Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7-14
East Company, which is highly automated, will have a cost structure dominated
by fixed costs. West Company's cost structure will include a larger proportion of
variable costs than East Company's cost structure.
A firm's operating leverage factor, at a particular sales volume, is defined as
its total contribution margin divided by its net income. Since East Company has
proportionately higher fixed costs, it will have a proportionately higher total
contribution margin. Therefore, East Company's operating leverage factor will be
higher.
7-15
When sales volume increases, Company X will have a higher percentage increase
in profit than Company Y. Company X's higher proportion of fixed costs gives the
firm a higher operating leverage factor. The company's percentage increase in
profit can be found by multiplying the percentage increase in sales volume by the
firm's operating leverage factor.
7-16
7-17
The car rental agency's sales mix is the relative proportion of its rental business
associated with each of the three types of automobiles: subcompact, compact,
and full-size. In a multi-product CVP analysis, the sales mix is assumed to be
constant over the relevant range of activity.
7-18
7-21
The statement makes three assertions, but only two of them are true. Thus the
statement is false. A company with an advanced manufacturing environment
typically will have a larger proportion of fixed costs in its cost structure. This will
result in a higher break-even point and greater operating leverage. However, the
firm's higher break-even point will result in a reduced safety margin.
7-22
Sales
Revenue
$360,000
Variable
Expenses
$120,000
Total
Contribution
Margin
$240,000
Fixed
Expenses
$90,000
Net
Income
$150,000
Break-Even
Sales
Revenue
$135,000 a
2
3
4
55,000
320,000 c
160,000
11,000
80,000
130,000
44,000
240,000
30,000
25,000
60,000
30,000d
19,000
180,000
-0-
31,250b
80,000
160,000
$80,000
60,000
$20,000
$160,000 is the break-even sales revenue, so fixed expenses must be equal to the
contribution margin of $30,000 and profit must be zero.
EXERCISE 7-26 (25 MINUTES)
1.
Profit-volume graph:
$200,000
$100,000
Break-even point:
20,000 tickets
0
$(100,000)
5,000
10,000
15,000
Loss
area
$(200,000)
Annual fixed
expenses
$(300,000)
$(360,000)
Profit area
20,000
25,000
Tickets sold
per year
Safety margin:
Budgeted sales revenue
(10 games 6,000 seats .45 full $20)...............................................
Break-even sales revenue
(20,000 tickets $20)...............................................................................
Safety margin.................................................................................................
3.
$540,000
400,000
$140,000
Let P denote the break-even ticket price, assuming a 10-game season and 40 percent
attendance:
(10)(6,000)(.40)P (10)(6,000)(.40)($2) $360,000 = 0
24,000P
P
= $408,000
= $17 per ticket
$1,000,000
750,000
$ 250,000
$75,000
75,000
150,000
$ 100,000
$1,000,000
$500,000
50,000
15,000
$ 250,000
25,000
60,000
565,000
$ 435,000
335,000
$ 100,000
contribution margin
net income
$435,000
4.35
$100,000
4.
Most operating managers prefer the contribution income statement for answering this
type of question. The contribution format highlights the contribution margin and
separates fixed and variable expenses.
$30 $12 $6
.4
$30
$1,890,000
2.
$30 $12 $6
$12
108,000 units
3.
= $12 110%
= $13.20
Break-even point in sales dollars:
$756,000
$756,000
Let P denote the selling price that will yield the same contribution-margin ratio:
$30.00 $12.00 $6.00
P $13.20 $6.00
$30.00
P
P $19.20
.4
P
.4P P $19.20
$19.20 .6P
P $19.20/.6
P $32.00
$1,800,000
$6
= 300,000 units
2.
3.
$24 $19.50 $3
.0625
$24
$38,400,000
Let P denote the selling price that will yield the same contribution-margin ratio:
$24 $15 $3
P $19.50 $3
$24
P
P $22.50
.25
P
.25 P P $22.50
$22.50 .75 P
P $22.50/.75
P $30
5.
The electronic version of the Solutions Manual BUILD A SPREADSHEET
SOLUTIONS is available on your Instructors CD and on the Hilton, 8e website:
www.mhhe.com/hilton8e.
PROBLEM 7-37 (30 MINUTES)
1.
$32.00
$ 1.60
8.00
9.60
$22.40
Model A is more profitable when sales and production average 184,000 units.
