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Most common diseases of 50 plus Thyroid Diseases I
Hypothyroidism: Preventions, Managements and

Treatments
By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research
papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health,
ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the
karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO
READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as
international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of
thyroid gland
Thyroid disease: Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is under active
produced very little thyroid hormones.
A. Symptoms
Symptoms of the Hypothyroidism is depended to the severe stage of the
disease, due to its progression slowly over years. Most common symptoms
include
1. Weight gain and fatigue
Hyperthyroidism is associated to weight gain, especially in patients with coexistence of diabetes(1).
The comparable study of patients with thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and 138
with autoimmune hypothyroidism (AIH), also indicated a significantly
higher levels of fatigue in hypothyroidism patients(1b). Statistics of study
of 198 consecutive breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy,
22.2% of this patient population showed a significant and progressive
weight gain of 6.7 lbs, and 94% of all patients with reported fatigue
caused cytotoxic agents influence hypothyroidism in breast cancer

patients(1a).
2. Vitiligo and alopecia areata
Vitiligo is associated with autoimmune endocrine disorders, especially with
hypothyroidism(2). Primary hypothyroidism patients is at increased risk to
develop vitiligo, depigmentation of parts of the skin and hair lost from some
or all areas of the body, especially in the scalp(2a)
3. Chronic constipation(3a)
Hypothyroidism may induce the pathogenesis of constipation, according to
the study by the University of California at Los Angele(3).
4. Urticaria and puffiness of hands and feet, yellow ivory skin, coarse
rough dry skin
Hypothyroid women showed a significantly higher frequency of urticaria
and puffiness of hands and feet, yellow ivory skin, coarse rough dry skin(4).
5. Depression
Patients with hypothyroidism have a higher occurrence of depressive
syndrome, caused by alterations in blood flow and glucose metabolism in
the brain(5).
6. Mood and motor learning
Oral administration of usual dose l-T(4) (euthyroid arm) vs. higher dose lT(4) (subclinical thyrotoxicosis arm) , showed to improve confusion, mood
and motor learning in patients with hypothyroidism(6).
B. Risk Factors and Causes
B.1. Risk factors
1. Family history
The risk of progression to overt hypothyroidism is related to number of
factors including, family history(11a). Family members of patients with
autoimmune thyroid disorder(AITD) are at increased risk for AITD, but not
all will develop overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, according to the
study by the Academic Medical Center, Netherlands(11).
2. Smoking
Smoking is a powerful risk factor for thyroid disease, especially in
populations with a high smoking frequency, according to the study by the
Aarhus University Hospital(12). Smoking reduced the risk of

hypothyroidism but increased the risk of hypothyroidism in patients with
Hashimoto's thyroiditis(13)(13a).
3. Age
Hypothyroidism is associated to increased age. In the old rat, the pituitary
thyrotrophs increase hormonal secretion in response to decreased levels of
thyroid hormones due to aging, even when the thyroid hormone levels are
dramatically reduced, according to study of Dutch-Miranda and Wistar
rats(14).
4. Autoimmune disorders, thyroid injury, post partum state, are common
signs of patients with hypothyroidism, according to Dr. Zulewski H. at
Universittsspital Basel(15).
5. Radiation
Light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical
methods, can cause pathological changes in the thyroid gland throuigh
altering the gland structure and enhancing apoptosis(16).
6. Post pregnancy
Women with autoimmune thyroiditis are associated to increase risk of
hypothyroidism at 3-6 months post-partum(17).
7. Partial thyroidectomy
Partial thyroidectomy, a removal of part of thyroid gland induces overall
prevalence of 16% of hypothyroidism(18).
B.2. Causes
1. Autoimmune response
Autoimmune disease is an over reaction of immune response of the body
against substances and tissues normally presented in the body. Primary overt
autoimmune hypothyroidism is divided into primary idiopathic
hypothyroidism with thyroid atrophy (Ords disease) and hypothyroidism
with goitre (Hashimotos disease)(7).
2. Congenital Hypothyroidism(CH)
Baby with postdate delivery and macrosomia are associated to increased risk
od congenital hypothyroidism(8a).The incidence of CH was greater in our
population for 2007 to 2010, after an unexplained decline, according to the
study by the Columbia University Medical Center(8).

