Akshata

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY
Heart Beat Counter and Body Temperature Display
S.I.T,POLYTECNIC YADRAV
Page 1
CONTENTS
Page no.
1.
Introduction
03
2.
Block diagram
04
3.
Circuit diagram
06
4.
Hardware requirement
09
5.
Hardware description
10
6.
Features
30
7.
Advantages
31
8.
Application
32
9.
Flowchart
33
10. PCB layout
35
11. Conclusion
37
12. References
38
S. I. T.,POLYTECNIC YDRAV
Page 2
1. INTRODUCTION
Heart rate measurement indicates the soundness of the human cardiovascular system.
This project demonstrates a technique to measure the heart rate by sensing the change in blood
volume in a finger artery while the heart is pumping the blood.
It consists of an infrared LED that transmits an IR signal through the fingertip of the
subject, a part of which is reflected by the blood cells. The reflected signal is detected by a photo
diode sensor. The changing blood volume with heartbeat results in a train of pulses at the output
of the photo diode, the magnitude of which is too small to be detected directly by a
microcontroller.
Therefore, a two-stage high gain, active low pass filter is designed using two Operational
Amplifiers (Op-Amps) to filter and amplify the signal to appropriate voltage level so that the
pulses can be counted by a microcontroller. The heart rate is displayed on 16x2 character LCD
display. The microcontroller used in this project is AT89C52.
The temperature of the body is also detected by the temperature sensor LM35 &
converted that low voltage signal by using ADC 0809. And it is displayed on same LCD.
Page 3
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Power Supply
Heart Beat
Sensor
Signal
Amplifier
MICROCONTROLLER
Temp.
Sensor
A to D
Converter
AT89C52
16X2
Character
LCD
Switches
Page 4
BLOCK DIGRAM DESCRIPTION:
Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time and is usually expressed in beats
per minute (bpm). In adults, a normal heart beats about 60 to 100 times a minute during resting
condition. The resting heart rate is directly related to the health and fitness of a person and hence
is important to know.
You can measure heart rate at any spot on the body where you can feel a pulse with your
fingers. The most common places are wrist and neck. You can count the number of pulses within
a certain interval (say 15 sec), and easily determine the heart rate in bpm.
This project describes a microcontroller based heart rate measurement system that uses
optical sensors to measure the alteration in blood volume at fingertip with each heart beat. The
sensor unit consists of an infrared light-emitting-diode (IR LED) and a photodiode, placed side
by side as shown below. The IR diode transmits an infrared light into the fingertip (placed over
the sensor unit), and the photodiode senses the portion of the light that is reflected back.
The intensity of reflected light depends upon the blood volume inside the fingertip. So,
each heart beat slightly alters the amount of reflected infrared light that can be detected by the
photodiode. With a proper signal conditioning, this little change in the amplitude of the reflected
light can be converted into a pulse. The pulses can be later counted by the microcontroller to
determine the heart rate.
Page 5
3. CIRCUTI DIGRAM
Power Supply:
Even though this microcontroller can operate at different power supply voltages, why to
test Murphys low?! A 5V DC is most commonly used. The circuit, shown in the figure, uses a
cheap integrated three-terminal positive regulator LM7805, and provides high-quality voltage
stability and quite enough current to enable the microcontroller and peripheral electronics to
operate normally (enough current in this case means 1Amp).
Page 6
Microcontroller Hardware Design:
Page 7
Working of Circuit :
As shown in the above circuit diagram of heartbeat & temperature monitoring system,
the microcontroller used is AT89C52 which is having 4 IO ports. They are P0, P1, P2 & P3. Out
of these ports, the Port 0 is used for interfacing LCD. Port 1 & Port 2 is used for interfacing
ADC0808 and Port 3 is used for interfacing buzzer & switches to start & stop monitoring
heartbeats of human.
Initially the controller displays the "HEART BEAT & TMP MONITORING SYS on
LCD on two lines of LCD for 2 seconds. Then the controller displays Welcome on 1st line &
temperature on 2nd line. The LM35 is the temperature sensor used in this project to measure the
body temperature of the human. This system displays the temperature in degree Celcius as well
as in degree Fahrenheit. So that the doctors will understand easily & provide the proper treatment
to the patient. The thermometer used by the doctors indicates the temperature both in celcius &
in Fahrenheit. Normally the body temperature range of the human in Fahrenheit is 94-97 degree
Fahrenheit. The formula for converting celcius to Fahrenheit is,
F=C*5/1.8
The controller converts analog voltage given by the LM35 sensor to the ADC into digital
format & display it on LCD. The LM35 gives 10mV/degree C. So the microcontroller remains
busy in converting the analog temperature value into digital & display continuously.
The switches used are push to ON switch. One is to start counting the heart beat &
second switch is used to stop the heartbeat counting. These two switches are taken on interrupt
so that the microcontroller need not to check whether the switch is pressed or not.
The start switch has low priority & stop switch has high priority. When any one switch is
pressed, the controller leaves its main job, that is displaying the temperature on LCD & starts
counting the heartbeat. It also starts the timer when first pulse is getting. The controller will stop
the timer when the second pulse is getting. Once two pulses has been got, then it does the simple
calculation which is given below:
Beats Per Minute, BPM=60000/time period between two pulses in mS.
When user presses stop switch then controller stop counting heartbeat & displays
Welcome message on 1st line & temperature on 2nd line continuously.
Page 8
4. HARDWAER REQUIREMNT:
MICROCONTROLLER AT 89C52
LCD 16X2
ADC 0808
LM35
HEART BEAT SENSOR
AMPLIFIER
SWITCHES
Page 9
5. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:-
Microcontroller AT 89S52:PIN CONFIGURATION:
Page 10
ARCHITECTURE:
Page 11
GENRAL DISCRIPTION
The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

8Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out.
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash
on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly
flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Microcontroller can be compared to small stand alone computer, it is a very powerful
device, which is capable of executing a service of pre-programmed task and interfacing with
other hardware device. Being packed in tiny integrator circuit (IC) whose size and weight is
usually negligible, it is becoming the perfect controller for robots or any machines requiring
some kind of intelligent automation.
Today, microcontroller are an indispensible tool for the robotics hobbyist as well as for
the engineer. Starting in this field can be little difficult, because you usually cant understand
how every thing works inside the integrating circuit, so you have to study the gradually, a small
part at a time, until you can figure out the whole image and understand how system is works.
Page 12
FEATURES of Microcontroller:-
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

-
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles.
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz.
Three-Level Program Memory Lock
4.0V to 5.5Voprating range.
Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 30 MHz.
Three-level program memory lock.
256 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-Bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial Channel
Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes
Page 13
DISCRIPTION OF LCD 16X2:
There are pins along one side of a small printed board. These are used for connecting to the
microcontroller. There are in total of 14 pins marked with no (16 if it has back light). There
function is described in the table below:
Page 14
PIN DESCRIPTION of LCD:
Function
Pin No. Name Logic State
Description
Ground
Vss
0V
Power supply
Vdd
+5V
Contrast
Vee
0 Vdd
RS
0
1
D0 D7 are interpreted as commands

D0 D7 are interpreted as data
R/W
0
1
0
1
From 1 to 0
Write data (from controller to LCD)

Read data (from LCD to controller)
Access to LCD disabled
Normal operating
Data/commands are transferred to LCD
D0
0/1
Bit 0 LSB
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
0/1
0/1
0/1
0/1
0/1
0/1
0/1
Bit 1
Bit 2
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 5
Bit 6
Bit 7 MSB
15
LED+ 1(VCC)
Anode of Backlight LED.
16
LED- 0(GND)
Cathode of Backlight LED.
Control of operating
Data / commands
Page 15
Features / Specifications of LCD:
2 lines of 16 characters (Character size: 5.55mm High x 2.95mm Wide)
Screen Viewing area: 61 x 15mm. Black Bezel size: 70 x 27mm
Module dimensions: 80mm Wide x 36mm High x 9mm Deep (exc. connector) (15mm (in
connector))
Mounting holes: 2.5mm Dia. Hole Pitch:75 x 31mm.
Low power consumption: Approx 1mA @ 5 volts.
Generic industry standard HD44780 compatible controller.
Model Number: BTC-1620J-SAYA-N-B. ( YC-1602M series) (Made by Yeebo LCD

