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American Exceptionalism - have the most special and highest form of democracy that needs to be spread
a. Think that their democracy is special when actually ,they face same or worse social issues that other nations
face
b. City on the hill
c. Exception to the rule
i. CONTRADICTIONS
Ideology - a system of beliefs
a. Connects to hegemony
Hegemony - Status Quo ingrained in culture and thought as normal
a. Ideology
ideology becomes part of entire society put in social structure like places of employment, law, school,
Institutionalized religion
a. petioners/other people in era argue that the hegemony should be changed
b. resistance in agency are important to several disadvantaged groups
c. if you oppose the idea, you can be
Racial/Gender/Class/Sexual Formation change of ideologies/status that change over time
Intersectionality race/class/gender/citizenship
a. Blending these identity-related things and seeing how they affect the people
American Revolution (1775-1783) Fight for freedom from the US because view UK having tyrannical reign
Natural Rights God given rights from John Locke
a. Implemented into constitution
John Locke lived in England. Influence Thomas Jeffersons ideals.
a. Wrote The second treaties of government = outlined Liberalism
b. In the state of nature, you own yourself and can do anything you want to
Social Contract ability to exchange and freely enter market place
a. Governments job is to protect the libery of the people
b. ability to trade own labor into business
c. You control own body, and government only there to protect your right
d. Government power come from the people
e. Occasionally you give up some of your own freedom t get protection and order that government provides
i. Speech, privacy, taxes
1. Privacy/home = place to go to conduct how you act
f. John Locke
Property you own yourelf + owning land
a. You need property to even do anything
Liberalism according to 18th century, was a philosophic, economic, and political concept.
a. Economic freedom
b. Limited government
i. Government by consent
ii. Limited government
iii. Government steps in only when it is necessary
c. Believe in free market = government exist to protect the liberty and freedom of the people
d. Laissez-faire
Motley Crew multiethnic people who are against hegemony
a) Actual people who built the country, but are underrepresented
b) Slaves built white house = contradiction
c) People leading the counter hegemonic movement
d) Want to create better lifestyle better/against bootstraps because feel like they do everything = not getting a better lifestyle as
promised
i) Work for rich but not the poor
e) Coordination of the people of port cities, of all ethnics including African Slaves
i) Sailors, slaves, and the mob
e. Organized gang of people working together for same goal = working in plantation, ship, port, etc work in unison becau
are slaves/laborers
1. Multiethnic group of oppressed people, who are under harsh condition, deadly task, and harsh captain
f. The ordinary and anonymous people since they joined the original motley crew
g. Created ideals for democracy and rise of capitalism
i. Transforming economy, working hard, wanting to improve their own working conditions
h. Feels that democracy should be treating workers humanely, and challenge economic injustice
Boston Massacres (1770) = revolutionaries like John Adams help coordinate the antagonizing of the British
a. Event was Romanticize

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Beneath all these nobles things pay attention to the actual people who are embodying the movement that inspired the
American Revolution
1. IT WAS THE PEOPLE WHO STARTED THE REVOLUTION not the founding fathers
c. Viewed motley crew as bad by public
d. Event used as propaganda by Sons of Liberty
14. Crispus Attucks (1770)= first person killed in the Boston massacre
a. African American slave/sailor
i. Represented Motley Crew
15. Three-Fifths Clause (1787) - African Americans are considered 3/5 of a person
a. Decisions made during the Philedephia Convention
b. People presented in taxes and the House of Representative
c. Power struggle for the north and south
16. Feme Sole women in unmarried state/widow
a. Legal rights to own property/go to court/legal rights
i. Legal rights to convey property in terms of contracts and execute wills
17. Feme Covert married, dont property
a. Lose property lose own rights they are their husbands property
i. Dont have same rights as Feme Sole
1. PATRIARCHY
18. Slave Codes gave slave owners full power over African American
a. Limited the freedoms given from emancipation proclamation
i. Underground Railroad
b. Emancipation Proclamation of 1863,
19. Thirteenth Amendment (1865) protected citizenship
a. reverses Dred Scott, and illegalize involuntary servitude
b. 1850s Involced a Man named former slave from Missouri, who moved to a free state. But moved back, but
returning as a slave, it is argued that because he should be free because he lived in free state. But lost case,
because Master said that people of African Americans cannot be citizens, only slaves.
i. People of the US and citizens are same meaning
c. Level playing field
d. Sacrifice ownership of slavery
i. Lose labor
20. Fourteenth Amendment (1868) protected citizenship
a. to clarify what the emancipation and proclamation did not say. It forced South to comply by the 13 th
amendment
b. John Nicholson- state that Federal government is stumping state law, and that it is states rights to do what they
want to, choose to not follow federal law (101)
1. Opposition to 14th Amendment you are taking away our rights by giving rights to everyone
and people of color youre taking away the meaning of white as citizenship
c. Issue because there is a COUNTER REVOLUTION and Backlash against the 14 th Amendment
21. Fifteenth Amendment (1868) - allowing political participation + allow them to vote
a. States forbid people from voting based on race, previous servitude
b. Left intact loopholes like literacy tests and poll taxes ( left them in garuntees)
1. So then many people were turned away from voting
ii. Voting Rights Act of 1960s end loopholes in voting process
1) Reconstruction (1865-1877) Radical Reconstruction Republicans want to protect blacks citizenship
(1) Radical Republicans liberal idealists, abolitionists
(a) Want to punish the south for the civil war
(b) Pushed for equality and egalitarian laws
(i) So Johnson and Lincoln disagreed with Radicals, because knew that South will not accept these Radical
Law
1. Getting back to the south
22. President Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) disagree with the republic radicals of the reconstruction
a. Became president because Lincoln was assassinated
b. Not so praising of racial equality
c. Unreliable because not support equality and lenient towards south
d. Not willing to take action to stop enforcing of unequal rights (181)
e. Clashes with Republicans which was Lincolns Party
b.

