"elastic"
"elastic"
frame
dya
dyb
(dyb - dya)
dya)
"plastic"frame
frame
Deflections
Deflections from
fromthe
the"plastic"
dropfrom
fromgravity
Mid-span drop
gravityloads
loads
dya
dyb
(dyb
dya)
(dyb -- dya)
Deflections
frame
Deflections from
fromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"
frame
Mid-span drop
drop from
fromhorizontal
horizontalloads
loads
dya
dyb
(dyb - dya)
dya)
ITotal
Total of
of(dyb
(dyb-- dya)
dya) at
atcollapse
collapse
AB
Rev
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
70N
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Fax:
CDS139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject

T w n - c n o n Pnrtol
U i t l M i c c Internal
Tnternal Columns.
Pnlllmnc
Two-span
Portal with
with Hit/Miss
Ctent
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CALCULATION
byMade by
by
Checked by
Made
lRev
fRey
CMK
I)ate
May 2001
2001
Date
May
WIS
Date
late
2.6 Load
Loadfactor
factoratatfailure,
failure,AM
2.6
I
I
July 2001
2001
A.6
'2 qsdq = 195 q

X Mprd@ =
= 1715Q5
1715 @
Mprd5
AM
/2 = 1P
=
/2M / A,
- [l 'M
[i
AM
(P2 q5 s d5)
(Mprdb)
")J
(( i )j
195
1715 @
0.886
0.886 Xx A
A.,
= 0.886
0.886
1.120 == 0.993
= 0.886
0.886 Xx1.120
The above
above shows
shows how the second-order effects
effects have
have caused
caused aamajor
majorreduction
reduction
The
"hand"
method
in capacity of the frame due to in-plane
in-planeinstability
instabilityeffects.
effects.
The
"hand" method
tends to be conservative,
conservative, so
so analysis
analysis by another
another method
method might
demonstrate
might demonstratethat
that
the reduction in capacity is
is not so great.
would be less conservative
conservative if the stiffness of the haunches
The analysis
analysis above
above would
had been
beenincluded
includedinin all the stiffness
calculations.ItIt would also be
be more
more
economical if
were closer to JP.
economical
if the frame were
were proportioned
proportionedso
so that
thatA,
2 were
Pae
IPage 21
21 of
of 41
41
Job No:
No:
193
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344) 622944
F a x : (01344)
622944
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS139
CDS139
Job
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950 Portal
Portal
Subject
Subject

Example:
Two-span
Portal with
with Hit/Miss Internal
Columns.
Two-span Portal
Inter a1 Columns.
Client
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
22 of
of 41
Page
IPage
Rev
Made by
CMK
Date
l a t e May
May 2001
2001
Checked
Checked by
WIS
WIS
Date
)ate
Made
2001
July 2001
HIT FRAME
FRAME
As geometry of the hit frame
two-spanportal
portalinin
frame is
is similar
similar to
to the
the two-span
thethe previous
previous
worked example
example some
some of the
the checks are not explicitly
explicitly shown in this example.
example.
11.3
.3 Hinge
Rotations
HingeIncremental
The
the hinges
incremental rotation of the
hinges are taken
taken from
from the
the first-order
first-order
collapse
mechanism.These
These are
to calculate
collapse mechanism.
arethe
theincremental
rotations as
as used
used to
calculate
the
the collapse
collapse factor of
of the
the frame
frame using
using the
the classic
(Virtual Work)
method.
method.
The second-order
the instantaneous
analysis uses the relative
relative magnitude
magnitude of the
instantaneous
rotations, so
so the
the absolute
absolute magnitude
magnitude of
of each
each rotation
rotation does
does not affect
affect the
calculations.
Where the
the Rigid-Plastic
the analysis
analysis has been
been performed
performed by methods
methods other than the
Rigid-Plastic
method (e.g.
(e.g. by
by the
theSemi-Graphical
method), the
the incremental
incremental rotations can be
deduced
from the
the geometry
geometry of
ofthe
the frame
frame and
andthe
theposition
hinges. ItIt isis
deduced from
not necessary
necessary to
to repeat
repeat the
the collapse
factor by
by the
the
the calculation
calculation of the
collapse factor
Rigid-Plastic
/
/
/
/
Ii
\
22
,A
I
I
B
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
,,
\
\
\
\\
,
,,
,,
mE
194
194
Failure
Failure Mechanism for Hit Frame
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Stlwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01344) 623345
Fax:
(01344) 622944
Fax: (01344)
23
23 of
of 41
41
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS139
CDS 139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page
Rev
Made by
by
CMK
Date
May
late
May 2001
2001
Checked by
by
Checked
WIS
WIS
Date
late
Made
July 2001
2001
Find Node Locations

Locations
Pt A
A -. (0.0,
(0.0, 0.0)
0.0)
== (0.0,
(0.0, 0.0)
Pt
Pt CC -- (15.0,
(10.0{10.0 ++15.OTan6})
15.OTan6))
Pt
D 10.0)
-'- (30.0, 10.0)
Pt D
== (0.0,
Pt BB -. (0.0,
(0.0, 10.0)
10.0)
10.0)
10.0)
== (15.0,
(15.0,
11.577)
11.577)
== (30.0, 10.0)
10.0)
Pt
Pt EE -- (30.0, 0.0)
=
= (30.0, 0.0)
=
= (45.0,
11.577)
11.577)
=
10.0)
= (60.0, 10.0)
=
= (60.0,
(60.0, 0.0)
== (10.851,
11.141)
11.141)
- ({30.02.993Cos6},
((30.0-2.993Cos6},(10.0
2.993Sin6))
{10.0 ++ 2.993Sin6})
Pt
F -. (30.0+15.0},
Pt F
({30.0+15.0}, {10.0
(10.0 ++15.OTan6})
15.OTm6))
Pt G
G 10.0)
-, (60.0, 10.0)
Pt
H -. (60.0,
(60.0, 0.0)
0.0)
Pt H
Pt
Pt aa -' (10.9llCos6,
(10.911Cos6,
(10.0
10.911Sin6))
{10.0 +
+ 10.9llSin6})
Pt
Pt bb -,
(27.023,10.313)
(27.023,
10.3 13)
- ({60.0-13.551Cos6},(10.0
13.551Sin6))=(46.523,
{10.0 ++ 13.551Sin6})=
(46.523,11.416)
11.416)
({60.013.551Cos6},
Pt
9.400)
- (60.0,
(60.0, 9.400)
Pt dd -.
== (60.0,
(60.0, 9.400)
Find Centre
Centre of
of Rotation
RotationI I
yIi =
dY
XI1 == XA
X, ++
Pt
Pt I
XE XA
Aa
300-00
(0.974) - (-0.289)
dY
Eb
[ (S)
[()
x ql]
Aa
=23.759m
=
= 0.0 + (0.97397
(0.97397 x 23.760)
23.760) == 23.142m
-' (23.142,23.759)
23.759)
195
195
Pt
Pt cc -'
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood Park,
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Page 24
of 41
41
IPage
24 of
Job No:
IJob
No:
CDS139
CDS139
Job
Job Title
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span
Portalwith
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Two-span Portal
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Rev
Made by
CMK
C)ate
May 2001
2001
Date
May
Checked by
WIS
Date
)ate
Made
July 2001
2001
July
Find Centre
Centre of
of Rotation
Rotation12
I
XH XE
- (dx'
dY)EC dY)Hd
60.0 - 30.0 = 20.728

