Aggregates

Constructions Materials Technology

WHAT IS AGGREGATE?
a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including
sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic
aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world.
a component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete;
the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall
composite material.
aggregates are widely used in drainage applications such as foundation and
French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall drains, and road side edge
drains.
Aggregates are also used as base material under foundations, roads, and
railroads. In other words, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or
road/rail base with predictable, uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent
differential settling under the road or building), or as a low-cost extender that
binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete

Natural sand, gravel and crushed rock aggregates are fundamental to the man-made
environment and represent a large proportion of the materials used in the construction
industry.

Aggregates are divided into two types: fine and coarse

Fine aggregate (FA) is defined as the material which will pass a No. 4 sieve and will
be predominantly retained on a No. 200 sieve.
To increase workability and for economy as reflected by use of less cement, the FA
should have a rounded shape.
The purpose of the FA is to fill the voids between coarse aggregate (CA) particles
and to modify the workability of the concrete. This characteristic of workability is
discussed more in the description of finished concrete.
Coarse aggregate (CA) is a material which will be retained on the No. 4 sieve. In
determining the maximum size of CA, other factors must also be considered.
The coarser the aggregate use, the more economical the mix, as the
aggregate costs less than cement. Larger pieces offer less surface area of the
particles than an equivalent volume of small pieces. Use of the largest
permissible maximum size of CA permits a reduction in cement and water
requirements.
One restriction usually assigned to CA is its maximum size. Large pieces can
interlock and form arches or obstructions within a concrete
form.

Fine aggregate

Coarse aggregate

SNI 03-1968-1990
agregat halus terdiri dari :
ukuran maksimum 4,76 mm; berat minimum 500 gram;
ukuran maksimum 2,38 mm; berat minimum 100 gram.
Aggregat kasar terdiri dari :
ukuran maks. 3,5"; berat minimum 35,0 kg
ukuran maks. 3"; berat minimum 30,0 kg
ukuran maks. 2,5"; berat minimum 25,0 kg
ukuran maks. 2"; berat minimum 20,0 kg
ukuran maks. 1,5"; berat minimum 15,0 kg
ukuran maks. I"; berat minimum 10,0 kg
ukuran maks. 3/4" berat minimum 5,0 kg
ukuran maks. 1/2"; berat minimum 2,5 kg
ukuran maks. 3/8"; berat minimum 1,0 kg

Aggregates are produced for a number of reasons:

concrete aggregates,
road base and coverings and road stabilization,
asphaltic concrete aggregates and other bituminous mixtures,
construction fill,
concrete products, such as blocks, bricks, pipes, etc.,
plaster and gunite sands,
snow and ice control,
railroad ballast,
roofing granules,
filtration,
other miscellaneous uses.

Aggregate Usage Estimates

Typical tandem axle truck capacity
Average 1,500-square-foot home, when
considering its proportional share of new
streets, schools, churches, municipal
construction projects and shopping centers
Single family residential - Vancouver
Single family residential - Fraser Valley

Metric Tonnes
(1,000 kg)
15

330

83
166

Six room house

91

Low rise multifamily Development - PER

UNIT

20

Commercial building - PER 93 m2 (1,000

ft2)

63

School or hospital

14,000

Road and service construction per

kilometre (2 lane)

18,500

4 lane US highway per 1.6 kilometres (1

mile) - (Meador, Layher 1998)

60,000

Rehabilitation of existing roadways, per

kilometre

40 to 320