23. Freedmans Bureau - government set up group of agents to the south to make sure that new programs and policies are
enforced during reconstruction
i. It was a rare group that tried to implement newly created, slightly radical ideals

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ii. The go there to create schools, because states refused to create schools for African Americans
iii. So these people tried to help poor, solve legal and economic dispute, health care, equal treatment
before court.
iv. 1865-1870, lasted 5 years
1. The Freedmans Bureau was considered a success
v. Systematic and terroristic attacks on the Freedmans Bureau (95)
vi. Child Labor was used to make up for end of slavery
vii. New Black Codes exclude them from citizenships
a. Prohibit them from owning land + limit education
b. Federal soliders are actually terrorizing people/republicans/ and freed men
c. Reestalblished status quo
b. People view Freedman Buerau is allowing the African Americans to be lazy freeloaders
i. Can be connected to the New Deal foreshadowing
1. GOVERNMENT HAND OUTS
2. Frowned upon during the time
24. Ku Klux Klan group violent terrorist white supremistist against African Americans
a. State and federal not taking action to stop violent vigilante acts against free blacks
i. Who are supposed to be stopping these? Because court is biased and looking other way
b. Racial Purists racial purity
i. Maintain power andstatus
25. Civil Rights Act (1875) Charles Sumners suggested bill
a. Give people of all colors accesses to many public facilities
b. And give them jury
c. Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional
i. Court supposed to protect people rights, but says that the law doesnt protect peoples rights =
unconstitutional
26. Slaughter House Cases (1773)- Have to do with rights of individual rights or industry (119)
a. Mistreated the butchers under poor conditions
b. Louisiana had created a partial monopoly of the slaughtering business and gave it to one company. Competitors
argued that this created "involuntary servitude," abridged "privileges and immunities," denied "equal protection
of the laws," and deprived them of "liberty and property without due process of law."
c. Not break 14th or 13th Amend b/c the involuntary servitude claim did not forbid limits on the right to use one's
property
i. Issue is that slaughter house cases create consequences that lessen Black Rights
a. It slowed down equal citizenships
b. Put power in state government to define what equality is
ii. interpretation of the relatively new Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution
d. DENIED THAT INJUSTICES OF MONOPOLY NOT BREAK 14 TH AMENDMEND
1. Contradiction
2. Businness>Rights
3. UNJUST INTERPRETATION
27. Colfax Massacre (1873)- terrorism against blacks during Reconstruction (121)
a. Republicans placed federal troops in Southern cities to keep that control. Southern Democrats deeply resented
this imposition.
b. The White League, a paramilitary group intent on securing white rule in Louisiana, clashed with Louisiana's
almost all-black state militia
c. So whites kill a lot of blacks at a court case
d. Only 3 conviction in it government court ignore them
e. Federal Government cannot protect blacks from supremacist conspiracies (122)
i. Supreme Court is allowing white supremacy and defining citizenship as white
1. A Supreme Court Case known as United States v. Cruikshank that became known as the
Colfax Massacre. A white mob surrounded a courthouse that blacks had taken over and set the
building on fire, shooting anyone that emerged. One hundred blacks and two whites died and
out of one hundred indictments only three convictions came out of it. The Court established
that federal law no longer could persecute private parties for private violent acts, which did
not help protect citizens from supremacist ideologies and actions.
f. CONTRADICTION = they had the right for peaceful aseemly. The massacre did not disrupt assembly
28. Dred Scotts Case - took citizenship away from Blacks

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noticed there was no legislative or legal way to end or illegalized slavery because even though you take slave to
a free state, they are still slaves
i. because federal government doesnt recognize them as free so inequality of legislation
b. CITIZENSHIP = WHITE (is what Dred Scott claims)
i. To be citizens is to be not African American
1. We think they are not, and that they are not included, ad were not intended to be included,
under the word citizens in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and
privileges which that instruments provides for rand secures to citizens of the US. They were
considered subordinate back then, and therefore forever is
American Dream - means equal playing field
a. 80 years between Civil War and WWII, black southerners not slaves, but not free (oppressed
b. AA were forced to labor against their will
1. Whites dont want to pay treat them badly
ii. African Americans stuck in debt, no opportunity, no access to the American Dream
c. End of Civil War + 13th Amendment African Americans technically free
i. African Americans wanted their own independence and wanted potential to live in freedom
1. Wanted own land, make own destiny
d. African Americans wanted to integrate into American Lifestyle George Cottingham owned land
e. After war, Cotton Industry destroyed because crops destroyed, cotton tools/machines in shambles
i. So the rich plantation aristocracy refused to release their slaves + worry that slaves are now free
1. So they fear rebellion, and no used the Blacks not serving them
2. Non-slave owning whites fear competition for land and wealth against blacks
f. Propaganda tactic of oppression
i. Saying that African Americans are lazy and not trying to earn American Dream
Jim Crow made African American second class citizens (118)
i. If you arent an American you dont get these rights
1. So people trying to find new way to oppress or exclude African Americans
ii. devalue blacks and encourage segregation
Plessy vs Ferguson (1895) justifies separate but equal
a. The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. In 1892, Homer
Adolph Plessy--who was seven-eighths Caucasian--took a seat in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. He
refused to move to the car reserved for blacks and was arrested
i. devalue blacks and encourage segregation
b. put badge of inferiority on blacks because the court claims that Segregation is equal
c. Slaves are free but not true citizens
Black Codes- made blacks criminals criminals allowed to be treated as slaves
a. Prohibit them from owning land + limit education
b. Federal soliders are actually terrorizing people/republicans/ and freed men
c. Reestalblished status quo
d. placed severe restrictions on the freedman's status as a free laborer, his right to own real estate, and his right to
testify in court