(1.447) - (0.0)
=
=
X12 = XE + {()
30.0 ++ (1.447
(1.447 x 20.728)
20.728)== 60.0 m
30.0
Ec
that X12
Note that
= 60.0
withoutcalculation!
calculation!
X,, =
60.0 is obvious without
Pt
Pt I I -- (20.728,
(20.728,60.0)
60.0)
Hinge Rotations
rotationabout
about AA as
as 8
8
K == 8e xx
o4,
e xx ______
I' = a
oBE
= e,,x
E = 8
11
8e12=8
= 6E,X
X
12
YI,
y2
a3.759
Yb
23759-10313
23.759 - 10.313 =
b == 0.8838
0.8838 x
X ____________ = 1.1518
10.313
Ytl
10.313
-
_____ =1,1518x
= 1.1518 x
-
4,
yc
11141
11.141
20.728 -- 11.141
20.728
11.141
=
= 1.151
1.151 Ox
8 x 1.162
1.162 =
= 1.411
1.4118
8
O
== e
BH
q2xx
H
2y12 - Yd
-
17d
d '
=
=
20.728
20.728 -- 9.400
9.400
14118
1.4118X
9.400
9.400
=1.4118Ox
X 1.205
1.205 =
= 1.7018
1.701 6
1 .4 Axial
analysis
1.4
Axialforces
forcesatatULS
ULSfrom
fromfirst-order
first-orderanalysis
Span 1:
LH column:
column:
at
at base
=
= 131.7
131.7kN,
LH rafter:
at column == 59.1
column
at
59.1 kN,
at
haunch =
at haunch
= 122.0
122.0kN
at apex
apex =
= 45.4
45.4kN
1196
96
YIl
11.141
11.141
=
= 0.8838
0.8838
23.759 - 11.141
11.141
The Steel
Construction
institute
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(013441
Fax: (01344>
(01344) 622944
622944
CDS139
Job
Job Title
BS 5950Portal
Portal
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Client
DETR
Page
(Pane
CMK
byMade by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
by
Made
RH rafter:
at column
column
at
1.3
6
kN,
61.3
kN,
at apex
=
= 47.6
47.6 kN
RH column:
at
kN,kN,
593.3
haunch
at haunch
=
= 583.9 kN
at base
25
25 of
of 41
41
Job No:
No:
WIS
Rev
late
May 2001
2001
Date
May
--
c)ate
Date
--
2001
July 2001
span 2:
Span
LH rafter:
column
at
at column =
= 62.0
kN,
atkN,
at apex
=
= 48.2
48.2 kN
RH rafter:
column
at
= 60.1 kN,
at column =
kN,
apex
at apex
=
= 46.4 kN
RH column:at
at base
base
=
- 133.1 kN,
kN,
-
at haunch
=
= 123.5
123.5 kN
Notional Horizontal Forces

Forces
Span 1:
External Column
Column
0.5% xX Axial
in Column
Column =
= 0.005 X
Axial Force
Force in
X 126.9
126.9
= 0.635
Internal Column
Internal
0.5% xX Axial
Axial Force
Force in
588.6
0.5%
in Column
Column =
= 0.005 xX 588.6
= 2.943
External Column
0.5% xX Axial
in Column
Column =
= 0.005
x 128.3
Axial Force
Force in
0.005 X
0.642
-+
--t
1.5 kN 1.5 kN
0.7 kN
0.7 kN
Tk
1.5
ReducedPlastic
Moments at
ULS from first-order
first-orderanalysis
1
.5 Reduced
Plastic Moments
at ULS
analysis
Use
Use the reduced moment
moment capacity
capacityfor
for the sections
sections to account
account for
for the co-existent
ixial force,
in accordance
accordance with
axial
force,calculated
calculated in
withBS5950-1:2000,
BS5950-1 :2000,Annex
Annex1.2.
1.2. These
may
from section
sectiontables.
tables.
nay be taken from
Mrx =
Jy Srx
1.2 p Z1
Cl 4.2.5
;or the axial forces in this

this frame
frame under
For
underthis
thisload
loadcase
case
197
19J
Span 2
The Steel
Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
SL5 7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax.
Fax: (01344) 622944
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS139
CDS139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Portal
Subject
Subject

Example:
Two-span
Internal Columns.
Client
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page
IPage
26 of
of 41
41
Rev
Rev
A
A
Made by
CMK
Date
May
late
May 2001
2001
Checked
Checked by
by
WIS
WIS
Date
late
Made
2001
July 2001
Mpr
rafters =
MPrrafters
= 404 kNrn
kNm
columns =
kNm
Mpcexternal columns
= 454 kNm
1.6
hinge, Ai
1.6 Load
Load factor at
at formation
formation of the
the first
first hinge,
h,
1,==0.945
0.945
(From
the frame
frame analysis
analysis output)
output)
(From the
1.7
1.7 Plastic
Plasticcollapse
factor,A.?
h,
collapse factor,
117
AP =
= 1.
1.117
(From
frame analysis)
analysis)
(From the frame
External
columns: 457x
Externalcolumns:
457x 191
191 x
X 74
74 UB:
UB: I,l
== 33320
33320 cm4
cm4
Rafters:
457x 191
x 67
4
67 UB:
UB: I,
191 X
=
= 29380
29380 cm4
cm4
Internal column:
254
254 x254
x254 x 73
73
UC:
UC: I,4
=
= 11410
11410 cm4
cm4
11.9
.9 Deflections
(formation of
of the first hinge)
Deflections of frame
frame at
at A1
A, (formation
hinge)
=0.6 mm
mm
S,,
=
28.9
=mm
-28.9 mm
S,,
=
=mm4.8 mm
mm
S,, =233.5
=233.5
mm
xD
S,,
=
19.0
=
mm
19.0 mm
yD
XF
S,,
=
41.7
=mm
41.7 mm
YF
=223.1 mm
$F
=223.1
S,,
=
64.7mm
=mm
64.7
SYGmm
=0.6
yG
xG
*,B
SyD
mm 2.9 mm
=0.6mm
1198
98
11.8
.8 Member
Member inertias,
inertias, I,I
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 JQN
7QN
Telephone:
Telephone: (01
(01344)
344)623345
623345
Fax: (01
(01344)
344)622944
622944
Job
Job No:
No:
CDS139
CDS139
Page 27
27 of 41
41
IPaQe
Job Title
Title
Job
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Portal
BS
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Columns.
Client
Client
DETR
by
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Made by
CMK
Date
May
Date
May 2001
2001
Checked
Checked by
by
WIS
Date
late
Made
2.
Rev
(Rev
July 2001
2001
SECOND-ORDER
ANALYSIS
SECOND-ORDER
ANALYSIS
2.1
forces in
2.1 Axialforces
in members
members
Use the average axial
fromfirst
firstorder
order analysis
axial forces in the members,
members, from
analysis
span 1l
Span
mid-height PuLs
(131.7 +
+ 122.0)12
122.0)/2
take mid-height
ULS =
= (131.7
LII
LH col:
LII
rafter: take mid-length
LHrafter:
mid-length PuLs
(59.1 +
+ 45.4)/2
45.4)/2
ULS =
= (59.1
RH rafter: take mid-length
mid-length PuLs
(61.3 +
+ 47.6)/2
47.6)/2
=54.5
ULS =
= (61.3
RH col:
col:
mid-height PuLs
= (583.9
(583.9+593.3)/2
take mid-height
ULs =
+593.3)12
=
= 126.9
126.9 kN
== 52.3kN
52.3 kN
kN
=54.5 kN
=
= 588.6 kN
span 2
Span
LH rafter:
rafter: take mid-length
mid-length PuLs
(62.0 +
+ 48.2)/2
48.2)/2
ULS =
= (62.0
=
= 55.1
55.1 kN
RH rafter: take
(60.1 +
+ 46.4)/2
46.4)/2
take mid-length
mid-length PuLs
uLS =
= (60.1
=
= 53.3kN
53.3 kN
=
= 128.3
128.3 kN
kN
2.2
2.2
"elastic"
frame
Bending deflections
deflections of the"elastic"
frame
Bending
2.2.1
2.2.1
Stiffness
reductionfactors
factorsallowing
allowing for
Stiffnessreduction
forP.O
P.5 effects
Columns
Sum
ofcolumns
columns
uLS,
=
128.3 =
Sum of
PLILs,
W UuLS
Ls
= 126.9
126.9 + 588.6
588.6 ++128.3
= 843.8
843.8 kN
External
columns:Z,I =
= 33320 cm4,
cm4, hh =
=
External columns:
10000mm, a'
a=
= 1.7
1.7
10000mm,
cr
P,, =
= 2333 kN
Internal column:
P,,
Pcr
I, =
= 11410
11410 cm4,
cm4,h h =
= 10000mm,
10000mm, a'
a=
= 1.7
1.7
=
= 799 kN
Sum of columns Pcr,

