-. . . .

PLURPiL FORM

--

.............. 14

~ ~ S S E S S I O-N~nruscaii

/ - Z ~ M M O NNOUN ENDINGS -

"5 TERMINACIONES MS
-

FRECUtNTE5 DEL NOMBRE

.....

16

...

RSI-LC

-:,

---..*e-

i!;

.-

OS CUA
--

DORES

1
MA!CCULINEi AND FIEMIMINE
- .
5 NOMBRES MASCULINOS
Y FEMEblIMO'
.
- -

- -

5 - LOS NOMBRES COM

ADJECTlYEi
LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES DE OBJIITO Y S1JJETO;
LOS PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS POSESIV'ni=.

..............26

F,;F
............................................................................................................
rni
tjf9)188

31

Nnuns

FSOUMS: COUNT AND NON-COUNT

LOS NOMBRES CONTABLES E INCONTABLES

Un nomby denota una persona, una cosa, un lugar o una idea.

Ninetypupils fook fhe test. (nombre contable)
Susan showed grbat coirage. (nombre incontable)

B Los nombres se pueden clasificar en dos grupos: contables e

incontables. Los contables son aquellos ante los que podernos poner un
numeral.
one girl, two girls, one man, ten men
Pueden sersingulares o plurales.
C Los incontables son nombres que no pueden ir en plural y ante los
cuales no podemos utilizar numerales. Van seguidos por un verbo
singular. He aqui una lista de algunos nombres incontables.
7

advice

buffer

chocola te
coffee
cream
ditt

flour
food

fun

furniture
hetp

m usic

sugar

news

tea

hornework
hope '
hunger

PaPer
physics
rubbish

tme
toothpasfe -

informafion

sand

mathernafjcs
milk
money

S ~ Y

soap

troubte
water

'

weafher
work

Los nombres incontables casi siempre se usan con la forma singular del
verbo.
The water Es hof.
The sky is blue.
Algunos nombres pueden a veces utilizarse como contables o como
incontables.
paper (incontable, papel)
a paper (contabie, un peritidico)

EXERCISE $
Choose a singular or plural verb, according to the nouns in bold.

1. Our baggage @, are) at the airport now.

2. Our secretary (is learning, are learning) to use a computer now.

3, The sky always (look, looks) beautiful at sunset.

1

4. The latest news (is,are) quite shocking.

5. Mathematics (is, are) rny favourite subject a! school,#

6, Mr and Mrs Smith (is selling, are selling) their house this week.
7. Llfe (ic, are) beautiful.
8. The new gardeners (is woiking, are worl<ing) in the garden now.

A JAN

A A 1 An se usa ante nombres singulares contables. A va delante de

consonantes o de palabras que aunque comiencen por vocal sta se
pronuncie con sonido consonantico.
a hook
a one-eyed mnil
a usei'L~Elesson

An va delante de sonidos voclicos o de una palabra que tiene una h

que no se pronuncia.

El articulo a / an se usa delante de un nombre no especifico o cuando

aparece por primera vez. Tarnbibn podemos aadir un adjetivo o un
adverbio entre a 1 an y el nombre.
/+e S sfaying at a new hotel.
He S reading an u n ~ s ~ ~ Iong
a / / yb m k .

B El artlculo a se usa con ciertos nfimeroc y expresiones de cantidad.

Can you cosln t to a hundred irs French?
t'(l llave a cauple of ciranges, please.
He neecls c7 bit of tiha
C El articulo a I an se emplea en ciertas expresiones de velocidad,
frecuencia o precio. En tales casos, se podra poner tambin per.
The car wac trave//i/'ii7g
af une hundred ki/oinei',.esan I-io~tr(pef hour).
(El coche iba a cien kildmetros por (a la) hora.)
I vfsit my grandparents three times a weela (per weak).
(Visito a mis abuelos tres veces por (a la) semana.)
Tliese mushrooins cost fwo dollars a kilo (per I<ilo).
(Estos charnpiones cuestan dos dlares el kilo.)

No se usa a 1 an con nombres incontables.

Please get miflfand bastfer cin your way horne.

A El articulo definido the se usa ante nombres especficos tanto en

singular como en plural y ante nombres que ya han sido mencionados
con anterioridad.
The moon is very bright tonight. (s61o hay una luna)
1 fl~oclgfif
the parfy was wot~ded~,l.
(una fiesta especifica, conocida
tanto por el que habla~omopor el que escucha) '
She /ves in rny neiglibouthood. TIw enirghbcirrr&~ood
is fr~llaf S fudents.
(ya ha sido mencionado)

The se emplea tambin ante nombres propios de: personas, cuando

indicamos una familla por su apellido (the Smiths), rios (the Nile),
mares (the Black Sea), montaas (the Alpc), islas (the Canary
lslands), desiertos (the Sahara}, algunos paises (the Netherlands).

C The va seguido de un adjetivo cuando queremos expresar una clase de

gente o animales.
Oniy r f ~rich
e can shnp i17 ff?ispJr?c13.
The Ainericans and Ihe Spaniards are very competifive pcople.
D Los instrumentos musicales llevan artculos, pero los deportes no.
I play f h flute, f l ~ piano
e
and the g!ijfar.
t ha fe p1;iyincg fooiPJ3alI and Penni.9.

E Con palabras como chapel, prison, hospital, school, market, no

debemos poner articulo si vamos a ellas con el fin para el que se
construyeron, pero debemos ponerlo, si vamos con otros fines, por
ejemplo, a visitar.
Tf?acliiei-sand pupils go Po school, bitpc71-enisgo to the cchool fn
rrleet their ck~ilcl~n's
teaci'lers.

F The se usa tambin con los superlativos.

This is fhio bcst winc S have ever lasted.

EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks with a oran where necessary. Remember: They appear before
sirigui.~rcount nouns.
1. Maria bought ...?.... red sweater, but John boughi ..?!*.., orange one.

2. The children were taken to .........zoo and saw

angry tiger and .........tal1 giraffe.

.........big elephant, .........very

3. John had .........ice-cream and Rachel had ......... orange.

I
I

4. lan wants to be .........architect and Jane wants to be ......... lawyer

.........information about the trip?

This job will take me about .........hour.

5. Where can I get

6.

7. Jill has .........bionde hair and blue eyes.

8. Mike had .........operation yesterday.

9. Mr and Mrs Brown went on

beautiful places.
10.

.........European tour and saw .........lot of

.........UN peacekeeping force, including ......... group of sotdiers from France,

has been sent to .........Serbia.

11. We bought .........tea,

12. In fairy tales,

girl.

.........coffee and ......... milk at the supermarket.

.........handsome prince usually marries .........

poar but beautiful

.........advice, but he couldn't help me.

When we were in Paris, we went to .........Sairite Chapelle and saw .........

13. 1 asked hirn for

14.

wonderful siained-glass windows.

15. We had

.........excellent weather on our holiday.

EXERCfSE 3
Fill in the blanks witk the where necessary.
1. I have given ..the..dog his dinner.
2. 1 think .........dogs make good pets; in fact, I think they are .........best.

3. 1 don'l like ,,.., ,., , children next door,

4. 1 only like .........children when they are well behaved.
5, We took ......... children to
6.

.........lstanbul when we were in ......... Turkey.

.........book I have just finished reading was written by ......... Agatha Christie.

7. ......... Agatha Christie book I have jusZ finished is .........best 1 have ever read.
8. Do you think that .........honesty is really the best policy?
9. We have ......... cornflakes every morning for

.........breakfast.

10. Before you go to ......... London, go and see ......... Brian. He was there
recently and can tell you .........best theatres to go to and where to get .........
good meals.

11. ......... food is in .........oven.

12. 1 always enjoy seeing .........beauty of

.........nattzre.

EXERCISE 4
Fill in the blanks with a, an or the where necessary.
1. If you buy ...+
sweater,
l..
make sure you get ..he.
right size.

S. We saw .........very bright star last night, which we think rnight have been
.........planet Venus.

3. Pleaseput .........milkin .........fridge.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.

9.

.........judge can send .........people to ......... prison for many years.

When we went to .........New York, we stayed at .........G ~ a n dHotel.
Many factory owners i? .........last century would not allow their employees to
belong to .........union.
When you went to .........London, did yau see ......... Big Ben?
......... Mount Everest is .........world's highest mountain.
In 1912,......... Titanic sank in .........NortR Atlantic after striking .........
iceberg.

