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Rescuing survivors
Rescue vessel can bring the survivors floating in a craft, by any or several of the following
means.
Scrambling cargo nets and ladders may be rigged. Survivors can climb.
Survivors may not have sufficient energy to climb. In that case they may be hoisted by:
Canvas slings.
Bosun's chairs.
Cargo baskets.
Whips rove through blocks on davit heads.
Floating stretcher capable of being hoisted, for injured men.
Cargo net may be slung overside between davits, lower end partly submerged. It is
passed through the blocks attached to the davit. It can be hauled onboard.
A side boom or derrick may be swung overside with a net attach to it. Survivors may
cling to it to wait for their turn.
Isolated swimmers may be rescued by careful use of line throwing apparatus, fired well
overhead.
Inflatable life-rafts may be thrown overboard for if for any reason immediate rescue is
impracticable.
If any RCC or does not acknowledge and if no distress traffic in progress, acknowledge alert by
radiotelephony (CH16 or 2182 KHz) if distress call continues. In case of HF distress alert,
transmit relay on HF to coast station.
Inform CS and/or RCC.
If there is distress communication or RCC acknowledgement, consider if vessel able to assist.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
In the case, inform RCC or assisting vessel whether any assistance is required.
Enter details in log.
Reset system.
Establish plain language communication as soon as possible and obtain details of distressed
vessel such as:
Identity
Position
Course
Speed
Nature of distress
Type of assistance required.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Distress frequencies
VHF
DSC: CH-70
Radio telephony: CH-16 (156.80 MHz)
MF
DSC: 2187,5 KHz
Radio telephony: 2182 KHz
NBDP:
HF
DSC Radio Telephony NBDP
4207.5 4125 4177.5
6312 6215 6268
8414.5 8291 8376.5
12577 12290 12520
16804.5 16420 16695
Flow diagram
The Sub-Committee on Radiocommunications and Search and Rescue (COMSAR), at
its fourth session (12 to 16 July 1999), decided that digital selective calling (DSC) relays
of distress alerts on all shipborne DSC equipment should be reduced.
The flow diagram to be displayed on the ship's bridge as A4 size posters. It also
prepared the following guidance.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Flow diagram-1
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Flow diagram-2
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Plot both vessels’ positions and establish course to rendezvous at maximum speed and update
ETA.
Plot other vessels within the search vicinity together with their respective movements.
Change over to manual steering.
Plot search pattern .
TU UT
Search patterns
Search pattern will depend on the followings:
TU Sector search UT
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Establish plain language communication as soon as possible and obtain details of distressed
vessel such as:
Identity
Position
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Course
Speed
Nature of distress
Type of assistance required.
If I cannot find any survivor after going to the scene, I will report to RCC and conduct a search .
TU UT
Plot both vessels’ positions and establish course to rendezvous at maximum speed and update
ETA.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Plot other vessels within the search vicinity together with their respective movements.
Change over to manual steering.
Plot search pattern .
TU UT
Conduct a search
A search to be conducted if upon arrival:
Search object is not found
No persons are found
Any number of persons are missing.
Procedures:
Report to RCC.
If my vessel is not OSC , follow instructions of OSC and maintain communication with OSC .
TU UT TU UT TU UT
Establish datum by taking consideration the drift distance and drift direction.
Determine search area.
Obtain search plan from SMC .
TU UT TU UT
Conduct search.
Plot datum.
Identify datum with a marker buoy.
Maintain communication with RCC.
Maintain communication with other ships participating in the search.
Maintain record of all the events chronologically.
Rescue the survivors when found.
IAMSAR
Definitions:
SC (SAR Coordinator):
Country's top SAR manager.
Develops SAR and SAR training policies.
Establishes RCCs and Rescue Sub Centers.
Provides for, arranges and manages SAR facilities of the country.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Coordinator) . UT
Duties of SMC
Obtain all data on emergency.
Ascertain type of emergency equipment carried by distress craft.
Obtain update on weather /sea conditions.
Locate shipping in search areas.
Plot search areas and methods.
Maintain radio listening watch.
Allocate radio frequencies.
Designate OSC and CSS.
TU UT
Duties of OSC
Co-ordinate operations of all SAR facilities on-scene.
Obtains the search action plan from the SMC.
Plan the search or rescue operation, if no plan is otherwise available.
Modify the search action or rescue action plan as the situation on- scene dictates,
keeping the SMC advised.
Co-ordinate on-scene communications.
Monitor the performance of other participating facilities.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Ensure operations are conducted safely, paying particular attention to maintaining safe
separations among all facilities, both surface and air.
Make periodic situation reports (SITREPs) to the SMC.
Maintain a detailed record of the operation:
On-scene arrival and departure times of SAR facilities, other vessels and aircraft
engaged in operation
Areas searched
Track spacing used
Sightings and leads reported
Actions taken
Result obtained.