Cr, E P Cr
= 2333 +
cr =
+ 799
799 ++2333
2333 = 5464 kN
kN
(1
(I -- ULS
ZPuLs/EPcr)
/2Pc,)
1LS /P)
1/(1
1/(1- ~ P L I/ZPc,)
Ls
== 0.846
0.846
=
= 1.18
1.18
199
199
A.3.2
A.3.2
take mid-height
mid-height P,,,
= (133.1
(133.1 ++123.5)/2
123.5)/2
uLs =
RHcol:
col:
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5 70N
7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
of 41
41
CDS139
Job
Title
JobTitle
BS 5950Portal
Portal
Subject
Subject

Example:
Two-span
Two-span Portal
Client
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CALCULATION
Page 28
28
Pae
Job
Job No:
No:
byIMade
Made by
Checked by
by
jChecked
CMK
WIS
Rev
C)ate
2001
May
2001
Date
May
--
c)ate
--Date
July 2001
July
Rafters
span 1:
1:
Span
Average P,,Ls
(52.3 +
+ 54.5)12
54.5)/2 =
= 53.4 kN
Average
uLs == (52.3
I, =
= 29380cm4,
= 30165mm, a'
a
cm4, L =
== 1.0
P,, =
= rc2EI/(a'L)2
T C ~ E I / ( ~ L=) 653 kN
cr
(l-PuL,/Pcr)
0.918
(1-PJLs
cr) == 0.918
Span 2:
= 54.2 kN
Average tJLS
P,,,, =
= (55.1
(55.1 +
+ 53.3)12
53.3)/2 =
cm4, LL =
I, =
= 29380cm4,
= 30165mm, a'
a =
= 1.0
1.0
P,, = rt2EIl(aL)2
X*EI/(~L)*=
= 653 kN
Pcr
(l-PLILs
/Pcr) = 0.917
(l-PULs
"1')
2.2.2
order magnificationfactors
factors
Second order
A.3.3
Sway stiffness
stiffnessfrom
fromcolumn
columnand
and rafter stiffness
stiffness
K='=
D.2.5
S/i2
3EI1
3EICffR
Sub Frame
Frame 11 (Elastic)
(Elastic)
Sh2
Sh2
- -
30165
30 165x(10000)2
x ( 1OOOO)*
0.01818
X 205000 X 2698 1 x
X i04
lo4
3EIeff,R 3 3x205000x26981
3EJeffR
h3
h3
IOOOO3
10000~
=-
~-
3E1eff,c
3X205000X31508X104
3x205000x31508x i04
3EIeff
c
K
KSU
ubb l
1
0.01818
0.01818 ++ 0.00516
=
= 0.00516
== 42.8N/mm
N/mm
200
The notional
K for
notional sway
sway deflection
calculated from the sum of the stiffnesses
stiffnesses K
each of the column
and rafter
column and
rafter pairs:
pairs:
Job No:
'Job
No:
The Steel
Construction
Construction
SE.
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL57QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(013441
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
I CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
CALCULATION
CDS139
Page
fae
29 of
41
41
Rev
IRev
Job Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject

Example:
Second--order
Two-span Portal
Columns.
Two-span
Portalwith
with Hit/Miss
Client
Client
DETR
by'Made
Made by
Checked by
Checked
CMK
W IS
WIS
Date
C
-c)ate
--Date
May 2001
July 2001
July
Sub Frame 2 (Elastic)

(Elastic)
Sh2
Sh2 - ___________________
30165X(10000)2
30165
x(10000)2
______
== 0.01818
- 0.01818
3E1eff.R 3 3x205000x26981
X 205000 X 2698 1xX i04
lo4
3EIffR
i00003
- -h3
h 3 -- ___________________
10000~
______
== 0.00516
0.00516
3x205000x31508x
i04
3E1eff.c
3X205000X31508X
lo4
3EIff
11
= __________________
= 42.8 N/mm
Nlmm
= 42.8
0.01818 ++ 0.00516
KsUb
KSub2- =
D.4
Nominal Base fixity

fixity
Kb
( s3
h3
+ __
ExternalColumn
Column
Kb
Kb
ext
1
___________
1
(0.0366
(0.0366
=
=
+
+ 0.00516)
24.0
24.0 N/mm
N/mm
Total Frame
Frame Stiffness
Stiffness
EK
'K =
= K
K sub
sub I
2X
Y2K
+
+ Kb
Kb ext +
+K
K sub
sub 2
2 ++ Kb
Kb int
3EI
+ Kb
Kb ext
=
+ 42.8
42.8+24.0
+24.0 == 133.6
= 42.8 +
+ 24.0
24.0 +
133.6 N/mm
N/'mm
H
4.219x1000 == 31.6
31.6 mm
mm
H =._
dn*== - 4*219x 'Oo0
on2
133.6
133.6
2K2
h
10000
-- _________
h
loooo =-= 1.6
/lcr* =
= ______
'cr1
d"*
200
x 31.6
200
200x31.6
2000fl2

magnification
21
[h]
=
=
2.7
1A1
l
201
20 1
The
Steel
TheSteel
Construction
, Institute
Institute
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
70N
Silwood Park,
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: (01344) 622944
622944
Fax:
30 of 41
Job No:
CDS139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject

Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
IPage
by
Checked by
by
Checked
Made
CMK
l a t e May
May 2001
2001
Date
WIS
Date
late
July 2001
2001
July
2.2.3Deflection
calculations
2.2.3
A.3.4
Sway deflections
deflections
Sway
The first order
order sway
X isis calculated
sway deflection
deflection &X,,
calculated from the sum of the
stiffnesses K
(The base stiffness
stiffness of
stiffnesses
K for
foreach
each of
ofthe
the column
column and
and rafter
rafterpairs.
pairs. (The
of
nominally
pinned bases
bases is not included
because this
this is
is not
not a stability
nominally pinned
included because
stability
calculation like
like the
the calculation
calculation of
of 'icr)
A,,).
KH-
Sh2
D.3.3
D.3.3
h3
Sub Frame
Frame 11 (Elastic)
(Elastic)
S/i2
S h 2 =30 165 xx(10000)2
( 10000)2
30165
=
= 0.01669
0.01669
x 205000 x 29380 x io
lo4
3EIR 3 3x205000x29380x
3EIR
- -
ioooo
- h-3 =
- ____________________
10000~
____
=
= 0.00488
0.00488
x
33320
x
lo4
3
E
4
3
x205000
x205000x33320x iO
3EI
K
Subi
KSubl
11
=46.4N/mm
N/mm
= 46.4
0.00488
0.01669 ++ 0.00488
Sub
Sub Frame
Frame 22 (Elastic)
(Elastic)
As Sub
frame 11
Sub frame
K
KSub2
Sub2
11
= 46.4 N/mm
N/mm
= 46.4
0.01669
+
0.01669 + 0.00488
0.00488

Stiffness
EK == KSUbI
+
K
+ KSUb2
K
92.7
N/mm
EK =
= 46.4
46.4 + 46.4
46.4 = =
92.7N/mm
sub l
sub 2
First-order sway deflection

oX
21H
AIH
=
2K2
- 0.950x4.219x1000
0.950X4.219X 1000 =43.23mm
= 43.23 mm
=
92.7
202
D.3.3
Job No:
(Job
No:
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5
Stiwood
~~
(Page
Pa9e
__
__
________~
__
Client
Client
DETR
SY, == SYl x
oy2
+ OXIs X
2cr2 1
lRev
byMade by
Second-order Worked
Example:
Second-order
Example:
Two-span Portal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
Checked by
Checked
by
Acr2
41
41
~~
Subject
Subject
Made
Is) ><
BS 5950Portal
Portal
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
= (OX
2
1
31 of
31
JobTitle
TiUe
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
Fax: (01
(01344)
344) 622944
622944
CDS139
CD5139
CMK
2001
)ate May
May
2001
Date
WIS
Date
)ate
July
July
2001
2001
A.3.4
Acr1
'cr1
Acr
i
c
:
:
l]
cr2
&X,
Values of OX1 and

and 8,
Y1are
aretaken
takenfrom
fromfirst
firstorder
order analysis
analysis (See
(See Sheet
Sheet 7).
7).
=
= (-28.9
(-28.9 -- 43.23) x
X 1.183
1.183 + 43.23
= 32.1 mm
43.23Xx 2.7
2.7 =
=
0.6
x
1.183
=
dyyB
=
0.6
1.183
=
0.7
mm
0.7mm
0yB
S,,
0xB
=
= 71.9 mm
=
= (4.8
(4.8
S,,
S,,
=
43.23X x2.7
2.7 == 88.7
= (19.0
(19.0 -- 43.23) x
X 1.183
1.183 ++ 43.23
88.7 mm
=
= 2.9 x
X 1.183
1.183
= 3.4mm
3.4 mm
S,,
OxF
=
= (41.7
(41.7 -- 43.23) x
X 1.183
1.183 ++ 43.23
43.23X x2.7
2.7
=
=
223.1
= 223.1 x
X 1.183
1.183
= 263.8mm
263.8
mm
S,,
SYc =
= 233.5
233.5
0yC
OXD
43.23) x 1.183
1.183 + 43.23
43.23 X
X 2.7
2.7
xl.183
X 1.183 =
= 276.1
276.1 mm
==
115.6mm
115.6
mm
0xG
== (64.7 - 43.23) x 1.183
S,,
1.183 +
+ 43.23 xx 2.7
2.7 ==
S,,
1.183
= 0.7mm
0.7 mm
0yG
== 0.6 xX 1.183
142.8mm
142.8
mm
S,,
OyF
2.3
Bending
plastic
frame
Bending deflections
deflections of
of the
the
"plastic"
frame
A.4
A. 4
2.3.1
2.3.1
P.5 effects
Stiffnessreduction
reductionfactors
factors to allow for P.o
A.4.2
A.4.2
Columns:
elastic
frameframe
as the "elastic"
LII
LH Column:
Column :
(1 -- ULS
PuLsIPr)
/Pcr)
=
= 0.946
0.946
Central
Column:
Central
Column:
(1
(1 -- ULS
PuLs'cr)
/Pcr)
=
= 0.263
0.263
Rafters:
Rafters:
1.0
frame
becausebecausethat
as the
the elastic
"elastic"
frame
thatused
usedaa =
= 1.0
Span 1:
1:
Span
(1 - P U L S /Pcr)
lPCJ
(l-PJLs
=
= 0.917
Span 2:
Span
( 1/Per>
('-PULS
IPcr)
=
= 0.917
203
0xC
The Steel
Construction
Job No:
No:
CDS139
JobTitle
Title
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Portal
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Client
DETR
Inst
it Ut e
Institute
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood Park,
Telephone: (01
344)623345
Telephone:
(01344)
623345
Fax: (01344)
Fax:
(01344) 622944
622944
Page 32
32
Page
of
41
Rev
Made by
by
'Made
CMK
2001
)ate
May
2001
Date
May
WIS
Date
)ate
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Checked by
by
Checked
2.3.2 Second
Second
OrderMagnification
MagnificationFactor
2.3.2
Order
Factor
July 2001
2001
A.4.3
A.4.3
mode magnification factor

Sway mode
Sway
The notional
the stiffnesses
K of
notional sway
sway deflection
calculated from the sum of the
stiffnesses K
of
rafter and
and column
column pairs between plastic
plastic hinges
the rafter
hinges and
and the
thebase
base stiffness
stiffness of
of
each column.
stiffness from column and
stiffness.
Sway stiffness
and rafter stiffness.
11
K=
K2
2 =
Sh2
D.3.5
D.3.5
h3
3EIeffR
Sub Frame
Frame 11(Plastic)
(Plastic)
=
3 x 205000 x 2698 1xx i04

lo4
3x205000x26981
3Ezeff,R
3EJCffR
- -h3
h3
10000
10000~
=-
3x205000x31508x
3 x 205000 x 3 1508 x i04
lo4
3 E1,,,,,c
3EIeff
K
sub
Ksub
30165
30 165x(10000)2
X ( 10000)2
I1
0.01818
0.00516
== 0.01818
=
= 0.00516
== 42.84 N/mm
N/mm
Sub Frame 22 (Plastic)

(Plastic)
30165 ~ ( 1 0 0 0 0 ) ~
30165x(10000)2
3E1cff.R 3x205000x26981
3 X 205000 X 2698 1 XxlO
lo4
3EIffR
Sit2
Sh2
- -
=
=
0.01818
h3
i00003
h 3 =10000~
== 0.05416
3x205000x3003x
3Eleff,c
3 X 205000 X 3003 X i04
lo4
c
~-
K
sub22
Ksub
=
=
0.01818
+
+
0.05416
== 13.82
13.82N/mm
N/mm
D.4
Nominal Base fixity
Kb
=-=
h3
3EIff
204
Sh2
Sh2
- -
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
(01344) 623345
Telephone: 1013441
Fax: 1013441
622944
(01344) 622944
Job No:
No:
CDS139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject
Subject
Example:
Second-orderWorked
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portalwith
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Client
Client
DETR
SHEET
CALCULATION SHEET
Page
JPae
Made by
by
Checked
Checked by
Made
33 of
33
CMK
WIS
41
41
Rev
IRev
c)ate May
May 2001
2001
Date
Date
late
July 2001
External Column
K
K bext
b ext
11
= 23.95 N/mm
N/mm
= 23.95
(0.0366 ++ 0.00516)
Internal Column
K.
=
bint
int
K b
11
0.0542)
(0.1069 ++ 0.0542)
=6.2N/mm
= 6.2 N/mm
Stiffness
K b int
mt++ K sub 22 + Kb
zK == K
K sub 11 ++ K
K b in[ +
+Kb
K b ext
42.84 ++ 23.95
23.95
== 42.84
EK
ext
+ 13.82
13.82 +6.2
= 110.8
110.8N/mm
+
+6.2++23.95
23.95 =
N/mm
sway deflection
Second-order notional sway
deflection for
for the
the plastic
plasticframe
frame
-
4.219x
4 . 2 1 9 1000
~1000
110.8
110.8
=K2
= 39.8 mill
=39.8mm