Ltd)
Non-RoHs
LCD ADVANTAGES:
Brightness
Sharpness
Small size
Light weight
Power consumption
LCD DISADVANTAGES:
Aspect ratio
Contrast
Viewing angle
Resolution
Cost
Page 16
ADC0808/ADC0809:
PIN Diagram of ADC:
Page 17
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ADC:
Page 18
General description OF ADC:
The ADC0808, ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device

with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible
control logic. The 8-bit A/D converter uses successive approximation as the conversion
technique. The converter features a high impedance chopper stabilized comparator, a 256R
voltage divider with analog switch tree and a successive approximation register. The 8-channel
multiplexer can directly access any of 8-single-ended analog signals.
The device eliminates the need for external zero and full-scale adjustments. Easy
interfacing to microprocessors is provided by the latched and decoded multiplexer address inputs
and latched TTL TRI-STATE outputs. The design of the ADC0808, ADC0809 has been
optimized by incorporating the most desirable aspects of several A/D conversion techniques. The
ADC0808, ADC0809 offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence,
excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power. These features
make this device ideally suited to applications from process and machine control to consumer
and automotive applications. For 16-channel multiplexer with common output (sample/hold port)
see ADC0816 data sheet.
The analog to digital converter chips 0808 and 0809 are 8-bit CMOS, successive
approximation converters. This technique is one of the fast techniques for analog to digital
conversion. The conversion delay is 100s at a clock frequency of 640 KHz, which is quite low
as compared to other converters. These converters do not need any external zero or full scale
adjustments as they are already taken care of by internal circuits. These converters internally
have a 3:8 analog multiplexer so that at a time eight different analog conversion by using address
lines -ADD A, ADD B, ADD C. Using these address inputs, multichannel data acquisition
system can be designed using a single ADC.
The CPU may drive these lines using output port lines in case of multichannel
applications. In case of single input applications, these may be hardwired to select the proper
input. There are unipolar analog to digital converters, i.e. they are able to convert only positive
analog input voltage to their digital equivalent. These chips do no contain any internal sample
and hold circuit.
Page 19
Features OF ADC:
Easy interface to all microprocessors
Operates ratiometrically or with 5 VDC or analog span

