6.

6 BRIDGE DATA 2:
Effective span of T Beam = 15 m
Width of carriage way= 7.5 m
Thickness of wearing coat = 80 mm
Spacing of main girders = 2.5 m
Width of kerb = 0.5 m
Width of footpath =1 m
Thickness of deck slab =250 mm
Modular ratio =10
Number of main Girders =4
Stress in concrete (compression) =10
Stress in steel (tension) = 200
M30 Grade and Fe-415 Grade HYSD bars.
As width of carriage way is 7.5m, number of lanes proposed are 2.
Therefore LIVE LOAD combination to be considered: ONE LANE OF 70R OR TWO
LANES OF CLASS A.

66

Fig 6.17: Cross Section of Bridge- Deck

Fig 6.18: Plan of Bridge -Deck

67

6.7 DESIGN BASED ON IRC: 21-2000 (Working stress method)

6.7.1 Load Calculation for Grillage model
(i) Dead load:
Self weight

-1

(ii)SIDL
a) Wearing coat (80 mm) = -1.84 kN/m2
b) Weight of kerb = -7.8 kN/m2
c) Weight of crash barrier = -14.86 kN/m2
d) Pedestrian load = -3.669 kN/m2

6.7.2 Sectional properties of longitudinal members:

Fig 6.19: Cross Section of End Longitudinal girder

A=1.175 *106 mm2, Yb=1180 mm, Ixx =0.556*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4 Izz=0.278*10 12 mm4

68

Fig 6.20 Cross Section of Intermediate longitudinal girder

A=1.115 *106 mm2,Yb=1162mm, Ixx =0.5404*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4 Izz=0.2702*10 12 mm4

6.7.3 Design of reinforcement for external girder at L/2

6.7.3.1 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder:
Table 6.18: B.M due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

671

SIDL

582

Table 6.19: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

553

671

70R TRACKED

1790

1969

70 R WHEELED

1450

1769
69

Mmax = (Dead load +SIDL)B.M +max. of (class A or 70R Tracked or 70R Wheeled) B.M
=671+582+1969
=3222 kN-m
Design of section:
=

Effective depth d =

Ast =

= 1475mm.

= 12285 mm2

Provide 16 # of 32
AST provided =12867 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1516 mm.
Stress check:
Calculation of neutral axis

Bf *Df*(hc-Df) +Bw*(hc-Df)*(hc hc = 324 mm

1) Compressive stress in concrete:

fc =

fc = 5.42

*
<

10

2) tensile stress in steel

fst =
fst = 125

=
<

(200

)
70

) =m*Ast*(d-hc)

6.7.3.2 Design of Shear reinforcement for external girder

Table 6.20: S.F due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

SIDL

62

Table 6.21: S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

80

97

70R TRACKED

238

261

70 R WHEELED

179

218

Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F
= 0+62+261 = 323 KN

Check for shear stress

>

<

=
=

Design of shear reinforcement for Vs.

Vs =Vu -

*b*d = 323*103- 0.5936*350*1516 = 8 kN

Adopt 4 legged 10 @ 200 mm c/c.

71

6.7.4. Design of reinforcement for external girder at L/4

6.7.4.1 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder:
Table 6.22: B.M due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

503

SIDL

468

Table 6.23: B.M due to live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

448

543

70R TRACKED

1380

1518

70 R WHEELED

1150

1403

Mmax = (Dead load +SIDL) B.M +max. of (class A or 70R Tracked or 70R Wheeled) B.M
=503+468+1518
=2489

kN-m

Design of section:
Effective depth d =

Ast =

= 1296 mm.

= 9,234 mm2

Provide 12 # of 32
ASt provided =9650 mm2, Effective depth provided= 1516 mm.

72

Stress check:
Calculation of neutral axis

Bf *Df*(hc-Df) +Bw*(hc-Df)*(hc -

) =m*Ast*(d-hc)

hc = 281 mm
1) Compressive stress in concrete:

fc =

fc = 4.7

<

10

2) tensile stress in steel

fst =
fst = 145

=
<

(200

6.7.4.2 Design for max. Shear force for external girder

Table 6.24: Max. Shear force due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

193

SIDL

143

Table 6.25: Max Shear force due to live load for external longitudinal girder
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

180

218

70R TRACKED

451

496

70 R WHEELED

453

559

73

Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F
=193+143+559 = 895KN

Check for shear stress

=

>

<

Design of shear reinforcement for Vs.

Vs =Vu =

*b*d = 895*103- 0.5936*350*1516 =579 kN

=286mm2

Adopt 4 legged 10 @ 150 mm c/c .