10. When .........Russian president went to .........Washington, he went to

White House and met .........president.
11. lf you are tired, go to

......... bed.

12. Do you think we can ever come 20 ......... agreement?

13. It is very easy to give .........advice, but less easy to foilow it.
14. Phil Collins wrote a song about .........homeless.
15. Sometimes .........information is not easy Zo obtain.

.........

TI-IE PLURAL FORM - EL PLURAL

-

A El plural se suele formar aadiendo s al nombre '(hook

-F

boolrc).

Slo tienen forma plural los nombres contables, tos incontables no

tienen forma plural.

Reglas ortogrficas
1 Cuando e3 nombre acaba en S, z,ch, x, sh y o se aade es.
bus + biises
Aox
boxes
churck -* chusches
tomafo -' tomaioes

bush

fi

lsushes

Pero hay algunas excepciones:

piano -+ pianos
stereo i stereos

radio - p radios

Si el nombre singular acaba en vocal (a, e, i,o, u) o y se atade s.

taBle -a tables
key -+ /(eys

Pero si la y va precedida de consonante se cambia la y por i y se

aade es.
i a . y .-'Ea dies
3

Hay unos pocos nombres que acaban en f y fe que cambian la f y la

fepos Y y se les aade es.

tl-iief-3 thiews
kn ife -+ knives
wife -a w i v ~ s
lea f -r lea ves

loaf

* loa ves

half -.) halves

wif - b woives
shelf * sheives

Hay algunas excepciones que forman el plural aadiendo S:

cliff - cliffs
handkerchief -b handkerchiefs
)

Algunos como hoof o scarf pueden tener ambos plurales.

hoof -+ hoofs, hooves
scarf -* scarfs, scarves
4

Existen unos pocos plurales irregulares que debes aprender.

man -* men
footl? -t teeth
woman -' womet~
goose - + geese
MOUSB
mice
ox -* oxen
foot + feet
child -* children
+

Hay algunos nombres que tienen la misma forma en singular que en

plural.
oni? cfeer + two deer
one salmon + two saErnon

Fish tiene la misma forma en singular y en plural si se trata de

peces, pero se dice fishes para pescados.

B Algunos nombres tienen s61o una forma plural y van seguidos de un

verbo plural: glasses, savlngs, rrousers, scicsors.
These scissois are shaup.

C Ciertos nombres que acaban en s parecen plurales pero van seguidos

de una verbo en singular: mathematics, gymnastics, politics,
phonetics.
Nota: Hay algunos nombres como news, advice, informatian,
furniture que tienen sentido plural aunque llevan el verbo en singular,
This is the news, read by Peter Smifti.
(Estas son las noticias leidas por Peter Smith.)
Si quiero dar una sola noticia tengo que usar piece of
ocurre con advice, information, f urniture.

news. Lo mismo

EXERCISE 5
Write the plural form of the nouns below.

1. thief

11. knife

2. glove

12. tooth

3. man

13. wish

4. salesman

14. baby

5. table

15. box

6. roof

16. toy

7. tomato

17. envelope

8. class

18. glass

9. country

19. fox
20. boy

10. bath

EXERCISE 6
Fill Jn the 'bianks with the plural form of the nouns below. Try to use all of the
words.

child

foot

key

3.

rnocrse

......feefh.....fell out last night!

My ...................
hurt. I ran too much yesterday.
Many ...................
like to wear make-up.

1. Two of my son's
2.

monkey

radio

tooth

wornan

4. We found three ...................in our classroom. How awful!

...................carne home early from school today.

I'm in trouble. I left rny ...................
at home.

5. The

6.

7. Eveyone loves to watch the

8. We have three

...................in tke zoo,

...................
in our house.

POSSECSIOM - LA POSESIN

Para expresar la posesi6n de personas, animales o paises solemos

emplear 's.

A Se usa 'S despus de un nombre que no acabe en s y slo ponemos el

apstrofe si la palabra acaba en s.
The bird's wing is broken.
These are fhe girl's hafs. (los sombreros de una nia)
These are fhe gixls' hafs. (los sombreros de varias nias)
B Empleamos 'S al final de nombres compuestos, es decir, de nombres
formados por varias palabras.
Today is my brother-in-law's birfhday.
Thaf's fhe Queen of Engiand's yacht.

C Si dos personas poseen la misma cosa se pone 'S detrs de la ltima.

Mary and Pefer's weddng was lovely.
Pero si cada una de las personas posee una cosa diferente se pone 'S a
cada una.
Mary's and Sane's birfhday, (cada una tiene su propia cumpleaos)
D Sin embargo hay unas cuantas frases hechas que si lo utilizan:
1 con expresiones de tiempo.
a week's boliday (unas vacaciones de una semana)
twenfy rninutes' break (un recreo de veinte minutos)
today's paper (el periddico de hoy)
2 con vehculos.
the car's engine
3 con organizaciones.

fhegovernmenf's policy
Nota: A veces podemos omitir la cosa poseda si se trata de una casa,
tienda o porque ya se ha nombrado anteriormente.
David's (se sobreentiende house)
I'm gaing to my mother's.
tlw butcher's

Nouns

EXERCISE 7
Circle the correct answer.
1. The jewels of the king are ...................
jewels.
the king's
a. the kings

c. the kings'

2. The ha2 of the lady is ...................

hat.
a. the ladies'
b. the lady's

c. the ladies

3. The cry of the babies is ...................

cry.
b. the baby's
a. the babies'

c. the babies

4. The crime of the thief is ...................

crime.
b. tRe thief's
a. the thieves"

c. the thieves

5. The tail of the dog is ...................tail.

b. the dogs"
a. the dog's

c. the dogs

6. The

...................
test was excellent.

a. pupils

b. pupil

7. Yesterday was the ................... day off.

a. salesmen
b. salesman's
8. We could see one

a. boy's

c. pupil's
C.

salesrnan

...................
hat.
b. boys'

9. Chocolate is not good for ...................

teeth.
a. ckildren's
b. children
10. This is ...................
home.
a. Mr Srniths
b. Mr Smith

c. boys
c. child
c. Mr Srnith's

EXERCISE 8
Rewrite the following sentences to include 'S or '.

1. This house belongs to the Johnsons.

.Tti.is.!~.;..th.e.
J~!?n~~nsI.o!ou~e..,
............................................................................
2. The teacher listened to the comglaint of the pupil.

..........................................................................................................................
3. The son of Mr and Mrs Byron is at home.

..........................................................................................................................
4. Many people still remember the assassination of President Kennedy.

5. This ticket belongs to my sister-in-law. She S taking a holiday for a week.

......................................................................
....................................................
6. We studied the poems of Lorca last year.

......................................................................
....................................................

COMRilON PIOUhl ENDINGS - LOS 'T'EW~~IIIII\FACIONES

nn/:\s
FRECUENTES DEI, NOMBRE

A veces podemos reconocer un sustantivo por su terminacin. Entre las

ms frecuentes tenemos las siguientes:

ai~~*rcarancc

fcacher

aiciilif-v
rnoi/emeni'

cornmr~t?i.i;m

happit~css
friends hi/i

o,ofinrir;
t

ope,aficln

rieighlroiirl~nod

EICERCISE 9

CircSe the correct answer.

1. I can't hear you! We have a bad ....................
a. connecting
b. connect

@ connection

2. A baby's ...................
is helped by good food and exercise.
a. development
b. develops
c. developmental
3. This ...................
received the Nobel Peace Prize.

a. scientifical'ly

b. scientific

4. WhFch ...................
do you live in?
a. neighbour
b. neighbourhood

c. scientist
c. neighbourly

5. Your story shows that you have a good ....................

a. Fmaglnary
b. imagine
c. imagination

6. Did you get an ...................

to their wedding?
a. invitation
b. invite

c. invitingly

7. The twa nations signed an ....................

a. agreeable
b. agree

c. agreement

8, t h e brothers have a close ....................

a. relate
b. relationship

c. relatively

9. Your ...................means a lot to me.

a. friends
b. friendly

c. friendship

10. The farmers are afraid of losing their

a. livelihood
b. lively

...................because of the drought.

c. lives

A Some 1 any se usan para hablar sobre nmeros o cantidades

indefinidas. Some se usa con oraciones afirmativas y any para
interrogativas y negativas.
I ~iiir?l<
flle,a is scii7ie colice iti tlio c~~phoarrl.
(afirmativa)
W w e there nny caljs for ine? (interrogativa)
We hr7vcn't got 8ny inilEc. (negativa)
6 Analiza algunos otros usos de some y any. Se emplea some con una
frase interrogativa:
cuando se expresa un ofrecimiento y esperamos una respuesta
afirmativa.
Worilci you Eike sntne mor^ cnke? (al expresar un ofrecimiento)
Can E Iiave sorwe fea, please? (al expresar una peticin}
Se emplea any:
cuando queremos expresar "cualquiera".
Tgkr nnjr book you wml. (Coge el libro que quieras.)
Any silidcnt can unc/e!sMnd i i i i ~ (Cualquier
.
estudiante puede
entender esto.)

despues de f.
l f tliere are ai?ycc?l/s,tahe a inessage. (Si hay alguna llamada, coge
el mensaje.)
Es importante que sepas que any no tiene sentido negativo en ingls.
Nota: Estas mismas reglas que acabamos de dar se aplican para los
compuestos anybody, anyone, anything, samewhere, anywhere,
something, someone, somebody, etc.