Critical
A
=
=
Iih
2OO
-=
D.3.5
D.3.5
10000
10000
200 x 39.8
200x39.8
=
= 1.31
A.4.3
Magnification Factor
[&l
CTV
=
= 4.20
krp1
2.3.3
2.3.3 Deflections
Deflectionsofofthe
the"plastic"
plasticframe
framefrom
from
gravity
gravity loads
loads
Loads
The loads
loadsapplied
appliedtoto the
the plastic
"plastic"frame
frame =
= (A,,
(Ap
(Ap -- A1)
AI) = (1.117
(1.117 -- 0.95)
Slope of rafters
= a2
4
rafters al
a =
Slope
A,)(loads at ULS)
ULS)
A,)(loads
=
= 0.167
=a
6 , giving Cos a'
a
=a' =
= 6,
.=
0.9945
Assuming
bothservice
service load
load and
and imposed
imposedload
loadare
arespecified
specified on
"on plan,
plan",
Assuming both
5.76 == 7.02 kN/m

++5.76
at ULS,
ULS,Wypian
w , , ~ , ~=, , 1.26
1.26
at
205
A.4.5
H
dn,'' ==
EK2
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Berks SL5
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone:
(01344)
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Fax: IClient
(01344)
622944
(01
344) 622944
CDS139
CDS139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS 5950
5950 Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal with Hit/Miss
Hit/Miss Internal
Internal Columns.
Columns.
I
DETR
byIMade
DETR
CMK
by
)ate
May 2001
2001
Date
May
Client
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page
34 of
Page 34
of 41
41
Job No:
No:
WIS
Checked by
by
Made
Date
)ate
Rev
July 2001
2001
giving
giving a transverse
plastic frame"
frame
== (Ap
(A,
AI)(~,,p,an
ULS)Cos2a
at ULS)Cos2a
2l)(''v.p1an
== 0.171X7.02(0.9945)2
0.171X7.02(0.9945)*
=
= 1.16 kN/m
Assuming both
both dead load and self-weight
are values
values "along
self-weight are
along the slope",
slope,
at
ULS,w,~,lope
w,10=
0.84++1.12
1.12 =
at ULS,
= 0.84
= 1.96
1.96 kNfm
kN/m
giving a transverse
plastic frame"
frame
=
at ULS)Cos
= (A
(A,-- A1)(w0
AI)(w,,,lope
ULS)Cos aa
== 0.171x1.96x0.9945
0.171 X 1.96X0.9945
=
= 0.33 kN/m
Summing loads
and
along
Summing
loads from
fromcomponents
componentson
"onplan
plan"
and
"along the
the slope,
slope",
wp =
= 1.16
+ 0.33
0.33 == 1.49
1.49 kN/m
A.4.5
Sway
This arises due to
to the
the rotation
rotation of
of the
the column
column without
without an
an adjacent
adjacent hinge.
hinge.
Second-order
end slope
slope of
of the
the rafter, 0R2
Second-order end
eR2==
E
E =
= 205000
205000
wS3
wp s3
24k'
24 EIR
EIR
A
L
Acrp - l ]
N/mm2
N/mm2
I,,
I, =
= 29380
29380 cm4
cm4
8R2==
R2
1.49
1.49 x 30165
301653
24 xX 205000
205000 x
X 29380
29380 x
X i04
lo4
xX 4.20
4.20 == 0.11834
0.1 1834 radians
radians
Horizontal
deflectionofofPoint
PointB,B,C,C,DD =
= hOR
he,
=
= 10000
10000 x 0.11834
0.11834
=
= 1183.4
1183.4 mm
206
w
w pS3
s3
~
24 EIR
24EIR
First-order end
end slope of the rafter as a simply
simply supported
beam, 0R
supported beam,
OR ==
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344)623345
Telephone:
(01344)
623345
Fax:
Fax: (01
(01344)
344)622944
622944
CDS139
Job
Job Title
BS 5950Portal
Portal
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Second--order
Worked
Example:
Two-span
Portal
with Hit/Miss
Internal
Columns.
Two-span
Portal with
Hit/Miss
Internal
Columns.
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
35 of 41
35
Job
Job No:
No:
Page
Made by
Checked by
Checked
Made
CMK
WIS
Rev
l a t e May
May 2001
2001
Date
Date
late
July 2001
July
~~
Mid-span drop
Deflection given
simply supported beam
given by value for simply
beam of span equal
equal to
to the
developed length
developed
length of
of the
the rafters.
rafters.
span 1:
1:
Span
S
5 wW PS4
s4
ob2
*b2
J
= 384
_
xX
b'2b2 =
'1crp
384
384 EI,
[kc> -1l ]
EIR Xcrp
384
1.47
1.47 x 30165
301654
xX 4.20
4.20 == 1115.5
1115.5 mm
mm
205000
205000 Xx 29380
29380 Xx i04
lo4
1115.5 = 1l21.7mm
dB2 =
- _____
=
____
odaapex
= _____
1121.7 mm
apex
cos a
0.9945
Span 2: as
as Span
Span 11
A.4.5
Spread
Spread
span 1:
Span
Full span
span pread
Full
$,
Sin a2)
$, (2Sin 6)
6")
2) ==0B2
==OB2 (Sinal
(Sin a + Sin
=
=
== 233.2mm
233.2 mm
1115.5
1115.5 (2 xX 0.1045)
0.1045)
=
Half span
span0prcad
dsspread
=0B2 Sin al
Half
=
= 1115.5
11 15.5
xX 0.1045
0.1045 =
= 116.6
116.6 mm
Span
Span 2:
2: as
as Span
Span 11
Column
displacement
The
The hinge occurs at
underside of
at the underside
of the
the haunch,
haunch, which
which isis atataadistance
distance from
from
the
the neutral axis
axis of the
the rafter,
rafter, causing an
an additional
displacement.
Second-order end
Second-order
endslope
slope of
of the
the rafter,
rafter, 8R'
BR2 == 0.11834
0.11834 radians
radians
Off-set
ofhinge
the below
hinge below the
the rafter,
rafter, ee
3ff-setofthe
=
= 10000
10000 -- 9400
Horizontal
deflectionof
ofPoint
Point M
M=
= et9R
eoR == 600
600 x 0.11834
0.11834
207
(Sheet 34)
== 600 mm
= 71.0mm
7 1.O mm
This is caused by the drop of the angle in the

the rafter which
which isis at the apex in this
frame.
Becausethis
thisframe
frame
a symmetrical pitched
roof portal,
portal, the
the drop
drop of
of
frame. Because
is aissymmetrical
pitched roof
the angle is the
the mid-span
calculated above.
above.
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks 5L5
SL5 ]QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
Telephone:
(013441
623345
(01344)622944
Fax: (013441
'''
CDS139
CDS 139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject
Worked
Example:
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Two-span
Two-span Portal
Portal with
with Hit/Miss Internal Columns.
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
41
36 of 41
Job No:
No:
Page
Page
CMK
byMade by
WIS
Checked by
Made
Rev
C)ate May
May 2001
2001
Date
Date
)ate
July 2001
2001
2.3.4
2.3.4 Deflections
Deflectionsofofthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"frame
framefrom
fromhorizontal
horizontal loads
loads
Loads