6.8 DESIGN BASED ON IRC: 112-2011(Limit state method)

6.8.1 LOAD CALCULATION FOR GRILLAGE MODEL
(i) Dead load:
Self weight

--1

(ii)SIDL
a) Wearing coat (80 mm) = -1.84 kN/m2
b) Weight of kerb = -7.8 kN/m2
c) Weight of crash barrier = -14.86 kN/m2

74

d) Pedestrian load = -3.667 kN/m2

LOAD COMBINATION =1.35*(DL) +1.75 *(SIDL)+1.5*(LIVE LOAD)
6.8.2 Sectional properties of longitudinal and transverse members:

Fig 6.21: End Longitudinal girder

A=1.09 *106 mm2,Yb=1061 mm, Ixx =0.3446*10 12 mm4, Iyy= 108 mm4 Izz=0.1723*10 12 mm4

Fig 6.22: Cross section of Intermediate Longitudinal girder

A=1.0275 *106 mm2, Yb=1000 mm, Ixx =0.334*10 12 mm4, Iyy=108 mm4, Izz = 0.16*10 12 mm4

75

6.8.3 Design of reinforcement for external girder at L/2

6.8.3.1 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder:
Table 6.26: B.M due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

835

SIDL

925

Table 6.27: B.M due to live load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

802

973

70R TRACKED

2600

2860

70 R WHEELED

2123

2590

Mmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) B.M +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) BM
=835+925+2860
=4620kN-m
Design of section:
Step1: Assume neutral axis lies in the flange
=1.2 -

=1.2 =0.1136
76

x = 136 mm <Df
Neutral axis lies in the flange, assumption is ok.
Ast =

Ast =
mm2

Ast =

Provide 16 # of 32
Ast provided =12867 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1268 mm
Check for deflection and cracking:
1) Deflection:
(i)

=20*0.8*1=16
Provided =

=11.36 <16 ok

(ii) Maximum deflection in T beam girder as per grillage analysis =18.75mm

Max .deflection as per IRC: 21-2011 for vehicular =
2) Cracking:
Wk= Sr,max * (sm - cm)
Sr,max = 1.3 *(d-x)
=1.3*(1268-1058) =210 mm
Wk

= 210*6 *10-4 = 0.126 < 0.3 mm.

Hence safe in deflection and cracking

77

=17.35mm.

6.8.3.2 Design of Shear reinforcement for external girder at mid span

Table 6.28: S.F due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

SIDL

99

Table 6.29: S.F due to Live Load for external longitudinal girder at mid span
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

122

147

70R TRACKED

359

394

70 R WHEELED

271

330

Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL)S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED)S.F

= 0+99+394= 493 KN
Shear reinforcement:
1) The design shear resistance VRd.c >VEd.
2) The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given
by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck) 0.33+0.15*

cp]

*bw*d

VRd.c = [0.12*1.39*(80*0.02*30)0.33 + 0.15*

] *350*1268

VRd.c = 497 kN
Shear reinforcement should be designed for a shear force = 401 kN.
VRd.s=

* *

For 4 legged 10 @200 mm c/c spacing shear capacity carrying of a section.

78

6.8.4 Design of reinforcement for external girder at L/4

6.8.4.1 Design of B.M reinforcement for external girder:
Table 6.30: B.M due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT (kN-m)

DEAD LOAD

610

SIDL

757

Table 6.31: B.M due to Live load for external longitudinal girder at quarter span
Load type

BENDING MOMENT(kN-m)

BENDING MOMENT WITH

IMPACT FACTOR (kN-m)

CLASS A

607

737

70R TRACKED

2010

2211

70 R WHEELED

1810

2208

Mmax = (Dead load +SIDL)B.M +max. of (class A or 70R Tracked or 70RWheeled)B.M

=610+757+2211
=3578 kN-m
Design of section:
Step1: Assume neutral axis lies in the flange
=1.2 -

=1.2 -

79

=0.0775
x = 98 mm < Df
Neutral axis lies in the flange, assumption is ok.
Ast =

Ast =
mm2

Ast =

Provide 8# of 36
Ast provided =8143 mm2
Effective depth provided= 1268 mm
6.8.4.2 Design for max. Shear force for external girder
Table 6.32: Max. S.F due to DL and SIDL for external longitudinal girder
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

DEAD LOAD

197

SIDL

234

Table 6.33: Max. S.F due to Live load for external longitudinal girder
Load type

SHEAR FORCE (kN)

SHEAR FORCE WITH IMPACT

FACTOR (kN)

CLASS A

252

295

70R TRACKED

700

770

70 R WHEELED

672

786

Vmax = (DEAD LOAD +SIDL) S.F +Max. OF (CLASS A OR 70RTRACKED OR 70R WHEELED) S.F
80

=197+234+786= 1217KN
Shear reinforcement:
1) The design shear resistance VRd.c >VEd.
2) The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given
by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck) 0.33+0.15*

cp]

*bw*d

VRd.c = [0.12*1.39*(80*0.02*30)0.33 + 0.15*

] *350*1268

VRd.c = 497 kN
Shear reinforcement should be designed for a shear force = 720 kN.

