Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Laboratory Manual
SURVEYING-II
DEPARTMENT
OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING
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SURVEYING II
List of Practical
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Study of stereoscope.
Road Project.
2)
Irrigation Project.
3)
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Experiment No- 1
Aim: Determination of the Multiplying and additive constant of given Tacheometer
Apparatus : A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
etc.
Figure:
Formulae:
When the line of sight is horizontal, then
D = KS + c
Where,
D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station.
K = Multiplying constant of a tacheometer
S = Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and bottom stadia hair
reading.
When line of sight is inclined and staff vertical then:
D = KS cos2 + c cos
Where,
D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station.
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Theory:
PRINCIPLE OF STADIA METHOD
The stadia method is based on the principle that the ratio of perpendicular to the
base is Constant in similar isosceles triangles.In fig let two rays OA and OB be
equally inclined to the central ray OC. Let A2B2, A1B1 and AB be staff intercepts.
Evidently
OC 2
OC1 OC
1
=
=
= cons tan tk = Cot
A2 B2 A1 B1 AB
2
2
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f
is known as the multiplying constant or stadia interval factor and the
i
1st Method :- In this method ,the additive constant C=(f +d) is measured from the
instruments while the multiplying constant k is computed from field observations
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1
1
1
= +
f
f1 f 2
Since f1 is very large in this case, f is approximately equal to f2 i.e. equal to the
distance of the diaphragm from the objective.
2) The distance d between the instrument axis and the objective is variable in case
of external focusing telescope, being greater for short sights and smaller for long
sights. It should, therefore, be measured for average sight. Thus, the additive
constant (f +d) is known.
3) To calculate the multiplying constant k, measure a known distance
and take
the S1 on the staff kept at that point , the line of sight being horizontal. using
equation
D1 = KS1 + C
K=
D1 C
S1
For the average value, staff intercepts, s2, s3 etc., can be measured corresponding
to distance d2, d3 etc., and mean value can be calculated.
2nd Method:In this method, both the constants are determined by field observations as under:
1) Measure a line, about 200 m long on fairly level ground and drive pegs at some
intervals, say 50 meters.
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D1 = KS1 + C and-----------------------------------------------(1)
D2 = KS 2 + C ----------------------------------------------------(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2) we get,
K=
D2 D1
-----------------------------------------------------(3)
S 2 S1
C = D1
D2 D1
S1
S 2 S1
C=
D1 S 2 D1 S1 D2 S1 + D1 S1
S 2 S1
C=
D1 S 2 D2 S1
-------------------------------------------------(4)
S 2 S1
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Observation Table:
Instrument
station
A
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Staff
station
D1
D2
D3
Distance
Vertical
angle
Remark
(1)
D2 = Ks2+c -------
(2)
D3 = Ks3+c -------
(3)
As ; s1, s2, s3 can be known solving (1) &(2), (2) & (3) , (1) & (3) to get 3 values
of m & c ,then average of three values is required answer.
D = Ks cos2 + c cos
For, three station the equations are;
D1 = Ks1 cos2 1 + C cos1 -------
(1)
(2)
(3)
As ; s1, s2, s3 can be known solving (1) &(2), (2) & (3) , (1) & (3) to get 3 values
of K & C ,then average of three values is required answer.
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Experiment No-2
Aim: Determination of Elevation of points by Tacheomentric surveying.
(the R.L.s of First Floor and Second floor of Civil Engg.).
Apparatus: A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
etc.
Figure:
S1
h1
V1
Horizontal line of
sight
O
Formulae:
When line of sight is inclined and staff vertical then:
V
= KS
Sin 2
2
+ c sin
D = KSCos 2 + CSin
Where,
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= vertical angle
P= Instrument station
Q= Staff Station
M= Position of instrument axis.
O= Optical centre of the objective.
A,C,B= Point corresponding to the readings of the three hairs.
S=AB= Staff intercept
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I =Stadia interval
= Inclination of the line of sight from the horizontal.
L= Length MC measured along the line of sight.
D=MQ= Horizontal distance between the instrument and the staff.
