International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

Frequency Scaling Based Green Mobile Battery

Charge Controller Sensor Design on FPGA
Ravinder Kaur

S M Mohiminul Islam

Lovely Professional University,

Jalandhar Punjab(India)
ravinder.17686@lpu.co.in

Mahbub-E-Noor

South Asian University,New Delhi

safimohammadm@gmail.com,
mahbub0601001@gmail.com

Bishwajeet Pandey

Tanesh Kumar

S.M. Tanvir Siddiquee

South Asian University,New Delhi

gyancity@gyancity.com,
tanesh.nust@gmail.com,

tanvirhstu@gmail.com
Keywords: Mobile Battery, Charge Controller Sensor, Current Threshold, Voltage Threshold,
Frequency Scaling, Voltage Scaling, Energy Efficient.

Abstract. In this work, we are using Frequency Scaling as energy efficient technique to make
energy efficient MBCCS. In MBCCS, whenever voltage or current of battery will under the
threshold level the battery will continuing the charge if more than voltage or current threshold then
battery will invoke Ring Overcharge Alarm. In Frequency Scaling, we scale down frequency from
1THz to 25GHz, where 125GHz, 625GHz are intermediate frequency value. There is 97.50%,
100%, 97.54%, 97.48%, 20%, 96.48 % reduction in clock power, logic power, signal power, IOs
power, leakage power and total power dissipation respectively when we scale down frequency
from 1 THz to 25GHz.
I.

INTRODUCTION

In order to reduce the overall power dissipation of MBCCS, we are using Frequency Scaling as
energy efficient technique to make energy efficient MBCCS. In Frequency Scaling, we scale down
frequency from 1THz to 25GHz, where 125GHz, 625GHz are intermediate frequency value. In this
work, Mobile Battery Charge Controller Sensor (MBCCS) is designed in Verilog and Implemented
on FPGA. Power is directly proportional to frequency, In order to reduce the power dissipation of
MBCCS, we are going to make this more energy efficient that its traditional counterpart. In given
below Figure1, MBCCS take the reading of Ammeter, which will detect the batterys current value,
and also take the reading of voltmeter, which detect the batterys voltage value, clk which will get
clock signal from clock generator, current threshold is the value of batterys current threshold i.e.
100mA, voltage Threshold is the value of batterys voltage Threshold i.e. 3.7V. Here Battery
Current, Battery Voltage, Clk, Current Threshold, Voltage Threshold are inputs and outputs are
Ring Discharge Alarm, Ring Full Charge Alarm.

Figure 1: Block diagram of Mobile Battery Charge Controller Sensor

II.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In [1], battery is charged with maximum power is achieved from solar panel through pulse width
modulation signal of microcontroller is described and the experiments of reading voltage and
current's values in different time interval have showed. Power is proportional to frequency [2]. With
increase in frequency, there is increase in power consumption irrespective of IO standard [2].
LVCMOS is the only IO standard, which takes less power when we ascent our design to latest
FPGA [2]. More than billion of new mobile phones have been sold per annum, while nearly the
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International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

same amount of obsolete devices are being demolished, subscribe to the e-waste challenge [3]. As a
conclusion, [3] will provide some suggestions on the main fervidity that a Universal Mobile
Charger should have [3]. In [4], Shoe power generator is discussed which is made of micro
structured piezoelectric polymer transducer [4]. The transducer characteristics resemble regular
shoe filling and it is constructed to rule the energy from human walk without affecting the user's
way of life [4]. Unlike customary plug and socket charger, human powered wireless charger is not
only wireless but also powered by bio-human energy [5]. It can harvest human energy, put it into
electricity, and then allot to mobile wireless electronics [5]. In [6], with the interest in power
production and management, a bearable Hand Crank Cell Phone Charger with an light emitting
diode (LED) light that can be used anywhere is presented. Also this devise would handy when taken
for outdoor trips [6]. The purpose of this paper is to design and to make a universal contact less
charger for hand-held device by means of electromagnetic coupling induction related usage [7].
III.

RESULTS OF FREQUENCY SCALING

In simulation of MBCCS on 28nm Artix-7 FPGA, we are estimating power dissipation of MBCCS
using XPower Analyzer 14.6.
A. Power Consumption on 1 V Supply Voltage
Clock
Logic
Signal
IOs
Leakage
Total

25GHz
0.123
0.000
0.004
0.060
0.080
0.267

125GHz
0.617
0.001
0.020
0.298
0.081
1.017

625GHz
3.084
0.005
0.102
1.488
0.091
4.770

1THz
4.934
0.008
0.163
2.381
0.100
7.587

Figure 2: Power Consumption of Charge sensor with Frequency Scaling

There is 97.50%, 100%, 97.54%, 97.48%, 20%, 96.48 % reduction in clock power, logic power,
signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation respectively when we scale
down frequency from 1 THz to 25GHz as shown in Figure 2.
B. Power Consumption on 0.9 V Supply Voltage
Clock
Logic
Signal
IOs
Leakage
Total