adjusted voltage reference
No zero or full-scale adjust required
8-channel multiplexer with address logic
0V to VCC input range
Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications
ADC0808 equivalent to MM74C949
ADC0809 equivalent to MM74C949-1
Page 20
LM35:
Pin Description:
Pin no
Function
Name
Supply voltage;5v (+35 to -2v)
vcc
Output voltage (+6v to -1v)
Output
Ground (0v)
Ground
Page 21
General Description:The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to
subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The
LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of
14C at room temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C
Temperature range.
Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35s low
output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or
control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and
minus supplies.
As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C
in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a 55 to +150C temperature range, while the
LM35C is rated for a 40 to +110C range (10with improved accuracy).
The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while
the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package.
The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO220 package.
Page 22
Features OF LM35:
Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade)
Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor
0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C)
Rated for full 55 to +150C range
Suitable for remote applications
Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
Operates from 4 to 30 volts
Less than 60 A current drain
Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air
Nonlinearity only 14C typical
Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load
Page 23
HEART BEAT SENSOR:
Optical heart-rate monitors are easy to understand in theory. If youve ever shined a
flashlight through your finger tips and seen your heart-beat pulse (a thing most kids have done)
you have a good handle on the theory of optical heart-rate pulse sensors.
In an optical heart-rate pulse sensor, light is shot into a finger tip or ear lobe. The light
either bounces back to a light sensor, or gets absorbed by blood cells.
As you continue to shine light (into say a fingertip) and take light sensor readings, you
quickly start to get a heart-beat pulse reading.
Page 24
The theory is easy to understand. In practice, it hard to master DIY optical heart-rate
sensors, or get them operational at all. There are many tutorials online and in publications
describing how to make DIY heart-rate sensors. Through our own personal interests weve tried
to follow online guides but have generally failed or had unsatisfactory results. As professors,
year after year, we see our students attempt to follow these published guides and also either
fail in getting anything to work, or get poor results. It could very well be human/user-error on
our parts. But from our view, making an optical pulse sensor is easier said then done.
So, we set out to make our own optical heart-rate pulse senor that can be used in our own
creative projects and also available to students, makers, game developers, mobile developers,
artists, athletic trainers etc.
We
had
three
goals
for
our
sensor:
1) It had to actually work and be plug and play into Arduino (or other microcontroller).
2) It should be super small and easy to place (sew, glue, clip) into wearables, sports, arts, or
gaming
applications.
3) It could be used as a teaching aid for instruction on working with sensors, data visualization,
and bio-feedback.
As easy as many suspect to get reliable heart-rate data through optical means. We could
get basic, gross, short-term data, but reliable readings assuming real-world scenarios and realworld user interaction is key. After more experimentation and development, we started to
assemble a reliable heart-rate pulse sensor. We fabricated a few test boards and continued to
iterate the design.
As we tired to wear the sensor, we discovered that we should make it look and feel like a
1/2 inch button. Its size allows it to clip to earlobs or fingertips easily. When we add button
holes to the design it can be easily sewn or attached to various garments and fashion
accessories. The final design turned into a button-sized PCB board that holds all the technology,
hit all our goals, and is very cute and accessible to a novice or expert users/developers alike.
Page 25
Power supply:-
Reset signal
In order that the microcontroller can operate properly, a logic 0 (0V) must be applied to
the reset pin RS. The push button connecting the reset pin RS to power supply VCC is not
necessary. However, it is almost always provided because it enables the microcontroller safe
return to normal operating conditions if something goes wrong. 5V is brought to this pin, the
microcontroller is reset and program starts execution from the beginning.
Clock signal
Even though the microcontroller has a built-in oscillator, it cannot operate without two
external capacitors and quartz crystal which stabilize its operation and determines its frequency
(operating speed of the microcontroller).
Page 26
Switches and Push buttons:-
There are no simpler devices than switches and push-buttons. This is the simplest way of
detecting appearance of a voltage on the microcontroller input pin.
Nevertheless, it is not so simple in practice... It is about contact bounce- a common problem

with m e c h a n i c a l switches. When the contacts strike together, their momentum and
elasticity act together to cause bounce. The result is a rapidly pulsed electrical current instead of
a clean transition from zero to full current. It mostly occurs due to vibrations, slight rough spots
and dirt between contacts. This effect is usually unnoticeable when using these components in
everyday life because the bounce happens too quickly. In other words, the whole this process
does not last long (a few micro- or milliseconds), but it is long enough to be registered by the
microcontroller. When using only a push-button as a pulse counter, errors occur in almost 100%
of cases!
Page 27
The simplest solution to this problem is to connect a simple RC circuit to suppress quick
voltage changes. Since the bounce period is not defined, the values of components are not
precisely determined. In most cases, it is recommended to use the values shown in figure below.
If complete stability is needed then radical measures should be taken. The output of the
circuit, shown in figure (RS flip-flop), will change its logic state only after detecting the first
pulse triggered by contact bounce. This solution is expensive (SPDT switch), but effecient, the
problem is definitely solved. Since the capacitor is not used, very short pulses can also be
registered in this way.
Page 28
In addition to these hardware solutions, there is also a simple software solution. When a
program tests the state of an input pin and detects a change, the check should be done one more
time after a certain delay. If the change is confirmed, it means that a switch or push button has
changed its position. The advantages of such solution are obvious: it is free of charge, effects of
noises are eliminated and it can be applied to the poorer quality contacts as well. Disadvantage is
the same as when using RC filter, i.e. pulses shorter than program delay cannot be registered.
Page 29
6. FEATURE OF HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP. DISPLAY
1. It has two switches:

a. 1st switch is to count heart rate in 20 sec mode.
b. 2nd switch is to count heart rate in per second mode.
2.
LED is used as a light source & LDR is more sensitive to change in light which is taken
as sensing element.
3. Visible display of your heart rhythm.

