EEE 309 Communication Theory

Semester: July 2014

D Md
Dr.
Md. Farhad
F h d Hossain
H
i
Assistant Professor

Department of EEE, BUET

Email: mfarhadhossain@eee.buet.ac.bd
Office: ECE 331, ECE Building

Part 03:
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Family
y
Doublesideband(DSB)modulation
Doublesidebandwithcarrier(DSBWC)/AM
Doublesidebandsuppressedcarrier(DSBSC)
Doublesidebandreducedcarrier(DSBRC)
Singlesideband(SSB)modulation
g
(
)
SSBwithcarrier(SSBWC)
SSBsuppressedcarrier(SSBSC)
Vestigialsideband(VSB)modulation
Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation
Quadrature amplitudemodulation(QAM)
2

Part 03-1
Double-sideband with Carrier
(DSB WC/AM)
(DSB-WC/AM)

DSB-WC / AM (1)
TheCarrierSignal:

ct Ac cos c t Ac cos 2f c t ,

Thebasebandmessage(modulating)signal:

TheAMsignal:

fc = Carrier frequency (Hz)

m t

AM t Ac mt cos c t Ac cos ct

mt cos ct
(Carrier)
(Carrier)(Modulatedcarrier)
(Modulated carrier)

m t
Ac 1
cos ct Ac 1 ka m t cos ct 1 ka m t c t

Ac

Thus, we transmit an unmodulated carrier in addition to the modulated carrier

Ka = 1/Ac: Amplitude sensitivity of the modulator

4

AM (2): Frequency Domain

Thebasebandmessage(modulating)signal:
LSB

USB
2B

02B

AmplitudespectrumofAMsignal:
A
1
AM f c f f c f f c M f f c M f f c
2
2
1
Or, AM w Ac w wc w wc M w wc M w wc
2
Carrier

USB

LSB

(c+2B)c (c2B)

Carrier

LSB
c2Bc

USB
c+2B

BandwidthofAMsignal:BAM =2B,Hz
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AM (3)
Envelope of the modulated carrier: e(t) = [Ac + m(t)]

Thus, the carrier component oscillates between the envelope |Ac + m(t)| and its
negative image |Ac + m(t)|

Envelope detection
can be used
Envelope detection
cant be used
The envelope is an accurate representation of the message, provided a. fc >> B,

B is the message bandwidth

b Ac + m(t) > = 0,
b.
0 for all t
Condition a relates to the overlap of the frequency spectrum components
Condition b ensures that the message can be recovered from the envelope
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AM (4): Modulation Index,

Modulation Index:

max min
max min

max = Maximum of AM(t)

min = Minimum of AM(t)

Case I: m(t) with zero offset

(i.e., m(t)|max = - m(t)|min = mp):

Case II: m(t) with non-zero offset (rare

case) (i.e., m(t)|max - m(t)|min):

mp
Ac

mt |max mt |min
2 Ac mt |max mt |min

< 1: Undermodulation
= 1: 100% modulation
> 1: Overmodulation =>
> Envelope
E l
detection
d t ti creates
t distortion
di t ti
An example of over modulation

For envelope detection:

Ac mp 0

=> 0 1
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AM (5): Example
ExampleforSingleToneModulation
Let,
Then,

mt Am cos mt
AM t Ac 1 cos mt cos c t

50%modulation

100%modulation

Amplitudespectrum(tryyourself verysimple!!)
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AM (6): Sideband and Carrier Power

AM t Ac cos ct mt cos ct

Transmittedsignal:

Ac2
CarrierPower: PC
2

Sidebandpower:

Powerefficiency:
SpecialCase:SingleToneModulation

AM t Ac cos ct
USBpower: PUSB
Then

Ac
cosc m t cosc m t
2

Ac2 2

LSBpower: PLSB

Ac2 2

Ac2 2
Totalsidebandpower: PS
4

This ratio increases monotonically from 0 to 1/3 as increases from 0 to 1

Thisratioincreasesmonotonicallyfrom0to1/3asincreasesfrom0to1

Underthebestcondition(=1):
Thus,fortonemodulation,underthebestconditions,onlyonethirdofthepowerisusedfor
carryingmessage,whichisevenlower(lessthan25%orworse)underpracticalconditions
9

AM (7): ModulationbyPracticalSpeech
Signals
GeneralCase:ModulationbyPracticalSpeechSignals
Messagesignal: m(t ) A1 cos 1t A2 cos 2t A3 cos 3t ... An cos n t
AMsignal:

AM (t ) AC cos C t A1 cos 1t A2 cos 2t A3 cos 3t ... An cos n t cos C t

AC 1 1 cos 1t 2 cos 2t 3 cos 3t ... n cos n t cos C t

Total sideband power:

Total transmitted power:

where

PS ...
2
1

2
2

2
3

2
n

2
Ac2
2 Ac
T
4
4

T2
Pc
PT 1
2

T2 12 22 32 ... n2

Overall modulation index:

T 12 22 32 ... n2

To prevent overmodulation:

T 1

1 1,
1 2 1,
1 , n 1
10

Generation of AM Signal
Switching Modulator:

Input: Ac cosct + m(t)

Condition: Ac >> m(t): Thus the switching action of the diode is controlled by {Ac cosct }

This switching action results in a multiplication of [Ac cosct + m(t)] by w(t)

Thus,
and

vcc ' t
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Demodulation of AM Signals (1)

1. Rectifier Demodulator:

12

Demodulation of AM Signals (2)

2. Envelope Detector:

Forproperoperation,thedischargetimeconstantRC
For proper operation, the discharge time constant RC
mustbechosenproperly
Differencebetweentherectifierdetectorandtheenvelopedetector?(Thinkfirstandconsultwiththetextbooks)
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Demodulation of AM Signals (3)

3. Synchronous/ Coherent / Homodyne Detector:

p t

AM t

LPF &
DC blocking

d t

cos c t
p t AM t cos ct Ac mt cos2 ct
1
Ac mt 1 cos 2ct
2
A 1
1
c mt Ac mt cos 2ct
2 2
2

Aft LPF and

After
d DC bl
blocking:
ki

d t C mt

Phaseandfrequencyofthelocalcarrierhavetobesameasthoseofthecarrier:
y
q
Synchronizationrequiredbetweentransmitterandreceiver
Morecomplexandexpensivethanofanenvelopdetector
Rectifierdetectoriseffectivelyacoherentdetector
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AM: Summary
Wasteful of transmitted power: power efficiency
very low
Wasteful of channel bandwidth: twice of the
message bandwidth
Simpler modulator and demodulator
Less expensive modulator and demodulator
Easy to be affected by noise

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