C Si el verbo va en forma afirmativa, no empleamos any sino que

pondremos no + nombre, nothing, nobody o no one.None no va
seguido de un nombre. None of va seguido db nombre plural o de
pronombre.
I haven't any rnoney.
I have no money.
1 ha ven 't any boaks.
I have no kooks.
"How much money do you ha ve?" "None."
Nene of the pupils arrived on time.

Much / little I a little se usan con nombre incontables.

Little tiene un significado negativo (poco); pero a little tiene un sentido
positivo (un poco).
He hasn'f got much rnoney.
He has Iittle time for relaxation. (casi nada de tiempo)
He has a little rnoney left. (no demasiado pero algo)
Many / few I a few se usan con nombres contables.
Few tiene sentido negativo mientras que a few tiene un sentido positivo.
She has many friends. (muchos)
They have few contacts here. (casi ninguno)
We have a few books here. (nodemasiados, pero algunos)

Nota: 7-00 much y too many expresan "mas de lo necesario"

You're spending t ~ muck
o
time on your hobby.
There are too many plates on the table.

Much se suele emplear con frases negativas,

He hasn't I ~ a dmuch Iuck late&.
C A lot df J lots of I plenty of pueden usarse con nombres incontables y
con nombres contables en plural.
Phere is a lot of /plenty of J lots of food.
There ha ve been a lof of J lots of J plenty of problems.
EXERCISE 10
Fill in the blanks with some or any.

l. Will you ge2 me ..... sC?e! ....stamps when you go out?

2. Do you have .................. books about computers?
3. We've run out of sugar. Can you let me have .................. , please?
4. Are tkere

..................
good programrnes on T V tonight?

5. Would you like to see .................. photos from our holiday?

6. 1 bought ..................
oranges, because I couldn't see

..................bananas.

7. ..................
dogs make such a lot of noise!
8. There won't be ..................
trains tomorrow; there's geing to be a strike.
9. Andrea said she knows ..................people who could help me.

10. Rhonda wanted ..................

books about ghosts, but the library didn't have

EXERCISE 11
Fiill in the blanks with some, any, none, none of or no.

......
Y?!! ......newspaper will do; they al1 have the TV programmes in them.
2. ..................people are never catisfied!
3. "1s there ..................coffee left?"
-I.

"No, I'm sorry. There are .................. drinks at al!."

6.

..................
these pupils has the correct answer.
If there is ..................
reason why you can't do the job, please tell me now.
There must be ..................
reason for vvhat Simon did.

7.

..................of these pupils will pass the test. They haven't studied.

4.
5.

..................
red apples? If you do, 171 buy ...................
..................
pupil who cheats will be punished.

8. Do you have
9.

10. "How many pugils tried to cheat?"

"...................
They al1 did the exam properly."

EXERCISE 12
Fill in the blanks with somebody, someone, something, somewhere, anybody,
anyone, anything or anywhere. fhere may be more than one correct answer.
1. Did you do ......
K!l!h!!?g......interesting when you were in Madrid?
2. Can you lend me ........................
to read?
3. 1 can1find .........................

4.

........................ can show you the way to the Prado.

.........................
please help me?
Fish is ........................Ruth never eats.

5. Will
6.

to sit; can you find me .........................?

Was your hotel in Torremolinos ........................

near the centre of town?

1 can't find rny gtasses - 1 must have left them ..........................

We went skiing last rnonth. It's .........................1 do every year.
to drink?
Would you like .........................

If ........................ wants me, don't say where l've gone.

1 didn't like the place where we stayed; Zhere wasn't

the evenings.

to do in
.........................

If ........................ knows who took the money, he or she should say

..........................
You can't eat in the hotel looking like that! Put .........................
a bit smarler
on, or ........................ rnight say something.
I don't want .........................
to eat, thanks, I had .........................
before 1
carne.

EXERCISE 13
Fill in the blanks wth anythlng, anywhere, nothing, nowhere, no one or
nobody. There may be more than one correct answer.

1. There's ..!?riwAe?.. to sit.

2.
3.

..................can say Tom didn't try hard in his exam.

This room is so full, There isn't ..................
to put ...................

4. We didn't really enjoy our holiday because in the evenings there was
..................to go and ..................to do.

5. If you're not planning to go

..................this evening, let's go to the cinema.

..................to eat in the house! Lets eat out.

..................ever wants to put petrol in the car.
You are a real bore. You've never been ..................or done ..................
There's ..................
1 like better than resting on Sundays.
There's been ..................
worth watching on the TV lately.

6. There's
7.
8.
9.

10.

EXERCISE 1 4
Fill in the blanks with much, many o r a lot of. There may be more than one
correct answer.

1. We haven't got

,.!??r!ck!.a!ot~.milk left.

2. I have ....................
...... English books, but not .........................in French.

3. 1 can't eat al1 this! You've given me too

.........................potatoes.
4. Haven't you got too
days!

..........................
meat and too

..........................
luggage? We're only going away for two

5. Don't put too ..........................

milk in rny coffee, piease.

6. Bill is so popular; he has such .......................

... friends.
7. 1 don't think ver- ..........................
of that idea.
8. There are ..........................
tourists here in the surnmer, bu! not
..........................
in the winter. This is because there are ........................

things to do in the sumrner, but tkere's not ..........................

to da in the
winter.

9. 1 like .........................sugar in coffee, but nol ..........................

in tea.

problems, Why don't his owners do

10. That dog causes ..........................
something?
1

..........................
peaple want to be film stars, but not ......................... of
them succeed.

12. He doesn" have .........................friends, because he talks too

13.

14.

15.

...........................
for that oid starnp. It's really not worth
1 think you paid too ..........................
very ...........................
David didn't seem to take ..........................
notice of us when we arrived.
..trouble for him.
Dr Brock is really wunderful! Nothing is too ........................
Not ..................
doctors are like that!

EXERCISE 15
Replace the underlined werds with little, few, a little ora Sew.
1. Dave has some very valuable stamps.
..............................................................
,ve. hic a. !c,K. vm! .!?!uab!e. E?tzi!??l?~-.
2. Would you like some more rneat?
3. Alan was away from school for two or three days.

...........................................................................................................................
4. Not manv people go to the South Pole for a holiday!

...........................................................................................................................

5. 1 have alrnost no money Feft to spend on gifts.

6. There are still two or three rooms to paint.

EXERCISE 16

CRoose the correct answer.

1. We don't need ...................
more tornatoes.
a. some
b. no

@anY

2. The homeless man had ...................

to sleep.
a. somewhere
b. nowhere

C.

anywhere

3. She refused to say ................... to the police.

a. nothing
b. something

C.

anything

4. I'm afraid there isn't ...................

cake left!
a. much
b. some

c. a little

5. Can I borrow ...................of your books to revise for my exam?

a. few
b. many
C. some

6. I'm sure 1 heard ...................

cal! my name!
a. somebody
b. nobody

c. anybody

7. I'd like to spend ...................days in Greece.

a. a little
b. few

C.

8. There's

a few

...................food left over frem the party.

a. much

b. a lot of

c. many

9. I've read ...................

books you lent me.

a. al! the

b. the whole

c. any

10. We didn't meet ...................

we knew when we went ta the cinema.
a. someone
b. no one
c. anyone

11. Did you do ...................

interesting over the weekend?
a. nothing
b. anything
c. a lot of
12. I've kad ................... to eat!
a. toa many
b. toomuch

c. a lot of

13. There's ...................meat left if you'd like some.

a. a little
b. little

c. any

14. The exam was so difficult that ................... people passed.

a. a few
b. some
c. few

Nouni

-15. The food was se delicious that ...................

was left.
a. Iittle
b. some
c. a liitle

Both, neither y either se usan cuando hablamos de dos cosas.