4. The temperature sensor LM35 is used which give wide range of temperature value up to
2C - 150C.
5. Temperature is displayed on 16X2 character LCD both in Celsius & Fahrenheit.
6. This system is useful for checking heart beat rate & body temperature of any ill person in
the home.
Page 30
7. Advantages :
1. Simple circuitry.
2. Can be used for viewing waveform of heartbeat on CRO.
3. LDR is low cost & highly sensitive element.
4. The system is useful in home also.
Page 31
8. Applications:
1.E.C.G. machine.
2. Heart beat monitoring system.
3. Patient monitoring system
Page 32
HEART BEAT COUNTER AND

BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY
START
FLOWCHART:
Initialization of 16x2 character LCD

C
Select channels of ADC
Convert analog voltage given by

LM 35 sensor
Convert Hex value of digital output of ADC in to
ASCII
Display the Celsius Value on LCD
Convert 0C to 0F &Display On LCD
Check whether start button is pressed or not
Start button
pressed?
B
Wait for high to low transition of
t2 pin of microcontroller
Start timer for heart beat counting
Wait for low to high transition

A
Page 33
A
Wait for H to L transition
Stop the running timer
Count the time
Calculate the BPM by using the formula

BPM=60000/time period between two pulses in mS.
Convert HEX to BCD, BCD to

ASCII value
Display BPM rate on LCD
STOP
switch
pressed?
Page 34
PCB Layout:
Page 35
Page 36
09. CONCLUSION:
This system is more useful for fast detection of heart beat of a patient i.e BPM is
displayed per second or at each heart beat.
Temperature is shown in C & F so that can be used in home also for detecting favors
of a person .
The cost of a system is minimum because of less hardware .
System response is faster as compared to other existing system.
Page 37
10. References
Microcontroller 8051 by Mazidi

http://www.8051projects.net/t44530-p10/8051-discussion-forum/heart-beat-ratemeter.htm#post_44935
http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1342192419/pulse-sensor-an-open-sourceheart-rate-sensor-that
http://www.flickriver.com/photos/chuck_notorious/3734651131/
http://arduino.cc/forum/index.php?action=forum
Page 38

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HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

Heart Beat Counter and Body Temperature Display

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

10. PCB layout

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

BLOCK DIGRAM DESCRIPTION:

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

Microcontroller Hardware Design:

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

Microcontroller AT 89S52:PIN CONFIGURATION:

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

Compatible with MCS-51 Products

8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles.

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz.

Three-Level Program Memory Lock

4.0V to 5.5Voprating range.

Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 30 MHz.

Three-level program memory lock.

256 x 8-Bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16-Bit Timer/Counters

Eight Interrupt Sources

Programmable Serial Channel

Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

DISCRIPTION OF LCD 16X2:

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

PIN DESCRIPTION of LCD:

Pin No. Name Logic State

D0 D7 are interpreted as commands

Write data (from controller to LCD)

Anode of Backlight LED.

Cathode of Backlight LED.

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

Features / Specifications of LCD:

2 lines of 16 characters (Character size: 5.55mm High x 2.95mm Wide)

Screen Viewing area: 61 x 15mm. Black Bezel size: 70 x 27mm

Mounting holes: 2.5mm Dia. Hole Pitch:75 x 31mm.

Low power consumption: Approx 1mA @ 5 volts.

Generic industry standard HD44780 compatible controller.

Model Number: BTC-1620J-SAYA-N-B. ( YC-1602M series) (Made by Yeebo LCD

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

PIN Diagram of ADC:

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ADC:

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

General description OF ADC:

The ADC0808, ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device

HEART BEAT COUNTER AND BODY TEMP SENSOR DISPLAY

Easy interface to all microprocessors

Operates ratiometrically or with 5 VDC or analog span

No zero or full-scale adjust required

8-channel multiplexer with address logic

0V to VCC input range