"elastic frame"
frame" included
included the
the horizontal
horizontal
The unfactored
applied to the "elastic
loads, so the loads applied
applied to the
loads and were
were in proportion to the
the ULS loads,
"plastic"
frame =
= (A,
- A,)(loads
at ULS)
"plastic" frame
ULS)
(4
2)(loads at
(A, 2)
A,) = (1.117 (4
-
= 0.167
0.950) =
Slope
of rafters
rafters a'
a, =
= a'2
a2 =a
=a' =
= 6,
6", giving Cos a'
a=
= 0.9945
0.9945
Slope of
Sway
Sway
forces =
= 843.8 kN
Total of column
column forces
(Sheet 27)
0.5% xXofoftotal
= 0.005
totalofofcolumn
column forces
forces (elastic
(elastic frame)
frame) =
0.005 x843.75
4.22 kN
kN
Additional
horizontal load
load on plastic
plastic frame
frame
H == 0.167 x 4.22
4.22 xX 1000
1000 == 705N
For aa multi-span
multi-span frame,
frame,the
the sway
swaydeflection
deflectionisis calculated
calculated from
the sum
sumofofthe
the
For
from the
each of
of the
the spans:
spans:
K for each
hh 32
3EIc
3EIR
3EIR
1
h3
jx
3EI
A.4.6
2crp
Acrp
krp
KSUbI
KSub
, == 44.5
K sub2 =
= 29.8
29.8
K

Order)
Stiffness (First Order)
'K~
=
K sub2
= KSUbI
K sub I ++ K
sub 2
'Ks
=
= 44.5
44.5 +
+ 29.8
29.8
=
= 74.3 N/mm
Second-order least sway

Second-order
sway deflection of
of the
the column
column top
top
=
0.705x1000 x 4.20
74.3
= 39.8
mm
208
stiffnesses
stiffnesses
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Sllwood
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
344) 622944
Fax: (01
37
37 of
of 41
41
Job No:
No:
CDS139
JobTitle
Title
BS 5950Portal
Portal
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Worked
Example:
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portal with
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Client
DETR
Page
by
CALCULATION SHEET
Rev
JRev
Made by
CMK
C)ate May
May 2001
2001
Date
Checked
by
by
WIs
WIS
Date
)ate
Made
July 2001
Mid-span drop
Second order sagging deflection
deflection of a straight rafter:
rafter:
'm2
sm.
ML2
ML,"
r
16E1,R
A
4rp
rp
where
h.
HiII
h i
where MM==ZH.
16E1 ,lcpA
-1l ]
crp
-
Hi is the
the proportion of the horizontal force
force carried
carried by each sub frame
frame
I]
K2.
of the
the stiffness
stiffnessK2.
calculated as a proportion of
Sub frame 1:
1:
Drop in the apex of rafter span
span 11 due
due to horizontal
horizontal load.
load.
1..
=
'm2
srn2 =
0.425 xX 1000
1000XX10000
10000(30165)2
(30165)2 x 4.20
0.425
16
16 x 205000
205000 x 26951
2695 1 x i04
lo4
16.8 mm
x 4.20 == 16.8
mm
Sub frame 2:
Drop in the apex of rafter span
load.
span 2 due
due to horizontal
horizontal load.
o$m2
sm.
0.280 x 1000
1000 xx10000
10000(30165)2
(30165)2 x 4,,20 == l l . lmm
x 4,20 11.1mm
16
205000Xx 26951
26951 Xx i04
16 ><
X 205000
lo4
Spread
span 1:
1:
Span
Fullspan
spread
Ssm2(Sin tz
a, +
+ Sin
Sin a;>
2) =
= 16.8
16.8 (Sin
(Sin 6"
Sin 6)
6")
6 +
+ Sin
Full
span
spread = O2
=
=
+ 0.1045)
0.1045)
+
16.8(0.1045
(0.1045
=
= 3.5mm
3.5 mm
dSm2
(Sina,)
= 16.8
16.8 (Sin 6")
Half span
Half
spanspread
spread =
= 0sm2
6)
(Sina'1) =
=
16.8 (0. 1045)
= (0.1045)
=
= 1.8 mm
span 2:
2:
Span
Full
spread
= Osfl2
dsm2
(Sina1
a,
Fullspan
span
spread =
(Sin
=
=
+ Sin a*)
1 1.1 (Sin
(Sin 6"
Sin 6)
6")
+
a2) =
= 11.1
6 +
+ Sin
11.1
11.1(0.1045
(0.1045
Half-spanspread
dsm2
(Sin a1)
a,)
(Sin
Half-span
spread =
= Om2
=
11.1
= (0.1045)
11.1 (0. 1045)
++0.0.1045)
1045)
=
= 1.2mm
1.2 mm
=
= 11.1
11.1 (Sin 6")
6)
=
= 2.3mm
2 . 3 mm
209
...
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Silwood
Telephone: (01
344)623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax: ((01344)
0 1 3 4 4 ) 622944
622944
Fax:
CDS139
JobTitle
Title
BS 5950Portal
Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Worked
Example:
Example:
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Two-span Portal
Client
Client
DETR
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
38 of
of
38
Page
JPae
41
41
Job No:
No:
Rev
Rev
Made by
CMK
)ate
May 2001
Date
May
Checked by
Checked
WIS
Date
)ate
Made
July 2001
2001
2.4
calculation
2.4 Axial
Axialforces
forcesfor
forthe
theenergy
energycalculation
The total
total of the axial loads in the columns
affected by
by second-order
second-order
columns is not affected
effects because
because of
of vertical
vertical equilibrium,
equilibrium, so P2
P2 =
= P1
P , which
which is taken
taken as the mid-
above.
height value
value calculated
calculated in 2.2 above.
span 1:
1:
Span
LH col: take
takemid-height
mid-height
P1
P, =
= 126.9
126.9 kN
RHcol:
col: take
take mid-height
mid-height
P1
P, =
= 588.6 kN
Span 2:
RH col: take
take mid-height
mid-height
P1
= 128.3
P, =
128.3 kN
The rafter
rafteraxial
axialforces
forcesare
areaffected
affected by the
the drop of
the rafters
mid-span.
of the
Span 1:
1:
Mid-span
drop
drop
Mid-span
=
= 1414.7 mm
Increase in P2
P2
=
= {l/
{ l / [1(a
[1-(6, /ha)]-l}
/ha)J1}
=
{1/[1-(1414.7/11577)] - 1}
1)
= {1I[1(1414.7/11577)}
LH rafter:
rafter:take
mid-length
take
mid-length PP, =
= 52.3 kN
axial =
Mid-spanaxial
= 45.4,giving
A increase
= 0.139x45.4
0.139~45.4
givingPP/i
increase =
Mid-span
P2 = 52.3
52.3 ++ 6.3
6.3
= 58.6
=
=
= 6.3 kN
kN
54.5 kN
kN
RHrafter:
takemid-length
RH
rafter:
take mid-lengthP ,P=54.5
A increase
0.139X47.6
Mid-spanaxial
Mid-span
axial =
= 47.6,giving
givingPP/i
increase = 0.139x47.6
=
= 6.6 kN
P2 =
= 54.5 +
+ 6.6
6.6 =
= 61.1 kN
Span 2:
drop
1396.6 mm
TotalMid-span
Mid-span
drop =
= 1396.6
Increase
inP2
P2 =
= {1/[1(a
Increase in
{1/[l-(da /ha)]1}
/ha)]-l}
=
=
{1/[1-(1396.6/11577)]
/11577)]
{1/[1(1396.6
=
= 0.137
LH rafter:
rafter: take
take mid-length
mid-length PP,
55.1
55.1 kN
210
210
l}
1}
=
= 0.139
0.139
The Steel
Construction
Institute
Silwood Park,
]QN
Park, Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
Telephone:
623345
Telephone: (101344)
0 1344) 623345
Fax:
622944
Fax: (01344) 622944
CDS139
Job
Job Title
Title
BS 5950Portal
Portal
Subject
Subject
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Two-span Portal
Portal with
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Client
DETR
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
Page
Rev
Made by
CMK
C)ate May
Date
May 2001
Checked by
by
WIS
Date
c)ate
Made
Mid-span
axial =
= 48.2,giving
givingPPu
increase =
Mid-spanaxial
A increase
= 0.137x48.2
0.137X48.2
P2 =
= 55.1
55.1 +
+ 6.6
6.6
39 of
of 41
41
Job
Job No:
No:
July 2001
=
= 6.6 kN
= 61.7 kN
kN
RH
rafter:
take
mid-lengthP ,P1 =
= 53.3
RH rafter:
take
mid-length
53.3 kN
Mid-span
axial =
= 46.4,giving
givingPPu
increase =
= 0.137x46.4
Mid-spanaxial
A increase
0.137X46.4
=
= 6.4 kN
P2 =
= 53.3
53.3 + 6.4
6.4 =
= 59.6 kN
2.5
A.6
Second-order
Second-order Energy Summation
The energy summation