3. Pituitary disorder
Pituitary disorders, is associated to reduce or increase secretion of hormones,
affected growth and the functions of other glands in the body. A normal TSH
does not exclude central hypothyroidism, but pituitary disease, with
potential for deficiency of other anterior pituitary hormones, may contribute
to correctly diagnosed hypothyroidism(9).
4. Pregnancy
Women with TSH values at or above the 97.5th percentile for gestational
age with free thyroxine more than 0.680 ng/dL at the time screening and
were retrospectively identified with subclinical hypothyroidism, according
to University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center(10).
2. Iodine deficiency
Iodine is a key element in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, severe iodine
deficiency is associated to risks of hypothyroidism, goiter, and cretinism due
to biochemical alterations, according to Verheesen RH and Schweitzer
CM(11).
C. Complications
1. Coronary heart disease and mortality
Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with an increased risk of the
development of coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD mortality is higher in
patients with diagnosed elevated TSH levels, particularly in those TSH
concentration of 10 mIU/L or greater(19).
2. Pre-eclampsia, perinatal mortality, and miscarriage
Thyroid dysfunction interferes with women reproductive physiology,
reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and adversely affects pregnancy
outcome. According to the study by the MGM Medical College, pregnant
women with subclinical hypothyroidism has an increased risk of
complications, especially pre-eclampsia, perinatal mortality, and
miscarriage(21).
3. Ovulatory dysfunction, pregnancy loss
Subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with ovulatory dysfunction
and adverse pregnancy outcome(22).
4. Increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases

Hypothyroidism during gestation can influence the outcome of a CNS
inflammatory disease, such as EAE, according to the study by the
Universidad Andres Bello, Ciencias Biologicas(23).
5. Auditory function
Iodine deficiency may contribute auditory function (deaf and hard of
hearing) in process information. Hearing deficit, an invisible abnormality,
has major consequences for educational and social skills if not detected,
according to the study by the Wageningen University, Wageningen(24).
6. Hearing loss
Hearing loss contribute a significant problem, in adult patients with severe
chronic hypothyroidism(25).
D. Diseases associated to hypothyroidism
1. Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease of unknown etiology,
and several studies reported its association with thyroid autoimmune
disorders, including hypothyroidism and thyroid dysfunction(26).
2. Osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia
Thyroid dysfunction is seen at least three times more often in women with
RA than in women with similar demographic features with noninflammatory rheumatic diseases such as osteoarthritis and
fibromyalgia(27).
3. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
8% of patients with T1DM had hypothyroidism, according to the data
presented to department of Endocrinology from May 1997 to December
2011(28).
4. Adrenal insufficiency
According to study, long-term hypothyroidism is associated with adrenal
insufficiency with abnormalities of hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal(HPA)
axis. Short-term hypothyroidism, on the other hand, is associated with
increased pituitary corticotropic cells responsiveness to corticotropinreleasing hormone (CRH) produced by the hypothalamus(29).
5. Hyponatremia
Hypothyroidism is associated to 8% of patients with

hyponatremia. Hyponatremia in hypothyroidism is due to a pure renal
mechanism, and cannot be ascribed to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic
hormone(30) and severe primary hypothyroidism alone may not be enough
to cause hyponatremia in the otherwise healthy individuals(30a).
6. Hashimotos Thyroiditis
Hashimotos thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism as a
result of an autoimmune disease.
7. Solitary toxic thyroid nodules
Treatment of patients with solitary toxic thyroid adenomas with 131I (mean
dose, 10.3 mCi) showed a possibility in contribution to to late recurrent
hyperthyroidism in patients at 4.5, 6, and 10 years after treatment(31).
8. Rhabdomyolysis
Although it is rare, rhabdomyolys, which is damaged skeletal muscle tissue
breaks down rapidly, can be associated to hypothyroidism, according to the
study by the Selcuk University(32).
9. Thyroid cancer
Thyroid hormone withdrawal may induce acute hypothyroidism in patients
with differentiated thyroid cancer and can impair quality of life, according to
the study by the University of Athens(33).
10. Restless leg syndrome
Restless leg syndrome may be a result of moderate hypothyroidism(34).
11. Myxedema coma
Myxedema coma, a state of decompensated hypothyroidism, is the
extreme process of hypothyroidism, typically seen in patients with severe
biochemical hypothyroidism,, according to the study by the Prince Charles
Hospital(35).
12. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Tarsal tunnel syndrome, a compression neuropathy and painful foot
condition is associated to hypothyroidism, according to the study by the
Atkinson Morleys Hospital, Wimbledon(36).
13. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Treatment with radioactive iodine may induce hypothyroidism causes of

