Landslide Hazard Information

Tittle
Landslides Occur in all 50
States

Paragraph Main Ideas

Landslides in the United States occur in all 50 States
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Landslides in the United States cause approximately
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$3.5 billion (year 2001 dollars) in damage, and kill

between 25 and 50 people annually.
some basic information about how they can begin to
be managed as a hazard.

Types of Landslides

The term "landslide" describes a wide variety of

processes that result in the downward and outward
movement of slope-forming materials including rock,
soil, artificial fill, or a combination of these

Anatomy of Landslide

Although landslides are primarily associated with

mountainous regions, they can also occur in areas of
generally low relief.

Slide

The two major types of slides are rotational slides

and translational slides

Flows

There are five basic categories of flows that differ

from one another in fundamental ways

Landslides and Water

Slope saturation by water is a primary cause of

landslides.
Landsliding and flooding are closely allied because
both are related to precipitation, runoff, and the
saturation of ground by water
Solid landslide debris can "bulk" or add volume and
density to otherwise normal streamflow or cause
channel blockages and diversions creating flood
conditions or localized erosion

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Landslides and Seismic Activity 1

Many mountainous areas that are vulnerable to

landslides have also experienced at least moderate
rates of earthquake occurrence in recorded times.

Landslides
Activity

Volcanic 1

Landslides due to volcanic activity are some of the

most devastating types

Landslide
Mitigation
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How to Reduce the Effects of
Landslides

Individuals can reduce their exposure to hazards by

educating themselves on the past hazard history of a
site and by making inquiries to planning and
engineering departments of local governments
The hazard from landslides can be reduced by
avoiding construction on steep slopes and existing
landslides, or by stabilizing the slopes

and

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English

Indonesia

Rotational slide: This is a slide in which the surface

of rupture is curved concavely upward and the slide
movement is roughly rotational about an axis that is
parallel to the ground surface and transverse across
the slide.
Translational slide: In this type of slide, the
landslide mass moves along a roughly planar surface
with little rotation or backward tilting.
Block slide: is a translational slide in which the
moving mass consists of a single unit or a few
closely related units that move downslope as a
relatively coherent mass.
Fall: Falls are abrupt movements of masses of
geologic materials, such as rocks and boulders, that
become detached from steep slopes or cliffs.
Separation occurs along discontinuities such as
fractures, joints, and bedding planes, and movement
occurs by free-fall, bouncing, and rolling. Falls are
strongly influenced by gravity, mechanical
weathering, and the presence of interstitial water.