Model A
Model B
$5,888,000
$5,888,000
$ 294,400
$ 294,400
1,472,000
$1,766,400
$4,121,600
1,971,200
1,177,600
$1,472,000
$4,416,000
2,227,200
Net
income
3.
$2,150,400
$2,188,800
Annual fixed costs will increase by $180,000 ($900,000 5 years) because of straightline depreciation associated with the new equipment, to $2,407,200 ($2,227,200 +
$180,000). The unit contribution margin is $24 ($4,416,000 184,000 units). Thus:
Required sales = (fixed costs + target net profit) unit contribution margin
= ($2,407,200 + $1,912,800) $24
= 180,000 units
4.
2.
90,000
Promotional campaign:
Increase in contribution margin (10%)........................................................... $10,800
Increase in monthly promotional expenses ($180,000/12)........................... (15,000)
Decrease in operating income........................................................................ $(4,200)
3.
Sales...................................................................................
Less: variable expenses...................................................
Contribution margin..........................................................
Mall Store
Items Sold at
Their Variable
Cost
Other Items
$180,000*
$180,000*
180,000
72,000
$
-0$108,000
$(21,600)
18,000
$ (3,600)
*$180,000 is one half of the Mall Store's dollar sales for November 20x4.
4.
The electronic version of the Solutions Manual BUILD A SPREADSHEET
SOLUTIONS is available on your Instructors CD and on the Hilton, 8e website:
www.mhhe.com/hilton8e.
PROBLEM 7-39 (40 MINUTES)
1.
Sales mix refers to the relative proportion of each product sold when a company sells
more than one product.
2.
(a)
Yes. Plan A sales are expected to total 65,000 units (19,500 + 45,500), which
compares favorably against current sales of 60,000 units.
(b)
Yes. Sales personnel earn a commission based on gross dollar sales. As the
following figures show, Cold King sales will comprise a greater proportion of
total sales under Plan A. This is not surprising in light of the fact that Cold
King has a higher selling price than Mister Ice Cream ($43 vs. $37).
Current
Plan A
Units
Sales
Mix
Units
Sales
Mix
21,000
39,000
60,000
35%
65%
100%
19,500
45,500
65,000
30%
70%
100%
$ 721,500
1,956,500
$2,678,000
No. The company would be less profitable under the new plan.
Sales revenue:
Mister Ice Cream: 21,000 units x $37; 19,500 units x $37................
Cold King: 39,000 units x $43; 45,500 units x $43...........................
Total revenue................................................................................
Less variable cost:
Mister Ice Cream: 21,000 units x $20.50; 19,500 units x $20.50......
Cold King: 39,000 units x $32.50; 45,500 units x $32.50.................
Sales commissions (10% of sales revenue).......................................
Total variable cost........................................................................
Contribution margin.................................................................................
Less fixed cost (salaries)..........................................................................
Net income...............................................................................................
3.
(a)
Current
Plan A
$ 777,000
1,677,000
$2,454,000
$ 721,500
1,956,500
$2,678,000
$ 430,500
1,267,500
$ 399,750
1,478,750
267,800
$2,146,300
$ 531,700
----___
$ 531,700
$1,698,000
$ 756,000
200,000
$ 556,000
The total units sold under both plans are the same; however, the sales mix has
shifted under Plan B in favor of the more profitable product as judged by the
contribution margin. Cold King has a contribution margin of $10.50 ($43.00 $32.50), and Mister Ice Cream has a contribution margin of $16.50 ($37.00 $20.50).
Plan A
Units
Mister Ice Cream...............
Cold King..........................
Total.............................
19,500
45,500
65,000
Sales
Mix
30%
70%
100%
Plan B
Units
39,000
26,000
65,000
Sales
Mix
60%
40%
100%
Plan B is more attractive both to the sales force and to the company.
Salespeople earn more money under this arrangement ($274,950 vs. $200,000),
and the company is more profitable ($641,550 vs. $556,000).
Sales revenue:
Mister Ice Cream: 21,000 units x $37; 39,000 units x $37
.................................................................................................................
Cold King: 39,000 units x $43; 26,000 units x $43
.................................................................................................................
Total revenue
.................................................................................................................
Less variable cost:
Mister Ice Cream: 21,000 units x $20.50; 39,000 units x $20.50
.................................................................................................................
Cold King: 39,000 units x $32.50; 26,000 units x $32.50
.................................................................................................................
Total variable cost
.................................................................................................................
Contribution margin................................................................................
Less: Sales force compensation:
Flat salaries
.................................................................................................................