Both of,neither of y either of requieren el artculo the o un pronombre.
Both hotels are recommended. (or 00th of the hotels ...)
Tfre two girls ha ve arrived. Both of fhem are ready to he@.
Neither colour suits you. (or Meither of the colours ...)
/Y/ eenjoy either film. (or ... eirher of the films.)

...

B Either or significa el uno o el otro.

Neither nor significa ni el uno ni el otro.
1 have eifher coffee or tea for breakfast. (sentida positivo)
1 drink neidher coffee nor tea for breakfact.(sentido negativo)

...

EXERCISE 17
Choose the correct answer
1.

...................people today have TV sets.

a. Any

2.

Many

...................coffee ar tea will be fine, thank you.

a. Either

3.

b. Either
b. EEther of

c. Neither

...................Zhe films are highly recommended.

a. Either

b. Both of

c. Most

4. Eric has ...................pen nor paper. How can he possibly take notes?
a. both
b. neither
c. either
5. The anti-drug campaign was supported by ................... the senior classes at
our school.
a. neither of
b. bofh of
c. either of

6. Dan ...................neither an umbrella nor a coat and itk raining outside. How
silly of him!
a. hasn't taken
b. has taken
c. took

MASCUtlNE ANiD FEMlMlNE NOUMS LOS NOfiff ERES MASCULINOS Y FEMENINOS

-

La mayora de los nombres no tienen g4nero.

t am speaking to my friend. (trlend puede ser amigo o amiga)
We have an exc8llei1fdoctor. (el mdico puede ser un hombre o una
mujer)

B Tan s61o unos cuantos nombres tiene forma masculina y femenina.

Algunos forman el femenino cambiando la terminacin.
actor - * ricti'ess
prnce pi.inccss
~miIer+ waiti'ess

Otros nombres son totalmente diferentes en femenino y masculino.

rinckc
al~ilt
bu11 - r cow
hoy - fi gii'!
hinther P sister
neplieili' - -4 niew
stallioii r i~saio
Irrtshai?d in/iFr;i
-+

mcrncrs.

1R

Label each noun M (rnasculine), F (ferninine) or B (both masculine and ferninine).

1.

.B..

2.

..... dancer
..... surgeon
..... actor
..... friend
..... daughter

3.

4.

5.

6.

aitist

7. ..... actress
8.

..... king

..... painter
10. ..... uncle
1l. ..... queen
12. ..... aunt
13. ..... teacher
14. ..... baby
15. ..... child
16. ..... president
9.

..... policernan
18. ..... doctor
19. ..... people
20. ..... son
21. ..... nurse
22. ..... father
23. ..... hostess
24. ..... saleswoman
17.

Mouns

Oj COMPOUMD NQUNS - LOS NOMBRES COMPUESTOS

Un nombre compuesto esth formado por dos a mAs nombres.

A Los nombres compuestos pueden escribirse juntos, es decir, como una

sola palabra (housewlfe), separados (bank account) o con guin entre
ambas palabras (pen-name).
He /S a j.~olicemati.
I'tn goiiig fo Sl~epos? office.
Don'i fogef your sleepinp/?ng.
B Para formar el plural de los nombres contables compuestos se aade
una S al segundo nombre.
Wl?ichjfoufh I~asfelsdic! yoir ei?joymos t?

A. Look at the lists below. Form compound nouns by matching the words from
A with those in 0, and the words from C with those in D.
A

"\::

cycle

contact

D
machine

clock

cotton

book

mate

tooth

cords

water

C.

alarm

d. recorder

human

wool

head

e. brigade

washing

card

dish

f.

armed

tenses

motor

g- washer

credit

rights

tape

h. songs

vocal

set

fire

1.

text

brush

steering

i. ache

television

forces

skiing

wheel

B. Now use the cornpound nouns above to complete the sentences below.
1. He paid for his new clothes by ......CiEd!tCa!:Q..... instead of writing a
cheque.

............................
of her car sharply to avoid hitting the dog.
Jane was late for work because her ............................
didn't go off.
We called the ............................
when we saw smoke in the xoom.

1:

2. She turned the

3.

4.

IN

5. You can clean that wound with some ............................

and alcohol.
6. Amnesty lnternational is welf known for its work i~ the field of

7. When you buy this toothpaste, you get a free ............................

with t.
8. Ske has stopped wearing grasses and she's wearing

............................

instead.
9. Put the dirty clothes in the

........................ .. .

10. If you stay in a students' residence at university, you may have to share
with a .............................

1 a ~ao~ounrs
AND POSSECSIVE ADJECTIVES -

LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES DE SUJETO Y OBJETO;

LOS PRQNQRIlBRES Y ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS;
LOS PRONODARRES REFLEXIVOS

Pronombres personales de sujeto y objeto

Subject
1
You
He
She
It
We
Y ou
They

Object
me
YOU

him
her
it
US

YOU

them

En ciertas ocasiones en lugar de poner un nombre conviene poner un

pronombre para asi evitar repeticiones.
Masy is very tall. She is siso thin.
En lugar de decir dos veces May, hemos puesto el pronombre personal
she.
Los pronombres personales pueden ser:
1 sujeto de un verbo.
She is tall.
2 objeto de un verbo.
Mary visited him.

B Pronombres y adjetivos posesivos

Possessive
Adjective

'-"Y

your
his
her

its
our
your
their

Possessive
Pronoun
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
you rs
theirs

Los pronombres posesivos van en lugar del nombre indicando

posesin.
1 have a book. tt js mine. (mine sustituye a my book)

Los adjetivos posesivos acompaian al nombre indicando pertenencia.

1 I-lave a car. It is my car.
C Pronombres reflexivos
myself
yourseff
himself
herself
itself
oneself

ourselves
you rselves
themsehes

Tienen tres usos:

1 Como objeto de un verbo cuando el sujeto y el objeto es la misma
persona.
/ cttt myself last week.
2 Despues de preposicin, cuando el sujeto de un verbo y el objeto de
la preposicion es la misma persona,
He mus t be mad. He was talloing tu himself.
One may talk to oneself when one is alone.
Nota: Si el reflexivo va precedido de by se traduce por "solo", "sin
ayuda".
I like to walh by myself. (Me gusta pasear solo.)
3

Para dar nfasis a un nombre o pronombre.

The queen herseH helped me.
She wrote it herself.

Fjate que el reflexivo se puede colocar despus del nombre, del

pronombre o al final de la frase.

EXERCISE 20

Fill in the blanks with the correct subject or object pronouns.

1. My natne is Terry.
!.........'m visiting Spain right now and my friends have
asked .......!???,...
...to bring .....?!C!. .....lots of souvenirs.
...m...+

2. Mary isn't Italian. ..................

is French. Her parents used to send ..................
to ltaly during the surnrner holidays and that's why ..................can speak
ltalian so well.
3. The Johnsons have just phoned because ..................
want lo come over

tonight. It's OK with ..................

but I'm not sure about my wife.
may have other plans.

..................

4. Where's Karen? I haven't seen ..................

today. She told ..................
that
..................
wouid meet ..................for lunch but there's no sign sf
5. The weather is horrible. ..................'
s been snowing heavily al1 week. At
school, the headmaster toid al1 of ..................Zhat if ..................
continwes to
snow, ..................
won't have to come to school on Monday.

6. "Who is ..................
?" 1 asked when .....,............
answered the phone.
",.................
k ..................
, Bob," came the eply. I hadn7 phoned ..................
for weeks and ..................thought ..................
'd forgotten ...................

EXERCISE 21

Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjectives or pronouns. There may be
more than one correct answer.
1. I can't go shopping right now. I'm washing .......R?J! ......hair.

2. Jill has just had ..................hair cut because she and Jack are having
..................pieture taken tomorrow.
3. "What a beautifu'l new car. Is it ..................?"

"No, it's not ................... I borrowed it from Mary. It's ..................."

4. "Have you seen ..................
keys anywhere?"
"Could those on the table be ..................?"
"No, they're not ...................They're Torn's."

Nouns

5. Cary and I were washing ..................

car and we got ..................shoes
completely wet. Larry's shoes were canvas, so ..................dried very quickly,
but ..................
took two days to dry.