Advise the SMC to release facilities no longer required.
Report the number and names of survivors to the SMC.
Provide the SMC with the names and designations of facilities with survivors aboard.
Report which survivors are each facility.
Request additional SMC assistance when necessary (for example, medical evacuation
of seriously injured survivors).
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
TU Heave to UT
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Vessel needs to have a good water tight integrity and adequate GM.
Definitions
Apparent period
The apparent period of wave is the time interval between the
passage of two successive crests relative to a shipborne observer.
It is sometimes called period of encounter.
Synchronism
Occurs when rolling or pitching period is equal or nearly equal to the
apparent period of wave.
TU UT
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Panting
Tendency of the bow plating and to a lesser extent the stern plating
to work in and out when the ship is pitching.
Fore and aft regions of the vessel are extra strengthen by thicker
plating, panting beams and stringers, reduced frame spacing in
designed to withstand panting stress.
Backing
Change of true wind direction to an anti-clockwise direction.
Veering
Change of true wind to a clockwise direction.
Quartering seas
Occurs when vessel running before the sea.
Sea comes from the quarter.
The ship encounters various dangerous phenomena.
dangerous phenomenon UT
TU Broach to UT
TU Synchronous rolling UT
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Pooping
Breaking of rising wave over the stern in poop deck area.
Develops when bad weather is directly from stern.
Vessels with less freeboard may suffer from popping.
Occurs when a vessel falls into the trough of a wave and does not
rise with it.
It may occur if the vessel falls as the wave is rising.
Causes following wave to break over the stern or poop deck areas.
Result:
May cause considerable damage to stern area.
Damage to propeller and rudder due to severe buffeting.
Engine room can be flooded if the openings which face aft are not
properly secured.
Corrective actions:
Occurs when velocity of sea is equal to or greater than ship's speed.
Alter course and head sea.
Surf riding
Occurs when a ship situated on a stiff forefront of high wave in a
following or quartering sea.
Vessel and waves have equal velocities.
Vessel may be accelerated.
Vessel rides on advancing wave slope.
This phenomenon is called surf riding.
Result:
Vessel slewed violently ( broach-to ).
TU UT
Action:
Critical speed for surf riding is considered 1.8√L knots.
Reduce ship speed to less than 1.8√L knots to prevent surf riding.
(L= ship's length).
Broach to
May occur when a ship is surf ridden in a following or quartering sea.
The vessel is slewed violently.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Result:
Positive stability disappears to the existing angle of heel.
Vessel may cause a vessel to capsize due to sudden change of heel
and heading.
Action:
Reduce speed below 1.8√L knots.
A marginal zone (1.4√L to 1.8√L) below critical speed may cause a
large surging motion (broach to). Speed to be reduced below 1.4√L in
the case.
Synchronous rolling
Large rolling motions may be excited when natural rolling period of a
ship coincides with the encounter wave period.
It may happen in following and quartering sea.
It happens when natural roll period is longer due to marginal
transverse stability.
Parametric rolling
Occurs in a following or quartering sea.
Occurs when encounter wave period is approximately half of the
natural rolling period of the ship.
Occurs particularly if initial metacentric height height is small and
natural roll period is very long.
Unstable and large amplitude roll motion takes place.
May occur in head and bow seas.
Result:
Unstable and large rolling motion takes place.
Action:
Reduction of speed.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Result:
Reduction of intact stability.
Synchronous rolling.
Parametric rolling.
Combination of various dangerous phenomena.
Vessel may capsize.
Action:
Reduce ship speed to go out of dangerous zone.
Combination of appropriate speed reduction with slight course
change.
Synchronized rolling:
Synchronized rolling to be determined immediately.
Occurs when the period of roll is equal or nearly equal to the apparent
TU
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Corrective actions:
Alteration of course
Alteration of speed
Change vessels rolling period by changing GM
By ballasting
By deballasting
Shifting of ballast, FO, FW etc and changing transverse position of G.
U Definitions
Apparent period
The apparent period of wave is the time interval between the passage of two
successive crests relative to a shipborne observer.
It is sometimes called period of encounter.
Synchronism
Occurs when rolling or pitching period is equal or nearly equal to the
apparent period of wave.
Synchronism may be synchronized rolling or synchronized pitching.
Panting
Tendency of the bow plating and to a lesser extent the stern plating to work
in and out when the ship is pitching.
Fore and aft regions of the vessel are extra strengthen by thicker plating,
panting beams and stringers, reduced frame spacing in designed to
withstand panting stress.
Backing
Change of true wind direction to an anti-clockwise direction.
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Class 1 & 2 Oral Answers ( Part 3)
Veering
Change of true wind to a clockwise direction.
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