developed symptoms of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome(37).
14. Fatty liver
Subclinical hypothyroidism may contribute to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(38) as a result of impaired liver enzyme levels,
according to a cross-sectional study from Korean researchers(38a).
15. Sleep apnea and sleep disorders
Central, obstructive, and mixed patterns of sleep apnea and sleep
disorder are commonly observed in hypothyroidism, according to the study
by the Medical College of Georgia(39).
E. Misdiagnosis
1. Normal aging process
A diagnosis of hypothyroidism in the elderly can easily be overlooked,
easily misdiagnosis due to the signs and symptoms of the disease are
common to other diseases typical of old age(40).
2. Reversal deterioration of renal function
Ageing with the deterioration of renal function may delay the diagnosis of
hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Military Medical Academy,
Clinic of Endocrinology(41).
3. Respiratory failure
Hypothyroid may delay correct diagnosis, due to unexplained respiratory
failure in effects of lower than normal thyroid hormone secretion, according
to the study by the Servicio de Medicina del Hospital(42).
4. Brain stem infarct
The diagnosis of myxedema coma with longstanding low level of thyroid
hormone in the blood was often missed or delayed due to various clinical
findings and concomitant medical conditions and precipitating factors,
especially for patients with no medical history of hypothyroidism, according
to the study by the Hallym University(43).
5. Statin intolerance
Hypothyroidism may be misdiagnosed as statin intolerance, according to
the study by Krieger EV, and Knopp RH(44).
6. Hypercholesterolaemia
With no measurement of the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone
and free hypothyroidism may be misdiagnosed as
hypercholesterolaemia, thyroxine(45).
F. Diagnosis
If you are experience certain symptoms of above and/or have had previous
thyroid problems or goiter, your doctor may suspect that you have
underactive thyroid. Blood test to measure the level of TSH and the level of
the thyroid hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine, depending to the stage
of the diseases, are necessary(46).
G. Prevention
G.1. Diet to prevent Hypothyroidism
1. Seaweed, kelp or laver, seafood and seawater fish
Adequate consumption of Seaweed, kelp or laver, seafood and seawater fish
may reduce risk for the development of hypothyroidism. According to a
study, population inHong Kong, a coastal city in the southern part of
China showed a high incidence of transient neonatal hypothyroidism and a
relatively high mean cord blood thyrotropin (TSH) concentration(47).
2. Iodized salt
Regular consumption of iodized salt may reduce risk of hypothyroidism and
enhance urine iodine concentration in iodine sufficiency areas(48).
3. Seaweed
Intake of seaweed regularly is associated to reduce risk of hypothyroidism
through its function in increased I/C concentrations (P < .0001) and serum
TSH concentrations(49).
G.2. Antioxidants and phytochemicals to prevent Hypothyroidism
1. Iodine
Iodine, found abundantly in seaweed has been in Japanese diet for
many centuries
may induce a protective effect on hypothyroidism and improve prognosis
of thyroid autoimmunity (50).
2. Resveratrol
Resveratrol influences thyroid function by enhancing iodide trapping and
increasing TSH secretion(51).
3. Polyphenolic flavonoids
Green tea extract at 2.5 g% and 5.0 g% doses and black tea extract only at
5.0 g% dose have the potential to alter the thyroid gland physiology and
architecture, through significant decrease in serum T3 and T4, and increase
serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)(52).
H. Treatments
H.1. In conventional medicine perspective
Patients with hypothyroidism are treated by thyroid hormone therapy with
doses depending to the stage and types of the diseases
1, Levothyroxine
The medication is a prohormone activated by deiodination(a peroxidase
enzyme involved in the activation or deactivation of thyroid hormones) in
the organs to triiodothyronine(T3 thyroid hormone) for treatment of overt
hypothyroidism with low FT4 and elevated TSH or TSH > 10 mU/L, and
subclinical hypothyroidism with a TSH between 4 and 10 mU/L and normal
FT4, dependjng on the underlying disease and symptoms, according to the
study by Medizinische Klinik IV der Universitt Mnchen(52a).
2. Synthetic thyroxine
In patients with primary hypothyroidism, standard therapy synthetic
thyroxine showed effectively in increased triiodothyronine through
peripheral conversion(52b).
3. Combination levothyroxine plus liothyronine
Combination levothyroxine plus liothyronine produces same effect as of
synthetic thyroxine with no beneficial changes in body weight, serum lipid
levels, hypothyroid symptoms, according to University College Dublin(53)
(54).
H.2. In Herbal medicine perspective
1. Echinacea
a. Immune modulator
Ethanolic extract of fresh Echinacea purpurea exerts its immune modulator
activity in regulation of cell signalling for immune responses against
threads, depending to exogenous stimuli, viral infection and exposure to
stress(55).
b. Anxiety
Some extracts from Echinacea preparations shoed effectively in decreased