1) Model Minority = an ideology that constructs a racialized group through the claim that inheret cultural values of hard work and
industriousness have allowed that group to gain access to higher education, jobs and middle class status.
a) This other minorities should emulate hesevalues and etc..
b) Chinese Americans
2) Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 = Terminated the immigration of Chinese up to 1965
a) Prohibit the Chinese from becoming naturalized Citizens
b) Aliens ineligibles for citizenship
i) Restricted from owning land
ii) Limitation on the rights of habeus corpus
(1) Inferior status
iii) Driving out Chinese who are already in US
iv) Illegal for ameriacns to bring in Chinese wife
v) 90k 60k of Chinese in US Little progress made
vi) Chinese Exclusion Act greatly mimic Jim Crow Laws
a) 1892 Chinese must bring identity papers at all times
vii) Thousands of Chinese refused to comply
viii) WHITENESS = status *1882-1892)
3) Chinese Massacre of 1871 Americans sneak into Chinatown with the intent of stealing and killing them
a) Took place in the street Calle de los Negros

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b) White on non-white violence
4) Rock Springs Massacre/Riot (1885) In Wyoming
a) Violence between Chinese immigrant miners and white miners
b) Racism tensions between workers in Union Pacific Coal Department
i) Chinese getting less pay than white workers
ii) Both workers exploited, but the Chinese more exploited
c) Again, example of racism against the Chinese. It came as a result of racial tensions between Chinese and European workers.
Also exemplifies the differences of wages based on race discrimination.
5) Seattle Riot of 1886 labor issue of the Knights of Labor
a) Went on a immigration raid
b) Post immigration act mob of white people kidnap Chinese to deport Chinese Americans
i) Government sided with the Chinese, but did nothing
ii) 350 Chinese forced to shore, 200 of them forced to leave Seattle
c) Chinese actually rebelled against the authority
i) Created their own form of backlash
d) President Rover Cleaveland use state to squash Chinese action
i) Individual victims never compensated, but the city was..
e) Riots all around the country
6) Gatekeeping --- Ideology to keep foreigners out, allowing only certain immigrants into America. Refer to Erika Lees piece and
Chinese exclusion example.
i) Forever foreign = racial hierarchy = whiteness
ii) Created the Chinese exclusion act
7) Eugenics The belief that one can create a pure race and class of people. It is determined based on the genetics of those that are
considered to be the best fit for survival and thus those who believe this idea would sterilize people with unfit genetics. (i.e.
alcoholics, poor class). Example is the CNN report on eugenics.
a) Eugenist are more racists only the best immigrant Stock can breed and define the USs hereditary future
b) SCIENTIFIC RACISM = SOCIAL DARWINISM
c) Fear of diluting the Caucasian blood in American heritage need law to keep out immigrants (106)
d) Madison Grant there is class and racist categories created RACIAL PURITY (109)
e) want to preserve racial purity, which connect to gender, class, religion, culture, etc
f) intersection of race and science/medicine
g) Anderson Cooper CNN
i) Unfit to reproduced = sterilization
ii) 10k sterilized without consent
iii) 1945, California forced sterilization people not warned of being sterilization
iv) Because Eugenic Program = it was well known and paid for
(1) Trying to prevent degenerates from breeding
v) 20k sterilization in California = led by publisher of LA times and president of Standford
(1) Leading in sterilization
vi) Germany used Californias example to sterilization
(1) California is not doing to compensate
(a) Waiting for victims to die to forget about all of it
(b) Just a apology from the government people hoping justice will be done
(2) In north Carolina, the victims were already compensated
8) Chinese Massacre 1871 - 500 white men entered Chinatown with intent to attack Chinese people and most received no serious
punishment
a) The racism was built into the structures of American Society. Example of racism and discrimination against the Chinese
b) RACIALIZATION
c) white supremacy integrated in society = hegemony
9) Bhagat Singh Thind in supreme court case U.S. Vs. Bhagat Singh Thind
a) could not be a naturalized citizen of the United States, because he was not a "white person" in the sense intended in the
relevant 1790 statute governing naturalization. Although Thind argued that as an Indian he belonged to the Aryan and
therefore the Caucasian race, the Court found that "the Aryan theory, as a racial basis, seems to be discredited by most, if not
all, modern writers on the subject of ethnology," and noted that "the Caucasic division of the human family is 'in point of fact
the most debatable field in the whole range of anthropological studies.'" The Court found that the authors of the 1790 statute
probably ascribed to "the Adamite theory of creation" and understood "white people" in its popular, and not scientific sense.
b) Thind came to US with a PhD, came over to be a scholar/speaker/writer (119)
i) Mostly male-dominated immigration because women from India werent allowed to come at all
ii) he worked in the US military
iii) But because not white, NOT A CITIZEN STILL
c) Scientific Racism the Thind dude couldnt be a US citizen because he wasnt white (120)

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d) Thind came from the caucasian part of India, thus should be white
e) Court doesnt like this usage of scientific racism = He was white under your condition
i) free white person/caucasian is a different interpretation
(1) So when that region as called white, they didnt mean it included him
f) What is the definition of racism whiteness = not rely on scientific racism = by color, etc and what the common whiteness is
i) Ideological construction of what whiteness is
Master narrative = accepted hegemonic version of US history
a) Personal filter of US history
b) Justice is an argument that need s to be argued and protect
c) But in Melting Pot = everyone is one but not realistic
d) Master narrative sugar coats or not mention wrong willing amnesia of US history
i) US is trying suppress the wrongs done
e)
Wong Chin Foo
a) Wanted to change immigration laws and respect for the Chinese
b) Lectured US for wrong doings
c) Printed Chinese-American newspaper
d) Challenge Dennis Kearny made statement that he want the right to vote
i) He wants the vote like the Blacks got the right to vote
ii) He appealed the state of Illinois, as the land of Lincoln
(a) Wanted to get the Chinese to be able to vote and respect
iii) 1890s, he vanished
e) Hes pursuing agency for Chinese Americans creating newspaper and speaking and public challenges to Chinese
inferiority and exclusion
i) HES NOT EVER GOING TO BE MENTIONED IN MASTER NARRATIVE
ii) MOTLEY CREW
Motley Crew a group of people made up a sailors and slaves and daily folks that made mob (2)
i) Driving force of revolution
ii) Exploited people/anonymous people in history that we wont even know the name off
iii) Assumed to be multiethnic/ most oppressed people
iv) The people who are the laborers provided the US a working capitalistic system
v) Protesting injustice inspire American Revolution
vi) Inspired democracy by working together, freedom, equality
b) The Founding Fathers felt threatened by them and founds them as a danger to them (13)
i) Scared Torries and moderate patriots
(1) Paul Revere made sure the mobs didnt seem multiethnic
(2) Mob refered as a Hydra/monster a tyranny of many./too much democracy
ii) Called to use Heracles as the symbol of US, the guy who killed Hydra (motley crew)
iii) What is democracy, and how is this just?
c) The Chinese/blacks/Mexicans/etc are the motley crew and the US justice system is the oppressor?
d) When Chinese needed to build the railroad, they were good
i) But when they were not needed, they were considered bad
ii) Ideal of democracy threatened status quo?
Nativism -- called for maintaining racial purity
Democracy hurt racial purity (109)
a) Democracy that does exclude these people of colored, is not justice!