6. We have three children in ..................

farnily. ..................
older brother, Jack,
is living with ..................grandparents in London now because ..................
house S quite big so they have plenty of
school is in London too. ..................

room.
EXERCISE 22

Replace the underlined words with the correct pronouns.

l.

lives next door to Sue.

!-l@!l~e,c.ntixt.d(.!c!r.!O,!?EI:. ..................................................................................
2.

uhas just bought the book.

...........................................................................................................................

3. Have the twins received Paul's letter?

...........................................................................................................................
4. MYolder brother often shouts at Tom and m.

...........................................................................................................................
5. These keys are their kevs.

...........................................................................................................................
8. This riresent is for mv husband's and mv anniversary.

...........................................................................................................................
7. This camera is her carnera.

...........................................................................................................................
8. The two airls looked at the books that belonaed to them lying on the floor.

...........................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 23

Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns or adjectives.

1. The Bensons live in England, but

...................
They want us to go with ..................to the cinema.

2. Give me those books. They're

3.

.....!.?e![ ..... daughter lives in France.

4. This is Mary. I've known ..................

al1 my life. ..................
is my cousin.
5. 1 know these children, but I can't remember ..................names.

6. They don't have a telephone, so we let them use ...................

7. Did she enjoy

..................at the rack conceri?

8. The little boy was afraid because he was at home al! by

...................

9. 1 don? tave a pen. Can I borrow ..................

for a minute?

10. This robot can make coffee al1 by ...................

EXERCISE 24
Translate the sentences below into your native language.
1. My friends can't come tonight because their car is in Zhe garage.
2. These children didn't like the fish. They left it on Zheir plates.
3. They lived in rich neighbourhoods before, but now they're living in a srnall
house in the country.

4. 1 love nature and take long walks in the woods every evening.
5. Our host and hostess invited rny niece and nephew to spend the weekend in
their sumrner house by the sea.
6. "Would you like some coffee?" "No, thanks. F've just had some."

7. 1 have very little spare time nowadays.

8. He watckes too much TV and too many films on video.

MULTIPLE-CHOICECLOZE: Choose tke correct answer.

Maria had been working very hard. Her friends told her she should take (1 a, an,
the, some) quiet holiday by (2 her, her own, herself, hers). So Maria took her
(3 friends', friend's, friends, friend) advice and began to make (4 herself, the, any,
some) plans. She went to the (5 travel's agency, travel agency, travelling agency,
travellers' agency) to arrange her holiday. She asked Zhe agent to give her (6 an, a
few, sorne, any) information about places to go for a (7 week, weeks', weekly,
week's) holiday. "Would you like to go to Paris or London? Flights to Paris and
London are more popular than (8 sornewhere, nowhere, everywhere, anywhere)
else." Maria reglied, "(9 Either, Or, Neither, Both) Paris nos London appeals to me.
Don't you have (10 some, any, a few, either) flights to the Greek idandc?"

5 p d khE! Error F*: Can you correct the rnistakes?

She used to live in Spain but now she is living in United States.

.........................................................................................................................
It took us over a hour to reach the top of the mountain.

.........................................................................................................................
The latest news are quite shocking.

.........................................................................................................................
Most woman earn less than men doing the same work.

.........................................................................................................................
How much TV programmes do you watch every night?

.........................................................................................................................
It's very strange but Zhis circus doesn't have some clowns!

.........................................................................................................................

This is my girlfriend hat's.

................1............................................II...........................I..........................

The waiter who served us was excellent and we gave her a large tip.
.............I....................................................................................................
When Edward saw him in the rnirror, he decided that he needed a haircut.

.........................................................................................................................
1 can't find my English book. 1s this one yours or my?

.........................................................................................................................

- EL PRESENTE SIMPLE .................................

3b
IS - LA ESTRUCTURA DE LAS PREGUNTAS .....39

THE PRESENT SIMPLE

................4
..-.
-. .-. .
STPirlVE VERBS (NO I U s u a L L r uatv IN I n t r ; u I~1NUOUS) PRESEF

1
1

....

'INUOUO

NUO

LOS VERBO!
. .
".m..*..-=.

DS CON'

..............

. . . . .m. . . . .

45

The Imperative, Pieient Simple, P i e ~ e nContlnuouq

l
I a t i v e Vefbs
..

THE IMPERATIVE EL IMPERATIVO

Afirmativa:

Raz del verbo (infinitivo sln to)

Negativa:

Do not (Don")

+ raz del verbo

Go now!
Have a nice day.

Don'f warry.

Do nat rnove!
A Empleamos el imperativo para dar rdenes, hacer sugerencias y pedir a
alguien que haga algo.
Come here!
Have a drink.
Help me with this big bag!
B El imperativo no se suele usar con sujeto, pero podemos aadirlo
especialmente cuando queremos dejar claro a quien estamos

dirigindonos.
Jein LIS, Peggy.
Sit down, everybody.
Somebody answer that phone!
Tom, don't rnovc.
C

Do se puede colocar antes de la forma afirmativa para dar mayor

nfasis al imperativo. Esta suele ocurrir en peticiones educadas o
quejas,
Do sif down.
Do fry and keep quiet.
Nota: Cuando hay un imperativo seguido de un infinitivo se suelen unir
con and, y se quita el to.
Do fry fo keep quiet. /Do try and keep quiet.
C ~ m to
e visif uc. / Come and visif us.

D Do se usa incluso con el verbo be (recuerda que no lo hace con ningUn

otro tiempo del verbo to be).
1 para la forma negativa del imperativo.

Don" te lafe!
Don't be silly!
2 para dar enfasis.
Do be nice to Aunt Clara!
Do be here on time!

E A veces empleamos you delante de un imperativo para indicar que

estamos irritados tanto en forma afirmativa como en negativa.
Don'l iiocr [/,y fo ct?eail
13cin'f jmrr movd
I\iotx: En espaol la forma negativa se podra traducir por "ni se te
ocurra ..."; en la forma afirmativa, posiblemente indicamos la irritacidn
con el tono. Oralmente, in ingls, debemos poner el acento en you.
F Para expresar el imperativo de primera persona del plural que tenemos
en espaol (que en realidad indica una arden suavizada, o una
sugerencia, pues se incluye la persona que la da), se utiliza let's (let
us) + infinitivo sin to.
I-sf'r: :.ii!cly! (iEstudiemos!)
I-cf :.:i17d 3 sulrlt/on/(i Encontremos una solucin!)
I r !'r; revise ilie kesso,i! (iRevisemos la leccin!)
La negativa se puede hacer de dos maneras:
L.ef's nol ..;trcrirtl (i No gritemos!)
Ciori'i I ~ i " rfollow tlteri~t(NOles sigamos!)

Nota: Aunque las dos son correctas, se suele emplear mas la primera.

EXFRCISE 1
Rewrite tke following sentences using the imperative form.

1. Can you come Rere, please?

Come here,pplea,sf:.
....................................................................................................................
2. Would you al1 sit down?

...................................................................................................................
3. Can't you just be quiet?

...................................................................................................................
4. You can't be late for this meeting!

....................................................................................................................
5. Would you be kind enough to get me a drink of water?

....................................................................................................................
6. 1 don't like it when you tell me what to do!

.....................................................................................................................
7. I'd like to ask you not to smoke near tke baby.

The ImpersHvs, Present Simple, Present Continunus, StaHve Veibs

- .-

- -

8. 1 hope you sleep well. Good night!

EXERCISE 2
Answer the following questions using the words in brackets and Zhe gositive or
negative form of the imperative.
1. I'm going to the post office. Do you want anything? (gel stamps)
Y es, .please .g@f
s!~.m~s,.
..................................................................

.!ne.co!ne

2. Can I speak English here? Will everyone understand? (speak)

No, ................................................................................................................

3. I h making lunch. Would you like to join me? (make sandwich)

Y es, ................................................................................................................
4. Do you want to watch this video with me? (turn on}
Yes, .....................
.
.
.
.....................................................................................

5. Can 1 open the window? (open)

Na,

.................................................................................................................

6. Can yoti explain it again, please? (pay altention)

All right, but ......................................................................................................
II
7. We're in a hurty. Are you ready? (wait)
No, so ......................................
- .

1:
/!

............:......".......

8. WRat are you doing tonight? (phone)

1 don't know.

.............................
.
.
...................................................................

THE PRESENT SIMPLE

- EL PRESENTE SIMPI-E

Afirmativa:
sujeto + raz del verbo
sujeto + raz del verbo + s (3gpersona singular)
Negativa:
sujeto + do not + raz del verbo
sujeto + does not + raz del verbo (3"persona

--

I work.
He warks.