summation isis required
requiredtotocalculate
calculate 2M
AM following the methods
methods in
A.2.2
211
21 1
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
Berks SL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: (01
344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
(01344)
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
CDS139
JobTitle
Title
BS 5950 Portal
Subject

Second-order
Two-span
Internal Columns,
Columns.
Client
DETR
X-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections from
frame
from the
the'elastic
"elastic"
frame
dxa
dxb
dxa)
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
Deflections from
frame
fromthe
the'plastic"
"plastic"
frame
From gravity
gravityloads
loads
of elastic
elasticcolumn
column
Sway of top
top of
dxa
dxb
dxa)
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
Spread
Spread
dxa
dxb
dxa)
(dxb - dxa)
(dxb
hinge horizontal
displacement
Column hinge
dxa
dxb
dxa)
(dxb - dxa)
(dxb
horizontalloads
loads
From horizontal
Sway
dxa
dxb
dxa)
(dxb -- dxa)
(dxb
Spread
dxa
dxb
dxb
(dxb
(dxb -- dxa)
dxa)
ITotal of (dxb(dxb dxa)
dxa) at
atcollapse
collapse
ITotal
AB
BC
00
00
32.1
32 1
32.1
32.1
321
32 1
71.9
71.9
39.9
0.0
1183.4
00
1183.4
1183.4
1183 4 1183.4
11834
1183A
0.0
1183.4
0.0
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
00
0.0
0.0
AB
AB
Y-AXIS DEFLECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
Deflections
frame
Deflections from
fromthe
the"elastic"
"elastic"
frame
dya
dya
dyb
dyb
(dyb
dya)
( W -- dya)
Deflections from
fromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"
frame
Deflections
frame
Mid-span
dropfrom
fromgravity
gravity
loads
Mid-span drop
loads
dya
dYa
dyb
dyb
(dyb
dya)
(dyb -- dya)
Deflections
frame
Deflections from
fromthe
the"plastic"
"plastic"
frame
Mid-span drop
dropfrom
fromhorizontal
horizontalloads
loads
dya
dYa
dyb
dYb
(dyb(dyb - dya)
dya)
ITotal of
of (dyb
(dyb - dya)
dya) at
atcollapse
collapse
ITotal
00
00
116.6
116.6
116.6
116.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
BC
BC
00
00
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.8
00
00
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
1255.2
1255.2
1.8
1.8
158.2
158.2
00
00
07
07
07
0.7
00
00
00
00
398
398
0.0
0.0
11 8
8
0.7
0.7
2761
276 1
275.4
71.9
71 9
88.7
88 7
16.8
1183.4
1183.4
0.0
0.0
0.686
06861
0.766
0.0
0.0
dG
1428
1428
142.8
142.8
0.0
0.0
233.2
349.8
349.8
116.6
116.6
00
00
00
00
0.0
00
0.0
0.0
ED
ED
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Hd
FG
FG
71
71 00
00
00
-71.0
-71.0
dG
dG
00
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.8
0.0
0.0
398 8
39
398
0.0
0.0
1.8
1 .8
33 5
5
1.8
1.8
135.2
135.2
276.1
276.1
3.4
3.4
-272.7
16.8
16.8
0.0
0.0
-16.8
-16.8
-1411.2
398
39 8
39.8
0.0
DF
DF
00
00
35
35
3.5
3.5
3.5
365.2
4 77
1.2
1.2
377.8
377.8
398
39 8
398
39 8
0.0
0.0
4.7
4.7
5.8
5.8
1.2
145.0
145.0
0.0
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
263.8
3.4
263.8
2638
0.7
263 8
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
0.0
0.0
1121.7
0.0
1121.7
0.0
1121
0.0
1121 7 7
1121.7 -1121.7
-1121.7
0.0
0.0
00
00
0.0
3.4
90.0
90.0
365.2
365.2
0.0
0.0
365.2
365.2
260.4
260.4
0.0
0.0
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
1393.2
60
60
39.5
39.5
13856
13856
1425.0
1425 0
-263.1
-263.1
11.1
0.0
0.0
-11.1
-11.1
-1395.9
07
07
0.7
07
07
0.0
00
00
00
00
0.0
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
1.411
100.2
100.2
1.411
54.5
1414.7
1414.7
11577
11577
0.139
0.139
47.6
6.6
6.6
588.6
53.3
55
55 11
53.3
128.3
128.3 128.3
1396.6
1396.6
1396 6
1396.6
11577
11577
11577 11577
0.137
0.137
0.137 0.137
61.1
588.6
588.6
76.4
247.5
404.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
808.0
0.883
1151
0.883
713.3
713.3
1.117
1.117
212
21 2
4040
4040
404.0
1151
465.0
465.0
Dc
DC
dG
0.0
0.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
404.0
1.151
1.411
1.411
1.151
465.0
00
00
142.8
1428
142.8
142.8
00
00
699.6
699.6
699.6
0.0
71.0
71.0
71.0
Hd
5.8
5.8
5.8
2142.41
2142.41
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.71
0.71
90.0
90.0
-6.0
90.0
-6.0
90.0
-15.2
-15 2 -71.0
-71.0 2142.4
2142.4
-13883
0.0
-1388 3 0.0
0.0
-1403.4
-71.0
-1403.4
-71.0 2142.4
2142.4
1980.7
1980.7
bD
bDHd
0.0
0.0
Hd
Hd
00
00
55 88
0.0
0.0
.71.0
-71.0
1.151
ab
July 2001
58
58
1640.4
4040
Date
Date
00
00
39 88
39.8
1.151
Ba
Ea
2001
May 2001
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.8
0.0
0.0
420.4
48.2
46
4
48.2
6.6
66
61.7
61.7
101.2
101.2
11834
00
1183 4
00
1183.4
11834 1183.4
11834
0.0
1183.4
0.0
116.6
0.0
CD
CD
Rev
Rev
Date
Date
6996
699 6
6996
6996
0.0
0.0
00
00
11000
000
1183.4
1183.4
1183.4
11834
583 0
0.0
2332
233 2 5830
6996
2332
233 2 5830
583 0
233 2 2332
6.0
-6.0
6.0
-6.0
16.5
-14.1
16 5
-14.1
1406.2
1406.2 -1403.5
-1403.5
1422.7
1422.7 -1417.6
-1417.6
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.883
1.151
1.151
1.411
1.411
1.7010.883
1.000
1422.7
1255.2
1422.7
1251.6
1255.2
1251.6
404.0
404.0
1183.4
11834
0.0
0.0
116.6
116.6
16.8
16.8
16.8
1414.0
1414.0
0 00
0.0
0.0
404.0 808.0
1.000
1.000
0.0
FG
FG
887
88 7 115.6
115.6
142.8
142.8
1156
1156
27.2
268
26.8
11834
11834
1183 411834
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
AB
00
00
88.7
88.7
88.7
DF
1183.4
11834
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
ED
11834
11834
0.0
1121.7
0.0
1121.7
0.0
1121 7 7
0.0
1121.7
-1121.7
1121.7
AXIAL
AXIAL FORCES
FORCES
Pc
and
126.9
columns
at
rafters
and rafters at ULS
ULS
126.9
52.3
54.5
588.6 52.3
Pc for columns
Total mldspan
drop
1414.7
1414.7
midspan drop
Midspan height
height
11577
11577
rafter mispan
mispanaxial
axlalby
by {1/(1-drop/height)
(l/(l-droplheight) -- 1)
l}
0.139
0.139
Increase rafter
Midspan axial
axlal
45.4
47.6
45.4
Midspan
Increase in rafter axial
6.3
6.3
Design axial
axial
126.9
58.6
126.9 61.1
58.6
Design
[Incrementalenergy
energy==Pc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc'phi*s"d(phi)
159.2
83.3
159.2
llncremental
_.
CD DF
900
90 0
1255.2
1255.2
0.0
0.0
1255.2
1255.2
PSI (angle from