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Emma Lazarus - wrote about the statue of liberty being a symbol of hope
a. A bronze plaque was put in her honor on the statue French gift to US
Lochner v New York - State that state cannot interfere with the employers contract
a. Freedom of contract whether government interrupt freedom of contract
i. Unregulated market = gilded age = negative liberty
(1) State that state cannot interfere with the employers
(2) This time court says that Yes there are times that the state can take away rights of Employers if it injures the
health and safety and protection of women
(a) Social Darwinism and science creating difference between men and women
(i) Court say that women physical structure place her in difficult situation (175)
1. Women are inferior because of her maternal instinct
2. Supported by the medical field that her work injure her body = hurt offspring
3. Need her healthy so she can support human race ugh.

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Women need special protection from state

i. Larger public benefit = why regulation needed to trump employers
(3) On one hand, good because supreme court is saying that state can intervene employers and employee relations to
protect workers
(a) To call in sense of justice
(4) But on the other hand, say men and women are different by nature = different laws for them
Exploitation of women in law
Muller v. Oregon Case of women employment can women be treated differently than men
a. Move towards positive liberty to protects rights = scientific sexism is use to justify women are weak and need
protection
(5) Kurt Muller owned Laundromat, 1923, a law in Oregon, say that those who employ women cannot employ them for
more than 10 hours a day (175)
(6) But he broke this law and made them work
(7) They had to work or leave their jobs vulnerable and powerless position
(8) Court found him guilty
(9) Mullers argument say that he is an employer and have the freedom to CONTRACT with employee because of the
14th Amendment
(10) The state cant come in and tell him what kind of contract he should be doing because it is an interference in the
market
(a) Laisez-faire argument = claiming rights
b. social Darwinism, men superior to women, women biological dependent on men and inferior, women do not have
the right to vote = not fully participating in the promises of citizenship
1. Excluded from the founding principles based on sex, cannot vote or be in office
2. Oppressive and easily fired at workplace = tyranny
a. People/women stuck with job because hard to get other jobs
i. Since of exclusions of being able to participate in society by earning a good
wage
1. Not treated with dignity or well
c. Court says that there are moments where thr state can create laws that can trump employers freedom
1. Can interrupt contract
d. The case is more specified towards women (175)
i. Using the importance of women, and protecting offspring to win case
1. we need to protect women so we dont want to die out
2. Using social Darwinism and social sexism
3. Sexism and patriarchy is embedded
ii. As women are trying to get more voice in politics = challenging patriarchy
1. When the motley crew became dangerous to founding fathers, they were then seen as dangers to
society
a. Certain group of people want to maintain their exclusive source of power
e. Precedent = the state can regulate labor in order to protect the health of people
i. They are going to look for when the health of workers outweighs the right of employers
1. In this case they used science of women biology to do so
f. Under Fatigue and Efficiency (128-129)
i. Revealing the science of over work and physiology to explain how fatigue is toxic to workers
ii. States attached to sexual difference to men and women
1. Adds layer to debate between feminist groups
National Consumers League (LC Hill)/Florence Kelley (1922)
a. They see laws like Muller case is an obstacle to equality
b. Limited women from getting male jobs
i. Crowd women into lower class jobs + create caste system
c. Florence Kelley states that protective laws for women are necessary because we need to protect the least privileged
women who face the harshest situation in society and the workplace
i. Women are not unequal, but needs to protect women
d. Adkins state that Case is significant on bases of gender because says no min wage based on gender
i. 9th amendment suffrage amendment saying that there shouldnt be law to separate women and men
because they are fully equal because now inequality is all gone (179)
1. Right to vote did not end inequality between men and women.
2. Yet thats the argument they used
Bread and Roses Strike (1912) 1912, Massachusetts, Fighting for Minimum Wage, Multiethnic coalition across Europe,
textile
a. Women and men = intersectionl

