Meuse-Argonne Oensive

The Meuse-Argonne Oensive, also known as the

Maas-Argonne Oensive and the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the nal Allied oensive
of World War I that stretched along the entire Western
Front. It was fought from September 26, 1918, until the
Armistice on November 11, a total of 47 days. The battle
was the largest in United States military history, involving 1.2 million American soldiers, and was one of a series
of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Oensive,
which brought the war to an end. The Meuse-Argonne
was the principal engagement of the American Expeditionary Forces during the First World War.

The Meuse-Argonne oensive, shared by the U.S. forces

with the French Fourth Army on the left (as shown on the
accompanying map and armistice), was the biggest operation and victory of the American Expeditionary Forces
(AEF) in World War I. The bulk of the AEF had not gone
into action until 1918. The Meuse-Argonne battle was
the largest frontline commitment of troops by the U.S.
Army in World War I, and also its deadliest. Command
was coordinated, with some U.S. troops (e.g. the Bualo
Soldiers of the 92nd Division and the 93rd Division) attached and serving under French command (e.g. XVII
Corps during the second phase).

Overview

The logistical prelude to the Meuse attack was planned

by then-Colonel George Marshall who managed to move
US units to the front after the Battle of Saint-Mihiel.
The big September/October Allied breakthroughs (north,
centre and south) across the length of the Hindenburg
Line including the Battle of the Argonne Forest are
now lumped together as part of what is generally remembered as the Grand Oensive (also known as the
Hundred Days Oensive) by the Allies on the Western front. The Meuse-Argonne oensive also involved
troops from France, while the rest of the Allies, including France, Britain and its dominion and imperial armies
(mainly Canada, Australia and New Zealand), and Belgium contributed to major battles in other sectors across
the whole front.
The French and British armies ability to ght unbroken
over the whole four years of the war in what amounted
to a bloody stalemate is credited by some historians with
breaking the spirit of the German army on the Western
Front. The Grand Oensive, including British, French
and Belgian advances in the north along with the FrenchAmerican advances around the Argonne forest, is in turn
credited for leading directly to the Armistice on November 11.

157th I.D.Red Hand ag [3] drawn by General Mariano Goybet.

The main U.S. eort of the Meuse-Argonne oensive

took place in the Verdun Sector, immediately north and
northwest of the town of Verdun, between 26 September
and 11 November 1918. However, far to the north, U.S.
troops of the 27th and 30th divisions of the II Corps AEF
fought under British command in a spearhead attack on
the Hindenburg Line with 12 British and Australian divisions, and directly alongside the exhausted veteran divisions of the Australian Corps of the First Australian Imperial Force (1st AIF).[4] With artillery and British tanks,
the combined three-nation force, despite some early set-

On September 26, the Americans began their strike towards Sedan in the south; British and Belgian divisions drove towards Ghent (Belgium) on the 27th, and
then British and French armies attacked across northern
France on the 28th. The scale of the overall oensive,
bolstered by the fresh and eager but largely untried and
inexperienced U.S. troops, signaled renewed vigor among
the Allies and sharply dimmed German hopes for victory.
1

backs, attacked and captured their objectives (including Montbrehain village) along a six-kilometre section
of the Line between Bellicourt and Vendhuille, which
was centred around an underground section of the St.
Quentin Canal and came to be known as the Battle of St.
Quentin Canal. Although the capture of the heights above
the Beaurevoir Line by October 10, marking a complete
breach in the Hindenburg Line, was arguably of greater
immediate signicance,[5] the important U.S. contribution to the victory at the St. Quentin Canal is less well
remembered in the United States than Meuse-Argonne.

Opposing forces (Reims to Argonne)

FIRST PHASE: SEPTEMBER 26 TO OCTOBER 3

The opposing forces were wholly German. During this

period of the war, German divisions procured only 50
percent or less of their initial strength. The 117th Division, which opposed the U.S. 79th Division during
the oensives rst phase, had only 3,300 men in its
ranks. Morale varied among German units. For example, divisions that served on the Eastern front would have
high morale, while conversely divisions that had been
on the Western front had poor morale. Resistance grew
to approximately 200,000450,000 German troops from
the Fifth Army of Group Gallwitz commanded by General Georg von der Marwitz. The Americans estimated
that they opposed parts of 44 German divisions overall,
though many fewer at any one time.

3 Objective
The American forces initially consisted of fteen divisions of the U.S. First Army commanded by then-General
John J. Pershing until October 16, and then by Lieutenant
General Hunter Liggett.[6] The logistics were planned
and directed by then-Colonel George C. Marshall. The
French forces next to them consisted of 31 divisions including the Fourth Army (under Henri Gouraud) and the
Fifth Army (under Henri Mathias Berthelot).[7] The U.S.
divisions of the AEF were oversized (16 battalions per
division versus the French/British/German 9 battalions
per division), being up to twice the size of other Allies
battle-depleted divisions upon arrival, but the French and
other Allied divisions had been partly replenished prior
to the Grand Oensive, so both the U.S. and French
contributions in troops were considerable. Most of the
heavy equipment (tanks, artillery, aircraft) was provided
by the European Allies. For the Meuse-Argonne front
alone, this represented 2,780 artillery pieces, 380 tanks
and 840 planes. As the battle progressed, both the Americans and the French brought in reinforcements. Eventually, 22 American divisions would participate in the
battle at one time or another, representing two full eld
armies.[8] Other French forces involved included the 2nd
Colonial Corps, under Henri Claudel, which had also
fought alongside the AEF at the Battle of Saint-Mihiel
earlier in September 1918.

