Urban Transportation Planning

Process
Background
Movement of goods & people
Traffic and Transportation Problems
Demographic and Socio-Economic

Basis of Transportation Planning

Process

Travel Patterns are tangible

Movement Demand can be determined
Inter-relation between modes
Transportation System Influences
development of an area
Transportation Planning is an integral
part of overall planning

Development of TPP

Growth Factor
Land use Traffic Flow
Traffic Functional (Congestion, Delay,
Poor Accessibility and Accidents, New
Facilities etc.)
Alternative Future Land Use
Draw back Transportation System to
fit Predetermined Land use

INVENTORIES
Transportation facilities
Land Use
Travel

LAND- USE
FORECAST
Population
Economic activity
Land Use

TRAVEL FORECAST
Trip Generation
Trip Distribution
Future Travel Demand

OBJECTIVES &
STANDARDS

PLAN PREPARATION
Land Use
Transportation System

PLAN TESTING
EVALUATION

Figure: Transportation Planning Process

Trip Generation
Trip Distribution
Traffic Flow

Factors Influencing Transport

Demand

Location of Activities
Availability of Transport Systems
Demographic and Socio-economic

Demography

Population Size
Population Structure
Household Size
Income Level

Urban Transportation Planning

Process

Method of determining urban travel

demand
With group of models known as
Sequential Aggregate Models

3 distinct phases:
A survey analysis and model building
phase
Forecasting phase
Evaluation Phase

Steps:
Data collection
Establishment of basic relationships
Four stage UTP
Prediction of input parameters
Prediction of future travel demand
Plan preparation ,Evaluation and
Implementation

Trip Generation

Person Trip Ends

Model Split

Transit trip ends

Transit trip distribution

Non-transit trip ends

Non-transit trip
distribution

Trip End Models

Generation

Distribution

Mode Choice

Trip
assignment

Production
Zone
1
2
3

47
66
110

Attraction
3
45
90
88

10

18

19

30

32

40

65

1
2

1
2
3

Mode I

15

Mode II

25

Route a
route b
route c

5
17
3

Trip Generation

Person Trip Ends

Trip Distribution
Trip Movements
Model Split

Transit Trips

Non-transit Trips

Trip Interchange Models

Ist Stage - Planning for survey

- Survey

2nd Stage - Analysis

- Modeling

3rd Stage - Solution generation

- Evaluation & Implementation

Definition of Area/Boundary
Country
Region
City
Establishment of Cordon lines
Screen lines
Zones
Street network

Manpower requirement
Time involved (Bar- Chart)

Analysis of Data & Modelling

Analysis carried out through four stage
sequential planning process, traditionally
known as UTP (Urban Transport Planning).

Trip Generation

Trip Distribution

Modal Split

Trip Assignment

Definition of TRIP

One way movement from one place to

another place.
WORK

HOME

SHOP

Two main classes of Trips

1. Home based Trips

Work Trip
School Trip
Shopping Trip
Social Trip
2. NHB Trips
- Between work & Shopping
- Between two places of employment
-

Trip Generation

Trip Production: Associated with trips

generation with residential trips.

Trip Attraction: Trips associated to

describe generated by activities at nonresidential areas (shops etc.).

Factors Affecting Trip

Generation
TRIP PRODUCTION
Land Use Factors
Intensities of residential activities
Total population
No. of dwelling units
Population density

Household Factors

Income
Family Size
Vehicle ownership
Family Structure

Socio-Economic Factors
Age, Sex

Occupation
Property Value

Urbanization Factors
Degree of urbanization
Distance
From CBD
Accessibility Factors

TRIP ATTRACTION
Land Use Factors
Commercial land use
Industrial land use
Employment centers
Manufacturing
Retail & Wholesale trade
Recreational centers

Activity Factors
Accessibility & Location Factors

Methods of Trip Generation

Models

Zonal regression
House hold regression method
Category analysis
Person trip models

Trip Production = f (population,.)