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b. Exploitation of worker = freedom to contract
c. Law created shorter work days but strike happened when employer lower wage
7. Clara Lemlich - a leader of the Uprising of 20,000, the massive strike of shirtwaist workers in New York's garment industry
in 1909
a. Young men warned that strike
b. 23 year old jewish seamstress spoke about injustice of intolerable worker
c. Call for applaud
d. Motley Crew is of immigrant women working together
i. The motley crew can have gender component to it this time
ii. Idea of different immigrant groups working in new York city
1. Southern and northen euro
iii. Clara Lemlich is the driving force of the labor
1. Justice unfolding when someone speaks up
8. Pickett Strikes -- people walking down Union Sqaure
i. Cloak Making Union Clara Frenrick
ii. Full of spirit
iii. Contain women in minx became such a big deal in the city
iv. The first big strike failed because lost steam and winter
v. Turning point in emersion of union power of immigrant working class
b. No law still to help working conditions even by 1911
9. Triangle Waistcoat Factories Fire - owners did nothing to help because under city law, building is fireproof
a. 1911, teenage girls working and on 8th floor, firebroke out because someone drop cigerrette
i. But door locked, so the fire spread and these girls died because couldnt escape
ii. People in 8th and 9th floor died only way out is to jump out window
b. Unequal power between employers and employees
c. Need of safety regulation because these people died because of the lack of them
d. The average worker had no real good condition to work in
e. 1914 700k more inured workers and permanently disables
i. No compensation
10. Johns Lockes Freedom to Contract - of property and owning your own body is essential
a. In society, you get to decide on how your contract your own labor
b. Should court come in to even out the playing field
i. State of Oregon cannot regulate contracts
ii. Factory owners dont want to make higher wages, or add safety conditions because would cost them more
profit or money = lose profit
1. But where does JUSTICE matter?
a. What about the employees, they can be killed at job.
b. What is the employers responsibility?
c. The employers wants the since of liberty and freedom to profit
d. The employees dont want to be mained and want freedom to be ok
1) Great Depression (1929) stock market crashed and then depression
a) People poverty because lost money and unemployement
b) Negative and positive liberty
i) Because rich see that they need gov help too and etc
(1) worker lost their job ad had a stake in FDRs New Deal. The rich profited from the New Deal but not the lower
classes and etc leading up to trickle down (page 89)
(a) But not effective
(b) So New Deal more effect because rich people were behind it and benefitted the most
2) New Deal = positive liberty
a) First time the government actually involve in economy
b) Government not a referee anymore, it is now providing subsidies and programs in order to try to overcome the massive
unemployment in the market crash of great depression
(1) Subsidies to farmers
(2) Tuition grants to students
(3) Public works job for unemployed
(4) Program to provide food for people who are desperate
c) SOCIAL SAFETY NET (first time of social safety net)
i) Government involved and trying to work for liberty of people who didnt have it
d) CHANGE FREEDOM OF CONTRACT
3) Classic Liberalism negative liberty
i) Negative involvement of the government
ii) Gov stays out, people have liberty

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b)
4) Individualism Hoovers Rugged Individualism
a) if you want to excel, you need to struggle. YOU determine your lifestyle
b) negative liberty
c) YOUR duty t pull yourself up by the bootstraps
d) Bad ideology via great depression and New Deal
e) MASTER NARRATIVE = bootstrap theory fails for the working class and bad everyone
i)
5) Positive Liberty - when the government is involved to create more liberty
6) Negative Liberty - it is when there is an absence of government to create liberty
7) CCC Civilian Conservation Corps
a) Race in the CCC (185)
i) Blacks were excluded from supervisory jobs and etc
(1) Black women on the lowest on economic ladder 90% of them worked with on poor wages (193)
ii) Federal safety social/economic net = CCC
(1) no discrimination based on color and creed and class in the program
(2) However, it excluded women because they were a smaller group and less likely commit crime
(a) Employ men because they would steal things in desperate moments
(3)
8) WPA - Works Progress Administrations
a) Public works projects public building and roads and infrastcutre
b) Social/economic safety nets
c) Socioeconomic safety net
9) 1920 Market Crash -- idea change from laissez faire to government take action
a) Civil rights activism more broadly spread government involvement
i) The motley crew/activists are pushing government to define liberty differently
ii) But still discrimination of asian, children, blacks, and women
10) Wagner Act -- legitimized legalize labor unions
a) Force business to recognize with labor union with good faith
i) However, not really fixed everything in reality
ii) New Deal made intervention for the poor, disenfranchised, etc
(1) Left out poor people, women, people of color mostly on the outside
(a) Unequal distribution of WPA and CCC
(i) Not true justice?
11) Social Darwinism Judge by race, gender, and class who is deemed fit to breed
a) In this scenario, size matter and is relative to ideological ideals of whiteness and maleness
b) What cheap labor provided the muscle and sweat to create whole scenario
i) What were the conditions? were these people dying, tired, under fair pay
ii) State can regulate if needed
iii)
a) Slave labor created this institution or system
12) 1937 Memorial Day Massacre
a) In Chicago
b) Little Steel group of industrial leaders in steel industrynot has big as the big steel corporation
i) Little steel oppose big steel little steel dont want to deal with labor union
ii) SWOC Steel Workers Organizing Committee
c) SWOC strike against Little Steel
i) SWOC called for Memorial Day Rally in the field near by Steel Factory
(1) Peaceful rally optimistic to getting heard
(2) But at the Mills, there were full of police
(a) Called the group a communist movement police trying to protect steel mill
ii) Police open fire on the strike group injured people were still thrown into jail
(a) 10 marchers killed and 30 wounded
(b) The news kept it quiet, calling it a Riot
(c) Thousands steel workers worker fired forced to work without contract.
(i) Defeat of labor union
d) Massacre was initially blamed on Communism but settled that it was started for no real reason
i) People killed for minor complaints for normal labor union stuff
ii) Little Steel injustfully act against labor union
(a) So SWOC won much labor union stuff and political parties because such scandal
e) Democracy needs to be a participatory democracy in order to be fully understood

10

f)

i) We need to know what is needed for the people, like wages or things to survive
ii) Democracy need to stand on economic and political feet
(1) Voting for president, senate and locally
(2) Participatory democracy determining how you will live and survive
(a) Social safety net
(3) Workers trying to redefine liberalism, justice, and freedom
Media called the organized workers as communistic violent motley crew
i) The workers didnt know why they were there.
ii) Competeing and clashing ideologies representing the difference of liberalism