25GHz
0.108
0.000
0.003
0.055
0.073
0.239

125GHz
0.538
0.001
0.017
0.275
0.074
0.905

625GHz
2.691
0.004
0.083
1.375
0.080
4.233

1THz
4.306
0.007
0.132
2.200
0.086
6.731

Figure 3: Power Consumption of Charge sensor with Frequency Scaling

There is top to bottom 97.49%, 100%, 97.73%, 97.5%, 15.116%, 96.45% reduction in clock power,
logic power, signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation respectively
when we scale down frequency from 1 THz to 25GHz as shown in Figure 3.
C. Power Consumption on 0.8 V Supply Voltage
Clock
Logic
Signal
IOs
Leakage
Total

25GHz
0.093
0.000
0.003
0.051
0.068
0.214

125GHz
625GHz
1THz
0.463
2.317
3.708
0.001
0.003
0.005
0.013
0.065
0.104
0.252
1.262
2.020
0.069
0.073
0.076
0.799
3.721
5.913
Figure 4: Power Consumption of Charge sensor with Frequency Scaling

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International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

There is 97.49%, 100%, 97.12%, 97.48%, 10.53%, 96.38% reduction in clock power, logic power,
signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation respectively when we scale
down frequency from 1 THz to 25GHz as shown in Figure 4.
D. Power Consumption on 0.7 V Supply Voltage
Clock
Logic
Signal
IOs
Leakage
Total

25GHz
0.078
0.000
0.002
0.046
0.065
0.192

125GHz
0.392
0.001
0.010
0.230
0.065
0.698

625GHz
1.962
0.003
0.050
1.150
0.068
3.232

1THz
3.139
0.004
0.080
1.839
0.070
5.132

Figure 5: Power Consumption of Charge sensor with Frequency Scaling

There is accordingly 97.52%, 100%, 97.5%, 97.50%, 7.14%, 96.26% reduction in clock power,
logic power, signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation respectively
when we scale down frequency from 1 THz to 25GHz as shown in Figure 5.
E. Power Consumption on 0.6 V Supply Voltage
Clock
Logic
Signal
IOs
Leakage
Total

25GHz
0.065
0.000
0.001
0.041
0.063
0.171

125GHz
0.325
0.000
0.007
0.207
0.063
0.603

625GHz
1THz
1.626
2.601
0.002
0.003
0.037
0.059
1.037
1.659
0.064
0.065
2.765
4.387
Figure 6: Power Consumption of Charge sensor with Frequency Scaling

There is 97.50%, 100%, 98.31%, 97.53%, 3.08%, 96.10% reduction in clock power, logic power,
signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation respectively when we scale
down frequency from 1 THz to 25GHz as shown in Figure 6.
F. Power Consumption on 0.5 V Supply Voltage
Clock
Logic
Signal
IOs
Leakage
Total

25GHz
0.052
0.000
0.001
0.037
0.061
0.151

125GHz
0.262
0.000
0.005
0.185
0.061
0.513

625GHz
1THz
1.308
2.092
0.001
0.002
0.025
0.041
0.924
1.478
0.062
0.063
2.320
3.676
Figure 7: Power Consumption of Charge sensor with Frequency Scaling

There is 97.51%, 100%, 97.56%, 97.50%, 3.17%, 95.89% reduction in clock power, logic power,
signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation respectively when we scale
down frequency from 1 THz to 25GHz as shown in Figure 7.
G. Power Consumption on 0.4 V Supply Voltage
Clock
Logic
Signal
IOs
Leakage
Total

25GHz
0.040
0.000
0.001
0.032
0.060
0.133

125GHz
0.202
0.000
0.003
0.162
0.060
0.427

625GHz
1.009
0.001
0.016
0.811
0.060
1.897

1THz
1.614
0.001
0.026
1.298
0.061
3.000

Figure 8: Power Consumption of Charge sensor with Frequency Scaling

There is 97.52%, 100%, 96.15%, 97.53%, 1.64%, 95.57% reduction in clock power, logic power,
signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation respectively when we scale
down frequency from 1 THz to 25GHz as shown in Figure 8.
H. Power Consumption on 0.3 V Supply Voltage
Clock
Logic
Signal
IOs
Leakage
Total

25GHz
0.029
0.000
0.000
0.028
0.059
0.116

125GHz
0.146
0.000
0.002
0.140
0.059
0.346

625GHz
0.729
0.000
0.009
0.698
0.059
1.496

1THz
1.166
0.001
0.015
1.117
0.059
2.358

Figure 9: Power Consumption of Charge sensor with Frequency Scaling

ISBN 978-93-80609-17-1
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International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

There is accordingly to the top to bottom 97.51%, 100%, 100%, 97.49%, 0%, 95.08% reduction in
clock power, logic power, signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation
respectively when we scale down frequency from 1 THz to 25GHz as shown in Figure 9.
I. Power Consumption on 0.2 V Supply Voltage
Clock
Logic
Signal
IOs
Leakage
Total