Longsor Rotasi : Ini adalah longsor di mana

permukaan pecah melengkung concavely ke atas dan
gerakan geser kira-kira rotasi pada sumbu yang
sejajar dengan permukaan tanah dan melintang di
slide.
Longsor Translasi: Dalam jenis longsor ini, massa
tanah longsor bergerak kasar sepanjang permukaan
planar dengan sedikit rotasi atau miring ke belakang.
Longsor Blok: adalah longsor translasi di mana
massa bergerak terdiri dari satu unit atau beberapa
unit yang terkait erat dan bergerak ke lereng bawah
sebagai massa yang relatif koheren.
Longsor Jatuhan: Jatuhan-jatuhan adalah gerakan
tiba-tiba massa yang berbahan material geologi,
seperti batu dan bongkah, yang menjadi terpisah dari
lereng curam atau tebing. Pemisahan terjadi di
sepanjang diskontinuitas seperti patahan, kekar, dan
perlapisan, dan gerakan terjadi dengan bebas jatuh,
memantul, dan bergulir. Jatuhan-jatuhan sangat
dipengaruhi oleh gravitasi, pelapukan mekanik, dan
intensitas air
Tumbang : Longsor Tumbang dibedakan oleh rotasi
bagian depan atau bagian-bagian pada beberapa titik
sanggah, pada bagian bawah atau yang paling
rendah, longsor tumbang di sebabkan oleh gravitasi
dan yang berusaha mendesak bagian-bagian yang
saling berdekatan atau oleh air/cairan di dalam
retakan.
Aliran Puing: Aliran puing merupakan bentuk
gerakan massa yang cepat di mana kombinasi dari
tanah yang gembur, batu, bahan organik, udara, dan
air memobilisasi sebagai lumpur yang mengalir ke
lereng dibawah. Arus puing-puing meliputi kurang
dari 50%. Arus puing-puing biasanya disebabkan
oleh aliran air permukaan yang intens, karena hujan
lebat atau pencairan salju yang cepat, yang mengikis
dan memobilisasi tanah gembur atau batuan pada
lereng yang curam. Arus puing-puing juga sering
memobilisasi dari jenis lain tanah longsor yang
terjadi di lereng curam, yang hampir jenuh, dan
terdiri dari sebagian besar dan lumpur-material pasir
berukuran. Daerah sumber puing-aliran sering
dikaitkan dengan selokan curam, dan deposit puingaliran biasanya ditunjukkan dengan kehadiran puingpuing berbentuk kipas di mulut selokan.
Kebakaranlah yang menggunduli vegetasi di lerenglereng dan mengintensifkan kerentanan lereng
menjadi aliran puing-puing.
Longsor Berpuing: Ini adalah macam-macam dari
aliran puing yang sangat cepat ke sangat-sangat
cepat.

Topple: Toppling failures are distinguished by the

forward rotation of a unit or units about some pivotal
point, below or low in the unit, under the actions of
gravity and forces exerted by adjacent units or by
fluids in cracks.

Debris flow: A debris flow is a form of rapid mass

movement in which a combination of loose soil,
rock, organic matter, air, and water mobilize as a
slurry that flows downslope. Debris flows include
less than 50% fines. Debris flows are commonly
caused by intense surface-water flow, due to heavy
precipitation or rapid snowmelt, that erodes and
mobilizes loose soil or rock on steep slopes. Debris
flows also commonly mobilize from other types of
landslides that occur on steep slopes, are nearly
saturated, and consist of a large proportion of siltand sand-sized material. Debris-flow source areas
are often associated with steep gullies, and debrisflow deposits are usually indicated by the presence
of debris fans at the mouths of gullies. Fires that
denude slopes of vegetation intensify the
susceptibility of slopes to debris flows.

Debris avalanche: This is a variety of very rapid to

extremely rapid debris flow.

Earthflow: Earthflows have a characteristic

"hourglass" shape. The slope material liquefies and
runs out, forming a bowl or depression at the head.
The flow itself is elongate and usually occurs in finegrained materials or clay-bearing rocks on moderate
slopes and under saturated conditions. However, dry
flows of granular material are also possible.
Mudflow: A mudflow is an earthflow consisting of
material that is wet enough to flow rapidly and that
contains at least 50 percent sand-, silt-, and claysized particles. In some instances, for example in
many newspaper reports, mudflows and debris flows
are commonly referred to as "mudslides."

Creep: Creep is the imperceptibly slow, steady,

downward movement of slope-forming soil or rock.
Movement is caused by shear stress sufficient to
produce permanent deformation, but too small to
produce shear failure. There are generally three
types of creep: (1) seasonal, where movement is
within the depth of soil affected by seasonal
changes in soil moisture and soil temperature; (2)
continuous, where shear stress continuously
exceeds the strength of the material; and (3)
progressive, where slopes are reaching the point of
failure as other types of mass movements. Creep is
indicated by curved tree trunks, bent fences or
retaining walls, tilted poles or fences, and small soil
ripples or ridges.