1) Korematsu in court
(1) The supreme court split, but those who knew the Japanese were being racialized were outvoted
(i) Not being internment because disloyalty but because of their race
(2) A Japs, is a Jap. It makes no difference if theyre an American citizen. We want them out says a military leader
(3) Upheld the internment of Japanese
Propaganda used to Spark Anti-Japanese sentiment
(1) Make Japanese look like double agents ad stereotyped them
(2) Exaggerate facial features of Japanese
(3) Use Japanese targeting women
(4) Or Japs saving money `to pay for war bombs
(5) Japanese resembling rats
(a) Dr. Suess apologizes for racializing Japanese in Horton hears a Who
This kind of gate-keeping exclusion is not rule, and will not go away either
2) World War II - We are fighting to stop racism aborad, yet there is racism in the US
1) No matter what generation and citizenship, you are generalized as Asian ad forever foreign because you cannot
assimilate
2) We say there shouldnt be differentiation in treatment of people, yet we have gatekeeping in the U.S.
All these contradiction bad use of police power to oppress
a. 1946, after war ended, Congress took away promise and decided not to grant benefits to Filipinos (who were part of
the U.S. , not full citizens?)
i. Those who survived did not get benefits
ii. Filipino-Americans eventually became citizens
b. 2009, Barack Obama signed to give Filipino veterans minor payments, but too late because many of these men
passed away due to old age
i. Contradiction that people fight for benefits and ideals, but do not benefit from things they fought for
1. Contradiction that well, in master narrative, we dont get benefits or individuals because we dont
work hard enough for it
1. Yet look at them, they are getting none of the individuals that they are
working for
2. They arent getting benefits of veteran status, like the GI allowed social
movement for white people, yet people of color did not get these
benefits
c. Ira Heiz, A Navajo, used code for war effort
i. Code talkers after war were sent back to reservation and did not get benefits for being in US
Just now, the first time, the Code talkers were allowed to march In the NYC veteran march
3) Brown v Education -- find that segregation is bad and equal (Tsesis 253)
Segregated education and schools lead to wealth gap because education plays major goal in class
Failed to provide remedy to segregation, because state that segregation in school is bad (Tsesis 256)
i) But had no means of implemented this
(1) Too vague about how fast to implement the end of segregation or who
(2) Court did not mention deadlines
African Americans try to go to white school for the first time but met with difficulty
(1) Little Rock in 1957 Eisenhower sent armed men to protect African Americans wanting to go to white school
a) Freedom Riders - Civil Rights Activists who rode on buses around the world, to challenge segregation/inequality between
races in the south, especially since generally buses were segregated.
i) It was a panethnic movement, meaning that people of different race, religion, and gender were involved. They were
ordinary everyday people = intersectionality
ii) They were frustrated that Brown vs. Board of Education called segregation unconstitutional, yet did nothing to take
action to implement the desegregation in public facilities.
iii) They wanted for there to be an official law to desegregated public facilities

11

2)

3)

4)

4)

5)

(1) Many of them had been attacked by KKK in Birmingham, or were bombed
(2) Others were put into jail for breaking the law in Louisiana
b) During Civil Rights Act Movement. It was part of the movement.
c) This was a counter hegemonic movement to point out that sometimes laws are unjust, especially the laws that allow
segregation. These people realize the injustice of these laws, and how they are not equal or fair so they are the motley
crew that are rising up against established authorities and the system.
d) All of this was learned from lecture.though okay, some parts were expanded upon.
Little Rock Nine (1953)
a) African Americans students force integreation under NAACP injustice = HIGH SCHOOL KIDS ARE MOTLEY CREW
pushing for positive liberty
b) After the passing of Brown v. Board of Education, schools were supposed to be desegregated but they were not! So then,
Eisenhower sent troops of the US army to protect African Americans students who were entering Little Rock Central High
School for the first time, since it was a previously segregated school for whites. (Lecture)
i) Brown v. Board of Education ruled that segregation is unconstitutional and bad (Tsesis 253)
(1) Segregation education and school found to lead to wealth gaps because education played a major role in what class
someone was in the future. Since segregation usually led the African Americans to having a worse education than
the white, generallythey found that the level of education determined their social class in the future.
(2) However, this court case failed to end segregation because:
(a) It created a law too vague to actually enforce the implementing of ending segregation
(b) Plus the new law fail to enforce deadlines for when schools are desegregated
c) This is the first time that the authorities finally take action. Especially for a counter hegemonic cause. As you can see, the
fact that armed forces were needed to protect the African American student imply that segregation and racism was still
heavily integrated within society. Also, it marks the first step for the desegregation!!
d) All this was learned + implied from in lecture by the way
Great Society (1960s)
a) Lyndon Johnsons set of programs (education, health care, poverty, employment, etc) to correct domestic issues and racial
inequalities. Basically, he had a lot of great ideas to end poverty, create social equality, and such, but he ended up with huge
political backlashes. Conservative felt that it was too much government intervention. Radicals thought that Lyndon didnt do
enough. Plus, when he wanted to implement these programs, he ended up having to water to them down when making deals
to make them work. Also, he didnt have a good way of supervising these programs so they ended up going to waste
anyways.
b) Lyndon attempted to implement his counter-hegemonic ideas against the injustices of American society. He was willing to
change the structures that created poverty, racism, etc, but he went a wrong way about it.especially since society was not
ready for such counter hegemonic ideas.
c) Another thing: it showed an attempt to shift to positive liberty.
War on Poverty (1960s)
a) Important part of Lyndons Great Society. People had great expectations for it. Lyndon created the Office of Economic
Opportunity (OEO) for it.
i) The first course of action the OEO did was implement an early educational program that would help the academic
success of the preschoolers when they got older.
ii) Another program they made were the Job Corps. It took kids (age 16-21) from poor neighborhoods and gave them
opportunity to work in big corporations. It failed however because the kids were put into segregated environments. Plus,
overall, these kids didnt really have much impact on their income and unemployment levels stayed the same
iii) The other program is called the Community Action Program (CAP). Basically it encouraged the formation of local action
agencies in poor communities, based on the fact that these people would be united under a cause. It was fairly successful
and had lot a free reign for a while. It created Economic Opportunity Act, which required these agencies to be formed.
Also, CAP was very enthusiastic about funding the poor to build their own communities that cities tend to just ignore
them They had big voices but little power, and Lyndon did really nothing to guide the program.
b) This is part of Lyndons counter hegemonic program, Great Society. Though it intended to change class formation, and
alleviate poverty by changing the societal structures, it didnt exact do much. But hey, heres an example of the shift to
positive liberty.
Motgommery Bus boycott (261)
Rosa Park led the biggest boycott
i) led by an individual
(1) led movement by doing ordinary things + sitdown strikes
non violent protest still aggressive practices, to stop business
Vietnam War
a) The criticism coming from the far left, coming from university
i) Calling for civil rights, urban decay, student radicals
(1) Tim Hayden lost of organized activity
ii) Antiwar students questioned the U.S. purpose in Vietnam war
(1) The weapons companies, army try to recruit them