Trip Attraction = f (Employment,.)
Y = b0 + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + + bK xK
b0 = intercept
b1 ,b2....bK

To be estimated from
regression method

Main issues in the

development of this model

Identification of those variable which have

significant and separate effects of trips
generation
The model must not only provide good
statistical fit to present day data but must
also be of a logical and meaningful form.
The variables must be capable of being
estimated for future year.

Household Least Square

Regression analysis
Similar except instead of zone, household
is considered a trip making unit.
Advantageous because of disaggregation
However, not used so far because of
Category analysis

Category Analysis
Developed by Wootan & pick (U.K.)
Households are categorized into
Income (6 ranges)
Car-ownership (3 ranges)
Household structure (6 ranges)

Thus in all 6*3*6=108 categories are

established.

To each of these categories a trip rate is

assigned on the basis of survey data.
P i = h i (c) . T (c)

P i = No. of trips produced by zone I by a

certain type of people.
h i (c) = No. of house holds in zone I in
category c.
T (c) = trip production rate of household
category.

Problems:
Deriving trip rate for each category
Allocating household to categories in
the base year and future years.

Trip Distribution
Growth Factor Models
- Uniform factor
Tijth = Tijb . F

- Average factor
=Tijb . Fi + Fj
2

- Detroit method

= Fi . Fj
F

- Fratar method
=Fi . Fj . Li + Lj
2

- Furness method
Gravity Models

Example: Detroit Method

I

100

25

25
50

II
3

250

300

150

33

75
300
1

200

132
132
50

1000
525

132
75
400

300
1

175

Total 300 + 1000 + 800 + 300 = 2400

Observed total 100 + 250 +400 +300 =1050
Therefore, F=2400/1050 = 2.28
Tij = 25* (3*4/2.28) = 132

800

Gravity Models
Adopted from Law Of Gravity
F 12 = G. M 1 M 2
d 122
T ij = R iC jP iA jf ( C ij )
T ij = Trip between zones i & j
P i = Production at I
A i = Attraction at j
f ( C ij ) = function that separates i & j
R iC j = constant of proportionality

Unconstrained Gravity model

Production constrained
Attraction constrained
Fully constrained

Gravity Calibration Procedure

Simulated & observed trip Length frequency
distribution should exhibit the following two
characteristics:
Shape & position of both curves should be
close to each other when compared
visually
The difference of Av. Trip length should be
within 3%.

20

% of total trips

Observed

15

10

Simulated

0
10 15 17 20 21 25 27 28 30 33 35 38 40 42 45 50 55 60

Travel time (min)

If the frequency curves do not meet these

criteria, than a new set of travel time
factors are estimated from the following:
f ( Cij ) = f ( Cij ) OD%/GM%
Then plot;

60

Travel time factor

50
40
30
20
10
0
10

20

30

40
50
Travel time

For calibration we need to have zonal

production of trips , zonal attraction of
trips and time matrix.

Methods
Home Interview
Postal (Questioner)
Road side interview
Goods vehicle survey, Intermediate Public
Transport (IPT) survey, Public Transport
used also for Transport modeling purpose.

Four stage UTP modeling

O

1
Trip Generation
2
Trip Distribution
3
Modal Split
4
Assignment
The study area is grouped onto zones and basic
information /data are obtained from each zone.
Information of O-D are prepared through O-D
table 7/or Desire-line diagram.

Network Assignment
Essentially deals with the route choice of
traveller. steps involved:
Coding the network (node, centroids &
links)
Choosing the shortest path
Assigning the trips onto the network
through shortest paths.

From Node

To Node

Distance (Km)

Speed

120

121

1.4

40

120

125

1.2

50

121

120

1.4

40

121

122

1.0

40

122

127

1.2

30

127

122

1.4

40

125

126

1.4

40

126

125

1.2

50

120

121

122

35

125

centroid
126

127

Deficiencies Analysis
Proposed (Long term)
Existing
Proposed (short term)
Feasibility of Links
Engineering
Economic