German soldiers at a water hole, May 1915.

The objective was the capture of the railroad/train station

hub at Sedan which would break the rail net supporting
the German Army in France and Flanders.

4 First phase: September 26 to October 3

Ruined church at Montfaucon-d'Argonne. The blocky structure

on the left is a German WWI observation post.

The American attack began at 5:30 a.m. on September

26 with mixed results. The V and III Corps met most of
their objectives, but the 79th Division failed to capture
Montfaucon, the 28th Keystone Division was virtually
ground to a halt by formidable German resistance, and
the 91st Wild West Division was compelled to evacuate the village of pinonville though it advanced eight
kilometers. The green 37th Buckeye Division failed
to capture Montfaucon d'Argonne. The subsequent day,
September 27 most of 1st Army failed to make any gains.
The 79th Division nally captured Montfaucon and the
35th Sante Fe Division captured the village of Baulny,
Hill 218, and Charpentry, placing the division forward

3
of adjacent units. On September 29, six extra German
divisions were deployed to oppose the American attack,
with the 5th Guards and 52nd Division counterattacking the 35th Division, which had run out of food and
ammunition during the attack. The Germans initially
made signicant gains but were barely repulsed by the
35th Divisions 110th Engineers, 128th Machine Gun
Battalion and Harry Truman's Battery D, 129th Field Artillery. In the words of Pershing, We were no longer
engaged in a maneuver for the pinching out of a salient,
but were necessarily committed, generally speaking, to a
direct frontal attack against strong, hostile positions fully
manned by a determined enemy.[9] The German counterattack had shattered so much of the 35th Division, a
poorly led division (most of its key leaders were replaced
shortly before the attack) made up of National Guard
units from Missouri and Kansas, that it had to be relieved
early - though remnants of the division subsequently reentered the battle.[10][11] Part of the adjacent French attack met temporary confusion when one of its generals
died, however it was able to advance nine miles, penetrating deeply into the German lines, especially around
Somme-Py (the Battle of Somme-Py (French: Bataille
de Somme-Py)) and northwest of Reims (the Battle of
Saint-Thierry (French: Bataille de Saint-Thierry)).[7]
The initial progress of the French forces was thus faster
than the two to ve miles gained by the adjacent American units (however, the French units were ghting in a
more open terrain, which is easier to attack).[2]

Second phase: October 4 to October 28

328th Infantry Regiment of 82nd Infantry Division line of advance in capture of Hill 223 on October 7, 1918.

and a half miles against the 37th, 52nd, and 5th Guards
Divisions. It was during this phase that the Lost Battalion aair occurred. The battalion was rescued due to an
attack by the 28th and 82nd Divisions (the 82nd attacking soon after taking up its positions in the gap between
the 28th and 1st Divisions) on October 7. The Americans launched a series of costly frontal assaults that nally
broke through the main German defenses (the Kriemhilde
Stellung of the Hindenburg Line) between 1417 October
(the Battle of Montfaucon (French: Bataille de Montfaucon)). By the end of October, US troops had advanced
ten miles and had nally cleared the Argonne Forest. On
their left the French had advanced twenty miles, reaching
the Aisne River.[2] It was during the opening of this operation, on October 8, that Corporal (later Sergeant) Alvin
York made his famous capture of 132 German prisoners
near Cornay.[12]

6 Third phase:
November 11

A German Hannover CL III shot down on October 4 between

Montfaucon and Cierges.

The second phase of the battle began on 4 October, during which time all of the original phase one assault divisions (the 91st, 79th, 37th and 35th) of the U.S. V Corps
were replaced by the 32nd, 3rd and 1st Divisions. The 1st
Division created a gap in the lines when it advanced one

October 28 to

By October 31, the Americans had advanced 15 kilometers and had nally cleared the Argonne Forest. On their
left the French had advanced 30 kilometers, reaching the
River Aisne. The American forces reorganized into two
armies. The First, led by General Liggett, would continue to move to the Carignan-Sedan-Mezieres Railroad.
The Second Army, led by Lieutenant General Robert L.
Bullard, was directed to move eastward towards Metz.
The two U.S. armies faced portions of 31 German divisions during this phase. The American troops captured
German defenses at Buzancy, allowing French troops to
cross the River Aisne, whence they rushed forward, capturing Le Chesne (the Battle of Chesne (French: Bataille du Chesne)).[13] In the nal days, the French forces
conquered the immediate objective, Sedan and its critical
railroad hub (the Advance to the Meuse (French: Pousse vers la Meuse)), on November 6 and American forces