25GHz
0.019
0.000
0.000
0.023
0.058
0.101

125GHz
0.093
0.000
0.001
0.117
0.058
0.270

625GHz
0.467
0.000
0.004
0.585
0.059
1.115

1THz
0.747
0.000
0.007
0.937
0.059
1.749

Figure 10: Power Consumption of Charge sensor with Frequency Scaling

There is accordingly to the top to bottom 97.46%, 0%, 100%, 97.55%, 1.70%, 94.23% reduction in
clock power, logic power, signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation
respectively when we scale down frequency from 1 THz to 25GHz as shown in Figure 10.
J. Power Consumption on 0.1 V Supply Voltage
Clock
Logic
Signal
IOs
Leakage
Total

25GHz
0.009
0.000
0.000
0.019
0.058
0.086

125GHz
0.045
0.000
0.000
0.095
0.058
0.198

625GHz
1THz
0.224
0.359
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.472
0.756
0.058
0.058
0.756
1.175
Figure 11: Power Consumption of Charge sensor with Frequency Scaling

There is accordingly to the top to bottom 97.49%, 0%, 100%, 97.49%, 0%, 92.68% reduction in
clock power, logic power, signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation
respectively when we scale down frequency from 1 THz to 25GHz as shown in Figure 11.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF POWER
K. Mathematical Analysis of Power on 625GHz Frequency
There is linear change in Clock Power dissipation, which is shown
in Equation 1.

Pnext Pcur 0.19 .(1)

3
Clock

Logic

Signal

IOs

Where

0 V

0.001 0.5, 0.2V

There is linear change in Logic Power dissipation, the nature of

linearity is in two phase. In first phase, it changes by 0.001 W as
shown in Equation 2.

Pnew Pold 0.001 0.9,0.8,0.6,0.5,0.3 . (2)

And in second phase, it changes by 0.000 W as shown in Equation
3.

1 0.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.2 0.1

Pnew Pold 0.7,0.4,0.2,0.1 (3)

Figure 18: Variation in Power Consumption on 625 GHz Frequency
There is linear change in Signal Power dissipation, which is shown in
Equation 4.

There is linear change in IOs Power dissipation, which is shown in

Equation 5.

Pnew Pold 0.02 .. (4)

0 V

Where
0.001 0.8, 0.4 V

Pnew Pold 0.113 .. (5)

0 V

Where
0.001 0.7 V

ISBN 978-93-80609-17-1
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International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Interdisciplinary Developments [ICRAMID - 2014]

L. Mathematical Analysis of Power on 1THz Frequency

6

There is linear change in Clock Power dissipation, which is shown

in Equation 6.

Pnext Pcur 0.19 .(6)

0 Otherwise
Where
0.001 0.5, 0.2

Clock

Logic

2
1
0

Signal

There is linear change in Logic Power dissipation, the nature of

linearity is in two phase. In first phase, it change by 0.001 W as
shown in Equation 7

IOs

Pnext Pcurrent

.. (7)

0.001 0.9, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.2 V

Where
0.002 0.8V

0.000 0.3, 0.1V

1 0.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.2 0.1

Figure 19: Variation in Power Consumption on 1THz Frequency

There is linear change in Signal Power dissipation, which is shown in
Equation 8.

There is linear change in IOs Power dissipation, which is shown in

Equation 9.

Pnext Pcurrent

Pnext Pcurrent

Where

(8)

0.003 0.9, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.2 V

0.004 0.8, 0.4, 0.3, 0.1V

Where

.. (9)

0.180 0.8,0.6, 0.4, 0.2 V

0.181 0.9,0.7, 0.5,0.3, 0.1V

CONCLUSION
There is linear change in Clock Power dissipation. There is linear change in logic power dissipation, the nature of
linearity exhibits in two phases. In first phase, it changes by 0.001 W. And in second phase, it changes by 0.000 W.
There is linear change in Signal Power dissipation. There is linear change in IOs Power dissipation. There is
accordingly to the top to bottom 97.49%, 0%, 100%, 97.49%, 0%, 92.68% reduction in clock power, logic power,
signal power, IOs power, leakage power and total power dissipation respectively when we scale down frequency from
1 THz to 25GHz .

FUTURE SCOPE
We have implemented this design on 28nm FPGA, there is open scope to redesign this MBCCS on next generation ultra
scale 20nm FPGA and even lower 7nm future FPGA. Here, we are using frequency scaling to make energy efficient
MBCCS. There is open scope to use other energy efficient technique like Mapping, Clock Gating, Power Gating, HSTL
IO standards, SSTL IO standards, LVCMOS IO standards, LVDCI IO standard, Clock Enable for further reduction of
power dissipation of MBCCS to make this the most energy efficient MBCCS. Here target circuit is MBCCS, There is
open scope to design other circuit using the same technique on which we have worked here.
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