V= Vertical intercept, at Q between the line of sight and the horizontal line
H= Height of the instrument
R= Central hair reading
= Angle between the extreme rays corresponding to stadia hairs.
Draw a line ACB normal to the line of sight OC.
<AAC=900+/2, being the exterior angle of the COA.
Similarly, from COB, <OBC=900-/2,
Since /2, is very small (its value being equal to 17011for K=100), <AAC and <BBC may
be approximately taken equal to 900
<AAC = <BBC =900
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V = KS
sin
+ C sin ------------------------------------------------------(2)
2
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Observation Table:
Instrument
station
A
Staff
station
BM
Vertical
angle
0000000
R.L.=
100.00m
G.Floor
First Floor
Second
Floor
Third Floor
Calculation:
D = KS cos2 + C cos
1) For ground floor:V1 = (K1S1sin2)/2 + C sin
R.L of ground floor = RL of BM + h + V1-h1
Result:
The RLs of Various points are found as follows.
S.No
1
2
3
4
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POINTS
G.Floor
First Floor
Second Floor
Third Floor
Remark
R.Ls
S1
S2
h2
h1
Fourth floor
V1
V2
B.M.
Formula:
OP = D1 = KSCos 2 + cCos
OQ = D 2 = KSCos 2 + cCos
V 1 = KS
Sin2
+ cSin
2
V 2 = KS
Sin 2
+ cSin
2
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sin
+ C sin ------------------------------------------------------(2)
2
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Observation Table:
Instrument
Staff
Vertical
Horizontal
station
station
angle
angle
Top
Remark
P
O
Bottom
R.L.=
0000000
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0000000
Center
100.000m
sin 2 1
+ C sin1
2
V2= Ks2
sin 2 2
+ C sin2
2
Where,
S1= Staff intercept between top and bottom stadia hair at IVrt floor of first
end of building. = ---------m.
S2 = Staff intercept between top and bottom stadia hair at IVrt floor of other
end of building. = ---------m.
V1 = Vertical distance between measured from horizontal line of sight to
central stadia hair reading on staff at IVrt floor of first end of building.
V2 = Vertical distance between measured from horizontal line of sight to
central stadia hair reading on staff at IVrt floor of other end of building.
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Experiment No- 4
Aim: Determination of gradient of given length of road by Tacheomentric survey
( Horizontal distance between two points)
Apparatus: A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
etc.
Figure:
S1
h1
V1
H o r iz o n t a l lin e o f
s ig h t
S2
h2
V2
B .M .
Formulae:
When the line of sight is horizontal, then
D = Ks + C
Where,
D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station.
K = f/i=100 Multiplying constant of a tacheometer
C= (f+d)=0 additive constant of a tacheometer
S = Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and bottom stadia hair reading.
When line of sight is inclined and staff vertical then:
D = KS cos2 + C cos
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Theory:
Trigomentrical levelling is the branch of surveying in which the relative elevations
of the points are determined from the observed vertical angles and known
horizontal distance. Whereas in ordinary leveling the difference in elevation is
ascertained by running a line between the given points.
Let P be the point whose reduce level is to determine and M be the reading on
bench mark.The instrument is set up at any convenient point B in the vicinity of
the object. The telescope is kept horizontal and staff reading M on the bench
mark is taken. The point A sighted and the angle of elevation is observed. The
reduced level of a point P can be ascertained as follows
Let D be the horizontal distance between the instrument and the object, H be the
height of point P . Be the angle of elevation, then we have
H=Dtan
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Instrument
Staff
Vertical
station
station
P
angle
Top
Center
Bottom
R.L.=
100.00m
A
Q
Result: The gradient of given length of two staff station is found to be ___________ by
tachometric survey.
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Experiment-5
Aim:- Setting out of simple circular curve by offsets from chord produced method
Problem Two straight intersect at chainage (30+10), the deflection angle being
44. Calculate the necessary data for laying out a curve by the method of offsets from
the chord produced. The degree of the curve being 7. The peg interval being equal to
20meters.