1 do not work.

singular) He does not work.

Interrogativa:
Do + sujeto + raz del verbo
Does + sujeto + raz del verbo (38persona singular)

Do they work?
Does jt work?

El presente simple se emplea en los siguientes casos:

A Para expresar verdades generales o hechos.
Water boils at 100 degrees.
B Para expresar hbitos o costumbres. Suele ir acompaado por
expresiones que indiquen que la accin ocurre regularmente como
every day, usually, frequently, etc.
Slle wa lks fo scl-iool every d8y.
C Para planes futuros, especialmente para referirnos a horarios o
programas. En la oraci6n debemos poner alguna expresin temporal
indicando tiempo futuro.
The Zrain leaves in an hour.
O Para contar chistes, historias, cuentos, acontecimientos deportivos, etc.
TWOpeople waJk into a restaurant. One of
Fontana kicks fi?ehall! lt 'S a goal!

fhem says to the waifer...

Expresiones de tiempo

Las siguientes expresiones de tiempo van al principio o al final de la frase:

every day
each year
once a week
on T~esday
reglrlarly
daily
yearly
in tl-ie eve~?ing,
etc.

Las siguientes expresiones de frecuencia en cambio, aparecen delante del

verbo principal, pero despus del verbo to be:
always
aften
sometimes
seldorn
usua15y
generally
occasionally
never

Te ImpeiiAve, Piesenf Simple, Present Continunus. Stative Veibi

-

Reglas ortogr5ficas

has terceras personas del singular aaden una S a la ratz del verbo pero en
algunos casos hay que hacer algunas modificaciones.
a

Los verbos que acaban en S, SS, sh, ch, x, u o, aaden es.

miss -* misses
watch + watches
mix --* mixes
dash -* dashes
march 4 marches
do -.* does

Los verbos que acaban en y precedida por consonante cambian la y

por i aadiendo es.
try -# fries
fiy -r flies

Los verbos que acaban en y precedida de vocal, siguen la regla

general, aaden s.
say -- * says
PaY PaYs
enjoy + enjoys
+

EXERCISE 3
Match the following sentences with the uses in the Grammar box on page 36.

1. The bus leaves in half an hour. ........C........

2. "Smith hits the ball over the net. Game!'"...................

...................
The earth moves around the sun. ...................
Julia drives a sporls car. ....................

3. 1 read a book evety week.

4.
5.

EXERCISE 4

Choose one verb from the list below to complete each sentence. Put it into the
correct form.
meet
have
be
change
take
drive
scorc
begii?
1. They always .......fake .....the busto work.
2. Nowadays there ...................more cars on the roads than ever before.

3. The managers of the company ...................

regularly.
4. Every year the weather

...................a tractor on the farrn.

"Magic Johnson ...................
three points in the last second!"
The show ...................at 8.30 p.m.
f h e United States of America ...................
50 states.

5. Alan

6.
7.
8.

...................in November.

F31ERCISE 5
fill in the blanks with the Present Simple form of the verbs in brackets.

?!S!!
She never .........

....... (visit) us an Sundays.

........................
(you / always travel) to work by train?
The moon ........................(revolve) around the earth.
......................
.. (Re / phone) you every week?
Every winter, my family .....................
...(go) to Chamonix for a week.
The plane ........................
(not leave) until rnidnight.
Water .......................(not boil) at 90"centigrade.
Sheila ........................
(practise) the piano twice a day.
I've got a joke for her: There ........................
(be) this tal1 man. He
........................(ga) jnto a caf8 and ...
(begin) on September 1st.
The school year cisually ........................
EXERCISE Ci

Write sentences using the words given below in the correct order. Make any
necessary changes.

1. they / at night / not travel/ long distances / usually

.T!?~.Y
.G~,P.'!.! ! ? ! ! G ! ~ ! L G . Y E ! . ! G ! ? ~ . ~ ! ~ L ~ ! !@O!..
? . ~ ~ ~.............................................
.~!.

2. at night / seldom / go out / they

....................................._I......................................I.......................
T....

3. sometimes 1fosget / you / to lock the door?

..........................................................................................................................
4. eat 1 my neighbours / meat / never

.................*........._...............................
...............................................................
5. on time / be 1 in the morning / we I generally

..........................................................................................................................
6. problems J discuss / he / often / with me

..........................................................................................................................
7. shop J usually / she / ar the shopping centre?

..........................................................................................................................
8. any more / never / I I abroad / go

En presente simple, este tipo de preguntas comienzan con el auxiliar do o

does (si se trata de la 3"eersona del singular), luego el sujeto y despus la
raiz del verbo, siempre sin to.
1
t/,-?!i(:n?
!7u:-r 1 1 ~d.7ncio7
Cinr.? ::lrn rhncn7
i:in yo/i tlr7nc~7
Pn I A ~ I : ~ I!,~IVY?:?

*?nr;/ E

I:~~IcI~?

f!?r?y d:?/lt.;e?
Se pueden contestar las preguntas del tipo Yes I No de las siguientes
formas:
YP?, !do./ fikl. f '-h?'?,
yp;,!?P dr!,?.?. / blr>, h?C!VPT?
'F.

Las partlculas interrogativas mas frecuentes son:

2IVF7ci
l-lt>!~l
I~ViK?!
1j 0 1 4 f I ? ~ L / C / ?
lh/I?~n
1 Inw inany
l A 4 lere
How o f k n
lW11y
How long
Mrh/~/~
/ h!J!!
f:</
I4/i?ose
1-low
/t3ig / srnnl// heavy ...
l/I/E~af kind

En presente simple, este tipo de preguntas se forma igual que las de Yes 1
No pero se les tiene que poner delante una partlcula interrogativa.
Dn yori live in Barcelona? (Pregunta del tipo Yes 1 No)
IJft?ep.~rrln yorr live? (Pregunta con partcula interrogativa)
Does cI?elilw ECE-cr~am?
(Pregunta del tipo Yes 1 No)
Whet does she lilre? (Pregunta con partlcula interrogativa)
Cuando estamos preguntando sobre el sujeto de la frase empleamos las
partculas who y what. Estas partculas son el sujeto de la pregunta. Who y
what suelen ir seguidas de un verbo en 3"persona del singular. Sin
embargo, en la respuesta el verbo puede ir en singular o en plural.
Wia goes heme a f tl7ree o%locl<?
Tina g o ~ s
hornc at t h ~ s eolcbcl<.
/ The pr~pi1.qgo Aon ie at fhree o'ciock.
WfI7ntm;i!wc a loud noise ?
A siren rnalc~sa Ioud no-se./ Iiriirns m a k ~
a loitd noise.

EXERCISE 7
A. Underline the verbls in eaeh sentence.
B. Complete the questions.
-1.

.
.
.
.

She drinks milk every day.

Wkat .................................... does she drink

every day?

2. We eat breakfast at 7.00 a.m.

What time

................................................................
breakfast each morning?

3. Don gets up early because he starts work early.

Why

....................
.
....................................................................................?

4. The children play in the garden every afternoon.

Who

......................
.
.
...................................................................................
?

5. David sells 500 newspapers a day.

How many ...................................................................................................
?

6. The bus stops on Oxford Srreet.

Where ...........................................................................................................
?
7. Che shops in the city once a month.
How often ...................................................................................................
?
8. My litZle brother always laughs when he watches Alf on TV.
Who ...............................................................................................................
?

9. My father listens to the news every evening.

How ofien .....................................................................................................
?
10. The trains stop at King's Cross Station.

Where

...........................................................................................................
?

EXERCISE 8
Anna wants to take driving lessons. Fill in her rnother's questions.

Anna: Mum, I want to take driving lessons.

.Mother:
. . . (1)
. ...............................
. . . . . . ..
..
.

Ama: Because I arn 17 years old.

Mother: (2) ................................... ....................................................................
?
Anna: Yes, I have money to pay for the lessons.
Mother: (3) ..........................................................................................................
?

Anna: Yes, other students take lessons after school.

Tht Impeiaiive, Resent Simple, Preienl Continunu~.SfaRvo: Veibe

M~ther: (4) ........................................................................................................

?

Anna: They do their homework at night.

Mother: (5) ......................... .........................................................................
?

.
.

Ama: They drive the family car.

EXERCISE 9
Ask Wh-questions about the underlined words in each sentence.
1. The TV series about the Beales begins in a few davc.

rShm .d~.e.$,
!heT!!.seo!ec&o.K!1h.cReaflesbeg!.?.........................................
S. She hurries to the office every morning.