12

(2) So students led to mass protest

(a) See hypocrisy
iii) See the carnage in Vietnam War so injustice
(1) U.S. need to analyze the situation in Vietnam
(a) College students are the ones noticing because they are the ones being recuited
(i) The older generation still blinded by WWII glory and overlook things
(b) LBJ do not understand why they protest
(2) SNVOC- student nonviolence organized committee
(a) College students/multiethnic coalition trying to get change
(b) Civil rights and anti Vietnam war protest
(i) See U.S. bombing of Vietnamese citizens almost same as violence against African Americans
1. Violence against poor people of color
(ii) 3rd world activism
Students were skeptical about true democracy being brought to Vietnam when they could not do so at home
I understand litter more now. I hope we dont fight again. Nothing god came to it. (203)
i) The U.S. is contradictory intervention in one place and not another is not good
(1) NOTES CONTRADICTORY IDEALS IN THE VIETNAM WAR AND THE CAUSES TO FIGHT
Vs.

b) Proxy War Wars fought in 3rd world nations between two nations (Soviet and U.S.). But being fought be the 3 rd
world nation instead.
c) LBJ try to convince that the U.S. is fighting for the just cause
i) Use involvement in WWII to justify fighting in Vietnam war to spread democracy, capitalism
(1) U.S. feel like they need more
d) LBJ (236) This is the principles that the U.S. fought. The American revolutions self-determination is the same as
Vietnam
i) But is this really the same ideology and principle?
(1) OR IS IT U.S. IMPERIALISM
e) We fight because we need to allow other nations to fight for their own destiny (237)
i) Its about freedom? what does he mean freedom like free market?
(1) Because U.S. is going in to invade a country, a forcing of freedom
ii) Frame conflict to the communist danger in China
(1) Frame China and communist regime to allow U.S. to look like the defender
iii) Ironic because LBJ has been framed a communist/socialist for promoting positive liberalism
(1) Yet he claims to be capitalist or a left capitalist
f) U.S. is there to strengthen world order (238)
i) U.S. look like superhero police force denying all imperialist factor
ii) Talks about the domino theory if lose Vietnam, then other nations around will be communist
(1) JUSTY PROXY WAR
g) I wish it was possible to fight for principles not territorynot using armed forces to get resources
i) U.S. fight for right principles, and show that communist are wrong doers
ii) we dont want to use violence, but if we have to, we will
(1) Is LBJ an aggressor?
(a) FRAMING U.S. though LBJ
ii) U.S. spread for wealth not justice or democracy
6) Vietnamese Declaration of Independence 1945
All men are equal. They are endowed with blah blah blah blah
i) -Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945
ii) -DA FUUUUUUQQQQ
All the people on Earth are equal from birth. And have equal rights. French imperialism oppress the Vietnamese. And then
naming
i) Named a bunch of wrongs done by French
French tried to claim Indochina Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia
i) French faced occupation from Vietnamese Communist Party
(1) Vietnamese Communist Party Founded by Ho Chi Minh in Paris
ii) 1940s create Vietminh, which used guerilla tactics against the Japanese and French
(1) Because oppose Japanese, were ally of U.S. or Eisenhower
(2) Communist Leader claimed to create Democratic Republic
(3) The U.S. didnt recognize the Republic, but sided with French and their imperialist reach
(a) Led to Indochina War lead to division of Vietnam in the north and south

13

7)

8)

9)
10)
11)
12)
13)

iii) 1960s, French is weakened by the counter revolution in other imperial places like Algeria
(1) So French pulled back from Vietnam, and U.S. took over south
(2) U.S. opposed Ho Chi Minh, and claim to be threatened by Communism
(a) Lead to 2nd Indochina War, or Vietnam War
Southern Belle Phone Company
Woman couldnt get promotion
i) Women couldnt get jobs because job reserved for men
ii) Because men are breadwinners
iii) protecting women form lifting more than 30 pounds
(1) keeping them from making more money
iv) March 1969, Court rule that they reject romantic inequality
(1) Calling to allow equality so court is a good way to get victories
Deal with mostly white middle class women
Gender provisions not taken seriously
i) Civil rights act getting equality, but not for women = fluke
EEOC doing absolutely nothing = inequality built into system = so womens plight ignored
i) CONTRADICTION
Feminist Movement
i) FEMINIST MOVEMENT HAS LIMITATION
ii) MISSING INTERSECTIONAL COMPONENT
(1) Not doing enough to call for poor or women of color
(2) Feminist movement inspired by white women going south t join civil right movement + noticing the disappointment
and sexism within the movement
(3) Housework = unpaid labor = slavery
b) Feminism seen as a white women thing = nothing in common
i) White women not facing poverty like the women of color
c) Civil rights movement inspire feminist movement
i) Women realize that they are disadvantaged compared to men
d) Consciousness raising = share experience of sexism
i) all found limited to women job, mom cooked,
ii) THE PERSONAL IS POLITICAL
(1) Women inspired by what they read in college
Raise in consciousness
Roe v. Wade = abortion is okay in order to protect wome
Women have right to own body
Second Feminism Movement = reverse gender equality
Women and men get equality and paymnt
National Orgaization of Women = led feminist movement
Came up with native white elite women bigger voice in feminist movement
Trickle Down Theory Reaganomics idea that the rich will eventually trickle down to the poor
William Buckley leader of the conservative movement and was a northern conservative the sided with south on the topic or
segregation
For segregatiom