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1718.87
= 245.55m
7
xRx
=188.57m
180 0
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C12
Now from equation length of first offset, O1 =
2R
C 2 (C1 + C 2)
2R
9.20 2
=
= 0.77m
2 X 245.55
20(9.20 + 20.00)
= 1.19m
2 X 245.55
O3toO8 =
C2
20 2
=
= 1.63m
R 245.55
Last offset On =
O10 =
C n (C n 1 + C n )
2 xR
19.07(20.00 + 19.37)
= 1.55m
2 X 245.55
Results:- By offsets from chord produced method the simple circular curve was plotted
on the ground
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Experiment No 06
Aim : Setting out of simple circular curve by Rankine method of tangential angle.
Problem
Two tangent intersect at chainage (180+10) the defection angle being 20.Calcuate all
the data necessary for setting out a 3 simple circular curve by method of deflection
angle (tangential angle) .The Peg interval may be taken as 30m.
3
3
2
2
1= 1
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Field Notes
The record, of various total tangential angles and angles to which the theodolite
readings are to be set, is given in tabular from as under.
TABLE OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES
Point
Chainag
Chord
Tangential
Total
Actual
e in
length in
angle ()
Tangential
theodolite
meters
meters
angle
reading
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Remarks
1719 1719
=
= 573m
D
3
3 . 14 x 573 x 20 0
The length of the curve, l =
=
=200.02m
180
180
1 forthe1stsubchord = 1718.9
Cn
R
1.02
min utes (033.60)
573
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30
= 89.99 minutes (12959.46)
573
8 = lastchord = 1718.9 x
19
= 57 minutes (0570)
573
Chain
age in
meters
Chord
length
in
meters
-----
Tangential
angle ()
0
,
Total Tangential
angle
0
,
Actual theodolite
reading
0
,
T1
1
17626.98
177+00
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
---
----
1.02
3.6
3.6
00
2
3
178+00
179+00
30
30
1
1
29
29
59.4
59.4
1
3
33
3
3
2.4
1
3
33
3
00
00
180+00
30
29
59.4
33
1.8
33
00
5
6
181+00
182+00
30
30
1
1
29
29
59.4
19.4
6
7
3
33
1.2
0.6
6
7
3
13
00
00
7
T2
183+00
183+19
30
19
1
0
29
57
59.4
00
9
10
00
00
00
9
10
3
00
00
00
Remarks
Results:- By tangential angle method the simple circular curve was plotted on the
ground
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Experiment No 07
Aim : Setting out of simple transition curve by tangential angle methods
Problem
Two straight interest at chainage (102+10). The deflection angle of two straight is
42.it is proposed to interest a right handed circular curve of 500m radius and
transition curve at each end, the road bend is to be designed for maximum speed
of 90km/hour and for maximum rate of change of acceleration of 30cm/sec3. make
all the necessary calculation for setting out the combined curve by tangential
deflection method. the peg interval for transition curve be taken as 15m and for
circular curve as 30m.
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' y' =
x3
Where x is measured along the tangent T1B and Tangential offset
6 RL
x3
' y' =
Where l is measured along the curve.
6 RL
3) Starting from the point T1, with the help of tape and chain calculated
perpendicular offsets or tangential offsets such as y1,y2,y3----------at a length of
x1,x2,x3-----------or l1,l2,l3---------are laid at the end of the chainages x1,x2------- or
l1,l2------- likewise the junction point F is located. The number of chord in which the
length of transition curve is divided depends on the length of the transition curve.
Check :- at x=L/2, the transition curve bisects the shift and at x=L the perpandiclar
offset=4s.
4) The process is repeated to layout the other transition curve from T2.
5) The circular curve between the point F and H laid in the same manners as
explained in laying simple circular curve.
Note:- The peg interval for the transition curve may be from 10 to 15 meters, while
that for the circular it may be 20meters or 30meters.