VRd.s=

* *

For 4 legged 10 @150 mm c/c spacing shear capacity carrying of a section =793
kN.

6.9 Deck slab

6.9.1 IRC 21:2000
DEAD LOAD MOMENTS:
Dead weight of slab = 0.25*24=6 kN/m2
Dead weight of wearing coat=0.08*23=1.84 kN/m
K=

=1,

= 0.4

=1

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.05

m2=0.009
81

Total dead load on the slab panel =7.84*2.5*7= 137 kN

Taking continuity into effect, the design moments are
MB = (0.8*137)*(0.05+0.15*0.009) =5.62 kN-m
ML= (0.8*137)*(0.009+0.15*0.05) =1.56 kN-m

Dead load shear force =7.84 * [

] = 9.14 kN

Live load is 70R tracked

u =0.84+2*0.08 =1
v =4.57+2*0.08 =4.73
K=

=0.4,

= 0.4

=0.7

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.095

m2=0.025

Total load per track including impact =1.1*350 =385 kN

W=Effective load on the span =385 *

= 569 kN

MB=569*(0.095+0.15*0.025) = 56 kN-m
ML= 569*(0.025+0.15*0.095) = 22.33 kN-m
As slab is continuous, the design bending moments are obtained by applying the continuity
factor as
MB = 56 * 0.8 =44.8 kN-m
82

ML=22.33*0.8 =17.84 kN-m

Shear force
Dispersion in the direction of span =0.84+2*(0.08+0.25) =1.5 m
Shear max at 0.75 m
Effective width of slab = k*x*( 1-

) +bw

= 5.29m
Load per metre =

= 66 kN

Shear force = 55 kN
Design bending moments are given by:
MB= 5.62+44.8 = 50.42 kN-m
ML= 1.84+17.84= 19.68 kN-m
Design of slab:
Effective depth of the slab =

=184 mm

Provided 200mm.
Hence safe.
Area of steel along short span =

Spacing =

= 1400 mm

=148 mm.

Provide 12 mm dia bars at 125 mm c/c spacing.

Area of steel along long span =

=546 mm
83

Spacing =

=199 mm.

Provide 10mm dia bars at 125 mm c/c spacing.

Check for shear
Design shear force =64kN.
Nominal shear =

=0.32

As per IRC 21, we have

c

=k1 *k2*

co

=0.61 N/mm2

Therefore the slab is safe against shear stresses.

6.9.2 IRC 112

Deck slab
DEAD LOAD MOMENTS:

Dead weight of slab = 0.25*24=6 kN/m2

Dead weight of wearing coat=0.08*23=1.84 kN/m
K=

=1,

= 0.4

=1

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.05

m2=0.009

Total dead load on the slab panel = 11.32*2.5*7= 198 kN

84

Taking continuity into effect, the design moments are

MB= (0.8*198)*(0.05 + 0.15*0.009) = 8.13 kN-m
ML= (0.8*198)*(0.009 + 0.15*0.05) = 2.613 kN-m

Dead load shear force =11.32 *[

] = 13.15 kN

Live load is 70R tracked

u =0.84+2*0.08 =1
v =4.57+2*0.08 =4.73
K=

=0.4,

= 0.4

=0.7

From pigeauds curves

m1=0.095

m2=0.025

Total load per track including impact =1.1*350 *1.5=577 kN

W=Effective load on the span =577 *

= 853 kN

MB=853 * (0.095+0.15*0.025) = 84 kN-m

ML= 426*(0.025+0.15*0.095) = 33 kN-m
As slab is continuous, the design bending moments are obtained by applying the continuity
factor as
MB =84* 0.8 =67 kN-m
ML=33*0.8 =26.4kN-m
85

Shear force
Dispersion in the direction of span =0.84+2*(0.08+0.25) =1.5 m
Shear max at 0.75 m
Effective width of slab = k*x*( 1-

) +bw

= 5.45 m
Load per metre =

= 96 kN

Design bending moments are given by:

MB= = 8.13 +67.2 = 75.13 kN-m
ML= 2.6 +26.4= 29 kN-m
Design of slab:
Effective depth of the slab required =143 mm
Provided 200mm.
Hence safe.
Area of steel along short span =

Spacing =

=1303mm

=154 mm.

