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Sumie SUDA, Nobuhiko IBARAKI, Wire Rod & Bar Products Development Department, Kobe Works, Iron & Steel
Sector
Valve spring
Fig. 1
21
Billet
Hot-rolling
Eddy-current testing
Nitriding
Fig. 2
Shaving
Patenting
Cold coiling
Shot peening
Drawing
Stress relieving
Strain aging
Oil-tempering
Coil end grinding
Setting
Fatigue strength
(SAE9254100, 1107 amplitude)
150
Si
1.80 - 2.20
1.30 - 1.60
1.20 - 1.60
0.15 - 0.35
0.12 - 0.32
Developed
steel
140
Si-Cr-V steel
Nitriding
130
120
Si-Cr-V steel
110
100 SAE9254
90
1975
1980
1985
1990
Year
1995
2000
2005
Mn
0.70- 1.00
0.50 - 0.70
0.50 - 0.80
0.65 - 0.95
0.60 - 0.90
Table 1
Ni
0.20 - 0.40
Cr
0.85 - 1.05
0.50 - 0.70
0.50 - 0.80
0.80 - 1.10
(mass)
V
Steel grade
0.05 - 0.15 KHV10N
0.08 - 0.18
KHV7
SAE9254
0.15 - 0.25
SAE6150
SAE1070
100
80
Regular
60
40
20
High tensile
0
Fig. 4
1990
1995
2000
2004
1.56HV120 1R
2
area 1/6
2
where,
= defect area,
= average stress
22
Si-Cr Steel
Cr-V Steel
Plain carbon steel
Chemical compositions(wt)
Si
Mn Cr
V
18
16
Initiation of fracture
Inclusion
Surface
Material
950
850
800
750
12
10
8
6
4
700
650
0
500
600
650
700
Hardness(HV)
750
Hardness(HV)
600
550
500
450
Core
400
350
as-OT
400
450
500
Nitriding temperature()
SiO2
90
00
10
20
30
00
16
00
15
00
14
80
70
40
60
40
140
0
150
0
30
0
210 0
220
230
15
14 00
00
10
20
CaO
10
30
(wt)
Fig. 8
20
1900
80
90
50
2000
70
250
650
240
Surface
SAE9254
700
1800
1700
2,200
1500
2,100
1600
2,000
1700
1,900
160
0
1,800
17
1,700
17
00
1,600
Tensile strength(MPa)
23
550
21
00
20
00
600
1,500
19
00
18
00
Fatigue strength(MPa)
900
14
Al2O3
Composition of inclusion
concentrations.
2,157
grain
size No.
46.4
14.0
2,400
2,200
2,000
1,800
Developed steel
High Si-Cr-V
SAE9254
1,600
1,400
60
55
50
45
Developed steel
High Si-Cr-V
SAE9254
40
35
30
300
350
400
450
500
550
Fatigue strength
(SAE9254100, 1107 amplitude)
Developed
Tensile strength(MPa)
Reduction of area()
Table 2
160
Developed steel
Nitriding
150
140
High Si-Cr-V
Nitriding
130
120
110
SAE9254
100
90
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,100
2,200
Tensile strength of oil-tempered wire(MPa)
SAE9254
Developed steel
24
25
References
1) N. Ibaraki, R&D Kobe Steel Engineering Reports, Vol.50,
No.3, p.27 (2000).
2) N. Yoshihara, et al., Transactions of JSSR, No.45, p.15
(2000).
3) JSMA, History of spring in Japan, p.173 (1984).
4) K. Urakawa, R&D Kobe Steel Engineering Reports, Vol.18,
No.4, p.29 (1968).
5) Japan wire products association, Wire products reading book
(revision 3), p.170 (1980).
6) Y. Nakamura, et al., R&D Kobe Steel Engineering Reports,
Vol.24, No.1, p.115 (1974).
7) T. Ohshiro, et al., Stahl und Eisen,109, Nr.21, p.1011 (1989).
8) Y. Murakami, Effects of Small Defects and Nonmetallic
Inclusions, p.90 (1993), Yokendo Ltd.
9) H. Toshino, et al., Transactions of JSSR, No.32, p.31 (1987).
10) Y. Yamada, et al., SAE paper, 2000-01-0791.
11) Y. Yamada, et al., SAE paper, 2003-01-1312.
12) H. Mano, et al., Technical Reports of JSSR meeting in Nov.
2003, p.23.