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10. A brush, hook, or special tool is preferred for removal of chips, shavings, etc.
from the work area. Never use your hands to clean cuttings they are sharp!
11. Keep your fingers clear of the point of operation of machines by using special
tools or devices, such as, push sticks, hooks, pliers, etc. Never use a rag near
moving machinery.
12. A hard hammer should not be used to strike a hardened tool or any machine
part. Use a soft-faced hammer.
13. Keep the floor around machines clean, dry and free from trip hazards. Do not
allow chips to accumulate.
14. Think through the entire job before starting. Ask for help if you have
questions.
15. Before starting a machine, always check it for correct setup and always check to
see if machine is clear by operating it manually, if possible.
16. No drinking or eating in shop area. Do not bring food or snacks into the shop.
17. Do not attempt to operate equipment under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
18. If you have not worked with a particular material before, check the materials
safety data sheets book for any specific precautions to be taken while working
with the material. Also, ask the shop personnel before cutting any unusual
material.
19. Heavy sanding and grinding should only be done in well-ventilated areas,
preferably on the patio. Painting on the patio only make sure that the doors to
the shop are closed.
20. Follow all appropriate precautions when working with solvents, paints, adhesives
or other chemicals. Use appropriate protective equipment.
21. Check the power cords and plugs on portable tools before using them.
22. Always store oily rags in an approved metal container.
23.
Only one person may operate a machine. The Buddy should watch and never
activate or touch controls.
drilling axial holes in the work piece it can also hold the tools such as drill, reamer, tap
to do the operations like drilling, reaming etc.
Carriage: It is located between head stock and tail stock. It can be moved in
longitudinal direction and can be fixed at any position. Carriage has following parts
a. Saddle: Its base portion, located across lathe bed and carries cross slide and tool
post, it can be moved longitudinally along the bed.
b. Apron: it is attached to saddle and appears as hanging on front side. It consists of
gears for motion transmission.
C: Cross slide: it is mounted on top of the saddle and acts as support to compound
rest
D: Compound rest: It is mounted on cross slide and it consists of swivel and top slide.
The tool post is mounted on top slide.
E: Tool-post: it is used to hold the tool position the tool as per the requirement.
Step Turning: It is the process of obtaining different diameters on a work piece along
the length by adjusting depth of the tool.
Taper Turning: It is the process of giving the angle to the work piece with the help of
compound slide.
Knurling: The cutting of a serrated pattern onto the surface of a part to use as A hand
grip using a special purpose knurling tool.
Facing
It is the process of removing the material from the end surface or face of work piece.
Fig: Facing
Grooving: It is the process of producing V shape cyclical groove on the surface, the
tool has similar V shape as required to produce on work piece.
Fig. Grooving
CONCLUSION:
Hence we have studied various operations such as turning, step turning, facing, boring,
taper turning, knurling, grooving, and threading which are performed on center lathe.
REFERENCES:
1. Elements of Workshop Technology (Vols. 1 and II) by Hajra chaudhary
THEORY: Holes in the work piece are necessary for many purposes such as fastening
the object with nuts and bolts, Screws, for fixing assembly purpose So it is necessary to
make holes in the work piece. So the Drilling is a process of making a hole in the blank
work piece, or enlarging the existing hole. The Machine which is used foe this purpose
is called as drilling machine. It consist of spindle which is rotated by the motor and
transmitting mechanism, The spindle in turn rotates the drilling tool called as drill, as drill
is press fitted into the spindle. Drill is fed into work by feed mechanism. The work piece
is fixed on the table, as the drill fed into the work piece; the hole is created by removing
material in the form of chips. All the components are supported by frame. Cutting fluid
is commonly used to cool the drill bit, increase tool life, increase speeds and
feeds, increase the surface finish, and aid in ejecting chips.
Base: base is the lowest horizontal part which supports the entire structure of drilling
machine. It is made up of cast iron because cast iron absorbs vibrations. So the
vibrations transmitted to foundation get reduced.
Work table: It is mounted on column which supports the work. Generally its has two
types of motions. a. It can swing about column. b. it can move up and down. This
facilitates the positioning of work piece while drilling.
Spindle: It is a hollow portion which is provided with rotary motion spindle imparts this
rotator motion to drill.
Head: It consist of drive mechanism and feed mechanism.
Fig: Drilling
Reaming: It is process of finishing and sizing of drilled hole with the help of tool called
as reamer.
Fig: Reaming
Boring: It is process of enlarging the already existing hole to meet the required Size
and finish.
Fig: Boring
Spot facing: It is the process of machining a flat circular surface around a hole
to provide a seat for a bolt head nut or washer.
Counter boring: It is the process of cylindrically enlarging the face of existing hole.
CONCLUSION:
Hence we studied various operations such as drilling, reaming, spot facing, counter
boring which are performed on Drilling machine.
REFERENCES:
1. Elements of Workshop Technology (Vols. 1 and II) by Hajra chaudhary