Commissions ($916,500 x 30%)
.................................................................................................................
Net income..............................................................................................
Current
Plan B
$ 777,000
$1,443,000
1,677,000
1,118,000
$2,454,000
$2,561,000
$ 430,500
$ 799,500
1,267,500
845,000
$1,698,000
$1,644,500
$ 756,000
$ 916,500
200,000
274,950
$ 556,000
$ 641,550
(a)
(b)
(c)
Standard model:
Break - even volume
$16,000
25,000 tubs
$3.50 $2.86
$22,000
27,500 tubs
$3.50 $2.70
$40,000
40,816 tubs (rounded)
$3.50 $2.52
Super model:
Giant model:
Profit
$40
$20
Break-even point:
40,816 tubs
0
10
20
30
Profit area
40
50
Loss
Loss
area
($20)
($40)
Tubs sold
per year
(in thousands)
The sales price per tub is the same regardless of the type of machine selected.
Therefore, the same profit (or loss) will be achieved with the Standard and Super
models at the sales volume, X, where the total costs are the same.
Model
Standard.....................................................
Super..........................................................
Variable Cost
per Tub
$2.86
2.70
Total
Fixed Cost
$16,000
22,000
This reasoning leads to the following equation: 16,000 + 2.86X = 22,000 + 2.70X
Rearranging terms yields the following:
$.16
37,500 tubs
Check: the total cost is the same with either model if 37,500 tubs are sold.
Standard
Variable cost:
Standard, 37,500 $2.86...........................
Super, 37,500 $2.70................................
Fixed cost:
Standard, $16,000......................................
Super, $22,000............................................
Total cost..........................................................
Super
$107,250
$101,250
16,000
$123,250
22,000
$123,250
Since the sales price for popcorn does not depend on the popper model, the sales
revenue will be the same under either alternative.
2.
Operating leverage refers to the use of fixed costs in an organizations overall cost
structure. An organization that has a relatively high proportion of fixed costs and
low proportion of variable costs has a high degree of operating leverage.
Plan A
Plan B
$720,000
$720,000
$450,000
$450,000
72,000
$522,000
$198,000
----__
$450,000
$270,000
33,000
99,000
$165,000
$171,000
Plan A has a higher percentage of variable costs to sales (72.5%) compared to Plan
B (62.5%). Plan Bs fixed costs are 13.75% of sales, compared to Plan As 4.58%.
Operating leverage factor = contribution margin net income
Plan A: $198,000 $165,000 = 1.2
Plan B: $270,000 $171,000 = 1.58 (rounded)
Plan B has the higher degree of operating leverage.
4 & 5. Calculation of profit at 5,000 units:
Plan A
Plan B
$600,000
$600,000
$375,000
$375,000
60,000
Total variable
cost..
Contribution
margin
Fixed
costs
Net
income.
$435,000
---__
$375,000
$165,000
$225,000
33,000
99,000
$132,000
$126,000
$750,000
.20
2.
$
$
150,000
135,000
240,000
525,000
$5,250,000
.35
$15,000,000
fixed expenses
contribution - margin ratio
$525,000
$1,500,000
.35
9,000,000
$
750,000
$ 5,250,000
9,000,000
$ 6,000,000
3,750,000
$ 2,250,000
$2,250,000
.15
$15,000,000
fixed expenses
$1,995,000
$3,000,000
(1 .3)
.15
.15
$20,000,000
$150,000
Check:
Sales....................................................................
20,000,000
Cost of goods sold (60% of sales).....................
12,000,000
Gross margin......................................................
8,000,000
Selling and administrative expenses:
Commissions................................................
All other expenses (fixed)............................
Income before taxes...........................................
2,850,000
Income tax expense (30%).................................
Net income..........................................................
1,995,000
$
$ 5,000,000
150,000
5,150,000
$
855,000
$
Sales.............................................................................
Cost of goods sold (60% of sales).............................
Gross margin...............................................................
Selling and administrative expenses:
Commissions...........................................................
All other expenses (fixed).......................................
Income before taxes....................................................
Income tax expense (30%)..........................................
Net income...................................................................
*$1,875,000 5% = $93,750
Alternatives
Employ
Sales
Pay 25%
Personnel
Commission
$1,875,000
$1,875,000
1,125,000
1,125,000
$ 750,000
$ 750,000
93,750*
525,000
$ 131,250
39,375
$ 91,875
468,750
150,000
$ 131,250
39,375
$ 91,875