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2. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN
HEAT TREATMENT
Definition : Heat treatment operation is a means of controlled heating and cooling of
materials in order to effect changes in their mechanical properties. The heat
treatment generally is classified into (i) Thermal treatment which consists of
softening process: Annealing and Normalizing, Hardening process: Hardening
and Tempering; (ii) Thermochemical Process which consist of Carburizing
Nitriding, Boronising; (iii) Thermomechanical Processes which consist of
mechanical working operation during heat treatment cycle (T. Senthilkumar,
2012)
Why heat treatment? : It was however known that mechanical properties of steel were
strongly connected to their microstructure obtained after heat
treatments which are performed to achieve good hardened and tensile
strength with sufficient ductility (T. Senthilkumar, 2012)
Annealing
Definition : Annealing is a process involving heating and cooling, usually applied to
produce softening. The term also refers to treatments intended to alter
mechanical or physical properties, produce a definite microstructure, or
remove gases. The temperature of the operation and the rate of cooling
depend upon the material being annealed and the purpose of the treatment
(Thomas G. Digges, 1960)
Annealing is a heat treatment procedure wherein a material is altered causing
changes in its properties such as strength and hardness (Nurudeen Adekunle
Raji, 2012)
Methodology : 1. A material is heated to an elevated temperature for a specified period of
time and slowly cooled (Nurudeen Adekunle Raji, 2012)
2. The low carbon steel cold-drawn at 40% deformation was annealed at 900
degree Celsius for soaking time of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes
(Nurudeen Adekunle Raji, 2012)
3. SPECIMEN TESTING
TYPES OF LOADING
Uniaxial Loading
Uniaxial loading is a single direction loading mode, such as axial loading (Pettit, 2014)
Biaxial Loading
Biaxial loading is two directional loading modes that involve torsion and tension.
4. FATIGUE CONCEPT
Definition : The term fatigue can be defined as the weakening or breakdown of a material
subjected to prolonged or repeated stress. It is a gradual and located irreversible
process that occurs in materials under tensions or floating deformations (Segun
Afokhainu Agbadua, 2011)
Fatigue failures occur due to the application of fluctuating stresses that are
much lower than the stress required to cause failure during a single application
of stress (International, 2008)
Basic factors to cause fatigue : 1) A maximum tensile stress of sufficiently high value
strain occurs. If a fatigue failure occurs, cyclic plastic strain should exist. (Nurazima Ismail,
2013)
Effects of Heat Treatment
Since the early days of fatigue investigation, it was recognized that the fatigue life of a
component is very dependent on the surface finish produced by machining or grinding
operations, highly polished steel specimens perform much better in fatigue than even carefully
machined surfaces. Further degradation in fatigue strength occurs for hot rolled and forged
surfaces. Similar to forming, some quenching operations during heat treatment can result in a
tensile residual-stress pattern on the surface that will adversely affect fatigue strength.
(International, 2008)
Environmental Effects
High-temperature fatigue: In general, the fatigue strength of metals decreases with increasing
temperatures. An exception is mild steel, which exhibits a maximum in fatigue strength
between 205 and 300 degree Celsius due to strain aging. (International, 2008)
5. EXPERIMENT-RELATED
The test machine is a purpose built machine capable of applying tension and torsion loads
simultaneously at different strain rates. Two servomotors control the loading of specimen, one
for tension and one for torsion (N. M. Zarroug, 2003)