..........................................................................................................................
3. The Thompsons travel to Nice every spring.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

..............................

4. Dan seldom listens to the radio.

..........................................................................................................................
5. At 10.00 a.m. we always take a break.

..........................................................................................................................
6. The train to Lyons leaves iri five minutes.

..........................................................................................................................
7. Jane and Claire write to each other reaularlv.

..........................................................................................................................
8. 1 often do rny homework in mv room.

..........................................................................................................................

Afirmativa:
sujeto a arn / Islare + verbo + ing

--

1 r??vwr~t.kjr?r!.

.,/TC
k!/~!

----

--

Negativa:
sujete + am /is /are not + verbo + ing

--

.-

- -.

------

twr)ri:!f79.

??%!
l?f~?fk[fl~.

-- ---

1 ,7t,? ~ Y O~
$
~ ~ ~ ~
I Ir ir !7nt ~ f i t n r ~ ~ j r i ~ .
Yo11:fr V O S rl;rr~r'~!:,rr?.

--

m----

Interrogativa:
Am /SS /Are + sujeto + verbo + ing
--

i.7

'U-

P 07 1 ~ ~ t n f + f ~ : r ~ , - t ?
f.^ j; vfirn1.!r;~?t :,#
'F ,-9!/](:!,
ln,rl;~!~~~~f17
m

--

--

El presente continuo se usa en los siguientes casos:

Para acciones incompletas que estdn ocurriendo en el momento de

hablar. En estos casos suele ir acompaado por expresiones como

now, at the moment, rigtit now.
1 / ~ P I: / ~

. ,~ ~~ ~ ' ' i / ?,',!)O//:

<''

f/,>f/7! jj(7Ifll.

j;

B Para acciones incompletas que estn ocurriendo, aunque no

necesariamente en el momento de hablar.
/'f-

,.r,.-',,,7n

e.<\

I'<>m!P.

/17!/

?FJ7<!

C Para preparativos o planes en un futuro prximo. En este caso suele ir

acompafiado por expresiones de tiempo futuro.
/', .

,,>(,/;;./;];/,~]

,,FTt

v'qf?:<3:.{

D Para acciones que se repiten regularmente y que suelen llevar un

sentido de queja, de monotona.
>1,:..

%'

l,,

1.

"

, - , / ? :trbl/!:
~ l

I\l(li:l Cuando se modifica la rutina o se rompe un hbito, cambiamos el

presente simple por el continuo.
!J.::!

[~lli

O-

Los verbos que acaban en e, pierden la e al aadir ing.

;,,:,

' : / , { )~
/{f - ~ ~ ~ ; ~ / ) ~ ~ ~
~ / / y ~ ~ , ~ ~ / / ~~ t j ~/;[)(!;lp
r ~ I A~! ~ rJ,~: ~ :~

,]l '

,l{

,,..("

;,:8!,,' , / "

Los verbos que acaban en le, cambian la e por y, aadiendo despus

ing.
(7'

r;?(:f-c-.

/-,>

-.
/L,:>:~;

The Imperative, Present ~irnpie,Plesent Conlinueius, 5taHve Vefbs

--

- -

--

c Si la ltima sllaba del verbo acaba en consonante-vocal-consonantey

sta ltima acentuada, se dobla la ltima consonante antes de aadir
ing.
~fo,n
- 5 .qt(~p!)fnty

/IPO;?J

1~e~ji1v~in.q

Pero si la ltima slaba no estd acentuada, no la dobla.

opm~-> opcnity

Para formar las preguntas de! tipo Yes E No en presente continuo

ponemos el verbo auxiliar (am1 is I are) delante del sujeto.
\'mi 8i.r woikiix) t l r 7 1 ~ f-. r , 4 r yo11
~ ivcirFcii?gl?nrr/7

2 Para formar las preguntas con partcula interrogativa anteponernos la

partcula a la pregunta Yes / No.
Ate yor~in/or:rr.,tighntcl? (pregunta del tipo Yes / No)
!Alliy are yoii tuorlrhg Iraid? (pregunta con partfcula interrogativa)
3

Cuando queremos preguntar sobre e! sujeto de la oraci6n empleamos

who (para personas) y what (para animales y cosas). Who y what van
seguidos normalmente por la forma S del verbo to be.
Inllio i..; ea ting now?
!mar is happening today?

EXERC1SE 10
Match the following sentences with the uses in the Grammar box on page 42.
f . Skelly is living in Paris.

R
...................

2. Take your seats, please! The show is starting. ...................

3. They are building a new park in our neighbourhood. ...................

4. His cousins are arriving next week.

...................

5. WRat are we doing tomorrow morning? ...................

6. She is always doing housework. ...................

7 . My stereo usually works, but it isn't working now. ...................
8. Where are you living now? ...................

EXERCISE II
Fill in the blanks with the Present Continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
1, 'Rita ......h.!!?s?k?G!
...... (rest) on thesofa. She'stired,

2. Rodney ...........................
(write) another report.

...........................
(the Johnsons 1 go) to ltaly this year?
4. ...........................
(she / come) home late tonight?
..
(it J snow) now?
5. ...................
6. Dave ...........................
(always lend) rnoney to his friends.
7. We ...........................
(not enjoy) this concert, so let's go home.
8. Tina ..........................(sew) a dress for herself.
9. ...........................
(you /do) anything at the moment?
10. Miss Taylor ...........................(take) the class today. Mrs Jones
........................
,.. (no1feel) well.
3.

EXERCISE 12
Ask Wh-questions abovt the underlined words in each sentence.
1. The train is arriving in ten rninutes.

.WI~.efl.
is.the. trajo.arrivi~g?................................................................................
2, Shirley is always breaking her alassec.

..........................................................................................................................
3, The pupiIs are taking the Enalish test right now.

..........................................................................................................................
4. The shop is closing early today because ef the holidav.

..........................................................................................................................
5. Ellen and Sheila are workina on their sroiect.

........................................
.............I...................._I.............................................I

6. James is planning to go tu Barcelona.

..........................................................................................................................
7. Mrs Lee is learning to drive a bus.

..........................................................................................................................
8. My little sister s starting school in the auturnn,

..........................................................................................................................

The !rnpemfhre, Present Simple. Present Conttnunus. SfaRvs verbs

- - -.
- -- ---

EXERCICE 13
p, woman finds a little boy crying in a shopping centre. Fill in the woman's questions,

Woman: (1) .....................................................................................................

?
Little boy: 1 am crying because 1 don't know where my mother s.
Woman: (2).......................................................................................................
?
Little boy: She is wearing a red dress.

Wornan: (3) ......................................................................................................

?
Little boy: My brother and sister are with her.
Woman: (4) ..............................................................................................
3
Little boy: They are looking for new shoes.

..

Wornan: (5) ...................................... ...........................................................

?
Little boy: Yes, they are Iooking for children's sshoes.
Woman: Good! Now I know where to find thern:Come with me!

STATIVE VERBS (NOT USUALLY USED lN THE CONTINUOUS) LOS VERBOS QUE NO SUELEN IR EM TIEMPOS CONTINUOS

A Algunos verbos no aparecen en tiempos continuos. Son verbos que

expresan:
Sentidos: feel
see
sound
Iiear
srnell
facte
Pensamientos I appear
forget
Irnow
seem
actividad mental: believe
guess
pref~r
supose
consder
hope
realise
thini
depend
imagine
rernemlier ~iiiderstand
cloubt
Emociones: dislike
hafe
love
wanf
doubt
lile
need
wish
f~ar

Relaciones I

Inelong to
owe
posesin: have
Medidas: cosi
eqrial
I undersrnncj i'lie problen?now.
This I-rorisc belongs !o my parents.

own

possess

measure

weigh

B Algunos de estos verbos en ocasiones tienen mas de un significado y

dependiendo de ello, pueden usarse en formas continuas.
Por ejemplo se dice:
1 see vou ase tired now. (aunque sea ahora, no se puede poner en
contino)
/'m ceeing fhe doci'oi-tomorrow. (tengo una cita, voy a visitar al mdico)
J fbjnh yow art3 rigl~t.(cuando think significa believe no se puede poner
en continuo)
She's rhinking of selling her car. (cuando significa consider si se puede)

EXEI?ClSF if!
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets,

l . She ........R!R~c!!-?..,.....(prefer) her coffee without sugar.