Solution :-=42. R=500m,v=90km/hour=
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90 x1000
= 25m / sec
60 x 60
V3
25 3
=
= 104.17 m
rR 0.3 X 500
, r=0.30m/sec2
L
2
4) Spiral angle, 1 =
104.17
= 244.38m
2
L 104.17
=
= 0.10417radian
2 R 2 x500
0.1047 x180
deg rees = 5.97 0 = 5 0 58'12 ''
R ( 21)
= 262.31m
180 0
6) Chainages:
1) Chainage of intersection point B=102+10=102X30+10=3070m
2) Chainage of tangent point T1=3070-Total tangent length
= 3070-244.38=2825.62m (94+5.62)
3) Chainage of the junction point F of the transition curve and the circular
curve=2825.62+104.17=2929.79m (97+19.79)
4) Chainage of the junction point H of the circular curve with that of second
transition curve = 2929.79+length of circular curve
=2929.79+262.31 =3192.10m (106+12.10)
5)Chainage of last tangent point T2=3192.10+104.17=3296.27m (109+26.27)
Check:- Chainage of T2 = Chainage at T1+2XL+ length of transition curve
=2825.62+2x104.17+262.31=3296.27m
7) Tangential deflection angles for the transition curve are calculated as below.
Chainage of T1=94+5.62
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573l 2
Now tangential deflection angle =
min utes
RL
For
1st
,
573 x9.38 2
0
point 1 =
= 0.968 = 0 0 ' 58"
500 x104.17
For 2ndpoint 2 =
,
573x 24.38 2
= 6.592 = 0 0 6 ' 35"
500 x104.17
,
573x39.38 2
= 17.06 = 0 0 17 ' 4 "
500 x104.17
,
573x54.38 2
= 32.53 = 0 0 32 ' 32 "
500 x104.17
,
573 x69.38 2
= 52.94 = 0 0 52 ' 56 "
500 x104.17
,
573 x84.38 2
= 78.30 = 10 18 ' 18"
500 x104.17
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For
7th
,
573x99.38 2
point 7 =
= 108.60 = 10 48 ' 36 "
500 x104.17
For
8th
,
573x104.17 2
point 8 =
= 119.40 = 10 59 ' 24"
500 x104.17
1
5 0 58 ' 12 "
= 10 59 ' 24 "
Check:- 8 = 1 =
3
3
8) Tangential deflection for the circular curve:
Length of the sub-chord =(98+00) (97+19.79)=10.21m
Number of full chord =106-98=8chains
Length of last last sub-chord (106+12.10)-(106+00)=12.10m
Check = length of curve =8x30+10.21+12.10=262.31m
Tangential deflection angle for the circular curve:
n =
1718.9C n
min utes
R
= 0-35-6
Tangential deflection angle for full chord 2 to 9 =
1718.9 x30
min utes = 103.134
500
= 1-43-8
Tangential deflection angle for last sub-chord = n =
=0-41-36
Total tangential deflection angles
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1718.9 x12.10
= 41.60 min
500
21
2
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,
573x11.27 2
= 1.40 = 0 0 1' 24 "
500 x104.17
573l 2
min utes
RL
,
573 x 26.27 2
= 7.59 = 0 0 7 ' 35"
500 x104.17
,
573 x 41.27 2
= 18.73 = 0 0 18 ' 43"
500 x104.17
,
573 x56.27 2
= 34.83 = 0 0 34 ' 50"
500 x104.17
,
573 x71.27 2
= 55.87 = 0 0 55 ' 52"
500 x104.17
,
573x86.27 2
= 81.87 = 10 21' 52 "
500 x104.17
,
573x101.27 2
= 112.83 = 10 52 ' 50 "
500 x104.17
,
573 x104.17 2
= 119.40 = 10 59 ' 24 "
500 x104.17
1
5 0 58 ' 12 "
Check:- 8 = 1 =
= 10 59 ' 24 "
3
3
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Chainage
in meters
T1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T2
94+5.62
94+15
95+15
95+15
96+00
96+15
97+00
97+15
104.17
Chord
length in
meters
----9.38
24.38
39.38
54.38
69.38
84.33
99.38
104.17
Tangential
Deflection angle
0
,
----0
0
58
0
6
35
0
17
4
0
12
32
0
12
56
1
18
18
1
48
36
1
59
24
Actual theodolite
reading
0
,
-------0
1
0
0
6
40
0
17
0
0
32
20
0
53
00
1
18
20
1
48
40
1
59
20
Remarks
Chainage
in meters
T2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
H
109+26.27
109+15
109+00
108+15
108+00
107+15
107+00
106+15
106+12.0
Tangential
Deflection angle
0
,
0
1
24
0
7
35
0
1
43
0
34
50
0
55
52
1
21
52
1
52
50
1
59
22
Chord
length in
meters
11.27
26.27
41.27
56.27
71.27
86.27
101.27
104.17
Actual theodolite
reading
0
,
1
1
20
0
7
40
0
18
10
0
34
49
0
56
00
1
22
00
1
53
00
1
59
20
Remarks