Lateral Spreads: Lateral spreads are distinctive

because they usually occur on very gentle slopes or
flat terrain. The dominant mode of movement is
lateral extension accompanied by shear or tensile
fractures. The failure is caused by liquefaction, the
process whereby saturated, loose, cohesionless
sediments (usually sands and silts) are transformed
from a solid into a liquefied state. Failure is usually
triggered by rapid ground motion, such as that
experienced during an earthquake, but can also be
artificially induced. When coherent material, either
bedrock or soil, rests on materials that liquefy, the
upper units may undergo fracturing and extension
and may then subside, translate, rotate, disintegrate,
or liquefy and flow. Lateral spreading in fine-grained
materials on shallow slopes is usually progressive.
The failure starts suddenly in a small area and
spreads rapidly. Often the initial failure is a slump,
but in some materials movement occurs for no
apparent reason. Combination of two or more of the
above types is known as a complex landslide.

Aliran Tanah: aliran-aliran tanah memiliki

karakteristik bentuk seperti "jam pasir". Lereng
bermaterial cair dan habis, membentuk mangkuk
atau depresi di kepala. Aliran itu sendiri adalah
memanjang dan biasanya terjadi pada bahan halus
atau batuan tanah liat-bantalan pada lereng moderat
dan dalam kondisi jenuh. Namun, arus kering bahan
granular juga memungkinkan.
Semburan Lumpur: Sebuah semburan lumpur
adalah aliran tanah yang terdiri dari bahan yang
cukup basah mengalir dengan cepat dan yang
mengandung setidaknya 50 persen pasir, partikel
lumpur-, dan berukuran berukuran lempung. Dalam
beberapa kasus, misalnya di banyak laporan surat
kabar, lumpur dan puing-puing arus yang sering
disebut sebagai " longsoran lumpur."
Rembetan/gerakan
dengan
pelan-pelan:
Rembetan adalah gerakan yang tanpa terasa lambat,
mantap, gerakan ke bawah tanah atau batuan
pembentuk lereng. Gerakan ini disebabkan oleh
tegangan geser yang cukup untuk menghasilkan
deformasi permanen, tapi terlalu kecil untuk
menghasilkan kegagalan geser. Pada umumnya ada
tiga jenis creep: (1) musiman, di mana gerakan
berada dalam kedalaman tanah dipengaruhi oleh
perubahan musiman dalam kelembaban tanah dan
suhu tanah; (2) terus menerus, di mana tegangan
geser terus melebihi kekuatan material; dan (3)
progresif, di mana lereng yang mencapai titik
kegagalan sebagai jenis lain dari gerakan massa.
Rambatan ditandai dengan batang melengkung
pohon, pagar bengkok atau dinding penahan, tiang
miring atau pagar, dan riak tanah kecil atau
pegunungan.
Penyebaran Lateral : Penyebaran Lateral yang khas
karena mereka biasanya terjadi pada lereng yang
sangat lembut atau medan datar . Pergerakan yang
dominan adalah gerakan ekstensi lateral yang
disertai dengan pecahan geser atau pecahan tarik. ini
disebabkan oleh pencairan , proses dimana jenuh ,
longgar , sedimen kohesi (biasanya pasir dan lanau)
berubah dari padat menjadi bentuk cair. Runtuhan
biasanya dipicu oleh gerakan tanah yang cepat ,
seperti yang dialami selama gempa bumi , tetapi juga
dapat artifisial diinduksi . Ketika bahan koheren ,
baik batuan dasar atau tanah , bertumpu pada bahan
yang mencairkan , atas unit dapat mengalami
patahan dan ekstensi dan kemudian dapat mereda ,
menerjemahkan , memutar , hancur , atau
mencairkan dan aliran . Lateral menyebar di bahan
halus di lereng dangkal biasanya progresif .
Runtuhan dimulai tiba-tiba di daerah kecil dan
menyebar dengan cepat . Seringkali kegagalan awal
kemerosotan , namun dalam beberapa gerakan bahan
terjadi tanpa alasan yang jelas . Kombinasi dari dua

atau lebih jenis di atas dikenal sebagai tanah longsor

yang kompleks