anxiety, depending to doses manner(56).
2. Ashwagandha
Ashwagandha, also known as Withania somnifera, a Indian ginseng, used in
Ayurvedic medicine over 3000 years to treat tumors and tubercular glands,
carbuncles, memory loss and ulcers and considered as anti-stress, cognitionfacilitating, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging, is a nightshape plant in the
genus of Withania, belonging to the family Solanaceae, native to the dry
parts of India, North Africa, Middle East, and the Mediterranean.
Ashwagandha enhanced immune function by increasing immunoglobulin
production and regulating antibody production through cell signalling,
according to the studd(57).
3. Fucus vesiculosus
Fucus vesiculosus, also known as Bladderwrack, has been used extensively
to treat goitre, swelling of the thyroid gland related to iodine deficiency and
thyroid disorders including underactive thyroid (myxedema), over-sized
thyroid gland, according to the study by Unidad de Salud Mental Hospital de
Laredois, is a source of iodine, discovered in 1811(57a).
4. Kelp
Kelp, containing high amount of iodine, showed to exert its protective effect
on hypothyroidism through improvement of the prognosis of thyroid
autoimmunity(50), but excessive intake of iodine-rich seaweed (kelp) may
induce hypothyroidism and chronic thyroiditis, according to the study of
Japanese study(58).
H.3. In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
1. Yang tonifying herbs
Thyroidectomized rabbits treated by the Yang tonifying herbs showed to
increase serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), according
to the study by the Department of Medicine, University of Western
Australia, in a randomly study(59).
2. Baji Zibugao
Baji Zibugao (BJZBG), a medicinal plaster mainly consisting of Radix
Morindae Officinalis), showed to maintain the levels of thyroxine (T4),
triiodothyronine (T3) on total thyroidectomized rabbits(60).
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References
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17933284
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22770939
(1a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14997046
(1b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22989469
(11)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695079
(36) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1027394/
(38a) http://www.endocrineweb.com/professional/research-updates/thyroiddisorders/connection-between-hypothyroidism-non-alcoholic-fatt
(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?
term=Seaweed+consumption+increased+I%2FC+concentrations+(P+
%3C+.0001)+and+serum+TSH+concentrations

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Hypo ThyMost Common Diseases of 50 Plus - Thyroid Disease - Hypothyroidism: Preventions, Managements and Treatmentsroid Is M

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Most common diseases of 50 plus Thyroid Diseases I

Hypothyroidism: Preventions, Managements and

caused cytotoxic agents influence hypothyroidism in breast cancer

Aarhus University Hospital(12). Smoking reduced the risk of

study by the Columbia University Medical Center(8).

4. Increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases

Hypothyroidism is associated to 8% of patients with

Treatment with radioactive iodine may induce hypothyroidism causes of

Some extracts from Echinacea preparations shoed effectively in decreased

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal

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