Chainage in
meters
F
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
H
97+19.76
98+00
99+00
100+00
101+00
102+00
103+00
104+00
105+00
106+00
106+12.10
Chord
length in
meters
Tangential
angle ()
0 ,
Total Tangential
angle
0
,
Actual theodolite
reading
0
,
10.21
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
12.10
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
2
4
5
7
9
10
12
14
15
0
2
4
5
7
9
10
12
14
15
35
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
11
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
3
35
18
1
44
27
10
53
37
20
1
6
14
22
30
38
46
54
2
10
46
35
18
1
44
27
10
54
37
20
4
Remarks
6
20
20
40
40
49
0
0
0
40
Result:- By transition curve and circular curve by tangent offsets was plotted on the
ground
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STEREOSCOPE
Stereoscope in an instrument used of viewing stereopairs. Stereoscopes are
designed for two purposes
1. To assist in presenting to the eyes the images of a pair of photographs so that
the relationship between convergence and accommodation is the same as
would be in natural vision.
2. To magnify the perception of depth.
There are two basic types of stereoscopic for stereoscopic viewing of
photographs:
A)
Mirror stereoscope
B)
Lens stereoscope.
b'
b
N e g a t iv e 1
E Y E
E Y E
C a m e ra L e n s
C a m e ra L e n s
P H O T O 2
( A ) S t e r e o p a i r o f n a il
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P H O TO 2
a'
N e g a t iv e 2
R E T IN A
R E T IN A
EYE
EYE
E'
M'
A
b
a'
P r in t 1
b'
P r in t 2
A)
Mirror stereoscope
The mirror stereoscope shown diagrammatically consist of a pair of small
eye-piece mirrors mirrors m and a pair of larger wing mirrors, M and M each of
which is oriented at 45% with the place of the photographs. Show a nail mounted
on a block of timber , and is being photographed by two camera position .The
camera lens is placed fist in the position of left eye and then in the position of
right eye, and separate photographs are taken in each position of left eye and
then in the position of right eye and separate photographs are taken in each
position. It will be noted that the head of the nail is to the left in the left film and to
the right in the right film. AB are the images of the nail AB in the two films.
Contact prints from these negatives are placed in the mirror stereoscope
as show in where only images of the nail are drawn .
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B)
Lens stereoscope
A lens stereoscope consists of a single magnifying lens for each eye, and
no mirrors. The two magnifying lenses are mounted with a separation equal to the
average interpupillary distances of the human eyes, but provision is made for
changing this separation to suit the individual user.
The distance between the nodal point of the lens and the plane of the
photographs depends upon the focal length of the lens. The two photographs
can be brought so closet the eyes that proper convergence can be maintained
without causing the photographs to interfere with each other as show in since the
photographs are very close to the eyes, the images occupy larger angular
dimensions and therefore appear enlarged show a lens stereoscope.
The lens stereoscope is apt to cause eye strain as accommodation is not in
sympathy with convergence and the axes of the eyes are forced out their normal
conciliation and can be slipped in ones pocket this type being called a pocket
stereoscope. Because of larger size, mirror stereoscope is not so portable as is the
pocket stereoscope.
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S.
N.
Station
point
Vertical
Angle
Center
Height of
Instrument
Reduced
Level
Bottom
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