1) Dawes Act (1887)

i) Land split between settlers and native Americans
ii) Government trying to take advantage of land
iii) Tried to make native Americans assimilate into mainstream culture
2) The Meriam Report of 1928
a) Report poor condition and injustices doe to the Indians led to the Indian Reorganization Act
i) Report what had happened to Indians after Dawes Act
b) Dealt with how some Indians leave reservoirs to get an education
i) But not getting proper education to help them be doctors or lawyers
c) By the time the return to reservoirs they lose their language and culture
i) They feel they dont belong in the white mans worldand their Indian world
3) Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (Howard Wheeler Act or Indian New Deal)
a) So the Reorganization Act tried to stop it
i) It help the Native Americans maintain their identity
ii) Reexaaime land useage of Indians so stop Dawes Act
iii) Indian New Deal = government assistance shift of the dealing with the Indian problem
(1) Stop trying to make them assimilate give them assistance
4) Termination Act of 1953

14
a)

The government try to distance self form the indigenous native Americans
i) State that they dont recognize the certain Indians, therefore wont help them
(1) So the U.S. government try to get the native Americans to assimilate
(a) Step backwards
5) Relocation Act
a) Give fund to indigenous people to move off the land
b) So give money to go to big city, help you with paying housing a little, supposed to help you transition from old life to urban
one
(1) But in reality, didnt get real help feel isolated and angry that they realized the reorganization act was a lie
(a) So were stuck in a different society
(b) Only one meeting
6) Red Power and the Indians
a) So they gather and talk about the injustices done to them
b) Different tribes finds similarity in how they were done wrong
i) Create Pan-Indian Coalition
c) Indians go to Alkatraz, and claim the land under the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie
i) They felt that Alkatraz was under their perimeters to take
d) Indians has plans for the land
i) Wanted to create college help community
ii) Reused old prisons of Alkatraz
iii) In media, people try to help Indians out by fiving money, fiidm etc
(1) Catalyze into s atronger movement R Power
(2) Delcaration is very sarcarstic
Anna Nierzo

1.

2.

1.
o

Equal Rights Amendment (1972) Suggest by Alice Paul in 1920s and didnt pass until 50 years later
a. Including voting rights
b. Second wave feminism
c. Rights from the constitution recognized
d. Didnt pass because states didnt ratify it
Frontiero v. Richardson (1973) An equal protection court case where the Supreme Court decided that military benefits
should be given to everyone regardless of their gender. Thus, female service members were no longer required to
demonstrate their husbands need for support if they requested certain military benefits.
Equal Pay Act (1963) A piece of legislation signed into law by President Kennedy, this act aimed to eliminate wage
disparities between workers based on gender.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Ruled that employer discrimination based or gender, race, and/or national origin
was prohibited.
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Supreme Court case which ruled that the use of contraceptives by married couples was
legal and protected by the Constitution under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14 th Amendment. The Supreme Court called
this protection a Constitutional right to privacy.

Roe v. Wade (1973) Supreme Court ruling which decided that women had the right to terminate a pregnancy. They used the
same justification used in Griswold for this case.

2.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) Supreme Court ruled that states cannot place an undue burden on women seeking an
abortion. The court also upheld the right for women to get abortions while striking down the trimester pregnancy system
established in Roe v. Wade. Thus, the court ruled that the best way to determine when an abortion should/shouldnt be
prohibited is to check the viability (the ability to survive outside of the womb) of the fetus in the womans womb.
Patriarchal Social Structures Men are relegated to highest positions of power while women are relegated to lower positions
of power. These social structures often give men more power and control. This notion is based on the belief that women are
dependent on men. Male-centered

Massachusetts state law, 1912 - Bread and Roses Strike

Early in 1912, mill owners at the American Wool Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts, reacted to a new state law
reducing the number of hours that women could work to 54 hours per week by cutting the pay of their women mill workers.

15
On January 11, a few Polish women at the mills went on strike when they saw that their pay envelopes had been shorted; a
few other women at other mills in Lawrence also walked off the job in protest.
Adkins v. Childrens Hospital, 1923 - overturned minimum wage law for women and children
In Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923), the Supreme Court ruled that a minimum wage law for women violated the Due
Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment because it abridged a citizen's right to freely contract labor.
West Coast Hotel v. Parrish, 1937 - Minimum wage legalized
In West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937), the Supreme Court ruled, 5-4, that Washington State could impose
minimum wage regulations on private employers without violating the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment. The case
sounded the death knell of the so-called "Lochner era," during which the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment protects
substantive economic rights against the state, such as the right to freely negotiate contracts and wages.
Fair Labor Standards Act - 8 hour a day, 40 hour work week, overtime
The FLSA establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards affecting employees
in the private sector and in Federal, State, and local governments. Covered nonexempt workers are entitled to a minimum
wage of not less than $7.25 per hour effective July 24, 2009. Overtime pay at a rate not less than one and one-half times the
regular rate of pay is required after 40 hours of work in a workweek.
Equal Pay Act 1963 prohibits sex discrimination
-The Equal Pay Act requires that men and women be given equal pay for equal work in the same establishment. It prohibits
discrimination on account of sex in the payment of wages by employers.

Madison Grant
o He held concern of mixing racial and class groups.
o Claims how democracy violates the scientific facts of heredity.
RACISM
EUGENICISM FEAUTRED IN INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE
BIG ON IMMIGRATION LAWS
1905 Boycott
Chinese boycott American goods
There was resistance. Despite the
and companies in response to
depiction of Asian immigrants as
immigration laws
passive, there
Motley Crew
Rock Springs
Violent conflict between Chinese
Again, example of racism against
Massacre (Riot) 1885 in Wyoming
and white immigrant miners
the Chinese. It came as a result of
working for union pacific coal
racial tensions between Chinese and
department.
European workers. Also exemplifies
28 Chinese miners dead, 57 injured.
the differences of wages based on
race discrimination.
Seattle Riot 1886
Knights of Labor went on
Example of racial discrimination as
immigration raid. Mob of white
well as the response of Chinese
workers went through Chinatown
Immigrants.
kidnapping people to illegally deport
them.
Chinese rebelled and martial law
was declared in the city.
Used state militia to crush riots.