REFERENCES

captured surrounding hills. On November 11, news of In an interview, Paul von Hindenburg stated, So I must
the German armistice put a sudden end to the ghting.
really say that the British food blockade and the American blow in the Argonne decided the war for the allies.
and that "... without the American troops and despite a
food blockade... the war could have ended in a sort of
7 The battles place in history
stalemate.[17]

8 See also
American Order of Battle Meuse-Argonne Oensive
Code talker

9 References

American Cemetery at Romagne-sous-Montfaucon

[1] Ferrell, Robert H. 2012. Americas Deadliest Battle:

Meuse-Argonne, 1918. Lawrence: University Press of
Kansas.
[2] Meuse River-Argonne Forest Oensive, 26 September11 November 1918. Historyofwar.org. Retrieved 201309-26.
[3] Red Hand Flag | History Detectives. PBS. 2011-05-15.
Retrieved 2013-09-26.
[4] Hindenburg Line and Montbrehain, 27 September 5
October 1918. Australians on the Western Front 1914
1918: An Australian journey across the First World War
battleelds of France and Belgium. Department of Veterans Aairs, Australian Government. November 2008.
[5] 30th-Division in WWI. Battleeld Tour Guide.
[6] rstworldwar.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
[7] Situation au debut D'Octobre 1918 (Situation at the beginning of October 1918)". Retrieved 2009-10-08.

Destruction seen in 1920.

[8] Battle of Argonne Began 18 Years Ago. New York

Times. Associated Press. 1937-09-27. Retrieved 201309-26. Eighteen years ago today at dawn the American
First Army started its pivotal attack which smashed the
Hindenburg line on the western front and forced the imperial German command to sue for armistice. (subscription
required)

Although the Meuse-Argonne was one of the bloodiest

battles in U.S. history, in that it left a large number of
U.S. dead (over 26,000),[14] the battle is largely forgotten
in the United States, and the Argonne war cemetery is often ignored by tourists. The battle also hailed the debut
of the Browning Automatic Rie in combat, with both
[9] The Meuse-Argonne Oensive: Part II: Pershings Rethe US and France using them signicantly for the rst
port. The Great War Society. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
time in battle.[15] According to the American view , the
battles pressure on the Germans was an important factor [10] Ferrell, Robert H. (2004). Collapse at Meuse-Argonne:
The Failure of the Missouri-Kansas Division. University
in their agreeing to the armistice: Until the last, this batof Missouri Press. p. 176. ISBN 0-8262-1532-7.
tle had worried German commanders most; unlike other
sectors of the front, here they had little space short of a
[11] 35th Infantry Division (Mechanized) The Santa Fe Divital objective that they could aord to trade for time.
vision"". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
Historians have since begun to debate the legitimacy of
this claim, with many believing that the Meuse-Argonne [12] Fleming, Thomas (October 1993). Meuse-Argonne
oensive was simply a diversion from greater Allied ofOensive of World War I. Military History (HistoryNet.com).
fensives and successes elsewhere.[16]

[13] Novembre 1918 (November 1918)". Retrieved 2009-1008.

[14] Ferrell, Robert H. 2012. Americas Deadliest Battle:
Meuse-Argonne, 1918. Lawrence: University Press of
Kansas.
[15] Lengel, Edward G. (May 25, 2008). Why Didn't We Listen to Their War Stories?". The Washington Post. p. B03.
[16] Leaders & Battles database, Meuse-Argonne.
[17] Seldes, George. You Can't Print That, Payson & Clarke
Ltd., 1929, p.5. So too, Henry, Mark and Walsh, Stephen.
The US Army of World War I (Men-at-Arms), ISBN 1
841764868, Osprey, 2003, p. 4.

10

Further reading

Baker, Horace L. (2007). Argonne Days in World

War I. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
ISBN 0-82626-575-8. OCLC 614477736.
Braim, Paul (1987). The Test of Battle: the American Expeditionary Forces in the Meuse-Argonne
Campaign. Newark: University of Delaware Press.
ISBN 0-87413-301-7. OCLC 14240589.
Clodfelter, Michael (2007). The Lost Battalion
and the Meuse-Argonne, 1918: Americas Deadliest Battle. Jeerson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN
0786426799. OCLC 71812758.
Ferrell, Robert H. (2007). Americas Deadliest Battle: The Meuse Argonne, 1918. Lawrence: University press of Kansas. ISBN 0-70061-499-0. OCLC
71275542.
Ferrell, Robert H. (2004). Collapse at MeuseArgonne: the Failure of the Missouri-Kansas Division. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
ISBN 0-82621-532-7. OCLC 54500285.
Lengel, Edward G. (2008). To Conquer Hell. New
York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-7931-9.
Palmer, Fredrick (1919). Our Greatest Battle: The
Meuse Argonne. New York: Dodd, Meade.

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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