...........................
(have) a shower now. Please answer tRe phone!
What ...........................
(tkis word / mean)?
Sarah ...........................
(see) the dentist at foui o'clock on Wednesday.
How many rooms ...........................
(this house 1 have)?
They ..........................(think) of selling their house.
1 ........................... (not believe) how rnuch this jacket ......................... (cost)!
The doctor says that he ........................
...(doubt) that you will need to take

2. 1
3.

4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

medicine.

EXERCISE '1 5
Fill in the blanks with the correct liorm of the verbs in brackets. Note that in some
sentences you may be able to use both Ptesent Simple and Present Continuous.

l. How many brothers and sisters .. ~Q.XQ!!.!?~!E~., (have)?

2. Hold on a second, Mary. I want to turn off the gas; the water
(boil) over.

........................

3. Now I ........................
(realise) that I made a mistake.
4. Elephants ........................
(live) to be about as old as hurnans.
5. Our English teacher ........................(not believe) in giving tests, anly projects.

6. He ........................(live) in town now, but he ....................

....(rnove} to the
country soon.
7. Dan won't be in the office next Tuesday; he ........................
(take) Zhe day off.

8. My boss ........................
(always complain) about the arnount of talking in the
office.
9. How ........................
(you 1 feel) about your new school?

10. E can tell by the look on your face that you

.....................
... (ihink) about Jill

11
I

I
1

l
l

right now.
11. Speak up! She ........................ (no?hear) very well.

(always talk) in
12. Mrs Jones, your san is a clever boy but he ........................
class.

........................
(think) you ........................(be) wrong. She ........................
(spell) her name with a "C", not with a "K".

13. 1

46

The Impeiatiue, Ptesent Simple, Presenl Cuntinuaus, Starwe Velbs

- --

-.

14. I'm not sure about the trip. It ...................

(depend) on the weather.
15. Jenny and her grandmother are very close. They
another at least once a day.

Klcyr;cl?r:

...................
(phone) cine

G
Fill in the blanks with time expressions from the list. Some time expressions can fit
more than one sentence, but make sure that you use each time expression only
once.
<I

al1 y(?ar ~ O I I I I ~
iriin IUW 011
af A,.OO p.rri. on Vil~diir-?:;clriy - in Itlc! Ialr allciriaori
iioxt Mnr-iclny

al thc ~IO~CI~IE
PVCI y SLI~II-I~?~

iI!~hiIIOW

loclay

loinrrow
1

I
ICII

11

; l t ~S~?;IF;OII

1l

t : l ) ~t I:J[?:;

....................
Gina starts to sneeze ...........................
.
.
.......................................................
t enjoy going for walks ............................... .
..................................................
She goes for a drive ....................
.......... ....................................................

1, She's saving a bath and she can't come to he phone .c!TE!?!L!!Y:

2.
3.

4.

5. In this country, we usually have apples ..................... .

.
..h.....*.......................n.

6. You're going to the dentist ................................................................................

!
7. The electrician is corning lo fix the plug ..........................................................
,
so you'll have to wait tlntil he comes.

.....................................
... . . . . .than she did yesterday.
but I'm cure she'll get up soon.
9. Joanna is resting ............................................
.
.
.............................
10. He's going to swim 20 lengths a day ............................
1l. Juan and 1 are starting to do our project ...................
.
.
.
.
............................
12. People from al1 over the woricl visit Greece ...................
.
.
...........................
8. She's feeling happier

Fill in the blanks wiih the Present Simple or Present Continuolrs form of the verbs
in brackets.

l. A. Anir'~.i!nr!~
.!iroil?o.s.l;~lri~tr~.
. (your brothers 1 take) karate lecsons this year?
B. No, they

.......................................

(not be). Martin

...........................
.
....... (study) photography while James
................................
(prefer)football.

2. A. Mark hasn't been playing football very well lately. What

B.

3. A.

....................................... (he / usually do) every afternoon?

He ..............................
...........
(ride) his bike, ......,m.:
...............................
(watch) TV and ....................................... (talk) on tke phone. He
.......................
.
.
........ (not have) much time for football.
Why ...................................... (Dave I sit) in the comer when he should

be playing basketball?
B. Well, his coach .........................................
(punish) him because he
....................................
(not know) the ruies of the game.
4. A. How often .........................................
( p u / paint) your house?
B. We .........................................
(usually paint) it evey two years, but that

A.

.............................. ...........
......................................

(depend) on how dirty the walls are.

(you / plan) to paint it soon? If so, l'd like to help

you.

........................................ (she / write) a leiter to Carlos orto Maria?

B. Oh,Ib ssuie she ......................................
(not write) a letter to Carlos.
She ........................................ (never write) to boys.
A, .....................
.
.
............. (you 1 understand} the difference between

5. A.

6.

Present Simple and Present Continuous?

B. Not yet, but l .........................................

(try) very hard.
(Linda 1 leave) the office evey night?
7. A. What time .........................................
B. Well, she's really serious about her job; she .........................................
(not
leave) until about 7.00 p.m.
8. A. What

...................................... (be) purple, .........................................

(have) three heads and .....................................

{speak) English and

Hungarian?
B. I .......................................
(not know) and 1 certainly
....................................
(not want) to find out!
9. A.

B.

........................................(John / leave) for India tornorrew evening?

Well, he has his passport, but he ........................
.
.
........... (not have) his
ticket yet.

....................
.
.
.
............. (she / take) lernon and sugar in her tea?
8.Well, she ........................
.............(take) sugar, but she
....................................
....jnot take) lemon. She .......................................

10. A.

(preter) midk if there is any.

l
'

1
I

The ImpeiirAve, Present Simple, Presenf Contlnuciur, SkHve Vctbs

EXERCICE 18
Complete the following sentences. They contras! the Present Simple and Present
Continuous.

1. My dog hardly ever barks,

That's funny. .........!~?I!~!!c~!s
..s.......right now.

2. Are you going out for lunch today?

Yes, ................................
once a week.

3. Are you lying to me?

Of Course not! .................................

never ....................................

4. She's an excellent cook. She always makes the most delicious meals.
I know! She ...................................a cheese souff l right now.

5. Does your brother watch TV?

Yes, in fact ....................................

right now.

6. Is Mary drinking beer? I can't believe my eyes.

Yes, in fact ..........................,........ a week.

7. 1s Andrew always making a mess?

Oh yes, ...................................al1 the time.

8. 1 don't of!en disturb you,do I?

Well, .................................. right in the rniddFe of my favourite programme.
9. I'm watching the sunset now. IsnY tit beautiful?
Yes, it is. I ........................ . . every evening.
10. Do you read books in English?
Yes, in fact I .................................. a novel by Jeffrey Archer rigkt now.

EXERCISE 19
Translate the sentences below into your native language.
I listen to the radio every night.

Many houces have red roofs.

Qo you enjoy picnics in the summer?

She isn't an actress.

The buses never come on time.
How much do you weigh?

We seldom bake our own bread.

Mr. Carlson's your father, isn't he?

,-"

Rri!frr:.lri/ O l <'LI\!Sr:l.;: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in

brackets.
1. My sister ......................... ............. ( f l ~h) ~ m from
e
Lortdon today. Her flight
.................................... (arrive) in one hour, so I .....................................
(leave) the house right now to get to the arport on time.
2. " .....................................
(you / apply) for the job of office manager?"

"Yes, I am."

'Flease have a seat. Mr Lyndon ................................... (speak) on the phone

at the rnornent. I'lZ cal1 you when he3 svailable."

.
.
.......(practise) fhe piano regularly. She

3. Diana ........................

4.

......................................(play) in a ~ O n C e r tnexi week, so she

......................................
(work) especially hard tkis week.
Andrew .....................................
(look) for work as a translator. He
....................
.
.............. (speak) three languages fluently.
.,>

,.

,p

Can you correct the mistakes?

1. I am usually coming to school by bus.

..........................................................................................................................
2. She does her homework now.

........................................................................................................................
3, My friends come tonight at 8.00.

.........................................................................................................................
4. Who this book belongs to?

.........................................................................................................................
5. We never are late.

..........................................................................................................................
6. This box is weighirng three kilos.

..........................................................................................................................
7. What you think?

..........................................................................................................................
8. What are you meaning?

.....

.
EL FACADO SIMRLE
I ini ic .

..

- A

CONTRP
SIMPLE I PAST (
--.. -...
PASADO SllVTPLE Y EL PASADO COMTIM..
....

.-

....................... 63
.66