from X axis)
axts)
psi
dxa) at
at collapse]*Sin(psi)
collapse]'Sin(psi)
[(dxb -- dxa)
[(dxb
dya) at
collapse]'Cos(pst)
[(dyb -- dya)
[(dyb
at collapse
collapse
phl * Ssat
phi
Incremental
d(phi)
Incremental
rotn rotn ==
mechanism
from
IShortening
(modulus)
Shortening =phi*s*d(phi)
Factor on lambda_p
IFactor
lambda D
lambda p from
lambda_p
from first-order
analysis
lambda
Iambda_M
WIS
Checked by
Checked
Element
Element for evaluation
evaluationof
ofPc*phi*s*d(phi)
Pc'phi*s*d(phi)
in
CMK
'Made
Made by
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
WORK
WORK DONE
DONEROTATING
ROTATINGHINGES
HINGES
ABMprd(ph1)
evaluatlngfor Element
Element for evaluating Mprd(phi)
MprA
MprA
MprB
MprB
MprA + MprB
MprA
Incremental
Incremental rotn
rotn ==d(phi)
d(phi)from
frommechanism
mechanism
IMpr*d(phi)
IMpr*d(phi)
Page
40 of
Page 40
of 41
41
Job No:
No:
1.701
3643.81
3643.81
128.3
464
64
64
59.6
59.6
118.1
118.1
128.3
128.3
12.9
12.9
cG
cG
404.0
404.0
0.0
0.0
dG
454.0
454.0
0.0
454.0
454.0
454.0
128.3
128.3
467.51
467.51. Sum
Sum ==
Hd
00
00
1.411
1.411
454
454 00
454.0
1.701
1701
570.2
570.2
640.7
640.7
772.2)
772.21 Sum
Sum ==
404.0
1266
4031
4031
The Steel
Construction
The Steel
Construction
Construction
Institute
Silwood
Silwood Park,
Park, Ascot,
Ascot, Berks
BerksSL5
SL5 7QN
7QN
Telephone: 101344)
(01344) 623345
623345
Telephone:
Fax:
(01344)
Fax: (01
344) 622944
622944
IPage 41 of 41
Job No:
CDS139
Job Title
BS 5950 Portal
Institute
CDS139
lJob No;o
lPage 41 of 41
lRev A
Second-order
Worked
Example:
Worked
Example:
Two-span
Portalwith
withHit/Miss
Hit/MissInternal
InternalColumns.
Columns.
Two-span Portal
Client
DETR
by
Made by
CMK
late
May 2001
2001
Date
May
Checked by
Checked
WIS
Date
late
Made
2.6
Subject
CALCULATION
CALCULATION SHEET
SHEET
2001
July 2001
A.6
Load factor
factor at
at failure,
failure,AM
,,A,,
2 P2 q5sdb
4sd4 =
1266 5
4
= 1266
2 Mprd 4 =4031z5
= 4031 4
EMprd;b
/2
E(Mprdcb)
A, / A,
2M
=
=
[l
[1
A,
(P 5 s dq5)
1-
1266
4031
=
= 0.686 x
X 2,
A,
m)l
4
)}
= 0.686
= 0.686
=
= 0.686
xX 1.117
1.117 =
= 0.766
This frame
frameexceeds
exceeds the
the h/1000
/z/l000 limit
limit for
for the sway-check
methodby
byaafactor
factor of
of
sway-check method
about 3.
demonstrate that such aaflexible
flexibleframe
framehas
has
3 . The
Theabove
above calculations
calculations demonstrate
a a
serious reduction
reduction in
in-planestability
stabilityeffects.
effects.
in capacity
capacity from in-plane
fRey
213
21 3

In-Plane Stability of Portal Frames

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

In-Plane Stability of Portal Frames

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SCI PUBLICATION

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

design of portal frames used for

This publication was written by Mr Charles

The SCI would

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

(Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine)

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

INTRODUCTION TO IN-PLANE STABILITY

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

'Elastic' frame sway deflection

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

This document includes:

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

Les cas pour lesquels

Stabilitat von Rahmentragwerken

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

formation of plastic hinges.

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

The amplified moment method

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

Other types of base

0.05 (R3- C1)

0.05 (R4- C2)

Figure 1.1 Notional

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

These notional horizontal forces are used

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

subjecttoto local concentrated

2.2 Axial compressive

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

is the distributed load

The horizontal reaction for

is the height of the column.

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

Figure 2.4 Column shears

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

is the inertia of the strut

is the length of the strut.

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

is the applied loading at ULS.

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

P.6 (P-little delta)

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

1st order moments

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

n 2EI the Euler buckling load

the beam affects not

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

displacements, A4,, are

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

that mode of buckling.

1.4 x dead load

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004

The bending moment diagram for

second-order effects in the

Created for Atkins from www.steelbiz.org on 17/8/2004