Provide 16 mm dia bars at 150 mm c/c spacing.

Area of steel along long span =

Spacing =

= 503 mm

= 156 mm.
86

Provide 10mm dia bars at 150 mm c/c spacing.

Check for shear
Design shear force =109 kN.
As per IRC 112
The design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement VRd.c is given by:
VRd.c = [0.12*K*(80*p1*fck)0.33+0.15*

cp]

VRd.c = [0.12*2*(80*0.36*30)0.33 + 0.15*

*bw*d
] *1000*200

VRd.c = 551 kN
Therefore the slab is safe against shear stresses.

DISCUSSIONS

Bending moment due to dead load

900
800

BM in kNm

700
600
500
400

WSM

300

LSM

200
100
0
0

2.5

7.5

Length in metres

Fig: 6.23 Bending moment variation due to Dead load across the span for 15m span bridge

87

BM in kNm

Bending moment due to SIDL

1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

WSM
LSM

2.5

7.5

Length in metres

Fig: 6.24 Bending moment variation due to SIDL across the span for 15m span bridge

Bending moment due to LL

3500
3000

BM in kNm

2500
2000
1500

WSM

1000

LSM

500
0
0

2.5

7.5

Length in metres

Fig: 6.25 Bending moment variation due to Live load across the span for 15m span bridge

88

Shear Force due to dead load

300
250

SF in kN

200
150

WSM

100

LSM

50
0
0

2.5

7.5

Length in metres

Fig: 6.26 Shear force variation due to Dead load across the span for 15m span bridge

Shear Force due to SIDL

250

SF in kN

200

150
WSM

100

LSM

50

0
0

2.5

7.5

Length in metres

Fig: 6.27 Shear force variation due to SIDL across the span for 15m span bridge

89

SF in kN

Shear Force due to LL

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

WSM
LSM

2.5

7.5

Length in metres

Fig: 6.28 Shear force variation due to Live load across the span for 15m span bridge
Table 6.34: Comparison of quantity of materials required between two methods at mid span
and quarter span

Volume of concrete(in m3)

Area of steel (in mm2) at L/2
Area of steel (in mm2) at L/4

WSM

LSM

1.176*
12,864
9,650

1.09*
12,864
8,143

It can be seen from above comparison that LSM has found out to be more economical of the
two methods. It means we can design the structure more economically by adopting ultimate
strength design method rather than the WSM.
The savings of concrete for B.M of span 15m at the centre is found to be 0.086 *10-3 m3.
The main fundamental difference for working stress approach and limit state approach is that,
in working stress approach service loads are used in the whole design and the strength of
material is not utilized in the full extent, since stresses acting on structural members are
calculated based on elastic method and they are designed not to exceed certain allowable
values. In fact, the whole structure during the lifespan may only experience loading stresses
far below the ultimate state. For limit state approach, for each material and load, a partial
safety factor is assigned individually depending on the material properties and load

90

properties. Therefore, each element of load and material properties is accurately assessed
resulting in a more refined and accurate analysis of the structure. In this connection, the
material strength can be utilized to its maximum value during its lifespan and loads can be
assessed with reasonable probability of occurrence. This is the reason for LSM to be more
economical than WSM.
However at quarter span there is considerable variation in area of steel due to B.M, LSM is
15.61 % more economical than WSM at quarter span.
In the deck slab, the area of steel in LSM and WSM are found to be same, though the area of
concrete is same for LSM and WSM, since the loads are multiplied by a partial safety factor
in LSM there is no significant change in area of steel. In case of slab the savings of materials
in slabs is almost nill.
In LSM there is a saving of 7.3 % in volume of concrete and 15.61% saving in area of steel
due to B.M at quarter span, but at the mid span the savings in area of steel is negligible.
The section in the LSM was comparatively less, but was chosen in a way to satisfy the
cracking and deflection criteria, as both are the limitations of LSM.
But for Shear force reinforcement there is not much of change observed in both deck slab and
in girder. The reinforcement is almost same since the sections taken in LSM were smaller
than WSM.
The reinforcement details of end longitudinal girder at mid and quarter span designed as per
IRC: 21-2000 and IRC: 112-2011 is shown below.

91

Fig: 6.29 reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 21-2000)

Fig: 6.30 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at quarter span (IRC: 21-2000)

92

Fig 6.31 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at mid span (IRC: 112-2011)

Fig: 6.32 Reinforcement Detail in End Longitudinal Girder at quarter span (IRC: 112-2011)

93